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Murru E, Manca C, Carta G, Banni S. Impact of Dietary Palmitic Acid on Lipid Metabolism. Front Nutr 2022; 9:861664. [PMID: 35399673 PMCID: PMC8983927 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.861664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PA) is ubiquitously present in dietary fat guaranteeing an average intake of about 20 g/d. The relative high requirement and relative content in the human body, which accounts for 20–30% of total fatty acids (FAs), is justified by its relevant nutritional role. In particular physiological conditions, such as in the fetal stage or in the developing brain, the respectively inefficient placental and brain blood–barrier transfer of PA strongly induces its endogenous biosynthesis from glucose via de novo lipogenesis (DNL) to secure a tight homeostatic control of PA tissue concentration required to exert its multiple physiological activities. However, pathophysiological conditions (insulin resistance) are characterized by a sustained DNL in the liver and aimed at preventing the excess accumulation of glucose, which result in increased tissue content of PA and disrupted homeostatic control of its tissue concentration. This leads to an overaccumulation of tissue PA, which results in dyslipidemia, increased ectopic fat accumulation, and inflammatory tone via toll-like receptor 4. Any change in dietary saturated FAs (SFAs) usually reflects a complementary change in polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) intake. Since PUFA particularly n-3 highly PUFA, suppress lipogenic gene expression, their reduction in intake rather than excess of dietary SFA may promote endogenous PA production via DNL. Thereby, the increase in tissue PA and its deleterious consequences from dysregulated DNL can be mistakenly attributed to dietary intake of PA.
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2
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The monoacylglycerol acyltransferase pathway contributes to triacylglycerol synthesis in HepG2 cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4943. [PMID: 35322811 PMCID: PMC8943211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) pathway has a well-established role in the small intestine where it facilitates the absorption of dietary fat. In enterocytes, MGAT participates in the resynthesis of triacylglycerol using substrates (monoacylglycerol and fatty acids) generated in the gut lumen from the breakdown of triacylglycerol consumed in the diet. MGAT activity is also present in the liver, but its role in triacylglycerol metabolism in this tissue remains unclear. The predominant MGAT isoforms present in human liver appear to be MGAT2 and MGAT3. The objective of this study was to use selective small molecule inhibitors of MGAT2 and MGAT3 to determine the contributions of these enzymes to triacylglycerol production in liver cells. We found that pharmacological inhibition of either enzyme had no effect on TG mass in HepG2 cells but did alter lipid droplet size and number. Inhibition of MGAT2 did result in decreased DG and TG synthesis and TG secretion. Interestingly, MGAT2 preferentially utilized 2-monoacylglycerol derived from free glycerol and not from exogenously added 2-monoacylglycerol. In contrast, inhibition of MGAT3 had very little effect on TG metabolism in HepG2 cells. Additionally, we demonstrated that the MGAT activity of DGAT1 only makes a minor contribution to TG synthesis in intact HepG2 cells. Our data demonstrated that the MGAT pathway has a role in hepatic lipid metabolism with MGAT2, more so than MGAT3, contributing to TG synthesis and secretion.
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3
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Stone SJ. Mechanisms of intestinal triacylglycerol synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159151. [PMID: 35296424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols are a major source of stored energy that are obtained either from the diet or can be synthesized to some extent by most tissues. Alterations in pathways of triacylglycerol metabolism can result in their excessive accumulation leading to obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Most tissues in mammals synthesize triacylglycerols via the glycerol 3-phosphate pathway. However, in the small intestine the monoacylglycerol acyltransferase pathway is the predominant pathway for triacylglycerol biosynthesis where it participates in the absorption of dietary triacylglycerol. In this review, the enzymes that are part of both the glycerol 3-phosphate and monoacylglycerol acyltransferase pathways and their contributions to intestinal triacylglycerol metabolism are reviewed. The potential of some of the enzymes involved in triacylglycerol synthesis in the small intestine as possible therapeutic targets for treating metabolic disorders associated with elevated triacylglycerol is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scot J Stone
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada.
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4
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Melting, Crystallization, and In Vitro Digestion Properties of Fats Containing Stearoyl-Rich Triacylglycerols. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010191. [PMID: 35011423 PMCID: PMC8746982 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fats containing the stearoyl-rich triacylglycerols (TAGs) of 1,2-distearoyl-3-oleoylglycerol (SSO) and 1,3-dioleoyl-2-stearoylglycerol (OSO) were synthesized via the lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of tristearin (SSS)-rich fat and oleic acids, followed by solvent fractionation. Their physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibilities were compared. The SSS-, SSO-, and OSO-rich fats comprised 81.6%, 52.9%, and 33.1% stearic acid, respectively, whereas oleic acid comprised 2.9%, 37.5%, and 56.2%, respectively. The SSS-, SSO-, and OSO-rich fats contained the TAGs of SaSaSa (100.00%), SaSaMo (86.98%), and MoSaMo (67.12%), respectively, and the major TAGs were SSS, SSO, and OSO, respectively. Melting and crystallization temperatures were higher and fat crystals were larger and densely packed in the descending order of SSS-, SSO and OSO-rich fats. Both in vitro multi-step digestion and pH-stat digestion were more rapid for OSO- than SSO-rich fat. Oleic acid was digested faster than stearic acid during the initial digestion, then the rate decreased, whereas that of stearic acid increased over prolonged digestion. Fats that were richer in stearoyl at the sn-1,3 position of TAG melted and crystallized at higher temperatures, had a densely packed microstructure of large fat crystals and were poorly digested. Stearic acid imparts the essential physical attributes of melting and crystallization in solid fats, and the low digestible stearoyl-rich fat would be a viable substitute for trans fatty acids in food lipid industry.
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West AL, Michaelson LV, Miles EA, Haslam RP, Lillycrop KA, Georgescu R, Han L, Sayanova O, Napier JA, Calder PC, Burdge GC. Differential postprandial incorporation of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 into individual plasma triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine molecular species in humans. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158710. [PMID: 32289503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which digested fat is absorbed and transported in the circulation are well documented. However, it is uncertain whether the molecular species composition of dietary fats influences the molecular species composition of meal-derived lipids in blood. This may be important because enzymes that remove meal-derived fatty acids from the circulation exhibit differential activities towards individual lipid molecular species. To determine the effect of consuming oils with different molecular compositions on the incorporation of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 into plasma lipid molecular species. Men and women (18-30 years) consumed standardised meals containing 20:5n-5 and 22:6n-3 (total 450 mg) provided by an oil from transgenic Camelina sativa (CSO) or a blended fish oil (BFO) which differed in the composition of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 - containing molecular species. Blood was collected during the subsequent 8 h. Samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The molecular species composition of the test oils was distinct from the composition of plasma triacylglycerol (TG) or phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecular species at baseline and at 1.5 or 6 h after the meal. The rank order by concentration of both plasma PC and TG molecular species at baseline was maintained during the postprandial period. 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were incorporated preferentially into plasma PC compared to plasma TG. Together these findings suggest that the composition of dietary lipids undergoes extensive rearrangement after absorption, such that plasma TG and PC maintain their molecular species composition, which may facilitate lipase activities in blood and/or influence lipoprotein structural stability and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette L West
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth A Miles
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Karen A Lillycrop
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ramona Georgescu
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lihua Han
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Graham C Burdge
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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6
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Regulation of intestinal lipid metabolism: current concepts and relevance to disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:169-183. [PMID: 32015520 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipids entering the gastrointestinal tract include dietary lipids (triacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters and phospholipids) and endogenous lipids from bile (phospholipids and cholesterol) and from shed intestinal epithelial cells (enterocytes). Here, we comprehensively review the digestion, uptake and intracellular re-synthesis of intestinal lipids as well as their packaging into pre-chylomicrons in the endoplasmic reticulum, their modification in the Golgi apparatus and the exocytosis of the chylomicrons into the lamina propria and subsequently to lymph. We also discuss other fates of intestinal lipids, including intestinal HDL and VLDL secretion, cytosolic lipid droplets and fatty acid oxidation. In addition, we highlight the applicability of these findings to human disease and the development of therapeutics targeting lipid metabolism. Finally, we explore the emerging role of the gut microbiota in modulating intestinal lipid metabolism and outline key questions for future research.
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Berry SE, Bruce JH, Steenson S, Stanner S, Buttriss JL, Spiro A, Gibson PS, Bowler I, Dionisi F, Farrell L, Glass A, Lovegrove JA, Nicholas J, Peacock E, Porter S, Mensink RP, L Hall W. Interesterified fats: What are they and why are they used? A briefing report from the Roundtable on Interesterified Fats in Foods. NUTR BULL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - A. Spiro
- British Nutrition Foundation London UK
| | | | | | | | | | - A. Glass
- Food and Drink Federation London UK
| | | | | | | | - S. Porter
- British Dietetic Association Birmingham UK
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8
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Linderborg KM, Kulkarni A, Zhao A, Zhang J, Kallio H, Magnusson JD, Haraldsson GG, Zhang Y, Yang B. Bioavailability of docosahexaenoic acid 22:6(n-3) from enantiopure triacylglycerols and their regioisomeric counterpart in rats. Food Chem 2019; 283:381-389. [PMID: 30722887 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lack of synthetic enantiospecific triacylglycerols (TAGs) has hindered our understanding of the impact of TAG structure on the absorption and metabolic fate of fatty acids (FAs). In a five-day feeding trial with mildly (n-3) deficient rats, the bioavailability of docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3), DHA] and stearic acid (18:0) from the two different enantiomers of TAG: sn-22:6(n-3)-18:0-18:0 and sn-18:0-18:0-22:6(n-3), and their regioisomeric TAG: sn-18:0-22:6(n-3)-18:0 was compared. Less secretion of fecal DHA was detected from the sn-2 position compared with the sn-1 and sn-3 positions, but no difference was found in DHA content of the fasting plasma or in the weight of the body or organs. 18:0 was lost to feces mainly as cleaved from the primary positions but also as glycerol-bound. The 5-day intervention in rats was long enough to modify the fatty acid profile of plasma phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa M Linderborg
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Amruta Kulkarni
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Ai Zhao
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Heikki Kallio
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland.
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9
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Postprandial incorporation of EPA and DHA from transgenic Camelina sativa oil into blood lipids is equivalent to that from fish oil in healthy humans. Br J Nutr 2019; 121:1235-1246. [PMID: 30975228 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
EPA and DHA are important components of cell membranes. Since humans have limited ability for EPA and DHA synthesis, these must be obtained from the diet, primarily from oily fish. Dietary EPA and DHA intakes are constrained by the size of fish stocks and by food choice. Seed oil from transgenic plants that synthesise EPA and DHA represents a potential alternative source of these fatty acids, but this has not been tested in humans. We hypothesised that incorporation of EPA and DHA into blood lipids from transgenic Camelina sativa seed oil (CSO) is equivalent to that from fish oil. Healthy men and women (18-30 years or 50-65 years) consumed 450 mg EPA + DHA from either CSO or commercial blended fish oil (BFO) in test meals in a double-blind, postprandial cross-over trial. There were no significant differences between test oils or sexes in EPA and DHA incorporation into plasma TAG, phosphatidylcholine or NEFA over 8 h. There were no significant differences between test oils, age groups or sexes in postprandial VLDL, LDL or HDL sizes or concentrations. There were no significant differences between test oils in postprandial plasma TNFα, IL 6 or 10, or soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 concentrations in younger participants. These findings show that incorporation into blood lipids of EPA and DHA consumed as CSO was equivalent to BFO and that such transgenic plant oils are a suitable dietary source of EPA and DHA in humans.
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10
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Xu T, Li J, Zou J, Qiu B, Liu W, Lin X, Li D, Liu Z, Du F. Rat Small Intestinal Mucosal Epithelial Cells Absorb Dietary 1,3-DiacylglycerolViaPhosphatidic Acid Pathways. Lipids 2018; 53:335-344. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongcheng Xu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Deep Processing, No. 202 Gongyebei Road, Licheng District; Jinan 250100 China
| | - Jianpeng Li
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Deep Processing, No. 202 Gongyebei Road, Licheng District; Jinan 250100 China
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road; Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Jiayong Zou
- The School of Public Health; Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road; Jinan 250012 China
| | - Bin Qiu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Deep Processing, No. 202 Gongyebei Road, Licheng District; Jinan 250100 China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Deep Processing, No. 202 Gongyebei Road, Licheng District; Jinan 250100 China
| | - Xinying Lin
- The School of Public Health; Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road; Jinan 250012 China
| | - Duo Li
- Food Science and Nutrition Department; Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road; Hangzhou 310029 China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Deep Processing, No. 202 Gongyebei Road, Licheng District; Jinan 250100 China
- The School of Public Health and Health Sciences; University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 300 Massachusetts Ave; MA 01003 USA
| | - Fangling Du
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Deep Processing, No. 202 Gongyebei Road, Licheng District; Jinan 250100 China
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11
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Obitte NC, Zorn K, Oroz‐Guinea I, Bornscheuer UT, Klein S. Enzymatically Modified Shea Butter and Palm Kernel Oil as Potential Lipid Drug Delivery Matrices. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Obitte
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald UniversityFelix‐Hausdorff‐Straße 317487 GreifswaldGermany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology & Industrial Pharmacy, University of NigeriaNsukka Road410001 NsukkaNigeria
| | - Katja Zorn
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald UniversityFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 417487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Isabel Oroz‐Guinea
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald UniversityFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 417487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald UniversityFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 417487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Sandra Klein
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald UniversityFelix‐Hausdorff‐Straße 317487 GreifswaldGermany
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12
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Shrestha P, Hussain D, Mulder RJ, Taylor MC, Singh SP, Petrie JR, Zhou XR. Increased DHA Production in Seed Oil Using a Selective Lysophosphatidic Acid Acyltransferase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1234. [PMID: 30186303 PMCID: PMC6113368 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering of the omega-3 (ω3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway has generated fish oil-like levels of pharmaceutically and nutritionally important docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in plant seeds. However, the majority of DHA has been accumulated at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions of triacylglycerol (TAG) in these engineered seeds, leaving only a minor amount (∼10%) at sn-2 position and indicating a strong discrimination (or, a very poor specificity) for DHA by seed lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (LPAATs), which mediate the acylation of sn-2 position of glycerol backbone. In order to increase the level of DHA at sn-2 position of TAG and to increase overall DHA level in seeds, we attempted to discover DHA-preferring LPAATs. Several LPAATs for acylation of the sn-2 position of the TAG glycerol backbone were investigated for substrate preference for DHA. In transiently expressing these LPAATs in Nicotiana benthamiana, a Mortierella alpina LPAAT had the highest substrate specificity for accumulating DHA onto oleoyl-lysophosphatidic acid (oleoyl-LPA), while the plant LPAATs tested showed lower preference for DHA. In a competition assay with a pool of four ω3 acyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) substrates involved in the DHA biosynthesis pathway, LPAATs from both M. alpina and Emiliania huxleyi showed a high preference for DHA-CoA acylation onto oleoyl-LPA. When docosahexaenoyl-LPA was used as the acyl receiver, M. alpina LPAAT also showed a high preference for DHA-CoA. Stable overexpression of M. alpina LPAAT in an Arabidopsis line that expressed the DHA biosynthesis pathway significantly increased both the total DHA levels and the distribution of DHA onto the sn-2 position of seed TAG. LC-MS analysis of the seed TAG species also confirmed that overexpression of M. alpina LPAAT increased di-DHA and tri-DHA TAGs, suggesting that the M. alpina LPAAT could enrich DHA at the TAG sn-2 position, leading to a metabolic engineering of oil seed for channeling DHA into the sn-2 position of TAG and to a higher DHA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushkar Shrestha
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Dawar Hussain
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Roger J. Mulder
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew C. Taylor
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Surinder P. Singh
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - James R. Petrie
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xue-Rong Zhou
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Xue-Rong Zhou,
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Alfieri A, Imperlini E, Nigro E, Vitucci D, Orrù S, Daniele A, Buono P, Mancini A. Effects of Plant Oil Interesterified Triacylglycerols on Lipemia and Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010104. [PMID: 29301208 PMCID: PMC5796054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The position of the fatty acids (sn-1, sn-2 and sn-3) (stereospecific numbering (sn)) in triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules produces a characteristic stereospecificity that defines the physical properties of the fats and influences their absorption, metabolism and uptake into tissues. Fat interesterification is a process that implies a positional distribution of fatty acids (FAs) within the TAG molecules, generating new TAG species, without affecting the FA cis-trans natural balance. The interesterified (IE) fats, frequently used in the food industry comprise fats that are rich in long-chain saturated FAs, such as palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0). Within the interesterified fats, a critical role is played by FA occupying the sn-2 position; in fact, the presence of an unsaturated FA in this specific position influences early metabolic processing and postprandial clearance that in turn could induce atherogenesis and thrombogenesis events. Here, we provide an overview on the role of TAG structures and interesterified palmitic and stearic acid-rich fats on fasting and postprandial lipemia, focusing our attention on their physical properties and their effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Alfieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy.
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
| | | | - Ersilia Nigro
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina e di Scienze della Salute "Vincenzo Tiberio", Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | | | - Stefania Orrù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy.
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
- IRCCS SDN, via E. Gianturco 113, 80142 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via G. Vivaldi 42, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy.
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
- IRCCS SDN, via E. Gianturco 113, 80142 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Mancini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy.
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
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14
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Poursharifi P, Madiraju SRM, Prentki M. Monoacylglycerol signalling and ABHD6 in health and disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19 Suppl 1:76-89. [PMID: 28880480 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism dysregulation underlies chronic pathologies such as obesity, diabetes and cancer. Besides their role in structure and energy storage, lipids are also important signalling molecules regulating multiple biological functions. Thus, understanding the precise lipid metabolism enzymatic steps that are altered in some pathological conditions is helpful for designing better treatment strategies. Several monoacylglycerol (MAG) species are only recently being recognized as signalling lipid molecules in different tissues. Recent studies indicated the importance of the ubiquitously expressed serine hydrolase α/β-hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6), which is a MAG hydrolase, in regulating signalling competent MAG in both central and peripheral tissues. The central and peripheral function of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol, which is a 2-MAG, and its breakdown by both ABHD6 and classical MAG lipase has been well documented. ABHD6 and its substrate MAG appear to be involved in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes including insulin secretion, adipose browning, food intake, neurotransmission, autoimmune disorders, neurological and metabolic diseases as well as cancer. Diverse cellular targets such as mammalian unc13-1 (Munc13-1), PPARs, GPR119 and CB1/2 receptors, for MAG-mediated signalling processes have been proposed in different cell types. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the current state of knowledge regarding ABHD6/MAG signalling and its possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Poursharifi
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sri Ramachandra Murthy Madiraju
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marc Prentki
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montreal, Canada
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15
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Mills CE, Hall WL, Berry SEE. What are interesterified fats and should we be worried about them in our diet? NUTR BULL 2017; 42:153-158. [PMID: 28729812 PMCID: PMC5497165 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Interesterified (IE) fats are used in a wide range of food products and were introduced as a replacement for trans fats, which are known to be detrimental to cardiovascular health. However, the effects of interesterification on metabolism and subsequent effects on cardiovascular health are not understood and previous studies have seldom investigated industrially-relevant IE fats. No legislation currently exists regarding the labelling of IE fats in food products and therefore estimates of average consumption rates in the UK population are currently unavailable. In order to meet the urgent need for a systematic investigation of the health effects of consumer-relevant IE fats, it is essential to estimate current IE fat intakes and to investigate biological mechanisms that might mediate acute and chronic cardiometabolic effects of commercially relevant IE fats.
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16
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Chung MY, Woo H, Kim J, Kong D, Choi HD, Choi IW, Kim IH, Noh SK, Kim BH. Pinolenic Acid in Structured Triacylglycerols Exhibits Superior Intestinal Lymphatic Absorption As Compared to Pinolenic Acid in Natural Pine Nut Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1543-1549. [PMID: 28198188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The positional distribution pattern of fatty acids (FAs) in the triacylglycerols (TAGs) affects intestinal absorption of these FAs. The aim of this study was to compare lymphatic absorption of pinolenic acid (PLA) present in structured pinolenic TAG (SPT) where PLA was evenly distributed on the glycerol backbone, with absorption of pine nut oil (PNO) where PLA was predominantly positioned at the sn-3 position. SPT was prepared via the nonspecific lipase-catalyzed esterification of glycerol with free FA obtained from PNO. Lymphatic absorption of PLA from PNO and from SPT was compared in a rat model of lymphatic cannulation. Significantly (P < 0.05) greater amounts of PLA were detected in lymph collected for 8 h from an emulsion containing SPT (28.5 ± 0.7% dose) than from an emulsion containing PNO (26.2 ± 0.6% dose), thereby indicating that PLA present in SPT has a greater capacity for lymphatic absorption than PLA from PNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yu Chung
- Korea Food Research Institute , Seongnam 13539, Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Woo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University , Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Juyeon Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University , Changwon 51140, Korea
| | - Daecheol Kong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University , Changwon 51140, Korea
| | - Hee-Don Choi
- Korea Food Research Institute , Seongnam 13539, Korea
| | - In-Wook Choi
- Korea Food Research Institute , Seongnam 13539, Korea
| | - In-Hwan Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sang K Noh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University , Changwon 51140, Korea
| | - Byung Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul 04310, Korea
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17
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Li K, Olsen RE, Østensen MA, Altin D, Kjørsvik E, Olsen Y. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae can biosynthesis phospholipid de novo from 2-oleoyl-glycerol and glycerol precursors. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:137-147. [PMID: 26349454 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The dietary requirement of phospholipid (PL) of fish larvae has been suggested to originate in an inefficient ability for de novo biosynthesis of PL based on dietary triacylglycerol (TAG). The main objective of the present study was to investigate whether cod larvae could synthesis PL from sn-2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) and glycerol precursors. A tube feeding method was used to deliver equal molar aliquots of 2-oleoyl-[1,2,3-(3)H]glycerol and [U-(14)C] glycerol together with bovine serum albumin (BSA) bound 16:0 (palmitic acid) and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), with or without choline chloride to the foregut of anesthetized cod larvae and thereafter monitoring the metabolism of these components in the larvae through 4 h following injection. Our results showed that both 2-MAG and glycerol precursors contributed to the de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and the 2-MAG pathway predominated over the G-3-P (glycerol-3-phosphate) pathway in the synthesis of TAG and PC. The molecular ratio of PC/TAG obtained from the 2-MAG and the G-3-P pathways was 0.44-0.74 and 1.02-2.06 within the first hour of tube feeding, suggesting they might have comparable biosynthesis ability of PC and TAG under the conditions of the present study. Furthermore, supplementation of choline chloride significantly increased PC/TAG ratio (p < 0.05) for both pathways. However, further studies are needed to quantify the enzyme activity involved in the CDP-choline (cytidine diphosphate choline) pathway, and the function of choline either in simulating PC synthesis or TAG catabolism or both needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshuai Li
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Rolf Erik Olsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mari-Ann Østensen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Elin Kjørsvik
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yngvar Olsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
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18
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Abstract
Dietary lipids are efficiently absorbed by the small intestine, incorporated into triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (chylomicrons), and transported in the circulation to various tissues. Intestinal lipid absorption and mobilization and chylomicron synthesis and secretion are highly regulated processes. Elevated chylomicron production rate contributes to the dyslipidemia seen in common metabolic disorders such as insulin-resistant states and type 2 diabetes and likely increases the risk for atherosclerosis seen in these conditions. An in-depth understanding of the regulation of chylomicron production may provide leads for the development of drugs that could be of therapeutic utility in the prevention of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Chylomicron secretion is subject to regulation by various factors, including diet, body weight, genetic variants, hormones, nutraceuticals, medications, and emerging interventions such as bariatric surgical procedures. In this review we discuss the regulation of chylomicron production, mechanisms that underlie chylomicron dysregulation, and potential avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Dash
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology and the Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4 Canada;
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19
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Michalski MC, Genot C, Gayet C, Lopez C, Fine F, Joffre F, Vendeuvre JL, Bouvier J, Chardigny JM, Raynal-Ljutovac K. Multiscale structures of lipids in foods as parameters affecting fatty acid bioavailability and lipid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:354-73. [PMID: 23624223 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
On a nutritional standpoint, lipids are now being studied beyond their energy content and fatty acid (FA) profiles. Dietary FA are building blocks of a huge diversity of more complex molecules such as triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL), themselves organised in supramolecular structures presenting different thermal behaviours. They are generally embedded in complex food matrixes. Recent reports have revealed that molecular and supramolecular structures of lipids and their liquid or solid state at the body temperature influence both the digestibility and metabolism of dietary FA. The aim of the present review is to highlight recent knowledge on the impact on FA digestion, absorption and metabolism of: (i) the intramolecular structure of TAG; (ii) the nature of the lipid molecules carrying FA; (iii) the supramolecular organization and physical state of lipids in native and formulated food products and (iv) the food matrix. Further work should be accomplished now to obtain a more reliable body of evidence and integrate these data in future dietary recommendations. Additionally, innovative lipid formulations in which the health beneficial effects of either native or recomposed structures of lipids will be taken into account can be foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Michalski
- INRA, USC1235, INSERM U1060, CarMeN laboratory, IMBL, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France; CRNH Rhône-Alpes, CENS, F-69600 Oullins, France.
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20
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Rudkowska I, Roynette CE, Demonty I, Vanstone CA, Jew S, Jones PJH. Diacylglycerol: Efficacy and Mechanism of Action of an Anti-Obesity Agent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:1864-76. [PMID: 16339116 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is at the forefront of global health issues and directly contributes to many chronic illnesses. Several dietary components show promise in the treatment of obesity, one of which is oil rich in diacylglycerols (DAGs). Present objectives are to examine scientific knowledge concerning DAG to assess evidence supporting the effects on substrate oxidation rates, body weight and fat mass, and blood lipids, and to assess safety, as well as elucidate potential mechanisms of action. DAG can be synthesized by an enzymatic process to produce mainly 1,3-isoform DAG. This 1,3-DAG oil is believed to have the ability to increase beta-oxidation, to enhance body weight loss, to suppress body fat accumulation, and to lower serum triacylglycerol levels postprandially. While certain animal and human studies indicate that consumption of 1,3-DAG has positive physiological effects, others report no effect. The mechanisms of action of DAG are suggested to decrease the resynthesis of chylomicrons as well as shunting them directly to the liver through the portal vein, where they are oxidized. This increased fat oxidation may influence control of food intake by increasing satiety. Further study into the precise mechanism is required to understand its effects. Safety studies show no risks in consuming a diet rich in DAG oil. Overall, consumption of oils with higher amounts of DAG, specifically 1,3-DAG, may be useful in the battle against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Rudkowska
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Fatty Acid Composition of Phospholipids and in the Central and External Positions of Triacylglycerol in Muscle and Subcutaneous Fat of Beef Steers Fed Diets Supplemented with Oil Containing n6 and n3 Fatty Acids While Undergoing One of Three 48 h Feed Withdrawal Treatments. J Lipids 2012; 2012:543784. [PMID: 22900190 PMCID: PMC3414078 DOI: 10.1155/2012/543784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the effects of dietary oil and feed withdrawal treatments on fatty acid composition of phospholipids of triacylglycerol in pars costalis diaphragmatis muscle and subcutaneous fat from the brisket. A 2 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted with crossbred steers with an initial body weight of 280.5 ± 5.8 kg. Steers were fed either a control or an oil containing diet where 5% of the control diet was replaced with an equal mixture sunflower and flax oil while undergoing one of three feed withdrawal treatments: no withdrawal, a single 48 h withdrawal before initiation of fattening at one year of age, or 48 h withdrawal at 8 wk intervals from weaning to initiation of fattening. At time of processing samples of muscle and fat were obtained and analyzed to determine fatty acid composition. Disproportionate distribution of the fatty acids was observed by diet, feed withdrawal regimen and whether the sample was from muscle or fat. Differences are discussed in detail, and our data suggests a special function for the fatty acids that accumulate in specific positions of the triacylglycerol due to treatment.
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22
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Lehner R, Lian J, Quiroga AD. Lumenal lipid metabolism: implications for lipoprotein assembly. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1087-93. [PMID: 22517367 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.241497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins by the liver and the intestine is 1 of the hallmarks of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes and a well-established risk factor of cardiovascular disease. The assembly of apoB lipoproteins is regulated by the availability of lipids that form the neutral lipid core (triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester) and the limiting lipoprotein monolayer (phospholipids and cholesterol). Although tremendous advances have been made over the past decade toward understanding neutral lipid and phospholipid biosynthesis and neutral lipid storage in cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs), little is known about the mechanisms that govern the transfer of lipids to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum for apoB lipidation. ApoB-synthesizing organs can deposit synthesized neutral lipids into at least 3 different types of LDs, each decorated with a subset of specific proteins: perilipin-decorated cytosolic LDs, and 2 types of LDs formed in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, the secretion-destined LDs containing apoB, and resident lumenal LDs coated with microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and exchangeable apolipoproteins. This brief review will address the current knowledge of lumenal lipid metabolism in the context of apoB assembly and lipid storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lehner
- Department of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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23
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Lei L, Li J, Li GY, Hu JN, Tang L, Liu R, Fan YW, Deng ZY. Stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions of five wild freshwater fish from Poyang Lake. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:1857-1864. [PMID: 22242597 DOI: 10.1021/jf204584t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acids (FA) compositions and positional distributions in triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL) of five wild freshwater fish (Squaliobarbus curriculus, Erythroculter ilishaeformis, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco, Bostrichthys sinensis, and Siniperca kneri Garman) from Poyang Lake (the largest freshwater lake of China) were studied. For TAG, S. kneri German had the highest content (13.59%) of n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and E. ilishaeformis had the lowest ratio of (n - 6)/(n - 3) (0.65). PL had a high content of PUFA, which declined in the order of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) > phosphatidylcholine (PC) > TAG. 9c11t-18:2 accounted for 6.38-50.77% of total conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). The highest level of odd-branched chain fatty acids (OBCFA) was 26.7% in B. sinensis. The study revealed that the distribution of FA among the sn positions was not random: monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and PUFA preferred positions 1 and 3 and saturated fatty acids (SFA) position 2 of TAG, while SFA and MUFA predominated over sn-1-PL and PUFA over sn-2-PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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24
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Abstract
Although many food components are reportedly beneficial to body-weight management, lack of understanding of molecular mechanisms and their function in overall adiposity under physiological conditions hinders successful and safe development of antiobesity functional foods. A positive energy balance resulting from an increase in food intake, a reduced energy expenditure, and/or dysfunction of adipose biology is associated with the development of obesity. This article provides an overview of the components involved in energy balance and adipose development and function. There is evidence that numerous ingredients found in foods can modulate energy balance and adipose biology, thereby potentially lowering adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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25
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Hellmuth C, Uhl O, Segura-Moreno M, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B. Determination of acylglycerols from biological samples with chromatography-based methods. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3470-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Pan X, Hussain MM. Gut triglyceride production. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:727-35. [PMID: 21989069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of how the body absorbs triacylglycerols (TAG) from the diet and how this process is regulated has increased at a rapid rate in recent years. Dietary TAG are hydrolyzed in the intestinal lumen to free fatty acids (FFA) and monoacylglycerols (MAG), which are taken up by enterocytes from their apical side, transported to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and resynthesized into TAG. TAG are assembled into chylomicrons (CM) in the ER, transported to the Golgi via pre-chylomicron transport vesicles and secreted towards the basolateral side. In this review, we mainly focus on the roles of key proteins involved in uptake and intracellular transport of fatty acids, their conversion to TAG and packaging into CM. We will also discuss intracellular transport and secretion of CM. Moreover, we will bring to light few factors that regulate gut triglyceride production. Furthermore, we briefly summarize pathways involved in cholesterol absorption. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Triglyceride Metabolism and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Pan
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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27
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Mitsuhashi Y, Bauer JE. Dietary management of obesity in companion animals via alteration of lipid metabolism. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 235:1292-300. [PMID: 19951097 DOI: 10.2460/javma.235.11.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Mitsuhashi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Companion Animal Nutrition Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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28
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Tuomasjukka SS, Viitanen MH, Kallio HP. Regio-distribution of stearic acid is not conserved in chylomicrons after ingestion of randomised, stearic acid-rich fat in a single meal. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:909-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Lee B, Zhu J, Wolins NE, Cheng JX, Buhman KK. Differential association of adipophilin and TIP47 proteins with cytoplasmic lipid droplets in mouse enterocytes during dietary fat absorption. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:1173-80. [PMID: 19698802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we found that enterocytes dynamically store triglycerides (TGs) in cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs) during dietary fat absorption. A dynamic pool of TG in the form of CLDs which expands and depletes relative to time post dietary fat challenge is present in the absorptive cells of the small intestine, enterocytes. To identify cellular factors which may play a role in the regulation of this dynamic process we investigated the expression and localization of a lipid droplet associated protein family, PAT proteins, in enterocytes of mice chronically and acutely challenged by dietary fat. We found that adipophilin and Tip47 are the only PAT genes present in mouse intestinal mucosa and both genes are present at higher levels after high-fat challenges. We found TIP47 protein present in the intestine from chow and high-fat challenged mice; however, adipophilin protein was only present after high-fat challenges. In addition, TIP47 protein level was higher after an acute than a chronic high-fat challenge whereas adipophilin protein level was higher after a chronic than an acute high-fat challenge. We co-imaged TG in CLDs using CARS microscopy and TIP47 or adipophilin using immunocytochemistry in isolated enterocytes from mice challenged chronically and acutely by high levels of dietary fat. TIP47, but not adipophilin, coats CLDs in enterocytes after an acute high-fat challenge suggesting that TIP47 plays a role in the synthesis of CLDs from newly synthesized TG at the beginning of the process of dietary fat absorption in enterocytes. Adipophilin, on the other hand, coats CLDs only in enterocytes of chronic high-fat fed mice suggesting that adipophilin may play a role in the stabilization of TG stored in CLDs in longer term. These results suggest distinct roles for TIP47 and adipophilin in dietary fat absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonggi Lee
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, 700 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2059, USA
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30
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Triacylglycerol structure and interesterification of palmitic and stearic acid-rich fats: an overview and implications for cardiovascular disease. Nutr Res Rev 2009; 22:3-17. [PMID: 19442321 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422409369267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The position of fatty acids in the TAG molecule (sn-1, sn-2 and sn-3) determines the physical properties of the fat, which affects its absorption, metabolism and distribution into tissues, which may have implications for the risk of CHD. The TAG structure of fats can be manipulated by the process of interesterification, which is of increasing commercial importance, as it can be used to change the physical characteristics of a fat without the generation of trans-fatty acids. Interesterified fats rich in long-chain SFA are commercially important, but few studies have investigated their health effects. Evidence from animal and human infant studies suggests that TAG structure and interesterification affect digestibility, atherogenicity and fasting lipid levels, with fats containing palmitic and stearic acid in the sn-2 position being better digested and considered to be more atherogenic. However, chronic studies in human adults suggest that TAG structure has no effect on digestibility or fasting lipids. The postprandial effects of fats with differing TAG structure are better characterised but the evidence is inconclusive; it is probable that differences in the physical characteristics of fats resulting from interesterification and changes in TAG structure are key determinants of the level of postprandial lipaemia, rather than the position of fatty acids in the TAG. The present review gives an overview of TAG structure and interesterified palmitic and stearic acid-rich fats, their physical properties and their acute and chronic effects in human adults in relation to CHD.
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31
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Trevaskis NL, Charman WN, Porter CJ. Lipid-based delivery systems and intestinal lymphatic drug transport: a mechanistic update. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:702-16. [PMID: 18155316 PMCID: PMC7103284 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
After oral administration, the majority of drug molecules are absorbed across the small intestine and enter the systemic circulation via the portal vein and the liver. For some highly lipophilic drugs (typically log P > 5, lipid solubility > 50 mg/g), however, association with lymph lipoproteins in the enterocyte leads to transport to the systemic circulation via the intestinal lymph. The attendant delivery benefits associated with lymphatic drug transport include a reduction in first-pass metabolism and lymphatic exposure to drug concentrations orders of magnitude higher than that attained in systemic blood. In the current review we briefly describe the mechanisms by which drug molecules access the lymph and the formulation strategies that may be utilised to enhance lymphatic drug transport. Specific focus is directed toward recent advances in understanding regarding the impact of lipid source (both endogenous and exogenous) and intracellular lipid trafficking pathways on lymphatic drug transport and enterocyte-based first-pass metabolism.
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32
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Li D, Xu T, Takase H, Tokimitsu I, Zhang P, Wang Q, Yu X, Zhang A. Diacylglycerol-induced improvement of whole-body insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a long-term randomized, double-blind controlled study. Clin Nutr 2008; 27:203-11. [PMID: 18314230 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 01/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Diacylglycerol oil has been shown to lower postprandial and fasting serum triacylglycerol levels and reduce body fat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diacylglycerol oil on risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease in type 2 DM patients. METHODS This was a double-blind controlled parallel study with 127 type 2 DM patients (aged 40-65) recruited in Hangzhou, China. All subjects consumed triacylglycerol oil in the lead-in period (14 days), then they were randomly divided into two groups and consumed diacylglycerol or triacylglycerol oil with a similar fatty acid composition (25 g/day) for 120 days. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 60 and 120 and risk factors of type 2 DM and cardiovascular disease and biochemical parameters were measured by standard methods. RESULTS There were a total of 112 subjects who completed the study. Diet intake did not differ significantly between groups. Body weight, BMI, waist circumference, HOMA-IR, serum insulin and leptin levels were significantly reduced from baseline in the diacylglycerol oil group but not in the triacylglycerol oil group. Serum glucose was also significantly improved in patients with higher glucose levels at baseline (>7.00 mmol/L) in the diacylglycerol oil group. Parameters of liver and kidney functions and essential fatty acids in serum phospholipids did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Diacylglycerol oil consumption improved biomarkers and anthropometric parameters of type 2 DM compared with triacylglycerol oil. No adverse reactions were observed with diacylglycerol oil consumption for type 2 DM patients. Diacylglycerol oil has an equivalent bioavailability as triacylglycerol oil in relation to providing essential fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China.
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Yanai H, Tomono Y, Ito K, Furutani N, Yoshida H, Tada N. Diacylglycerol oil for the metabolic syndrome. Nutr J 2007; 6:43. [PMID: 18072966 PMCID: PMC2235882 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-6-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess adiposity has been shown to play a crucial role in the development of the metabolic syndrome. The elevated fasting and postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein levels is the central lipid abnormality observed in the metabolic syndrome. Recent studies have indicated that diacylglycerol (DAG) is effective for fasting and postprandial hyperlipidemia and preventing excess adiposity by increasing postprandial energy expenditure. We will here discuss the mechanisms of DAG-mediated improvements in hyperlipidemia and in postprandial energy expenditure, and effects of DAG oil on lipid/glucose metabolism and on body fat. Further, the therapeutic application of DAG for the metabolic syndrome will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekatsu Yanai
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
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Berry SEE, Miller GJ, Sanders TAB. The solid fat content of stearic acid-rich fats determines their postprandial effects. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:1486-94. [PMID: 17556683 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of randomization is used commercially to harden fats as an alternative to partial hydrogenation, but its effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors are uncertain. OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare the chronic and acute effects of randomization of a fat rich in 1,3-distearyl, 2-oleyl glycerol on fasting and postprandial lipids, glucose, insulin, and activated clotting factor VII (FVIIa) concentrations. DESIGN A crossover design study in 16 men compared fasting and postprandial lipid, glucose, insulin, and FVIIa concentrations at baseline and after a 3-wk diet providing 30 g unrandomized or randomized shea butter and sunflower oil blends (SSOBs), both of which contained approximately 50% stearic acid. Fecal fat excretion was measured during each dietary period. Postprandial changes were assessed after the consumption of meals providing 50 g test fat. A subsequent study compared postprandial changes after the consumption of an oleic acid-rich sunflower oil meal and an unrandomized SSOB meal. RESULTS Both SSOBs were well digested and absorbed. Randomization did not affect fasting or postprandial lipid, glucose, insulin, or FVIIa concentrations. Compared with the oleic acid-rich meal, the unrandomized SSOB resulted in 53% lower postprandial lipemia, 23% higher hepatic lipase activity, and a 25% lower postprandial increase in FVIIa concentration. The solid fat contents at 37 degrees C were 22%, 41%, and 0% with the unrandomized SSOB, randomized SSOB, and oleic acid-rich meals, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Stearic acid-rich triacylglycerol in both unrandomized and randomized forms does not adversely affect lipid risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The high proportion of solid fat at 37 degrees C may explain the decreased postprandial lipemic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E E Berry
- Nutritional Sciences Research Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Berry SEE, Sanders TAB. Influence of triacylglycerol structure of stearic acid-rich fats on postprandial lipaemia. Proc Nutr Soc 2007; 64:205-12. [PMID: 15960865 DOI: 10.1079/pns2005422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Exaggerated postprandial lipaemia may increase the risk of CHD by contributing to both thrombotic and atherogenic processes. Previous research has focused on the quantity and composition of dietary fat, whereas the effect of triacylglycerol (TAG) structure on postprandial lipaemia and clotting factor VII activity has received little attention. TAG with similar fatty acid composition may have different biochemical and physical properties that are dependent on their TAG structure, and these differences may affect lipid metabolism. Recent findings suggest that differences in the physical properties of stearic acid-rich fats are associated with differences in postprandial lipaemia, and may play an important role in determining their rates of digestion and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E E Berry
- Nutrition Food and Health Research Centre, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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Porter CJH, Trevaskis NL, Charman WN. Lipids and lipid-based formulations: optimizing the oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:231-48. [PMID: 17330072 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1232] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Highly potent, but poorly water-soluble, drug candidates are common outcomes of contemporary drug discovery programmes and present a number of challenges to drug development - most notably, the issue of reduced systemic exposure after oral administration. However, it is increasingly apparent that formulations containing natural and/or synthetic lipids present a viable means for enhancing the oral bioavailability of some poorly water-soluble, highly lipophilic drugs. This Review details the mechanisms by which lipids and lipidic excipients affect the oral absorption of lipophilic drugs and provides a perspective on the possible future applications of lipid-based delivery systems. Particular emphasis has been placed on the capacity of lipids to enhance drug solubilization in the intestinal milieu, recruit intestinal lymphatic drug transport (and thereby reduce first-pass drug metabolism) and alter enterocyte-based drug transport and disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J H Porter
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville campus, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Oxley A, Jutfelt F, Sundell K, Olsen RE. Sn-2-monoacylglycerol, not glycerol, is preferentially utilised for triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) intestine. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 146:115-23. [PMID: 17126582 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pathways of lipid resynthesis in the intestine of fish are relatively unknown. Various reports have suggested the existence of both sn-1,3-specific (pancreatic) and non-specific (bile salt-activated) lipase activity operating on dietary triacylglycerol (TAG) in the intestinal lumen of fish during digestion. Thus, sn-2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) and glycerol, respective hydrolytic products of each lipase, are absorbed and utilised for glycerolipid synthesis in enterocytes via two alternative routes: monoacylglycerol (MAG) and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) pathways. Despite different precursors, both pathways converge at the production of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol (1,2-DAG) where TAG or phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis can occur. To elucidate the relative activities of MAG and G3P pathways in Atlantic salmon enterocytes, intestinal segments were mounted in Ussing chambers where equimolar mixtures of sn-2-oleoyl-[1,2,3-(3)H]glycerol (2-MAG) and [(14)C(U)]glycerol, plus unlabelled 16:0 and 18:2n-6 as exogenous fatty acid sources, were delivered in bile salt-containing Ringer solution to the mucosa. The MAG pathway predominated, over the G3P pathway, synthesizing ca. 95% of total TAG and ca. 80% of total PC after a 3 h incubation period at 10 degrees C. Further, the 1,2-DAG branch point into TAG or PC was polarised towards TAG synthesis (6:1) via the MAG pathway but more evenly distributed between TAG and PC (1:1) via the G3P pathway. Effect of long-chain saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesized TAG/PC ratio was assessed by individually exchanging 16:0, 18:1n-9 or 18:2n-6, for 16:0+18:2n-6, in mucosal solutions. TAG synthesis was influenced considerably more than PC synthesis, via either pathway, by exogenous fatty acids utilised. 18:1n-9 significantly stimulated TAG synthesis via the MAG pathway yielding a TAG/PC ratio of 12:1. Alternatively, 18:2n-6 stimulated TAG synthesis the most via the G3P pathway (TAG/PC=4:1). 16:0 significantly attenuated TAG synthesis via either pathway. Micellar fatty acid species also significantly affected intestinal active transport mechanisms as shown by decreasing transepithelial potential (TEP) and short-circuit current (SSC) with increasing fatty acid unsaturation. The epithelial integrity was, however, not compromised after 3 h of exposure to any of the fatty acids. The implications of these findings on dietary fatty acid composition and enterocytic lipid droplet accumulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Oxley
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, N-5984 Matredal, Norway.
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Tomonobu K, Hase T, Tokimitsu I. Dietary diacylglycerol in a typical meal suppresses postprandial increases in serum lipid levels compared with dietary triacylglycerol. Nutrition 2006; 22:128-35. [PMID: 16459225 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2005.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to verify the effect of a dietary oil, consisting mainly of diacylglycerol (DAG) oil, in a typical meal on postprandial changes in serum triacylglycerol (TAG) and remnant-like particle cholesterol (RLP-C) compared with dietary triacylglycerol (TAG) oil. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized, crossover design, 43 healthy Japanese men and women ingested test meals (2093 kJ of energy, 30 g of protein, 19 g of lipids, and 51 g of carbohydrates) containing 10 g of DAG oil (DAG meal) or TAG oil (TAG meal). Blood samples were collected in a fasting state (0 h) and at 2, 3, 4, and 6 h after ingestion of the meal. RESULTS Postprandial TAG, RLP-C, and chylomicron TAG concentrations were significantly lower after the DAG meal compared with the TAG meal. In 29 subjects with fasting serum TAG levels of at least 1.13 mmol/L (100 mg/dL), differences in postprandial serum changes between meal types were even more remarkable and the incremental areas under the response curve (0 to 6 h) for serum TAG and RLP-C concentrations after the DAG meal were significantly smaller than those after the TAG meal. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that DAG oil in the daily diet is useful for the prevention of postprandial hyperlipidemia and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Tomonobu
- Health Care Research Laboratories No. 1, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
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Matsuyama T, Shoji K, Watanabe H, Shimizu M, Saotome Y, Nagao T, Matsuo N, Hase T, Tokimitsu I, Nakaya N. Effects of diacylglycerol oil on adiposity in obese children: initial communication. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2006; 19:795-804. [PMID: 16886587 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2006.19.6.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that diacylglycerol (DAG) oil may suppress accumulation of body fat in adults compared to triacylglycerol (TAG) oil. In this study, we investigated the effect of DAG oil as part of dietetic therapy in obese children. The participants were 11 male and female obese children who were under treatment at the outpatient clinic (four boys, seven girls, age: 7-17 years old). Daily-use cooking oil was changed to DAG oil, and the effects on abdominal fat areas, adipocytokines, and serum lipids were investigated. The total and subcutaneous fat areas significantly decreased in the 5th month after ingestion of DAG oil. Leptin was significantly lower than the initial level after ingestion of DAG oil. The ingestion of DAG oil decreased both the abdominal fat area and leptin in obese children, suggesting that DAG oil prevents obesity in children as well as in adults.
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Achouri Y, Hegarty BD, Allanic D, Bécard D, Hainault I, Ferré P, Foufelle F. Long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase 5 expression is induced by insulin and glucose: involvement of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c. Biochimie 2005; 87:1149-55. [PMID: 16198472 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a screen for sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c target genes in the liver, we identified long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase 5 (ACS-5). Hepatic ACS-5 mRNA is poorly expressed during fasting and diabetes and strongly induced by carbohydrate refeeding and insulin treatment. In cultured hepatocytes, insulin and a high glucose concentration induce ACS-5 mRNA. Adenoviral overexpression of a nuclear form of SREBP-1c in liver of diabetic mice or in cultured hepatocytes mimics the effect of insulin to induce ACS-5. By contrast, a dominant negative form of SREBP-1c abolishes the effect of insulin on ACS-5 expression. The dietary and SREBP-1c-mediated insulin regulation of ACS-5 expression indicate that ACS-5 is involved in the anabolic fate of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Achouri
- Inserm Unit 671, Université Paris 6, Centre de Recherches Biomédicales des Cordeliers, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75270 Paris cedex 6, France
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Linderborg (née Yli-Jokipii) KM, Kallio HPT. Triacylglycerol Fatty Acid Positional Distribution and Postprandial Lipid Metabolism. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/fri-200061623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tada N, Shoji K, Takeshita M, Watanabe H, Yoshida H, Hase T, Matsuo N, Tokimitsu I. Effects of diacylglycerol ingestion on postprandial hyperlipidemia in diabetes. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 353:87-94. [PMID: 15698594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Revised: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that diacylglycerol (DAG) as compared with triacylglycerol (TAG) suppressed increases in postprandial lipids in healthy volunteers. This study was to investigate the effects of DAG on postprandial lipids, particularly remnant lipoproteins in diabetics. METHODS Emulsified DAG oil or TAG oil with a fatty acid composition similar to DAG oil was orally administered (30 g fat/m2 of body surface) to moderately controlled six diabetics, with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) below 8%, after fasting for at least 12 h in a randomized crossover manner. Serum cholesterol and TAG, lipids in remnant-like particles (RLP), and other lipid parameters including serum ketone bodies were measured prior to and 2, 4, and 6 h after fat loading. RESULTS DAG loading significantly suppressed increases in postprandial serum TAG and lipids in RLP as compared with TAG loading. The incremental area under the curve (IAUC) for serum TAG and that for lipids in RLP with DAG loading were also significantly smaller than those with TAG loading. However, changes in serum levels of insulin, free fatty acids, and ketone bodies during fat loading were essentially the same for DAG and TAG. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study suggests that substituting DAG intake for TAG may be beneficial to moderately controlled diabetics due to its effect in reducing postprandial hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Tada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Kashiwa Hospital, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 163-1 Kashiwashita, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
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Van Gaal L, Mertens I, Ballaux D, Verkade HJ. Modern, new pharmacotherapy for obesity. A gastrointestinal approach. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2004; 18:1049-72. [PMID: 15561638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Van Gaal
- Department of Diabetology, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrjikstraat 10 Edegem, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Fernie CE, Dupont IE, Scruel O, Carpentier YA, Sébédio JL, Scrimgeour CM. Relative absorption of conjugated linoleic acid as triacylglycerol, free fatty acid and ethyl ester in a functional food matrix. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200300924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent developments in molecular biology have led to the recognition of food-derived lipids and their metabolites, including cholesterol, fatty acids, bile acids and litocholic acids, as ligands of each corresponding nuclear receptor and regulators of key physiological events. Intake of diacylglycerol, which comprises up to 10% of glycerides in plant-derived edible fats and oils and contains 70% of the unusual 1,3-species, has been shown to affect lipid and glucose metabolism. Effects include lowering of plasma triacylglycerol, decreasing postprandial hyperlipidemia and hemoglobin A1c, increasing energy expenditure, and reducing diet-induced obesity compared with triacylglycerol, which has a similar fatty acid composition. This review summarizes recent research into the metabolic effects and possible mechanisms of diacylglycerol outcome. RECENT FINDINGS Reacylation to triacylglycerol in small intestinal cells was found to be slower with diacylglycerol feeding than triacylglycerol feeding. Expression of mRNA of beta-oxidative and uncoupling proteins 2 was also increased in liver and/or intestinal cells on feeding diacylglycerol compared with triacylglycerol. Because the energy value and absorptive and digestive properties are similar, the different effects of diacylglycerol compared with triacylglycerol are due to their structural differences. SUMMARY The stimulation of enzyme activities responsible for beta-oxidation and regulation of lipid metabolism-related gene expression in the small intestine may contribute to reduced postprandial hyperlipidemia as well as to increased energy expenditure, which result in suppression of diet-induced obesity. Further analysis is required to elucidate the chemical and biological properties of diacylglycerol, especially of 1,3-diacylglycerol, on digestion, absorption and metabolic processes that may provide new insights for managing a lifestyle-related chronic disease such as the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Tada
- Department of General Medicine, Kashiwa Hospital, Jikei University School of Medicine, 163-1 Kashiwashita, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diacylglycerol is an intermediate product of triacylglycerol hydrolysis and comprises up to 10% of glycerides in plant-derived edible fats and oils. Recent developments in oil chemistry have led to the availability of a novel diacylglycerol oil for clinical studies. Recent research has shown that the oil containing 70% of unusual 1,3- species has metabolic characteristics distinct from those of triacylglycerol of similar fatty acid composition. This review summarizes recent research in humans and experimental animals into the metabolic effects and possible mechanisms of action of this oil. RECENT FINDINGS Consumption of the oil affects lipid metabolism including lowering of plasma triacylglcerol, decreases postprandial lipemia and reduces body fat mass, compared with triacylglcerol. As the fatty acids of the two oils are similar, the metabolic differences reside in their structural differences. SUMMARY It is still uncertain whether longer term consumption of the diacylglycerol oil will lead to persistent and consistent reductions in plasma triacylglycerol and body fat. However future studies may demonstrate a role in managing aspects of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Tada
- Department of General Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
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Kondo H, Hase T, Murase T, Tokimitsu I. Digestion and assimilation features of dietary DAG in the rat small intestine. Lipids 2003; 38:25-30. [PMID: 12669816 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several recent studies have demonstrated that dietary DAG oil rich in 1,3-species suppresses the postprandial increase of serum TAG level and decreases body fat accumulation, compared with TAG oil. To clarify the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of DAG, we investigated the metabolic features of DAG in the small intestine with regard to the digestion pathway in the lumen and the TAG-synthesis pathway in the mucosa. When intraduodenally infused as an emulsion, TAG was digested to 1,2-DAG, 2-MAG, and FFA, whereas 1,3-DAG was digested to 1(3)-MAG and FFA. When assessed by the incorporation of [1-14C]linoleic acid in lipids, the mucosal TAG-synthesis was significantly reduced by DAG infusion compared with TAG infusion. However, the mucosal 1,3-DAG synthesis was remarkably increased in the DAG-infused rats. The total amount of mucosal 1,3-DAG was also increased (4.5-fold) after DAG infusion compared with that after TAG infusion. Next, we examined the synthesis pathway of 1,3-DAG. In cultures of the everted intestinal sacs, 1,3-DAG production required the presence of 1-MAG, suggesting that the 1,3-DAG synthesis was due to acylation of 1(3)-MAG in the DAG-infused rats. Furthermore, measurements of DAG acyltransferase activity indicated that 1,3-DAG was little utilized in TAG synthesis. These findings suggest that features of 1,3-DAG digestion and assimilation in the intestine may be responsible for the reduction of the postprandial serum TAG level by dietary DAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Kondo
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
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Agren JJ, Ravandi A, Kuksis A, Steiner G. Structural and compositional changes in very low density lipoprotein triacylglycerols during basal lipolysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:6223-32. [PMID: 12473118 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols secreted by liver and carried by very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) are hydrolysed in circulation by lipoprotein and hepatic lipases. These enzymes have been shown to have positional and fatty acid specificity in vitro. If there were specificity in basal lipolysis in vivo, triacylglycerol compositions of circulating and newly secreted VLDL would be different. To study this we compared the composition of normal fasting VLDL triacylglycerol of Wistar rats to that obtained after blocking lipolysis by Triton WR1339, which increased plasma VLDL triacylglycerol concentration about 4.7-fold in 2 h. Analyses of molecular species of sn-1,2- and sn-2,3-diacylglycerol moieties and stereospecific triacylglycerol analysis revealed major differences between the groups in the VLDL triacylglycerol composition. In nontreated rats, the proportion of 16:0 was higher and that of 18:2n-6 lower in the sn-1 position. The proportion of 14:0 was lower in all positions and that of 18:0 was lower in the sn-1 and sn-3 positions in nontreated rats whereas the proportions of 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were higher in the sn-1 and lower in the sn-2 position. These results suggest that the fatty acid of the sn-1 position is the most decisive factor in determining the sensitivity for hydrolysis of the triacylglycerol. In addition, triacylglycerol species with highly unsaturated fatty acids in the sn-2 position also favoured hydrolysis. The in vivo substrate specificity followed only partly that obtained in in vitro studies indicating that the nature of molecular association of fatty acids in natural triacylglycerol affects its susceptibility to lipolysis. To conclude, our results indicate that preferential basal lipolysis leads to major structural differences between circulating and newly secreted VLDL triacylglycerol. These differences extend beyond those anticipated from analysis of total fatty acids and constitute a previously unrecognized feature of VLDL triacylglycerol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki J Agren
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Buhman KK, Smith SJ, Stone SJ, Repa JJ, Wong JS, Knapp FF, Burri BJ, Hamilton RL, Abumrad NA, Farese RV. DGAT1 is not essential for intestinal triacylglycerol absorption or chylomicron synthesis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:25474-9. [PMID: 11959864 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202013200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary triacylglycerols are a major source of energy for animals. The absorption of dietary triacylglycerols involves their hydrolysis to free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols in the intestinal lumen, the uptake of these products into enterocytes, the resynthesis of triacylgylcerols, and the incorporation of newly synthesized triacylglycerols into nascent chylomicrons for secretion. In enterocytes, the final step in triacylglycerol synthesis is believed to be catalyzed primarily through the actions of acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes. In this study, we analyzed intestinal triacylglycerol absorption and chylomicron synthesis and secretion in DGAT1-deficient (Dgat1(-/-)) mice. Surprisingly, DGAT1 was not essential for quantitative dietary triacylglycerol absorption, even in mice fed a high fat diet, or for the synthesis of chylomicrons. However, Dgat1(-/-) mice had reduced postabsorptive chylomicronemia (1 h after a high fat challenge) and accumulated neutral-lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of enterocytes when chronically fed a high fat diet. These results suggest a reduced rate of triacylglycerol absorption in Dgat1(-/-) mice. Analysis of intestine from Dgat1(-/-) mice revealed activity for two other enzymes, DGAT2 and diacylglycerol transacylase, that catalyze triacylglycerol synthesis and apparently help to compensate for the absence of DGAT1. Our findings indicate that multiple mechanisms for triacylglycerol synthesis in the intestine facilitate triacylglycerol absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly K Buhman
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94141-9100, USA
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Agren JJ, Kuksis A. Analysis of diastereomeric DAG naphthylethylurethanes by normal-phase HPLC with on-line electrospray MS. Lipids 2002; 37:613-9. [PMID: 12120961 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-002-0940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Normal-phase HPLC resolution of sn-1,2(2,3)- and x-1,3-DAG generated by partial Grignard degradation from natural TAG was carried out with both (R)-(-) and (S)-(+)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylurethane derivatives. The diastereomeric sn-1,2- and sn-2,3-DAG derivatives were resolved using two Supelcosil LC-Si (5 microm, 25 cm x 4.6 mm i.d.) columns in series and an isocratic elution with 0.37% isopropanol in hexane at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. The DAG were detected by UV absorption at 280 nm and were identified by electrospray ionization MS in the positive ion mode following postcolumn addition of chloroform/methanol/30% ammonium hydroxide (75:24.5:0.5, by vol) at 0.6 mL/min. Application of the method to a stereospecific analysis of the molecular species of TAG of rat VLDL showed that the TAG composition of VLDL circulating under basal conditions differs markedly from that of VLDL secreted by the liver during inhibition of serum lipases. The inhibition of serum lipases resulted in a significant proportional decrease in 16:0 and PUFA and an increase in 18:0 and oligoenoic FA in the sn-1-position, whereas the FA compositions in the sn-2- and sn-3-positions were much less affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Agren
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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