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Gao M, Guo H, Han J, Liu J, Hou Y, Wang Z, Yang Z, Wang Q. Bromoform exposure is associated with non-melanoma skin cancer: evidence from NHANES 2011-2020. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1191881. [PMID: 37927885 PMCID: PMC10624123 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1191881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is a prevalent skin malignancy. It has been indicated in many studies that trihalomethanes (THMs) exposure has a strong association with tumors but has not been associated with NMSC. Our investigation aims to explore the association between THMs exposure and NMSC. Methods Cross-sectional data from the 2011 to 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was collected. Poisson regression and subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate the association between individual THMs components and NMSC. Fitted smoothing curves and generalized additive models were also used. Results This study involved 5,715 individuals, 98 (1.7%) of whom self-reported NMSC. After adjusting for covariates, Poisson regression showed that higher blood TBM levels were associated with an increased likelihood of NMSC (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.05, p = 0.002). However, the correlation between the blood levels of TCM, DBCM, and BDCM and the likelihood of NMSC was not statistically significant (all p > 0.05). Subgroup analysis and interaction tests showed no significant differences between blood TBM concentration and the likelihood of NMSC, indicating that age, gender, and race were significantly independent of this positive association (all p < 0.05). Conclusions Our results implied that among adults older than 65 years old in the U.S., elevated blood TBM concentrations were positively associated with NMSC. More prospective investigations are required to validate this relationship with the early prevention of NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiying Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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de Castro Medeiros L, de Alencar FLS, Navoni JA, de Araujo ALC, do Amaral VS. Toxicological aspects of trihalomethanes: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5316-5332. [PMID: 30607849 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine is considered the most used chemical agent for water disinfection worldwide. However, water chlorination can lead to by-product generation which can be toxic to humans. The present study aimed to perform a systematic review on the toxicity of trihalomethanes (THMs) through bioindicators of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity. The results showed that studies on the effects of THMs on DNA are a current research concern for evaluating the toxicity of the pure compounds and real samples involving several types including water for recreational use, reused water, and drinking water. THMs deleterious effects have been assessed using several biosystems, where the Ames test along with experimental animal models were the most cited. A wide range of THM concentrations have been tested. Nevertheless, DNA damage was demonstrated, highlighting the potential human health risk. Among the studied THMs, chloroform presented a different action mechanism when compared with brominated THMs, with the former being cytotoxic while brominated THMs (bromodichloromethane, bromoform, and dibromochloromethane) were cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic. The described evidence in this research highlights the relevance of this topic as a human health issue. Nevertheless, research aimed to represent THMs current exposure conditions in a more accurate way would be needed to understand the real impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Castro Medeiros
- Development and Environment, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), University Campus, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Feliphe Lacerda Souza de Alencar
- Development and Environment, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), University Campus, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Julio Alejandro Navoni
- Development and Environment, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), University Campus, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
- Department of Natural Resources, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - André Luis Calado de Araujo
- Department of Natural Resources, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Viviane Souza do Amaral
- Development and Environment, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), University Campus, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil.
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), University Campus, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil.
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Salas LA, Baker ER, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Marsit CJ, Christensen BC, Karagas MR. Maternal swimming pool exposure during pregnancy in relation to birth outcomes and cord blood DNA methylation among private well users. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:459-466. [PMID: 30622071 PMCID: PMC6599635 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Swimming in pools during pregnancy may expose the fetus to water disinfection by-products (DBP). As yet, our understanding of the impacts on DBPs on the fetus is uncertain. Individuals with public water systems are typically exposed to DBPs through drinking, showering and bathing, whereas among those on private water systems, swimming in pools may be the primary exposure source. We analyzed the effects of maternal swimming on birth outcomes and cord blood epigenetic changes in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, a cohort of pregnant women with households on private water systems. Information about swimming in pools during pregnancy was obtained from 1033 women via questionnaires. Swimming pool use and duration were modeled using linear regression with newborn weight, length, and head circumference (z-scores) and genome wide cord blood DNA methylation as the outcomes and with adjustment for potential confounders. Overall 19.7% of women reported swimming in a pool during pregnancy. Among swimmers, duration of swimming was inversely related to head circumference (-0.02 z-score per 10% increase in duration, P = 0.004). No associations were observed with birth weight, length or DNA methylation modifications. Our findings suggest swimming pool exposure may impact the developing fetus although longer-term studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Salas
- Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Lebanon 03756, NH, USA; The Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Lebanon 03756, NH, USA.
| | - Emily R Baker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Lebanon 03756, NH, USA.
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, The Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta 30322, GA, USA.
| | - Brock C Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Lebanon 03756, NH, USA; Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon 03756, NH, USA; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon 03756, NH, USA.
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Lebanon 03756, NH, USA; The Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Lebanon 03756, NH, USA.
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Villanueva CM, Gracia-Lavedan E, Bosetti C, Righi E, Molina AJ, Martín V, Boldo E, Aragonés N, Perez-Gomez B, Pollan M, Acebo IG, Altzibar JM, Zabala AJ, Ardanaz E, Peiró R, Tardón A, Chirlaque MD, Tavani A, Polesel J, Serraino D, Pisa F, Castaño-Vinyals G, Espinosa A, Espejo-Herrera N, Palau M, Moreno V, La Vecchia C, Aggazzotti G, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Kogevinas M. Colorectal Cancer and Long-Term Exposure to Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water: A Multicenter Case-Control Study in Spain and Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:56-65. [PMID: 27383820 PMCID: PMC5226692 DOI: 10.1289/ehp155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the association between colorectal cancer and exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water is inconsistent. OBJECTIVES We assessed long-term exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs), the most prevalent group of chlorination by-products, to evaluate the association with colorectal cancer. METHODS A multicenter case-control study was conducted in Spain and Italy in 2008-2013. Hospital-based incident cases and population-based (Spain) and hospital-based (Italy) controls were interviewed to ascertain residential histories, type of water consumed in each residence, frequency and duration of showering/bathing, and major recognized risk factors for colorectal cancer. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (OR) for colorectal cancer in association with quartiles of estimated average lifetime THM concentrations in each participant's residential tap water (micrograms/liter; from age 18 to 2 years before the interview) and estimated average lifetime THM ingestion from drinking residential tap water (micrograms/day). RESULTS We analyzed 2,047 cases and 3,718 controls. Median values (ranges) for average lifetime residential tap water concentrations of total THMs, chloroform, and brominated THMs were 30 (0-174), 17 (0-63), and 9 (0-145) μg/L, respectively. Total THM concentration in residential tap water was not associated with colorectal cancer (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.28 for highest vs. lowest quartile), but chloroform concentrations were inversely associated (OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.41 for highest vs. lowest quartile). Brominated THM concentrations showed a positive association among men in the highest versus the lowest quartile (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 0.83, 2.46). Patterns of association were similar for estimated average THM ingestion through residential water consumption. CONCLUSIONS We did not find clear evidence of an association between detailed estimates of lifetime total THM exposure and colorectal cancer in our large case-control study population. Negative associations with chloroform concentrations and ingestion suggest differences among specific THMs, but these findings should be confirmed in other study populations. Citation: Villanueva CM, Gracia-Lavedan E, Bosetti C, Righi E, Molina AJ, Martín V, Boldo E, Aragonés N, Perez-Gomez B, Pollan M, Gomez Acebo I, Altzibar JM, Jiménez Zabala A, Ardanaz E, Peiró R, Tardón A, Chirlaque MD, Tavani A, Polesel J, Serraino D, Pisa F, Castaño-Vinyals G, Espinosa A, Espejo-Herrera N, Palau M, Moreno V, La Vecchia C, Aggazzotti G, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Kogevinas M. 2017. Colorectal cancer and long-term exposure to trihalomethanes in drinking water: a multicenter case---control study in Spain and Italy. Environ Health Perspect 125:56-65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP155.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Villanueva
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Address correspondence to C.M. Villanueva, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Telephone: 34 93 214 73 44. E-mail:
| | - Esther Gracia-Lavedan
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Bosetti
- Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri), Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Righi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio José Molina
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Vicente Martín
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Elena Boldo
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Oncology and Hematology Area, IIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria) Puerta De Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Aragonés
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Oncology and Hematology Area, IIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria) Puerta De Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Perez-Gomez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Oncology and Hematology Area, IIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria) Puerta De Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Pollan
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Oncology and Hematology Area, IIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria) Puerta De Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ines Gomez Acebo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- IDIVAL (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla), Santander, Spain
- Centre for Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jone M. Altzibar
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ana Jiménez Zabala
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rosana Peiró
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adonina Tardón
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Oncology Institute IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Chirlaque
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca (Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alessandra Tavani
- Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri), Milan, Italy
| | - Jerry Polesel
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CRO (Centro di Riferimento Oncologico) Aviano National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Diego Serraino
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CRO (Centro di Riferimento Oncologico) Aviano National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Federica Pisa
- Institute of Hygiene and Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Espejo-Herrera
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Palau
- General Division of Public Health, Quality and Innovation, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equity, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Aggazzotti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Andra SS, Charisiadis P, Makris KC. Obesity-mediated association between exposure to brominated trihalomethanes and type II diabetes mellitus: an exploratory analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 485-486:340-347. [PMID: 24747242 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
With the exception of chloroform, the rest of trihalomethanes (THM), the so-called brominated THM (Br-THM) are composed of bromine-substituted molecules with increased lipophilicity and potency to biological tissues. The THM are formed within disinfected tap water and their health effects, under research, range from cancer to adverse reproductive outcomes. However, the association between human exposures to Br-THM and the risk of developing type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic co-morbidities, such as obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis has never been previously explored. The objective of this exploratory analysis was to address obesity-mediated associations between urinary concentrations of brominated THM and incidences of T2DM in a Cypriot adult population (n=326). First morning urine voids were collected once during summer and another time during winter while a detailed questionnaire was administered to participants. Creatinine-adjusted urinary Br-THM analyte concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2DM cases when compared with those in healthy individuals. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders showed that participants with ≥30 kg m(-2) BMI were at a higher T2DM risk (OR=8.42, 95% CI: 1.97, 45.5; p<0.01) when compared with that of normal weight participants (<25 kg m(-2)). About 4 times higher risk for developing T2DM was observed for individuals in the upper tertile of urinary Br-THM levels (OR=3.99, 95% CI: 1.07, 19.7; p<0.05) when compared with the lower tertile participants. Among the participants with BMI≥25 kg m(-2), urinary Br-THM levels were significantly (p<0.001) higher in diabetics than in healthy individuals. Ingestion and non-ingestion exposures to Br-THM deserve careful consideration in relevant epidemiological studies, as a possible environmental risk factor of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam S Andra
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; Harvard-Cyprus Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pantelis Charisiadis
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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Pro-oxidant and antioxidant response elicited by CH2Cl2, CHCl3 and BrCHCl2 in Goodea gracilis using non-invasive methods. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 165:515-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Vega-López A, Carrillo-Morales CI, Olivares-Rubio HF, Lilia Domínguez-López M, García-Latorre EA. Evidence of bioactivation of halomethanes and its relation to oxidative stress response in Chirostoma riojai, an endangered fish from a polluted lake in Mexico. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 62:479-493. [PMID: 21877223 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-011-9708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Halomethanes (HMs) are produced autochthonously in water bodies through the action of ultraviolet light in the presence of HM precursors, such as dissolved organic carbon and halogens. In mammals, toxic effects induced by HMs are diverse and include oxidative stress, which is also induced by divalent and polyvalent metals; however, in fish little information is available on HM metabolism and its possible consequences at the population level. In the present study, high CYP 2E1 and GST theta-like activities were found in viscera of the Toluca silverside Chirostoma riojai from Lake Zumpango (LZ; central Mexico). Formaldehyde, one of the HM metabolites, was correlated with CYP 2E1 activity and also induced lipid peroxidation in viscera. Hepatic CYP 2E1 activity was correlated with GST theta-like activity, suggesting the coupling of both pathways of HM bioactivation and its consequent oxidative damage. Sediment metals, among others, were also responsible for oxidative stress, particularly iron, lead, arsenic and manganese. However, under normal environmental conditions, the antioxidant enzymes of this species sustain catalysis adapted to oxidative stress. Findings suggest that this fish species apparently has mechanisms of adaptation and recovery that enable it to confront toxic agents of natural origin, such as metals and other substances formed through natural processes, e.g., HMs. This has allowed C. riojai to colonize LZ despite the high sensitivity of this species to xenobiotics of anthropogenic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Vega-López
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, 07738 Mexico, DF, Mexico.
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Villanueva CM, Cantor KP, Cordier S, Jaakkola JJK, King WD, Lynch CF, Porru S, Kogevinas M. Disinfection byproducts and bladder cancer: a pooled analysis. Epidemiology 2004; 15:357-67. [PMID: 15097021 DOI: 10.1097/01.ede.0000121380.02594.fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to disinfection byproducts in drinking water has been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. We pooled the primary data from 6 case-control studies of bladder cancer that used trihalomethanes as a marker of disinfection byproducts. METHODS Two studies were included from the United States and one each from Canada, France, Italy, and Finland. Inclusion criteria were availability of detailed data on trihalomethane exposure and individual water consumption. The analysis included 2806 cases and 5254 controls, all of whom had measures of known exposure for at least 70% of the exposure window of 40 years before the interview. Cumulative exposure to trihalomethanes was estimated by combining individual year-by-year average trihalomethane level and daily tap water consumption. RESULTS There was an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.24 in men exposed to an average of more than 1 microg/L (ppb) trihalomethanes compared with those who had lower or no exposure (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-1.41). Estimated relative risks increased with increasing exposure, with an OR of 1.44 (1.20-1.73) for exposure higher than 50 microg/L (ppb). Similar results were found with other indices of trihalomethane exposure. Among women, trihalomethane exposure was not associated with bladder cancer risk (0.95; 0.76-1.20). CONCLUSIONS These findings strengthen the hypothesis that the risk of bladder cancer is increased with long-term exposure to disinfection byproducts at levels currently observed in many industrialized countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Villanueva
- Respiratory and Environmental Health Research Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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Landi S, Naccarati A, Ross MK, Hanley NM, Dailey L, Devlin RB, Vasquez M, Pegram RA, DeMarini DM. Induction of DNA strand breaks by trihalomethanes in primary human lung epithelial cells. Mutat Res 2003; 538:41-50. [PMID: 12834753 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(03)00086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trihalomethanes (THMs) are disinfection by-products and suspected human carcinogens present in chlorinated drinking water. Previous studies have shown that many THMs induce sister chromatid exchanges and DNA strand breaks in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Exposure to THMs occurs through oral, dermal, or inhalation routes, with the lung being a target of exposure by the latter route, although not a target for rodent carcinogenicity. Thus, to examine the genotoxicity of THMs in this tissue, we used the comet assay to examine the DNA damaging ability of five THMs in primary human lung epithelial cells. Cells were collected by scraping the large airways of four volunteers with a cytology brush and then passaging the cells no more than three times in order to have sufficient numbers for the experiments. Cells were exposed for 3h to 10, 100, or 1000 microM CHCl(3), CHCl(2)Br, CHClBr(2), or CHBr(3); CH(2)Cl(2) was also used as a model dihalomethane for comparison to the THMs. The compounds ranked as follows for DNA damaging ability: CHCl(2)Br>CHBr(3)>CHCl(3) approximately equal CH(2)Cl(2); CHClBr(2) was negative. Considerable inter-individual variation was observed. For example, CHCl(3) was genotoxic in only two subjects, and the interaction between dose and donor was highly significant (P<0.001). The same variation was observed for CHCl(2)Br, which was positive only in the two subjects in which CHCl(3) was negative. This variation was not due to the GSTT1-1 genotype of the subjects. Although two subjects were GSTT1-1(+), and two were GSTT1-1(-), no cultured cells with a GSTT1-1(+) genotype had detectable GSTT1-1 enzymatic activity nor did any frozen epithelial cells that had not been cultured. However, GSTT1-1 enzymatic activity was detected in fresh (neither frozen nor cultured) lung cells. These results show that freezing or culturing causes lung cells to lose GSTT1-1 activity and that factors other than GSTT1-1 activity play a role in the variable responses of these human cells to the genotoxicity of the halomethanes studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Landi
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental, Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Arvanitis DA, Koumantakis GE, Goumenou AG, Matalliotakis IM, Koumantakis EE, Spandidos DA. CYP1A1, CYP19, and GSTM1 polymorphisms increase the risk of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2003; 79 Suppl 1:702-9. [PMID: 12620480 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(02)04817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possibility of genetic contribution of CYP1A1, CYP19, GSTM1, and GSTT1 polymorphisms to endometriosis. DESIGN Genetic polymorphism analysis. SETTING Case-control study. PATIENT(S) A group of 275 women with sporadic endometriosis was compared with a group of 346 fertile, endometriosis-free women. INTERVENTION(S) Surgical, laparoscopic, and histological examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Blood specimens were obtained from endometriosis cases and controls. Polymerase chain reaction-based assays were performed for the determination of individual's genotype. RESULT(S) The CYP19 VNTR, located in intron 4 (TTTA)(10) allele increases the risk for endometriosis development (odds ratio [OR], 4.99; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.351 to 18.436). The combined genotype CYP1A1 wt/m1 or m1/m1 and GSTM1 null deletion adds to this risk (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.266 to 2.995 and OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 0.631 to 7.906, respectively). In contrast, the CYP1A1 wt/wt genotype exhibits a protective effect, with a 38% reduction in the odds for endometriosis development (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.440 to 0.883). CONCLUSION(S) Our data suggest that CYP19 VNTR (TTTA)(10) allele as well as the combined genotype CYP1A1 m1 polymorphism and GSTM1 null deletion associate with the endometriosis phenotype, whereas the GSTT1 null deletion does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrios A Arvanitis
- Department of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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George MH, Olson GR, Doerfler D, Moore T, Kilburn S, DeAngelo AB. Carcinogenicity of bromodichloromethane administered in drinking water to Male F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 mice. Int J Toxicol 2002; 21:219-30. [PMID: 12055023 DOI: 10.1080/10915810290096351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A life-time exposure study was conducted to assess the carcinogenicity of bromodichloromethane (BDCM) administered in the drinking water to male F344/N rats and B6C3F(1) mice. In mouse, the calculated mean daily BDCM concentrations (measured concentrations corrected for on-cage loss of chemical) were 0.06, 0.28 and 0.49 g/l. Time-weighted water consumption of 135, 97, and 89 ml/kg/day resulted in mean daily doses of 8.1, 27.2, and 43.4 mg BDCM/kg/day. No changes in feed consumption, final body weight, or survival were observed. Kidney weights were significantly depressed at 27.2 and 43.4 mg BDCM/kg/day. There was no increase in neoplasia in the liver, kidney, spleen, testis, bladder, sections along the alimentary tract, excised lesions, or at any other organ site. In rat, the corrected mean daily BDCM concentrations were 0.06, 0.33, and 0.62 g/l. Time-weighted water consumption of 65, 63, and 59 ml/kg/day yielded 3.9, 20.6 and 36.3 mg BDCM/kg/day. No alterations in feed consumption, body weight gain, and survival were seen. Kidney weight was significantly depressed in the 36.3-mg/kg/day treatment group. There was a significantly enhanced prevalence and multiplicity of hepatocellular adenomas at 3.9 mg BDCM/kg/day (15.5% and 0.16/animal vs. 2.2% and 0.02/animal for the control). Hepatocellular carcinomas increased from 2.2% and 0.02/animal for the control and 3.9 mg BDCM/kg/day to 8.3% and 0.10/animal at 20.6 mg BDCM/kg/day. The combined neoplasms were enhanced at 3.9 and 20.6 mg BDCM/kg/day. Liver neoplasia was depressed to the control value at 36.3 mg BDCM/kg. The prevalence of basophilic and clear cell, but not eosinophilic cells, altered foci of cells declined with increasing dose. BDCM did not increase cancer in the large bowel, renal tubules, or in any of the other tissues examined. Renal tubular hyperplasia was observed at 36.3 mg BDCM/kg (15.8% vs. 8.7% for the control group). Under the conditions of the study, BDCM in the drinking water was not carcinogenic in the male B6C3F(1) mouse, but was carcinogenic in the male F344/N rat based on an increased hepatocellular neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H George
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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Arvanitis DA, Goumenou AG, Matalliotakis IM, Koumantakis EE, Spandidos DA. Low-penetrance genes are associated with increased susceptibility to endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2001; 76:1202-6. [PMID: 11730751 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(01)02865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 are associated with endometriosis. DESIGN Genetic polymorphism analysis. SETTING University department. PATIENT(S) A family with four women in two generations who had endometriosis and one member with suspected endometriosis in the third generation were compared with a group of fertile women. INTERVENTION(S) Laparoscopic examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Blood specimens were obtained from fertile females and available affected female family members. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR was done to determine each participant's genotype. RESULT(S) All affected family members had genotype CYP1A1 wt/m1 and GSTM1 null deletion. The frequency of this genotype in 54 fertile women was 13%. A 17-year-old family member with suspected endometriosis had the same genotype. One affected member was also a carrier of a GSTT1 null deletion. This combination was not found in any of the fertile participants. The most frequent genotypes in the sample were CYP1A1 wt/wt, with GSTM1 null deletion and at least one functional allele of GSTT1, and CYP1A1 wt/wt, with at least one functional allele of GSTM1 and GSTT1 (33% and 31%, respectively). CONCLUSION(S) The combination of CYP1A1 m1 polymorphism and GSTM1 null deletion is closely associated with penetration of the endometriosis phenotype, whereas GSTT1 null deletion may add to the penetration of this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Arvanitis
- Department of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are an important part of the cellular detoxification system and, perhaps, evolved to protect cells against reactive oxygen metabolites. Theta is considered the most ancient among the GSTs and theta-like GSTs are found in mammals, fish, insects, plants, unicellular algae, and bacteria. It is thought that an ancestral theta-gene underwent an early duplication before the divergence of fungi and animals and further duplications generated the variety of the other classes of GSTs (alpha, mu, phi, etc.). The comparison of the aminoacidic homologies among mammals suggests that a duplication of an ancient GST theta occurred before the speciation of mammals and resulted in the subunits GSTT1 and GSTT2. The ancestral GST theta has a dehalogenase activity towards several halogenated compounds, such as the dichloromethane. In fact, some aerobic and anaerobic methylotrophic bacteria can use these molecules as the sole carbon and energy source. The mammalian GST theta cannot sustain the growth of bacteria but still retains the dehalogenating activity. Therefore, although mammalian GST theta behaves as a scavenger towards electrophiles, such as epoxides, it acts also as metabolic activator for halogenated compounds, producing a variety of intermediates potentially dangerous for DNA and cells. For example, mice exposed to dichloromethane show a dose-dependent incidence of cancer via the GSTT1-1 pathway. Because GSTT1-1 is polymorphic in humans, with about 20% of Caucasians and 80% of Asians lacking the enzyme, the relationship between the phenotype and the incidence of cancer has been investigated extensively in order to detect GSTT1-1-associated differential susceptibility towards endogenous or exogenous carcinogens. The lack of the enzyme is related to a slightly increased risk of cancer of the bladder, gastro-intestinal tract, and for tobacco-related tumors (lung or oral cavity). More pronounced risks were found in males with the GSTT1-null genotype for brain diseases and skin basal cell carcinomas not related to sunlight exposures. Moreover, there was an increased risk of kidney and liver tumors in humans with the GSTT1-1 positive genotype following exposures to halogenated solvents. Interestingly, the liver and kidney are two organs that express the highest level of GST theta in the human body. Thus, the GSTT1-1 genotype is suspected to confer decreased or increased risk of cancer in relation to the source of exposure; in vitro studies, mostly conducted on metabolites of butadiene, confirm the protective action of GSTT1-1, whereas, thus far, experimental studies prove that the increasing risk is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Landi
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research, Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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