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Shen W, Cai L, Wang B, Li J, Sun Y, Chen Y, Xia F, Wang N, Lu Y. Associations of a proinflammatory diet, habitual salt intake, and the onset of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study from the UK Biobank. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:2119-2127. [PMID: 38409502 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
AIM To explore the relationship between proinflammatory diet, habitual salt intake and the onset of type 2 diabetes. METHODS This prospective study was conducted among 171 094 UK Biobank participants who completed at least one 24-h dietary questionnaire and were free of diabetes at baseline. Participants were followed up until 1 March 2023 for type 2 diabetes incidence, with diagnosis information obtained from linked medical records. An Energy-adjusted Diet Inflammatory Index (E-DII) was calculated based on 28 food parameters. Habitual salt intake was determined through the self-reported frequency of adding salt to foods. The associations between E-DII, habitual salt intake and type 2 diabetes incidence were tested by the Cox proportional hazard regression model. RESULTS Over a median follow-up period of 13.5 years, 6216 cases of type 2 diabetes were documented. Compared with participants with a low E-DII (indicative of an anti-inflammatory diet), participants with a high E-DII (indicative of a proinflammatory diet) had an 18% heightened risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The association between E-DII and type 2 diabetes tends to be linear after adjustment for major confounders. Participants with a proinflammatory diet and always adding salt to foods had the highest risk of type 2 diabetes incidence (hazard ratio 1.60, 95% confidence interval 1.32-1.94). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that a proinflammatory diet and higher habitual salt intake were associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. These results support the public health promotion of an anti-inflammatory diet and reducing salt intake to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingli Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangzhen Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningjian Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingli Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Ribeiro NG, Lelis DF, Molina MDCB, Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Griep RH, Barreto SM, Bensenor I, Lotufo PA, Mill JG, Baldo MP. The high salt intake in adults with metabolic syndrome is related to increased waist circumference and blood pressure: the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health study (ELSA-Brasil). Nutrition 2023; 114:112108. [PMID: 37406608 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The association between metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors, and salt consumption has fed intense debate in recent years, although it is yet to be fully elucidated. We aimed to evaluate whether individuals with MetS have a high salt consumption and to identify which components of the MetS diagnosis could be independently related to high salt consumption. METHODS We analyzed data from 11 982 adults, ages 35 to 74 y, from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) cohort study, from which clinical and anthropometric data were assessed, and a validated 12-h overnight urine collection was used to estimate salt intake. MetS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. RESULTS Salt intake was increased in individuals with MetS compared with individuals without MetS, regardless of sex (men: 14.3 ± 6.4 g/d versus 12.2 ± 5.5 g/d, P < 0.001; women: 10.6 ± 4.9 g/d versus 8.9 ± 4.0 g/d, P < 0.001) and increased progressively as the MetS criteria accumulated. The high salt intake in MetS participants, however, was observed only in the presence of elevated waist circumference and/or blood pressure and not with the other MetS criteria (reduced high-density lipoprotein, increased triglycerides, and impaired fasting blood glucose), regardless of the presence of MetS. When diabetes was incorporated as a MetS criterion, increased salt intake was observed in men but not in women. CONCLUSIONS Salt intake should be reduced worldwide, but strategies must be more intense in people with elevated blood pressure and waist circumference, regardless of MetS diagnosis, to avoid the associated morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah F Lelis
- Department of Pathophysiology, Montes Claros State University (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Brazil
| | | | - Maria I Schmidt
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruce B Duncan
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rosane H Griep
- Laboratory of Health and Environment Education, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandhi M Barreto
- Faculty of Medicine and Clinical Hospital, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares - EBSERH, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Isabela Bensenor
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiologic Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Lotufo
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiologic Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José G Mill
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Marcelo P Baldo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Montes Claros State University (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Brazil.
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Dietary salt intake predicts future development of metabolic syndrome in the general population. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:236-243. [PMID: 36229525 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-01035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Excessive dietary salt consumption is one of the most important risk factors for hypertension. Metabolic disorders often coexist with hypertension, and excess salt intake has been reported to underlie metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that excessive dietary salt causes metabolic syndrome in the general population. In total, 13886 subjects who participated in our medical checkup were enrolled, and salt intake was assessed using a spot urine sample. The characteristics of participants with metabolic syndrome (n = 1630) were examined at baseline, and then participants without metabolic syndrome (n = 12256) were followed up with the endpoint being the development of metabolic syndrome. The average estimated salt intake in our participants was 8.72 ± 1.93 g/day. A significant association between salt intake and metabolic syndrome was obtained from the logistic regression analysis, and salt intake increased as the number of metabolic disorders in an individual increased at baseline (P < 0.001). During the median follow-up period of 52 months, 1669 participants developed metabolic syndrome. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated an increased risk of metabolic syndrome across quartiles of baseline salt intake (log-rank, P < 0.001). In the Cox proportional hazard regression analysis where salt intake was taken as a continuous variable, salt intake at baseline was an independent predictor of developing metabolic syndrome. These results suggest that excessive salt intake is significantly associated with the development of metabolic syndrome in the general population. Salt may play an important role in the development of metabolic disorders and hypertension.
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4
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Afolabi OA, Alabi BA, Oluranti O. Diet-induced insulin resistance altered cardiac GLUT4 and FATP/CD36 expression in rats. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Altered substrate transport protein expression is central to the effect of insulin resistance on cardiac metabolism. The present study was thus designed to investigate the comparative effects of high fat, high sucrose and salt-induced IR on cardiac expression of fatty acid transporter (FATP) and glucose transporter (GLUT4) in rats.
Results
Rats fed with high fat, high sucrose and salt diets developed impaired glucose tolerance (p > 0.05) and hyperinsulinemia (p < 0.05) compared with control group. Myocardial glucose transporter expression was significantly increased (p < 0.001 for salt-induced IR; p < 0.01 for sucrose-induced IR; p < 0.01 for fat-induced IR) across all IR groups compared with control. Fatty acid transporter expression was also increased (p < 0.001) in high salt diet-induced IR rats, and high fat diet-induced IR rats (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
Our results demonstrate that salt and not caloric excess has a potential role in IR alteration of myocardial substrate transport protein expression in the rat.
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Abstract
Isolated systolic hypertension is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Despite being the most common form of hypertension in the elderly, it is also detectable among young and middle-aged subjects. Dietary salt (sodium chloride) intake is an important determinant of blood pressure, and high salt intake is associated with greater risk of hypertension and cardiovascular events. In most countries, habitual salt intake at all age categories largely exceeds the international recommendations. Excess salt intake, often interacting with overweight and insulin resistance, may contribute to the development and maintenance of isolated systolic hypertension in young individuals by causing endothelial dysfunction and promoting arterial stiffness through a number of mechanisms, namely increase in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, sympathetic tone and salt-sensitivity. This short review focused on the epidemiological and clinical evidence, the mechanistic pathways and the cluster of pathophysiological factors whereby excess salt intake may favor the development and maintenance of isolated systolic hypertension in young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfranco D'Elia
- Medical School, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, ESH Excellence Center of Hypertension, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Strazzullo
- Medical School, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, ESH Excellence Center of Hypertension, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy -
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Itoh N, Tsuya A, Togashi H, Kimura H, Konta T, Nemoto K, Yamashita H, Kayama T. Increased salt intake is associated with diabetes and characteristic dietary habits: a community-based cross-sectional study in Japan. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 71:143-150. [PMID: 36213786 PMCID: PMC9519413 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.21-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the association of salt intake with lifestyle-related diseases and also the association of habitually consumed foods with salt intake. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from a baseline survey of 2,129 residents of Yonezawa city (980 males and 1,149 females), Yamagata prefecture. The residents were divided into three groups based on their estimated daily salt intake: low, medium, and high. In both genders, the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes increased in the order of high > medium > low salt intake (trend p<0.001). Similar trends were observed in the prevalence of hyperlipidemia in females and metabolic syndrome in males. The prevalence of diabetes in the high salt intake group was significantly higher than that in the control group (matched from the low and medium salt intake groups), even when confounding factors were excluded by propensity score matching (p<0.01). Network analysis showed that the low salt intake group had a greater tendency to habitually consume various vegetables than the high salt intake group. Our findings reveal that the prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases increased with higher salt intake. We speculate that a dietary shift to multiple vegetable consumption could have salt-lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Itoh
- Yamagata University Health Administration Center
| | - Atsushi Tsuya
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine
| | | | - Hirohito Kimura
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Tsuneo Konta
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Kenji Nemoto
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Hidetoshi Yamashita
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Takamasa Kayama
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine
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7
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Wu Y, Qin L, Chen J, Wang H, Liao E. Nitrite, biogenic amines and volatile N-nitrosamines in commercial Chinese traditional fermented fish products. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2021; 15:10-19. [PMID: 34427175 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1971303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To examine the safety of Chinese traditional fermented fish products (CTFPs) available on the Chinese market, nitrite, nitrate, biogenic amines (BAs) and volatile N-nitrosamines (VNAs) content in 33 commercial CTFPs from different provinces was investigated. The mean content of nitrite and nitrate wase 0.63 and 749.5 mg/kg, respectively. Concerning the occurrence of BAs, the accumulation in all CTFPs samples remained at low levels, whereas only in one sample from Guangxi the histamine content exceeded the critical level (50 mg/kg). In addition, six types of VNAs, including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosoethylmethylamine, N-nitrosopiperidine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitrosomorpholine and N-nitrosodiphenylamine, were detected in a high number of samples. The NDMA content in 36.4% of the samples and the total VNAs content in about 63.6% of the samples were unacceptable. Principal component analysis indicated that the accumulation of NDMA and total VNAs was closely related with the content of histamine, tyramine and nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lerong Qin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiwang Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Education and Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,National R&d Center for Se-richAgricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Education and Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,National R&d Center for Se-richAgricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - E Liao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Education and Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,National R&d Center for Se-richAgricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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8
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Chander V, Tewari D, Negi V, Singh R, Upadhyaya K, Aleya L. Structural characterization of Himalayan black rock salt by SEM, XRD and in-vitro antioxidant activity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:141269. [PMID: 32798866 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salt is an essential component of daily life that balances the physiological functions of the human body as well as other living systems. Different varieties of salts are available in the global market. Out of many salt varieties, Himalayan rock salts have gained tremendous importance among consumers due to its diverse nutritional and medicinal properties. There are two types of Himalayan rock salts. One is the Himalayan pink salt and the other one is Himalayan black salt. Out of the two, the Himalayan pink salt is studied extensively but the black salt is underexplored. In the present study, the Himalayan black rock salt was explored to generate more scientific evidence in terms of its geochemical characterization using FE-SEM, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), elemental content using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and in vitro antioxidant activity by different methods for the first time. The study revealed that Himalayan black salt was irregular in shape with a quadrilateral, cubic, irregular crystalline structure. The Himalayan black salt exhibited antioxidant effect and interestingly showed low Na levels than common sea salt and Himalayan pink salt. The Himalayan black salt also contained important minerals like iron, calcium and magnesium which are beneficial to human health thus exhibiting superior characteristics over other conventional table salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Chander
- Department of Pharmacy, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, India
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Panjab, India.
| | - Vipul Negi
- Department of Pharmacy, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, India
| | - Rakesh Singh
- Department of Chemistry, DBS PG College, Dehradun, India
| | - Kumud Upadhyaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France
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9
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Cardiotonic Steroids Induce Vascular Fibrosis Via Pressure-Independent Mechanism in NaCl-Loaded Diabetic Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 74:436-442. [PMID: 31415452 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous cardiotonic steroid, marinobufagenin (MBG), induces Fli1-dependent tissue fibrosis. We hypothesized that an increase in MBG initiates the development of aortic fibrosis in salt-loaded rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) via pressure-independent mechanism. DM2 was induced by a single intraperitoneal administration of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin to neonatal (4-5 days) male Wistar rats. Eight-week-old DM2 rats received water or 1.8% NaCl (DM-NaCl) solution for 4 weeks (n = 16); half of DM-NaCl rats were treated with anti-MBG monoclonal antibody (mAb) (DM-NaCl-AB) during week 4 of salt loading; control intact rats received water (n = 8/group). Blood pressure, MBG, erythrocyte Na/K-ATPase activity, aortic weights, levels of fibrosis markers (Fli1, protein kinase Cδ, transforming growth factor-β1, receptors of the transforming growth factor beta5, fibronectin, collagen-1), and sensitivity of the aortic explants to the vasorelaxant effect of sodium nitroprusside were assessed. No changes in systolic blood pressure were observed while erythrocyte Na/K-ATPase was inhibited by 30%, plasma MBG was doubled, and aortic markers of fibrosis became elevated in DM-NaCl rats versus control. Treatment of DM-NaCl rats with anti-MBG mAb activated Na/K-ATPase, prevented increases in aortic weights, and the levels of fibrosis markers returned to the control levels. The responsiveness of the aortic rings from DM-NaCl rats to the relaxant effect of sodium nitroprusside was reduced (half maximal effective concentration (EC50) = 29 nmol/L) versus control rings (EC50 = 7 nmol/L) and was restored by anti-MBG mAb (EC50 = 9 nmol/L). Our results suggest that in salt-loaded diabetic rats, MBG stimulates aortic collagen synthesis in a pressure-independent fashion and that 2 profibrotic mechanisms, Fli1 dependent and transforming growth factor-β dependent, underlie its effects.
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10
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Liu Y, Yang C, Feng X, Qi L, Guo J, Zhu D, Thai PN, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Sun M, Lv J, Zhang L, Xu Z, Lu X. Prenatal High-Salt Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders via Decreasing Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1α in Adult Male Rat Offspring. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000196. [PMID: 32506826 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Although prenatal high-salt (HS) intake leads to physiological complications in the offspring, little is known regarding its effects on the offspring's glucose metabolism. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to determine the consequences of prenatal HS diet on the offspring's metabolism and to test a potential therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS Pregnant rats are fed either a normal-salt (1% NaCl) or high-salt (8% NaCl) diet during the whole pregnancy. Experiments are conducted in five-month-old male offspring. It is found that the prenatal HS diet reduced the glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity of the offspring. Additionally, there is down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (Ppargc1a/PPARGC1A) at the transcript and protein level, which leads to decreased mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative respiration in skeletal muscle. Moreover, the down-regulation of Ppargc1a is accompanied by decreases in the expression of glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4). With endurance exercise training, these changes are mitigated, which ultimately resulted in improved insulin resistance. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that prenatal HS intake induces metabolic disorders via the decreased expression of Ppargc1a in the skeletal muscle of adult offspring, providing novel information concerning the mechanisms and early prevention of metabolic diseases of fetal origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Liu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Chunli Yang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Xueqin Feng
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Linglu Qi
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Phung N Thai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Pengjie Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Juanxiu Lv
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92324, USA
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Xiyuan Lu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
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11
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Watanabe J, Kotani K. Metabolic Syndrome for Cardiovascular Disease Morbidity and Mortality Among General Japanese People: A Mini Review. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2020; 16:149-155. [PMID: 32368073 PMCID: PMC7182458 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s245829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of management of metabolic syndrome (MetS) for risk reduction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been recognized worldwide. Because of the comparatively unique characteristics of bodily figure/obesity and incident CVD in Japan, the relevance of MetS on CVD can be still discussed among Japanese people. The present study aimed to review briefly the relationship of MetS with CVD morbidity/mortality among general Japanese people. Methods Population-based prospective cohort studies evaluating the predictive value of MetS on CVD morbidity/mortality via a PubMed search up to 2019 were summarized. Results We identified two studies on morbidity that reported MetS to predict CVD morbidity. We identified three studies on mortality, and these studies showed an increased direction of hazard ratio (HR) of CVD mortality, while one study reported an insignificant prediction of MetS for CVD mortality. In the meta-analysis method, MetS significantly predicted CVD morbidity (HR=1.71 [95% confidence interval=1.34–2.18] in men and HR=1.89 [95% confidence interval=1.45–2.46] in women) as well as CVD mortality (HR=1.68 [95% confidence interval=1.37–2.06] in men and HR=1.73 [95% confidence interval=1.39–2.15] in women). Conclusion Among general Japanese people, MetS can be a positive predictor of CVD morbidity/mortality. Since the studies are limited, more research is needed to establish the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Watanabe
- Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-City, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-City, Japan
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12
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Liu P, Tang Y, Guo X, Zhu X, He M, Yuan J, Wang Y, Wei S, Chen W, Zhang X, Miao X, Yao P. Bidirectional association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hypertension from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 12:660-670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Soltani S, Kolahdouz Mohammadi R, Shab-Bidar S, Vafa M, Salehi-Abargouei A. Sodium status and the metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:196-206. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1363710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Soltani
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemaat Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Kolahdouz Mohammadi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemaat Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemaat Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Salehi-Abargouei
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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14
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Mills KT, Chen J, Yang W, Appel LJ, Kusek JW, Alper A, Delafontaine P, Keane MG, Mohler E, Ojo A, Rahman M, Ricardo AC, Soliman EZ, Steigerwalt S, Townsend R, He J. Sodium Excretion and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. JAMA 2016; 315:2200-10. [PMID: 27218629 PMCID: PMC5087595 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.4447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with the general population. Prior studies have produced contradictory results on the association of dietary sodium intake with risk of CVD, and this relationship has not been investigated in patients with CKD. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between urinary sodium excretion and clinical CVD events among patients with CKD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A prospective cohort study of patients with CKD from 7 locations in the United States enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study and followed up from May 2003 to March 2013. EXPOSURES The cumulative mean of urinary sodium excretion from three 24-hour urinary measurements and calibrated to sex-specific mean 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES A composite of CVD events defined as congestive heart failure, stroke, or myocardial infarction. Events were reported every 6 months and confirmed by medical record adjudication. RESULTS Among 3757 participants (mean age, 58 years; 45% women), 804 composite CVD events (575 heart failure, 305 myocardial infarction, and 148 stroke) occurred during a median 6.8 years of follow-up. From lowest (<2894 mg/24 hours) to highest (≥4548 mg/24 hours) quartile of calibrated sodium excretion, 174, 159, 198, and 273 composite CVD events occurred, and the cumulative incidence was 18.4%, 16.5%, 20.6%, and 29.8% at median follow-up. In addition, the cumulative incidence of CVD events in the highest quartile of calibrated sodium excretion compared with the lowest was 23.2% vs 13.3% for heart failure, 10.9% vs 7.8% for myocardial infarction, and 6.4% vs 2.7% for stroke at median follow-up. Hazard ratios of the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile were 1.36 (95% CI, 1.09-1.70; P = .007) for composite CVD events, 1.34 (95% CI, 1.03-1.74; P = .03) for heart failure, and 1.81 (95% CI, 1.08-3.02; P = .02) for stroke after multivariable adjustment. Restricted cubic spline analyses of the association between sodium excretion and composite CVD provided no evidence of a nonlinear association (P = .11) and indicated a significant linear association (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients with CKD, higher urinary sodium excretion was associated with increased risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Mills
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana2Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John W Kusek
- Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Arnold Alper
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Patrice Delafontaine
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Martin G Keane
- Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emile Mohler
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Akinlolu Ojo
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Mahboob Rahman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio10Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ana C Ricardo
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago
| | - Elsayed Z Soliman
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Raymond Townsend
- Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana2Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Fast Food Pattern and Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Review of Current Studies. Health Promot Perspect 2016; 5:231-40. [PMID: 26933642 PMCID: PMC4772793 DOI: 10.15171/hpp.2015.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:
There are growing concern globally regarding the alarming trend of fast food consumption and its related cardiometabolic outcomes including overweight and obesity. This study aimed to review the current evidences available in relation to adverse effects of fast food pattern on cardiometabolic risk factors.
Methods:
Relevant articles including epidemiological and clinical studies with appropriate design and good quality were obtained through searches of the Medline, PubMed, Scopus databases and Google scholar with related key words including "fast foods", "processed foods", "obesity", "overweight", "insulin resistance", "diabetes", "cardiovascular disease", "metabolic syndrome", "dyslipidemia" and "hypertension".
Results:
Fast food consumption and out-of-home eating behavior is a main risk factor for lower diet quality, higher calorie and fat intake and lower micronutrients density of diet. Frequent consumption of fast foods was accompanied with overweight and abdominal fat gain, impaired insulin and glucose homeostasis, lipid and lipoprotein disorders, induction of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Higher fast food consumption also increases the risk of developmental diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.
Conclusion:
This review provides further evidence warning us against the irreparable effects of fast food consumption on public health especially the increasing global burden of obesity and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Shu L, Zheng PF, Zhang XY, Si CJ, Yu XL, Gao W, Zhang L, Liao D. Association between Dietary Patterns and the Indicators of Obesity among Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2015; 7:7995-8009. [PMID: 26393646 PMCID: PMC4586571 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
No previous study has investigated dietary pattern in association with obesity risk in a middle-aged Chinese population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between dietary patterns and the risk of obesity in the city of Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang Province, east China. In this cross-sectional study of 2560 subjects aged 45–60 years, dietary intakes were evaluated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). All anthropometric measurements were obtained using standardized procedures. The partial correlation analysis was performed to assess the associations between dietary patterns and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist to hip ratio (WHR). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between dietary patterns and obesity, with adjustment for potential confounders. Four major dietary patterns were extracted by means of factor analysis: animal food, traditional Chinese, western fast-food, and high-salt patterns. The animal food pattern was positively associated with BMI (r = 0.082, 0.144, respectively, p < 0.05) and WC (r = 0.102, 0.132, respectively, p < 0.01), and the traditional Chinese pattern was inversely associated with BMI (r = −0.047, −0.116, respectively, p < 0.05) and WC (r = −0.067, −0.113, respectively, p < 0.05) in both genders. After controlling for potential confounders, subjects in the highest quartile of animal food pattern scores had a greater odds ratio for abdominal obesity (odds ratio (OR) = 1.67; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.188–2.340; p < 0.01), in comparison to those from the lowest quartile. Compared with the lowest quartile of the traditional Chinese pattern, the highest quartile had a lower odds ratio for abdominal obesity (OR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.441–0.901, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings indicated that the animal food pattern was associated with a higher risk of abdominal obesity, while the traditional Chinese pattern was associated with a lower risk of abdominal obesity. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Shu
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital, Xihu district, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Pei-Fen Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital, Xihu district, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Digestion, Zhejiang Hospital, Xihu district, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital, Xihu district, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Cai-Juan Si
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital, Xihu district, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiao-Long Yu
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital, Xihu district, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital, Xihu district, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lun Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital, Xihu district, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dan Liao
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital, Xihu district, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China.
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Gao TC, Cho JY, Feng LY, Chanmuang S, Pongworn S, Jaiswal L, Auh CK, Pai TK, Ham KS. Heat-Treated Solar Sea Salt Has Antioxidant Activity In Vitro
and Produces Less Oxidative Stress in Rats Compared with Untreated Solar Sea Salt. J Food Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Cheng Gao
- Department of Food Engineering & Solar Salt Research Center; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Korea
- College of Marine Science & Engineering; Tianjin University of Science & Technology; Tianjin 300-457 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry; Tianjin 300-457 China
| | - Jeong-Yong Cho
- Department of Food Engineering & Solar Salt Research Center; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Korea
| | - Ling-Yun Feng
- Department of Food Engineering & Solar Salt Research Center; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Korea
| | - Saoraya Chanmuang
- Department of Food Engineering & Solar Salt Research Center; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Korea
| | - Suthipong Pongworn
- Department of Food Engineering & Solar Salt Research Center; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Korea
| | - Lily Jaiswal
- Department of Food Engineering & Solar Salt Research Center; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Korea
| | - Chung-Kyoon Auh
- Department of Biological Science; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Korea
| | - Tong-Kun Pai
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Anyang University; Gyonggi Korea
| | - Kyung-Sik Ham
- Department of Food Engineering & Solar Salt Research Center; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Korea
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Dietary Patterns Modulate the Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Chinese Adults. Nutrients 2015; 7:4778-91. [PMID: 26083112 PMCID: PMC4488813 DOI: 10.3390/nu7064778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies reported the associations between the intakes of individual foods or nutrients and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the relationship between dietary patterns and NAFLD in the Chinese population has been rarely studied to date. This study aimed to investigate the associations between dietary patterns and the risk of NAFLD in a middle-aged Chinese population. The Study subjects were 999 Chinese adults aged 45–60 years in the Anhui province who participated in the Hefei Nutrition and Health Study. Dietary intake was collected by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. NAFLD was defined as the presence of moderate-severe hepatic steatosis (by B-ultrasonic examination); the absence of excessive alcohol use (>20 g day−1 in men and 10 g day−1 in women); no use of steatogenic medications within the past six months; no exposure to hepatotoxins; and no history of bariatric surgery. Log-binomial regression analysis was used to examine the association between dietary patterns and NAFLD with adjustment of potential confounding variables. Out of 999 participants, 345 (34.5%) were classified as having NAFLD. Four major dietary patterns were identified: “Traditional Chinese”, “Animal food”, “Grains-vegetables” and “High-salt” dietary patterns. After adjusting for potential confounders, subjects in the highest quartile of the “Animal food” pattern scores had greater prevalence ratio for NAFLD (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.354; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.063–1.724; p < 0.05) than did those in the lowest quartile. After adjustment for body mass index (BMI), compared with the lowest quartile of the “Grains-vegetables” pattern, the highest quartile had a lower prevalence ratio for NAFLD (PR = 0.777; 95% CI: 0.618–0.977, p < 0.05). However, the “traditional Chinese” and “high-salt” dietary patterns showed no association with the risk of NAFLD. Our findings indicated that the “Animal food” dietary pattern was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD.
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19
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Gao TC, Cho JY, Feng LY, Chanmuang S, Park SY, Ham KS, Auh CK, Pai TK. Mineral-rich solar sea salt generates less oxidative stress in rats than mineral-deficient salt. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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20
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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Azizi F. Fast food consumption and the risk of metabolic syndrome after 3-years of follow-up: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67:1303-9. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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ARIMA SHIHO, UTO HIROFUMI, IBUSUKI RIE, KUMAMOTO RYO, TANOUE SHIROU, MAWATARI SEIICHI, ODA KOHEI, NUMATA MASATSUGU, FUJITA HIROSHI, OKETANI MAKOTO, IDO AKIO, TSUBOUCHI HIROHITO. Hypertension exacerbates liver injury and hepatic fibrosis induced by a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet in rats. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:68-76. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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22
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Akter S, Nanri A, Pham NM, Kurotani K, Mizoue T. Dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome in a Japanese working population. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:30. [PMID: 23537319 PMCID: PMC3623882 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome has become a major public health concern, but the role of diet in the etiology of this syndrome is not well understood. This study investigated the association between major dietary patterns and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a Japanese working population. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 460 municipal employees (284 men and 176 women), aged 21–67 years, who participated in a health survey at the time of periodic checkup. Dietary patterns were derived by using the principal component analysis of the consumption of 52 food and beverage items, which were assessed by a validated brief diet history questionnaire. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the modified NCEP-ATP III criteria. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome with adjustment of potential confounding variables. Results Three dietary patterns were identified. Westernized breakfast pattern characterized by high intakes of bread, confectionaries, and milk and yogurt but low intakes of rice and alcoholic beverages was inversely associated with prevalence of metabolic syndrome and high blood pressure (P for trend = 0.02 and 0.049, respectively). Animal food pattern characterized by high intakes of fish and shellfish, meat, processed meat, mayonnaise, and egg was not associated with prevalence of metabolic syndrome, but was positively associated with high blood glucose (P for trend = 0.03). Healthy Japanese dietary pattern characterized by vegetables and fruits, soy products, mushrooms, and green tea was not appreciably associated with prevalence of metabolic syndrome or its components. Conclusions The results suggest that westernized breakfast pattern may confer some protection against metabolic syndrome in Japanese. The causality of these associations needs to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamima Akter
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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23
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Schulz A, Kreutz R. Mapping genetic determinants of kidney damage in rat models. Hypertens Res 2012; 35:675-94. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2012.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Soleimani M, Alborzi P. The role of salt in the pathogenesis of fructose-induced hypertension. Int J Nephrol 2011; 2011:392708. [PMID: 21789281 PMCID: PMC3140039 DOI: 10.4061/2011/392708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome, as manifested by visceral obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, is reaching epidemic proportions in the Western World, specifically the United States. Epidemiologic studies suggest that the increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome directly correlates with an increase in the consumption of fructose, mainly in the form of high-fructose corn syrup. This inexpensive alternative to traditional sugar has been increasingly utilized by the food industry as a sweetener since the 1960s. While augmented caloric intake and sedentary lifestyles play important roles in the increasing prevalence of obesity, the pathogenesis of hypertension in metabolic syndrome remains controversial. One intriguing observation points to the role of salt in fructose-induced hypertension. Recent studies in rodents demonstrate that increased dietary fructose intake stimulates salt absorption in the small intestine and kidney tubules, resulting in a state of salt overload, thus setting in motion a cascade of events that will lead to hypertension. These studies point to a novel interaction between the fructose-absorbing transporter, Glut5, and the salt transporters, NHE3 and PAT1, in the intestine and kidney proximal tubule. This paper will focus on synergistic roles of fructose and salt in the pathogenesis of hypertension resulting from salt overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoocher Soleimani
- The Center on Genetics of Transport and Epithelial Biology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, MSB 6312, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0585, USA
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Mitchell M, Brunton NP, Wilkinson MG. Current salt reduction strategies and their effect on sensory acceptability: a study with reduced salt ready-meals. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
The worldwide increase in the incidence of metabolic syndrome correlates with marked increase in total fructose intake in the form of high-fructose corn syrup, beverage and table sugar. Increased dietary fructose intake in rodents has been shown to recapitulate many aspects of metabolic syndrome by causing hypertension, insulin resistance and hyperlipidaemia. Recent studies demonstrated that increased dietary fructose intake stimulates salt absorption in the small intestine and kidney tubules, resulting in a state of salt overload and thus causing hypertension. The absorption of salt (sodium and chloride) in the small intestine is predominantly mediated via the chloride/base exchangers DRA (Down Regulated in Adenoma) (SLC26A3) and PAT1 (Putative Anion Transporter 1) (SLC26A6), and the Na(+) /H(+) exchanger NHE3 (Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger3) (SLC9A3). PAT1 and NHE3 also co-localize on the apical membrane of kidney proximal tubule. Luminal fructose stimulated salt absorption in the jejunum and kidney tubules, responses that were significantly diminished in PAT1 null mice. These studies further demonstrated that Glut5 (SLC2A5) is the major fructose-absorbing transporter in the small intestine (and kidney proximal tubule) and plays an essential role in the systemic homeostasis of fructose. Increased dietary fructose intake for several weeks upregulated the expression of NHE3, PAT1 and Glut5 in the intestine and resulted in hypertension in wild-type mice, a response that was almost abolished in PAT1 null mice and abrogated in Glut5 null mice. This article will discuss the interaction of Glut5 with salt-absorbing transporters and review the role of dietary fructose in enhanced salt absorption in intestine and kidney as it relates to the pathogenesis of hypertension in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soleimani
- Center on Genetics of Transport and Epithelial Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267-0585, USA.
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27
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Thierry-Palmer M, Tewolde TK, Emmett NL, Bayorh MA. High dietary salt does not significantly affect plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of Sprague Dawley rats. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:332. [PMID: 21143930 PMCID: PMC3018403 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Dahl salt-sensitive rat, but not the Dahl salt-resistant rat, develops hypertension and hypovitaminosis D when fed a high salt diet. Since the salt-sensitive rat and salt-resistant rat were bred from the Sprague Dawley rat, the aim of this research was to test the hypothesis that salt-resistant and Sprague Dawley rats would be similar in their vitamin D endocrine system response to high salt intake. FINDINGS Sprague Dawley, salt-sensitive, and salt-resistant rats were fed high (80 g/kg, 8%) or low (3 g/kg, 3%) salt diets for three weeks. The blood pressure of Sprague Dawley rats increased from baseline to week 3 during both high and low salt intake and the mean blood pressure at week 3 of high salt intake was higher than that at week 3 of low salt intake (P < 0.05). Mean plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (marker of vitamin D status) of Sprague Dawley, salt-sensitive, and salt-resistant rats were similar at week 3 of low salt intake. Mean plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of Sprague Dawley and salt-resistant rats were unaffected by high salt intake, whereas the mean plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration of salt-sensitive rats at week 3 of high salt intake was only 20% of that at week 3 of low salt intake. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the effect of high salt intake on the vitamin D endocrine system of Sprague Dawley rats at week 3 was similar to that of salt-resistant rats. The salt-sensitive rat, thus, appears to be a more appropriate model than the Sprague Dawley rat for assessing possible effects of salt-sensitivity on vitamin D status of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrtle Thierry-Palmer
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30310-1495, USA
| | - Teclemicael K Tewolde
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30310-1495, USA
| | - Neremiah L Emmett
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30310-1495, USA
| | - Mohamed A Bayorh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30310-1495, USA
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Lima N, Tozetto D, Lima L, Nobre F, Moriguti J, Ferriolli E, Foss M. Salt and insulin sensitivity after short and prolonged high salt intake in elderly subjects. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 42:738-43. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2009000800008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - F. Nobre
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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Lin RT, Tzeng CY, Lee YC, Ho WJ, Cheng JT, Lin JG, Chang SL. Acute effect of electroacupuncture at the Zusanli acupoints on decreasing insulin resistance as shown by lowering plasma free fatty acid levels in steroid-background male rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2009; 9:26. [PMID: 19646276 PMCID: PMC2731038 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-9-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Insulin sensitivity has been enhanced by electroacupuncture (EA) in rats, but the EA phenomenon in an insulin resistant state is still unclear. This study reports the use of a large dose of prednisolone to evaluate the effects of EA in a state of insulin resistance. Methods The plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) were estimated in steroid-background rats (SBRs) and compared with those in healthy rats treated with normal saline. In addition, plasma glucose and endogenous insulin levels were assayed to calculate the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index. Intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was carried out to compare glucose tolerance. The SBRs were randomly divided into EA-treatment and non-EA treatment groups and 15-Hz EA was applied to the bilateral Zusanli acupoints to investigate its effects on insulin resistance. In addition to an insulin challenge test (ICT) and IVGTT, the plasma levels of FFAs were measured and western blot was performed to help determine the effects of EA on the insulin resistant state. Results The plasma levels of FFAs increased markedly in SBRs, the HOMA index was markedly higher, and glucose tolerance was impaired. EA improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by decreasing the plasma levels of FFAs. Further, the insulin signaling proteins (IRS1) and glucose transporter isoform protein (GLUT4) in skeletal muscle inhibited by prednisolone recovered after EA. Conclusion Insulin resistance was successfully induced by a large dose of prednisolone in male rats. This insulin resistance can be improved by 15 Hz EA at the bilateral Zusanli acupoints, as shown by decreased plasma levels of FFAs.
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Ni XP, van Dijk C, Pearce D, Humphreys MH. Evidence for a noradrenergic mechanism causing hypertension and abnormal glucose metabolism in rats with relative deficiency of gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Exp Physiol 2009; 94:867-76. [PMID: 19429645 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.046748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A close association between salt-sensitive hypertension and insulin resistance has been recognized for more than two decades, although the mechanism(s) underlying this relationship have not been elucidated. Recent data in mice with genetic disruption of the gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (gamma-MSH) system suggest that this system plays a role in the pathophysiological relationship between hypertension and altered glucose metabolism during ingestion of a high-sodium diet (8% NaCl, HSD). We tested the hypothesis that these two consequences of interrupted gamma-MSH signalling were the result of sympathetic activation by studying rats treated with the dopaminergic agonist bromocriptine (5 mg kg(-1) i.p., daily for 1 week; Bromo) to cause relative gamma-MSH deficiency. Bromo-treated rats fed the HSD developed hypertension and also exhibited fasting hyperglycaemia (P < 0.005) and hyperinsulinaemia (P < 0.025). Furthermore, Bromo-treated rats on the HSD had impaired glucose tolerance and blunted insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Intravenous infusion of gamma(2)-MSH, or of the alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine, to Bromo-HSD rats lowered both mean arterial pressure (MAP) and blood glucose to normal after 15 min (P < 0.001 versus control), but had no effect in rats receiving vehicle and fed the HSD; gamma(2)-MSH infusion also reduced the elevated plasma noradrenaline to control levels in parallel with the reductions in MAP and blood glucose concentration. Infusion of hydralazine to Bromo-HSD rats lowered MAP but had only a trivial effect on blood glucose. We conclude that rats with relative gamma-MSH deficiency develop abnormal glucose metabolism, with features of insulin resistance, in association with hypertension when ingesting the HSD. Elevated plasma noradrenaline concentration in Bromo-HSD rats is normalized by gamma(2)-MSH infusion, suggesting that an adrenergic mechanism may link the salt-sensitive hypertension and the impaired glucose metabolism of relative gamma-MSH deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ping Ni
- Division of Nephrology, San Francisco General Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1341, USA
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Paradoxical mineralocorticoid receptor activation and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction under high oxidative stress conditions. J Hypertens 2008; 26:1453-62. [PMID: 18551023 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328300a232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salt status plays a pivotal role in angiotensin-II-induced organ damage by regulating reactive oxygen species status, and it is reported that reactive oxygen species activate mineralocorticoid receptors. METHOD To clarify the role of reactive oxygen species-related mineralocorticoid receptor activation in angiotensin-II-induced cardiac dysfunction, we examined the effect of the following: salt status; an MR antagonist, eplerenone; and an antioxidant, tempol in angiotensin-II-loaded Sprague-Dawley rats. RESULTS Angiotensin-II/salt-loading elevated blood pressure, and neither eplerenone nor tempol antagonized the rise in blood pressure significantly. Left ventricular diastolic function was monitored by measuring peak velocity of a mitral early inflow (E), the ratio of mitral early inflow to atrial contraction related flow (E/A), deceleration time of mitral early inflow and -dP/dt, the time constant (T), and filling pressure (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure) by echocardiography or cardiac catheterization. Despite the suppressed serum aldosterone, left ventricular diastolic function was deteriorated with angiotensin II/high salt, but not affected by angiotensin II/low salt. However, angiotensin-II/salt-induced cardiac dysfunction was restored by eplerenone and tempol. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateoxidase-derived superoxide formation was greater in the hearts of the angiotensin II/high-salt rats than of the angiotensin II/low-salt rats. The expression of the Na(+) -H(+) exchanger isoform 1, a target of mineralocorticoid receptor activation, was significantly increased in the angiotensin II/high-salt group. Both tempol and eplerenone inhibited the angiotensin-II/salt-induced upregulation of Na(+) -H(+) exchanger isoform 1. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that mineralocorticoid receptor activation by oxidative stress can cause left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in a rat model of mild hypertension.
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Singh AK, Amlal H, Haas PJ, Dringenberg U, Fussell S, Barone SL, Engelhardt R, Zuo J, Seidler U, Soleimani M. Fructose-induced hypertension: essential role of chloride and fructose absorbing transporters PAT1 and Glut5. Kidney Int 2008; 74:438-47. [PMID: 18496516 PMCID: PMC10947803 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased dietary fructose in rodents recapitulates many aspects of the Metabolic Syndrome with hypertension, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Here we show that fructose increased jejunal NaCl and water absorption which was significantly decreased in mice whose apical chloride/base exchanger Slc26a6 (PAT1, CFEX) was knocked out. Increased dietary fructose intake enhanced expression of this transporter as well as the fructose-absorbing transporter Slc2a5 (Glut5) in the small intestine of wild type mice. Fructose feeding decreased salt excretion by the kidney and resulted in hypertension, a response almost abolished in the knockout mice. In parallel studies, a chloride-free diet blocked fructose-induced hypertension in Sprague Dawley rats. Serum uric acid remained unchanged in animals on increased fructose intake with hypertension. We suggest that fructose-induced hypertension is likely caused by increased salt absorption by the intestine and kidney and the transporters Slc26a6 and Slc2a5 are essential in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kumar Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hassane Amlal
- Department of Medicine, Center on Genetics of Transport and Epithelial Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Patrick J. Haas
- Department of Medicine, Center on Genetics of Transport and Epithelial Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ulrike Dringenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stacey Fussell
- Department of Medicine, Center on Genetics of Transport and Epithelial Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sharon L. Barone
- Department of Medicine, Center on Genetics of Transport and Epithelial Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Regina Engelhardt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jian Zuo
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ursula Seidler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Department of Medicine, Center on Genetics of Transport and Epithelial Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Research Services Department, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Shehata MF. Genetic and dietary salt contributors to insulin resistance in Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2008; 7:7. [PMID: 18397529 PMCID: PMC2365939 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance has been extensively investigated during the past decade because of its proposed role in initiating a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension. Insulin resistance is an inherited genetic trait that precedes hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats, and is not present in Dahl salt-resistant (R) rats. Owing to the co-existence of insulin resistance and salt sensitivity of blood pressure in Dahl S, but not R rats, Dahl S rats are used to elucidate the role of dietary salt as a potential link in exacerbating both phenotypes (insulin resistance and salt sensitivity). In light of available data, examining the impact of dietary salt on insulin resistance in Dahl S rats in terms of salt concentration and duration of exposure helps answer the following question: What percentage of dietary salt and for what duration of exposure would we expect an enhanced insulin resistance in Dahl S rats? This commentary gathers all available research done on insulin resistance in Dahl S rats in an attempt to unravel dietary salt contribution to insulin resistance in Dahl S rats.
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Koketsu Y, Sakoda H, Fujishiro M, Kushiyama A, Fukushima Y, Ono H, Anai M, Kikuchi T, Fukuda T, Kamata H, Horike N, Uchijima Y, Kurihara H, Asano T. Hepatic overexpression of a dominant negative form of raptor enhances Akt phosphorylation and restores insulin sensitivity in K/KAy mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 294:E719-25. [PMID: 18270303 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00253.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several serine/threonine kinases reportedly phosphorylate serine residues of IRS-1 and thereby induce insulin resistance. In this study, to investigate the effect of mTOR/raptor on insulin signaling and metabolism in K/KAy mice with genetic obesity-associated insulin resistance, a dominant negative raptor, COOH-terminally deleted raptor (raptor-DeltaC(T)), was overexpressed in the liver via injection of its adenovirus into the circulation. Hepatic raptor-DeltaC(T) expression levels were 1.5- to 4-fold that of endogenously expressed raptor. Glucose tolerance in raptor-DeltaC(T)-overexpressing mice improved significantly compared with that of LacZ-overexpressing mice. Insulin-induced activation of p70S6 kinase (p70(S6k)) was significantly suppressed in the livers of raptor-DeltaC(T) overexpressing mice. In addition, insulin-induced IRS-1, Ser(307), and Ser(636/639) phosphorylations were significantly suppressed in the raptor-DeltaC(T)-overexpressing liver, whereas tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 was increased. PI 3-kinase activation in response to insulin stimulation was increased approximately twofold, and Akt phosphorylation was clearly enhanced under both basal and insulin-stimulated conditions in the livers of raptor-DeltaC(T) mice. Thus, our data indicate that suppression of the mTOR/p70(S6k) pathway leads to improved glucose tolerance in K/KAy mice. These observations may contribute to the development of novel antidiabetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Koketsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Tiwari S, Riazi S, Ecelbarger CA. Insulin's impact on renal sodium transport and blood pressure in health, obesity, and diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F974-84. [PMID: 17686957 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00149.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin has been shown to have antinatriuretic actions in humans and animal models. Moreover, endogenous hyperinsulinemia and insulin infusion have been correlated to increased blood pressure in some models. In this review, we present the current state of understanding with regard to the regulation of the major renal sodium transporters by insulin in the kidney. Several groups, using primarily cell culture, have demonstrated that insulin can directly increase activity of the epithelial sodium channel, the sodium-phosphate cotransporter, the sodium-hydrogen exchanger type III, and Na-K-ATPase. We and others have demonstrated alterations in the expression at the protein level of many of these same proteins with insulin infusion or in hyperinsulinemic models. We also discuss how this regulation is perturbed in type I and type II diabetes mellitus. Finally, we discuss a potential role for regulation of insulin receptor signaling in the kidney in contributing to sodium balance and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swasti Tiwari
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia 20007, USA
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Vasdev S, Gill V, Parai S, Gadag V. Fructose-induced hypertension in Wistar–Kyoto rats: interaction with moderately high dietary saltThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cardiovascular Dysfunction, Dhalla 70th Birthday Tribute. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:413-21. [PMID: 17612650 DOI: 10.1139/y06-080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of 4% fructose plus moderately high salt (MHS) (4% NaCl) treatment on tissue aldehyde conjugates, platelet cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i), renal morphology, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in Wistar–Kyoto rats, and whether these effects were reversible (R) after withdrawal of treatment. At age 7 weeks, rats were divided into 4 groups: NS group, given normal salt (NS) diet (0.7% NaCl) for 18 weeks; NS+F(R) group, NS diet and fructose in water for 14 weeks, then 4 weeks fructose withdrawal; MHS+F group, NS diet and fructose for 6 weeks, then MHS diet and fructose for 12 weeks; and MHS+F(R) group, NS diet and fructose for 6 weeks, then MHS diet and fructose for 8 weeks, then MHS and fructose withdrawal for 4 weeks. SBP in the NS+F(R) group increased during fructose treatment, but normalized within 1 week of withdrawal. Tissue aldehyde conjugates and platelet [Ca2+]i were normal at completion. Adverse renal vascular changes did not reverse to normal and were similar to those of the salt plus fructose-treated groups. This may have implications for future development of hypertension. MHS did not cause any additional increase in SBP or associated tissue alterations when added to fructose treatment. However, the SBP and tissue changes persisted even after discontinuation of treatment. The fructose and salt combination may result in long-lasting vascular alterations leading to hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Vasdev
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSHs, melanocortins) have important roles in feeding and energy metabolism and in inflammation. Recent observations have uncovered major functions for these peptides, particularly gamma-MSH, in cardiovascular regulation and sodium metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Both alpha- and gamma-MSH acutely elevate blood pressure and heart rate through central stimulation of sympathetic nervous outflow. This action of alpha-MSH is mediated by the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), whereas sympathetic nervous stimulation by gamma-MSH does not involve its receptor MC3R but rather is likely due to activation of a sodium channel in the central nervous system. In contrast, gamma-MSH deficiency in rodents, or disruption of MC3R, leads to marked salt-sensitive hypertension, again through a central mechanism: a small dose of exogenous peptide delivered into the cerebroventricular system of mice with gamma-MSH deficiency restores blood pressure to normal. This salt-sensitive hypertension is accompanied by the development of insulin resistance; the mechanism linking these two consequences of a high-salt diet is not yet known but may involve activation of the sympathetic nervous system. SUMMARY The study of MSH peptides in blood pressure regulation offers a new opportunity to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying salt sensitivity and its link to insulin resistance, and to new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Boini KM, Hennige AM, Huang DY, Friedrich B, Palmada M, Boehmer C, Grahammer F, Artunc F, Ullrich S, Avram D, Osswald H, Wulff P, Kuhl D, Vallon V, Häring HU, Lang F. Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 mediates salt sensitivity of glucose tolerance. Diabetes 2006; 55:2059-66. [PMID: 16804076 DOI: 10.2337/db05-1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Excess salt intake decreases peripheral glucose uptake, thus impairing glucose tolerance. Stimulation of cellular glucose uptake involves phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI-3K)-dependent activation of protein kinase B/Akt. A further kinase downstream of PI-3K is serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase (SGK)1, which is upregulated by mineralocorticoids and, thus, downregulated by salt intake. To explore the role of SGK1 in salt-dependent glucose uptake, SGK1 knockout mice (sgk1(-/-)) and their wild-type littermates (sgk1(+/+)) were allowed free access to either tap water (control) or 1% saline (high salt). According to Western blotting, high salt decreased and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA; 35 mg/kg body wt) increased SGK1 protein abundance in skeletal muscle and fat tissue of sgk1(+/+) mice. Intraperitoneal injection of glucose (3 g/kg body wt) into sgk1(+/+) mice transiently increased plasma glucose concentration approaching significantly higher values ([glucose]p,max) in high salt (281 +/- 39 mg/dl) than in control (164 +/- 23 mg/dl) animals. DOCA did not significantly modify [glucose]p,max in control sgk1(+/+) mice but significantly decreased [glucose]p,max in high-salt sgk1(+/+) mice, an effect reversed by spironolactone (50 mg/kg body wt). [Glucose]p,max was in sgk1(-/-) mice insensitive to high salt and significantly higher than in control sgk1(+/+) mice. Uptake of 2-deoxy-d-[1,2-(3)H]glucose into skeletal muscle and fat tissue was significantly smaller in sgk1(-/-) mice than in sgk1(+/+) mice and decreased by high salt in sgk1(+/+) mice. Transfection of HEK-293 cells with active (S422D)SGK1, but not inactive (K127N)SGK, stimulated phloretin-sensitive glucose uptake. In conclusion, high salt decreases SGK1-dependent cellular glucose uptake. SGK1 thus participates in the link between salt intake and glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M Boini
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Lima NKC, Lima FB, dos Santos EA, Okamoto MM, Sumida DH, Hell NS, Furukawa LNS, Heimann JC. Effect of Lifelong High- or Low-Salt Intake on Blood Pressure, Left Ventricular Mass and Plasma Insulin in Wistar Rats. Am J Med Sci 2006; 331:309-14. [PMID: 16775437 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-200606000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salt restriction is recommended for hypertension treatment to reduce blood pressure, but its effect on some risk factors is still a matter of discussion. The aim of this study was to observe the effect of a long period of salt restriction or overload on blood pressure, left ventricular mass (LVM), kidney mass (KM), glucose tolerance, and plasma insulin. METHODS Male Wistar rats were fed from weaning with a low-salt diet (LSD) or a high-salt diet (HSD) until 72 weeks of age. After 48 weeks, the diets were changed in half of the rats: HSD until 48 weeks and then LSD (LHSD) and LSD until 48 weeks and then HSD (HLSD). Body weight, blood pressure, electrolyte excretion, creatinine clearance, plasma renin activity, LVM, KM, and intravenous glucose tolerance test with insulin determinations were evaluated. RESULTS Blood pressure, LVM and KM were higher on the HSD than on the LSD. Blood pressure was lower on the LHSD than on the HLSD. There were no differences in LVM and KM on the LHSD compared with the HLSD. The relationship between area under the curve (AUC) of insulin and glucose during the intravenous glucose tolerance test was higher on the LSD. No differences were detected in AUC between the two groups of rats whose diet were inverted with 48 weeks of age. CONCLUSIONS A chronic HSD increases blood pressure, LVM, and KM and a chronic LSD increases plasma insulin in response to a glucose challenge in aging rats. The hypotensive effect of salt restriction is not modified by a previous long period on a HSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nereida K C Lima
- Division of General Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bagrov YY, Manusova NB, Egorova IA, Frolova EV, Fedorova OV, Bagrov AY. Marinobufagenin, an endogenous inhibitor of alpha-1 Na/K-ATPase, is a novel factor in pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2006; 404:333-7. [PMID: 16405108 DOI: 10.1007/s10630-005-0128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Bagrov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In view of the ongoing controversy about the importance of dietary sodium intake in blood pressure control, consideration of the most recent findings in this area is useful. RECENT FINDINGS New observations regarding the relation between salt intake and its reduction on blood pressure have emerged. Evidence regarding physiologic factors associated with the increased sensitivity of blood pressure to salt and the relation of this increased sensitivity to other cardiovascular disease risk factors and disorders of end-organ function have been reported. Several meta-analyses and assessments of the impact of interventions on the global risk of cardiovascular disease have also been presented. SUMMARY Compelling evidence of the role of salt intake on blood pressure and on other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, as well as new information regarding the feasibility of reducing salt intake, call for renewed efforts in this area as a major influence in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron H Weinberger
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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