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Donahue CC, Resch JE. Concussion and the Sleeping Brain. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:68. [PMID: 38853235 PMCID: PMC11162982 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging research has suggested sleep to be a modifier of the trajectory of concussion recovery in adolescent and adult populations. Despite the growing recognition of the relationship between sleep and concussion, the mechanisms and physiological processes governing this association have yet to be established. MAIN BODY Following a concussion, a pathophysiologic cascade of events occurs, characterized by numerous factors including microglia activation, ionic imbalance, and release of excitatory neurotransmitters. Importantly, each of these factors plays a role in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Therefore, dysregulation of sleep following injury may be a function of the diffuse disruption of cerebral functioning in the wake of both axonal damage and secondary physiological events. As the onset of sleep-related symptoms is highly variable following a concussion, clinicians should be aware of when and how these symptoms present. Post-injury changes in sleep have been reported in the acute, sub-acute, and chronic phases of recovery and can prolong symptom resolution, affect neurocognitive performance, and influence mood state. Though these changes support sleep as a modifier of recovery, limited guidance exists for clinicians or their patients in the management of sleep after concussion. This may be attributed to the fact that research has correlated sleep with concussion recovery but has failed to explain why the correlation exists. Sleep is a complex, multifactorial process and the changes seen in sleep that are seen following concussion are the result of interactions amongst numerous processes that regulate the sleep-wake cycle. SHORT CONCLUSION The assessment and management of sleep by identifying and considering the biological, sociological, and psychological interactions of this multifactorial process will allow for clinicians to address the dynamic nature of changes in sleep following concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Donahue
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, 13123 E. 16th Ave, Box 060, 80045, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Jacob E Resch
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, 550 Brandon Ave, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
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Verma C, Jain K, Saini A, Mani I, Singh V. Exploring the potential of drug repurposing for treating depression. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 207:79-105. [PMID: 38942546 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2024.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Researchers are interested in drug repurposing or drug repositioning of existing pharmaceuticals because of rising costs and slower rates of new medication development. Other investigations that authorized these treatments used data from experimental research and off-label drug use. More research into the causes of depression could lead to more effective pharmaceutical repurposing efforts. In addition to the loss of neurotransmitters like serotonin and adrenaline, inflammation, inadequate blood flow, and neurotoxins are now thought to be plausible mechanisms. Because of these other mechanisms, repurposing drugs has resulted for treatment-resistant depression. This chapter focuses on therapeutic alternatives and their effectiveness in drug repositioning. Atypical antipsychotics, central nervous system stimulants, and neurotransmitter antagonists have investigated for possible repurposing. Nonetheless, extensive research is required to ensure their formulation, effectiveness, and regulatory compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitenya Verma
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kritika Jain
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Saini
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Indra Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, India.
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Tanaka K, Choudhury ME, Kikuchi S, Takeda I, Umakoshi K, Miyaue N, Mikami K, Takenaga A, Yagi H, Shinabe R, Matsumoto H, Yano H, Nagai M, Takeba J, Tanaka J. A dopamine D1-like receptor-specific agonist improves the survival of septic mice. iScience 2024; 27:109587. [PMID: 38623339 PMCID: PMC11016908 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a murine sepsis model was developed using the cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) technique. The expression of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the brain increased 6 h after CLP but decreased 24 h later when elevated endogenous dopamine levels in the brain were sustained. Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride reduced dopamine levels in the striatum and increased mortality in septic mice. Dopamine D1-like receptors were significantly expressed in the brain, but not in the lungs. Intraperitoneally administered SKF-81297 (SKF), a blood-brain barrier-permeable D1-like receptor agonist, prevented CLP-induced death of septic mice with ameliorated acute lung injury and cognitive dysfunction and suppressed TNF-α and IL-1β expression. The D1-like receptor antagonist SCH-23390 abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of SKF. These data suggest that D1-like receptor-mediated signals in the brain prevent CLP-induced inflammation in both the brain and the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Tanaka
- Advanced Emergency and Critical Care Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Kasugamachi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-0024, Japan
- Department of Aeromedical Services for Emergency and Trauma Care, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Mohammed E. Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Ikuko Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
- Division of Multicellular Circuit Dynamics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kensuke Umakoshi
- Advanced Emergency and Critical Care Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Kasugamachi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-0024, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyaue
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Kanta Mikami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Ayane Takenaga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Harumichi Yagi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Rintaro Shinabe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hironori Matsumoto
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Jun Takeba
- Department of Aeromedical Services for Emergency and Trauma Care, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Mei B, Xu X, Weng J, Yang Y, Wang P, Qiu G, Zhang C, Zhang Q, Lu Y, Liu X. Activating astrocytic α2A adrenoceptors in hippocampus reduces glutamate toxicity to attenuate sepsis-associated encephalopathy in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 117:376-398. [PMID: 38320682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate metabolism disorder is an important mechanism of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Astrocytes regulate glutamate metabolism. In septic mice, α2A adrenoceptor (α2A-AR) activation in the central nervous system provides neuroprotection. α2A-ARs are expressed abundantly in hippocampal astrocytes. This study was performed to determine whether hippocampal astrocytic α2A-AR activation confers neuroprotection against SAE and whether this protective effect is astrocyte specific and achieved by the modulation of glutamate metabolism. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice with and without α2A-AR knockdown were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). They were treated with intrahippocampal guanfacine (an α2A-AR agonist) or intraperitoneal dexmedetomidine in the presence or absence of dihydrokainic acid [DHK; a glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) antagonist] and/or UCPH-101 [a glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) antagonist]. Hippocampal tissue was collected for the measurement of astrocyte reactivity, GLT-1 and GLAST expression, and glutamate receptor subunit 2B (GluN2B) phosphorylation. In vivo real-time extracellular glutamate concentrations in the hippocampus were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry combined with microdialysis, and in vivo real-time hippocampal glutamatergic neuron excitability was assessed by calcium imaging. The mice were subjected to the Barnes maze and fear conditioning tests to assess their learning and memory. Golgi staining was performed to assess changes in the hippocampal synaptic structure. In vitro, primary astrocytes with and without α2A-AR knockdown were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with guanfacine or dexmedetomidine in the presence or absence of 8-bromo- cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP, a cAMP analog). LPS-treated primary and BV2 microglia were also treated with guanfacine or dexmedetomidine. Astrocyte reactivity, PKA catalytic subunit, GLT-1 an GLAST expression were determined in primary astrocytes. Interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the medium of microglia culture were measured. RESULTS CLP induced synaptic injury, impaired neurocognitive function, increased astrocyte reactivity and reduced GLT-1 and GLAST expression in the hippocampus of mice. The extracellular glutamate concentration, phosphorylation of GluN2B at Tyr-1472 and glutamatergic neuron excitability in the hippocampus were increased in the hippocampus of septic mice. Intraperitoneal dexmedetomidine or intrahippocampal guanfacine administration attenuated these effects. Hippocampal astrocytes expressed abundant α2A-ARs; expression was also detected in neurons but not microglia. Specific knockdown of α2A-ARs in hippocampal astrocytes and simultaneous intrahippocampal DHK and UCPH-101 administration blocked the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine and guanfacine. Intrahippocampal administration of DHK or UCPH-101 alone had no such effect. In vitro, guanfacine or dexmedetomidine inhibited astrocyte reactivity, reduced PKA catalytic subunit expression, and increased GLT-1 and GLAST expression in primary astrocytes but not in primary astrocytes that received α2A-AR knockdown or were treated with 8-Br-cAMP. Guanfacine or dexmedetomidine inhibited microglial reactivity in BV2 but not primary microglia. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that neurocognitive protection against SAE after hippocampal α2A-AR activation is astrocyte specific. This protection may involve the inhibition of astrocyte reactivity and alleviation of glutamate neurotoxicity, thereby reducing synaptic injury. The cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway is a potential cellular mechanism by which activating α2A-AR modulates astrocytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, China
| | - Juntao Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, China
| | - Yueyue Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, China
| | - Gaolin Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230001, China
| | - Qunlin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230001, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, China
| | - Xuesheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, China.
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5
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Majewska A, Le L, Feidler A, Li H, Kara-Pabani K, Lamantia C, O'Banion MK. Noradrenergic signaling controls Alzheimer's disease pathology via activation of microglial β2 adrenergic receptors. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3976896. [PMID: 38464247 PMCID: PMC10925421 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3976896/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) is a potent anti-inflammatory agent in the brain. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the loss of NE signaling heightens neuroinflammation and exacerbates amyloid pathology. NE inhibits surveillance activity of microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, via their β2 adrenergic receptors (β2ARs). Here, we investigate the role of microglial β2AR signaling in AD pathology in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD. We found that loss of cortical NE projections preceded the degeneration of NE-producing neurons and that microglia in 5xFAD mice, especially those microglia that were associated with plaques, significantly downregulated β2AR gene expression early in amyloid pathology. Importantly, dampening microglial β2AR signaling worsened plaque load and the associated neuritic damage, while stimulating microglial β2AR signaling attenuated amyloid pathology. Our results suggest that microglial β2AR could be explored as a potential therapeutic target to modify AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Herman Li
- University of Rochester Medical Center
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Cui L, Li S, Wang S, Wu X, Liu Y, Yu W, Wang Y, Tang Y, Xia M, Li B. Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:30. [PMID: 38331979 PMCID: PMC10853571 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasing annually, resulting in greater economic and social burdens. Moreover, the pathological mechanisms of MDD and the mechanisms underlying the effects of pharmacological treatments for MDD are complex and unclear, and additional diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for MDD still are needed. The currently widely accepted theories of MDD pathogenesis include the neurotransmitter and receptor hypothesis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hypothesis, cytokine hypothesis, neuroplasticity hypothesis and systemic influence hypothesis, but these hypothesis cannot completely explain the pathological mechanism of MDD. Even it is still hard to adopt only one hypothesis to completely reveal the pathogenesis of MDD, thus in recent years, great progress has been made in elucidating the roles of multiple organ interactions in the pathogenesis MDD and identifying novel therapeutic approaches and multitarget modulatory strategies, further revealing the disease features of MDD. Furthermore, some newly discovered potential pharmacological targets and newly studied antidepressants have attracted widespread attention, some reagents have even been approved for clinical treatment and some novel therapeutic methods such as phototherapy and acupuncture have been discovered to have effective improvement for the depressive symptoms. In this work, we comprehensively summarize the latest research on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of MDD, preventive approaches and therapeutic medicines, as well as the related clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Cui
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Siman Wang
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiafang Wu
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingyu Liu
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiyang Yu
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Tang
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling/Key Laboratory of Acupuncture for Senile Disease (Chengdu University of TCM), Ministry of Education/School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Maosheng Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Baoman Li
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China.
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China.
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Gu X, Zhao Z, Chen X, Zhang L, Fang H, Zhao T, Ju S, Gao W, Qian X, Wang X, Zhang J, Cheng H. Imaging microglia surveillance during sleep-wake cycles in freely behaving mice. eLife 2023; 12:RP86749. [PMID: 38132088 PMCID: PMC10746140 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia surveillance manifests itself as dynamic changes in cell morphology and functional remodeling. Whether and how microglia surveillance is coupled to brain state switches during natural sleep-wake cycles remains unclear. To address this question, we used miniature two-photon microscopy (mTPM) to acquire time-lapse high-resolution microglia images of the somatosensory cortex, along with EEG/EMG recordings and behavioral video, in freely-behaving mice. We uncovered fast and robust brain state-dependent changes in microglia surveillance, occurring in parallel with sleep dynamics and early-onset phagocytic microglial contraction during sleep deprivation stress. We also detected local norepinephrine fluctuation occurring in a sleep state-dependent manner. We showed that the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system, which is crucial to sleep homeostasis, is required for both sleep state-dependent and stress-induced microglial responses and β2-adrenergic receptor signaling plays a significant role in this process. These results provide direct evidence that microglial surveillance is exquisitely tuned to signals and stressors that regulate sleep dynamics and homeostasis so as to adjust its varied roles to complement those of neurons in the brain. In vivo imaging with mTPM in freely behaving animals, as demonstrated here, opens a new avenue for future investigation of microglia dynamics and sleep biology in freely behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Gu
- PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanjing Raygen HealthNanjingChina
- National Platform for Medical Engineering Education Integration, Southeast UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Department of Histology Embryology, Medical School, Southeast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Research Unit of Mitochondria in Brain Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Xueli Chen
- Research Unit of Mitochondria in Brain Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Research Unit of Mitochondria in Brain Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Huaqiang Fang
- Research Unit of Mitochondria in Brain Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Ting Zhao
- PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanjing Raygen HealthNanjingChina
| | - Shenghong Ju
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Weizheng Gao
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Study, College of Engineering, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoyu Qian
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Study, College of Engineering, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xianhua Wang
- Research Unit of Mitochondria in Brain Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational MedicineNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jue Zhang
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Study, College of Engineering, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Heping Cheng
- Research Unit of Mitochondria in Brain Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational MedicineNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Future Technology, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
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8
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Le L, Feidler AM, Li H, Kara-Pabani K, Lamantia C, O'Banion MK, Majewska KA. Noradrenergic signaling controls Alzheimer's disease pathology via activation of microglial β2 adrenergic receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569564. [PMID: 38106167 PMCID: PMC10723313 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology, plaque and tangle accumulation trigger an inflammatory response that mounts positive feed-back loops between inflammation and protein aggregation, aggravating neurite damage and neuronal death. One of the earliest brain regions to undergo neurodegeneration is the locus coeruleus (LC), the predominant site of norepinephrine (NE) production in the central nervous system (CNS). In animal models of AD, dampening the impact of noradrenergic signaling pathways, either through administration of beta blockers or pharmacological ablation of the LC, heightened neuroinflammation through increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. Since microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS, it is reasonable to postulate that they are responsible for translating the loss of NE tone into exacerbated disease pathology. Recent findings from our lab demonstrated that noradrenergic signaling inhibits microglia dynamics via β2 adrenergic receptors (β2ARs), suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory role for microglial β2AR signaling. Thus, we hypothesize that microglial β2 adrenergic signaling is progressively impaired during AD progression, which leads to the chronic immune vigilant state of microglia that worsens disease pathology. First, we characterized changes in microglial β2AR signaling as a function of amyloid pathology. We found that LC neurons and their projections degenerate early and progressively in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD; accompanied by mild decrease in the levels of norepinephrine and its metabolite normetanephrine. Interestingly, while 5xFAD microglia, especially plaque-associated microglia, significant downregulated β2AR gene expression early in amyloid pathology, they did not lose their responsiveness to β2AR stimulation. Most importantly, we demonstrated that specific microglial β2AR deletion worsened disease pathology while chronic β2AR stimulation resulted in attenuation of amyloid pathology and associated neuritic damage, suggesting microglial β2AR might be used as potential therapeutic target to modify AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Le
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - A M Feidler
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - H Li
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester, Rochester NY
| | - K Kara-Pabani
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - C Lamantia
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - M K O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - K A Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester NY
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9
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Chodari L, Ghasemi M, Mehranfard N. Alterations in expression of α1-adrenergic receptors possibly are involved in prevention of age-associated apoptosis in rat hippocampus by treadmill exercise. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 20:707-713. [PMID: 37428454 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2023-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exercise is assumed to attenuate age-related neuronal apoptosis, but the detailed mechanism(s) is not fully understood. α1-Adrenergic receptors (ARs) can either trigger or suppress apoptosis, therefore, here we determined the impact of treadmill exercise on the expression of the apoptosis regulatory proteins as well as α1-AR subtypes α1A- and α1B-ARs, in order to elucidate a possible association between apoptosis and the hippocampal expression of α1-ARs in aged male rats. METHODS Twenty-one male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (n=7): young control, aged sedentary, and aged + exercise. Western blot for α1A- and α1B-ARs as well as pro-(Bax and p53) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl2) proteins was conducted. An 8-week regular moderate-intensity treadmill exercise intervention was carried out in exercise group. RESULTS In aged rats, α1A-AR expression in the hippocampus was significantly increased, and exercise markedly prevented this event. While α1B-AR expression was no altered with aging, a marked reduction in α1B-AR level was detected in exercise group when compared to aged group. Furthermore, pro-apoptotic protein levels of Bax and p53 were upregulated and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 was downregulated in the aging hippocampus, but could be reversed by treadmill exercise. In the present research, exercise-induced reduction in α1A- and α1B-ARs was associated with an obvious downregulation of Bax/Bcl2 ratio in aged rats, suggesting that exercise may inhibit apoptosis through regulating α1-ARs, particularly α1A-AR. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that manipulations attenuating α1-AR activity, including nonselective α1-adrenergic antagonists, may protect against hippocampal neurodegeneration in aging brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Chodari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Maedeh Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Mehranfard
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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10
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Cahill MK, Perez YR, Larpthaveesarp A, Etchenique R, Poskanzer KE. A Photoactivatable Norepinephrine for Probing Adrenergic Neural Circuits. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.13.566764. [PMID: 38014204 PMCID: PMC10680792 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.13.566764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) is a critical neuromodulator that mediates a wide range of behavior and neurophysiology, including attention, arousal, plasticity, and memory consolidation. A major source of NE is the brainstem nucleus the locus coeruleus (LC), which sends widespread projections throughout the central nervous system (CNS). Efforts to dissect this complex noradrenergic circuitry have driven the development of many tools that detect endogenous NE or modulate widespread NE release via LC activation and inhibition. While these tools have enabled research that elucidates physiological roles of NE, additional tools to probe these circuits with a higher degree of spatial precision could enable a finer delineation of function. Here, we describe the synthesis and chemical properties of a photo-activatable NE, [Ru(bpy) 2 (PMe 3 )(NE)]PF 6 (RuBi-NE). We validate the one-photon (1P) release of NE using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology in acute mouse brain slices containing the LC. We show that a 10 ms pulse of blue light, in the presence of RuBi-NE, briefly modulates the firing rate of LC neurons via α-2 adrenergic receptors. The development of a photo-activatable NE that can be released with light in the visible spectrum provides a new tool for fine-grained mapping of complex noradrenergic circuits, as well as the ability to probe how NE acts on non-neuronal cells in the CNS.
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11
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Krohn F, Lancini E, Ludwig M, Leiman M, Guruprasath G, Haag L, Panczyszyn J, Düzel E, Hämmerer D, Betts M. Noradrenergic neuromodulation in ageing and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105311. [PMID: 37437752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small brainstem structure located in the lower pons and is the main source of noradrenaline (NA) in the brain. Via its phasic and tonic firing, it modulates cognition and autonomic functions and is involved in the brain's immune response. The extent of degeneration to the LC in healthy ageing remains unclear, however, noradrenergic dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite their differences in progression at later disease stages, the early involvement of the LC may lead to comparable behavioural symptoms such as preclinical sleep problems and neuropsychiatric symptoms as a result of AD and PD pathology. In this review, we draw attention to the mechanisms that underlie LC degeneration in ageing, AD and PD. We aim to motivate future research to investigate how early degeneration of the noradrenergic system may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD and PD which may also be relevant to other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Krohn
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - E Lancini
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - M Ludwig
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Leiman
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - G Guruprasath
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - L Haag
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Panczyszyn
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - E Düzel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London UK-WC1E 6BT, UK; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - D Hämmerer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London UK-WC1E 6BT, UK; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Betts
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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12
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Fujikawa R, Tsuda M. The Functions and Phenotypes of Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081207. [PMID: 37190116 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease worldwide, but therapeutic strategies to slow down AD pathology and symptoms have not yet been successful. While attention has been focused on neurodegeneration in AD pathogenesis, recent decades have provided evidence of the importance of microglia, and resident immune cells in the central nervous system. In addition, new technologies, including single-cell RNA sequencing, have revealed heterogeneous cell states of microglia in AD. In this review, we systematically summarize the microglial response to amyloid-β and tau tangles, and the risk factor genes expressed in microglia. Furthermore, we discuss the characteristics of protective microglia that appear during AD pathology and the relationship between AD and microglia-induced inflammation during chronic pain. Understanding the diverse roles of microglia will help identify new therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risako Fujikawa
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Kyushu University Institute for Advanced Study, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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13
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Pilipović I, Stojić-Vukanić Z, Leposavić G. Adrenoceptors as potential target for add-on immunomodulatory therapy in multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 243:108358. [PMID: 36804434 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent findings related to the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its commonly used experimental model - experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). They indicate that noradrenaline, the key end-point mediator of the SNS, acting through β-adrenoceptor, has a contributory role in the early stages of MS/EAE development. This stage is characterized by the SNS hyperactivity (increased release of noradrenaline) reflecting the net effect of different factors, such as the disease-associated inflammation, stress, vitamin D hypovitaminosis, Epstein-Barr virus infection and dysbiosis. Thus, the administration of propranolol, a non-selective β-adrenoceptor blocker, readily crossing the blood-brain barrier, to experimental rats before the autoimmune challenge and in the early (preclinical/prodromal) phase of the disease mitigates EAE severity. This phenomenon has been ascribed to the alleviation of neuroinflammation (due to attenuation of primarily microglial activation/proinflammatory functions) and the diminution of the magnitude of the primary CD4+ T-cell autoimmune response (the effect associated with impaired autoantigen uptake by antigen presenting cells and their migration into draining lymph nodes). The former is partly related to breaking of the catecholamine-dependent self-amplifying microglial feed-forward loop and the positive feedback loop between microglia and the SNS, leading to down-regulation of the SNS hyperactivity and its enhancing influence on microglial activation/proinflammatory functions and the magnitude of autoimmune response. The effects of propranolol are shown to be more prominent in male EAE animals, the phenomenon important as males (like men) are likely to develop clinically more severe disease. Thus, these findings could serve as a firm scientific background for formulation of a new sex-specific immune-intervention strategy for the early phases of MS (characterized by the SNS hyperactivity) exploiting anti-(neuro)inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of propranolol and other relatively cheap and safe adrenergic drugs with similar therapeutic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pilipović
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathobiology, Belgrade, Serbia.
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14
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Li S. The β-adrenergic hypothesis of synaptic and microglial impairment in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2023; 165:289-302. [PMID: 36799441 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease originating partly from amyloid β protein-induced synaptic failure. As damaging of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) occurs at the prodromal stage of AD, activation of adrenergic receptors could serve as the first line of defense against the onset of the disease. Activation of β2 -ARs strengthens long-term potentiation (LTP) and synaptic activity, thus improving learning and memory. Physical stimulation of animals exposed to an enriched environment (EE) leads to the activation of β2 -ARs and prevents synaptic dysfunction. EE also suppresses neuroinflammation, suggesting that β2 -AR agonists may play a neuroprotective role. The β2 -AR agonists used for respiratory diseases have been shown to have an anti-inflammatory effect. Epidemiological studies further support the beneficial effects of β2 -AR agonists on several neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, I propose that β2 -AR agonists may provide therapeutic value in combination with novel treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Nishikawa Y, Choudhury ME, Mikami K, Matsuura T, Kubo M, Nagai M, Yamagishi S, Doi T, Hisai M, Yamamoto H, Yajima C, Nishihara T, Abe N, Yano H, Yorozuya T, Tanaka J. Anti-inflammatory effects of dopamine on microglia and a D1 receptor agonist ameliorates neuroinflammation of the brain in a rat delirium model. Neurochem Int 2023; 163:105479. [PMID: 36608872 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microglia play a central role in neuroinflammatory processes by releasing proinflammatory mediators. This process is tightly regulated along with neuronal activities, and neurotransmitters may link neuronal activities to the microglia. In this study, we showed that primary cultured rat microglia express the dopamine (DA) D1 receptor (D1R) and D4R, but not D2R, D3R, or D5R. In response to a D1R-specific agonist SKF-81297 (SKF), the cultured microglia exhibited increased intracellular cAMP levels. DA and SKF suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis α (TNFα) in cultured microglia. Microglia in the normal mature rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) were sorted and significant expression of D1R, D2R, and D4R was observed. A delirium model was established by administering LPS intraperitoneally to mature male Wistar rats. The model also displayed sleep-wake disturbances as revealed by electroencephalogram and electromyogram recordings as well as increased expression of IL-1β and TNFα in the PFC. DA levels were increased in the PFC 21 h after LPS administration. Increased cytokine expression was observed in sorted microglia from the PFC of the delirium model; however, TNFα, but not IL-1β expression, was abruptly decreased 21 h after LPS administration in the delirium model, whereas DA levels were increased. A D1R antagonist SCH23390 partially abolished the TNFα expression change. This suggests that endogenous DA may play a role in suppressing neuroinflammation. Administration of the DA precursor L-DOPA or SKF to the delirium model rats inhibited the expression of IL-1β and TNFα. The simultaneous administration of clozapine, a D4R antagonist, strengthened the suppressive effects of L-DOPA. These results suggest that D1R mediates the suppressive effects of LPS-induced neuroinflammation, in which microglia may play an important role. Agonists for D1R may be effective for treating delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nishikawa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan; Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Mohammed E Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Kanta Mikami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Taisei Matsuura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Madoka Kubo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamagishi
- Optical Neuroanatomy, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tomomi Doi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Manami Hisai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Haruto Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Chisato Yajima
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Tasuku Nishihara
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Naoki Abe
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yorozuya
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
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16
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Damo E, Agarwal A, Simonetti M. Activation of β2-Adrenergic Receptors in Microglia Alleviates Neuropathic Hypersensitivity in Mice. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020284. [PMID: 36672219 PMCID: PMC9856373 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs enhancing the availability of noradrenaline are gaining prominence in the therapy of chronic neuropathic pain. However, underlying mechanisms are not well understood, and research has thus far focused on α2-adrenergic receptors and neuronal excitability. Adrenergic receptors are also expressed on glial cells, but their roles toward antinociception are not well deciphered. This study addresses the contribution of β2-adrenergic receptors (β2-ARs) to the therapeutic modulation of neuropathic pain in mice. We report that selective activation of β2-ARs with Formoterol inhibits pro-inflammatory signaling in microglia ex vivo and nerve injury-induced structural remodeling and functional activation of microglia in vivo. Systemic delivery of Formoterol inhibits behaviors related to neuropathic pain, such as mechanical hypersensitivity, cold allodynia as well as the aversive component of pain, and reverses chronically established neuropathic pain. Using conditional gene targeting for microglia-specific deletion of β2-ARs, we demonstrate that the anti-allodynic effects of Formoterol are primarily mediated by microglia. Although Formoterol also reduces astrogliosis at late stages of neuropathic pain, these functions are unrelated to β2-AR signaling in microglia. Our results underline the value of developing microglial β2-AR agonists for relief from neuropathic pain and clarify mechanistic underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Damo
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amit Agarwal
- The Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuela Simonetti
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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17
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Minné D, Marnewick JL, Engel-Hills P. Early Chronic Stress Induced Changes within the Locus Coeruleus in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 20:301-317. [PMID: 37872793 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230811092956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to stress throughout the lifespan has been the focus of many studies on Alzheimer's disease (AD) because of the similarities between the biological mechanisms involved in chronic stress and the pathophysiology of AD. In fact, the earliest abnormality associated with the disease is the presence of phosphorylated tau protein in locus coeruleus neurons, a brain structure highly responsive to stress and perceived threat. Here, we introduce allostatic load as a useful concept for understanding many of the complex, interacting neuropathological changes involved in the AD degenerative process. In response to chronic stress, aberrant tau proteins that begin to accumulate within the locus coeruleus decades prior to symptom onset appear to represent a primary pathological event in the AD cascade, triggering a wide range of interacting brain changes involving neuronal excitotoxicity, endocrine alterations, inflammation, oxidative stress, and amyloid plaque exacerbation. While it is acknowledged that stress will not necessarily be the major precipitating factor in all cases, early tau-induced changes within the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine pathway suggests that a therapeutic window might exist for preventative measures aimed at managing stress and restoring balance within the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donné Minné
- Applied Microbial & Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
- Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Jeanine L Marnewick
- Applied Microbial & Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Penelope Engel-Hills
- Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
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18
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Sleep and Neuroimmunomodulation for Maintenance of Optimum Brain Function: Role of Noradrenaline. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121725. [PMID: 36552184 PMCID: PMC9776456 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune function and sleep are two normal physiological processes to protect the living organism from falling sick. There is hardly any disease in which they remain unaffected, though the quantum of effect may differ. Therefore, we propose the existence of a strong correlation between sleep (quality or quantity) and immune response. This may be supported by the fact that sleep loss modulates many of the immunological molecules, which includes interferons; however, not much is known about their mechanism of action. Sleep is divided into rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and non-REMS. For practical reasons, experimental studies have been conducted mostly by inducing loss of REMS. It has been shown that withdrawal of noradrenaline (NA) is a necessity for generation of REMS. Moreover, NA level increases in the brain upon REMS loss and the elevated NA is responsible for many of the sleep loss-associated symptoms. In this review, we describe how sleep (and its disturbance/loss) modulates the immune system by modulating the NA level in the brain or vice versa to maintain immune functions, physiological homeostasis, and normal healthy living. The increased levels of NA during REMS loss may cause neuroinflammation possibly by glial activation (as NA is a key modulator of microglia). Therefore, maintaining sleep hygiene plays a crucial role for a normal healthy living.
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Mercan D, Heneka MT. The Contribution of the Locus Coeruleus-Noradrenaline System Degeneration during the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121822. [PMID: 36552331 PMCID: PMC9775634 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta peptide and intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau, is the most common form of dementia. Memory loss, cognitive decline and disorientation are the ultimate consequences of neuronal death, synapse loss and neuroinflammation in AD. In general, there are many brain regions affected but neuronal loss in the locus coeruleus (LC) is one of the earliest indicators of neurodegeneration in AD. Since the LC is the main source of noradrenaline (NA) in the brain, degeneration of the LC in AD leads to decreased NA levels, causing increased neuroinflammation, enhanced amyloid and tau burden, decreased phagocytosis and impairment in cognition and long-term synaptic plasticity. In this review, we summarized current findings on the locus coeruleus-noradrenaline system and consequences of its dysfunction which is now recognized as an important contributor to AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Mercan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Thomas Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +352-46-66-44-6922 or +352-62-17-12-820
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20
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Infantino R, Boccella S, Scuteri D, Perrone M, Ricciardi F, Vitale R, Bonsale R, Parente A, Allocca I, Virtuoso A, De Luca C, Belardo C, Amodeo P, Gentile V, Cirillo G, Bagetta G, Luongo L, Maione S, Guida F. 2-pentadecyl-2-oxazoline prevents cognitive and social behaviour impairments in the Amyloid β-induced Alzheimer-like mice model: Bring the α2 adrenergic receptor back into play. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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21
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Schramm E, Waisman A. Microglia as Central Protagonists in the Chronic Stress Response. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/6/e200023. [PMID: 36357946 PMCID: PMC9453699 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a major risk factor for developing psychiatric conditions. In addition to elevating the levels of stress hormones released in the body, chronic stress activates the immune system, resulting in increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and innate immune cells in the circulation of rodents and humans. Furthermore, exposure to chronic stress alters the phenotype of microglia, a population of innate immune cells that reside in the CNS parenchyma. In rodent models, chronic stress activates microglia in defined brain regions and induces changes in their phenotype and functional properties. In this review, we discussed how microglia are activated in stressful situations. Furthermore, we described how microglia affect the CNS environment during chronic stress, through the production of cytokines, the induction of reactive oxygen species, and phagocytosis. We suggested that, due to their strategic location as immune cells within the CNS, microglia are important players in the induction of psychopathologies after chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schramm
- From the Institute for Molecular Medicine (E.S., A.W.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (A.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; and Research Center for Immunotherapy (A.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- From the Institute for Molecular Medicine (E.S., A.W.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (A.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; and Research Center for Immunotherapy (A.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany.
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22
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Zhu L, Huang L, Le A, Wang TJ, Zhang J, Chen X, Wang J, Wang J, Jiang C. Interactions between the Autonomic Nervous System and the Immune System after Stroke. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3665-3704. [PMID: 35766834 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Stroke-induced immune-inflammatory response occurs in the perilesion areas and the periphery. Although stroke-induced immunosuppression may alleviate brain injury, it hinders brain repair as the immune-inflammatory response plays a bidirectional role after acute stroke. Furthermore, suppression of the systemic immune-inflammatory response increases the risk of life-threatening systemic bacterial infections after acute stroke. Therefore, it is essential to explore the mechanisms that underlie the stroke-induced immune-inflammatory response. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activation is critical for regulating the local and systemic immune-inflammatory responses and may influence the prognosis of acute stroke. We review the changes in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and their influence on the immune-inflammatory response after stroke. Importantly, this article summarizes the mechanisms on how ANS regulates the immune-inflammatory response through neurotransmitters and their receptors in immunocytes and immune organs after stroke. To facilitate translational research, we also discuss the promising therapeutic approaches modulating the activation of the ANS or the immune-inflammatory response to promote neurologic recovery after stroke. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3665-3704, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Leo Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anh Le
- Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tom J Wang
- Winston Churchill High School, Potomac, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
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23
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Gutiérrez IL, Dello Russo C, Novellino F, Caso JR, García-Bueno B, Leza JC, Madrigal JLM. Noradrenaline in Alzheimer's Disease: A New Potential Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116143. [PMID: 35682822 PMCID: PMC9181823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence demonstrates the important role of the noradrenergic system in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative processes, especially Alzheimer’s disease, due to its ability to control glial activation and chemokine production resulting in anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Noradrenaline involvement in this disease was first proposed after finding deficits of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus from Alzheimer’s disease patients. Based on this, it has been hypothesized that the early loss of noradrenergic projections and the subsequent reduction of noradrenaline brain levels contribute to cognitive dysfunctions and the progression of neurodegeneration. Several studies have focused on analyzing the role of noradrenaline in the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease. In this review we summarize some of the most relevant data describing the alterations of the noradrenergic system normally occurring in Alzheimer’s disease as well as experimental studies in which noradrenaline concentration was modified in order to further analyze how these alterations affect the behavior and viability of different nervous cells. The combination of the different studies here presented suggests that the maintenance of adequate noradrenaline levels in the central nervous system constitutes a key factor of the endogenous defense systems that help prevent or delay the development of Alzheimer’s disease. For this reason, the use of noradrenaline modulating drugs is proposed as an interesting alternative therapeutic option for Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene L. Gutiérrez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Cinzia Dello Russo
- Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - Fabiana Novellino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Javier R. Caso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Juan C. Leza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
| | - José L. M. Madrigal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-394-1463
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24
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Vargas-Caballero M, Warming H, Walker R, Holmes C, Cruickshank G, Patel B. Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Potential Therapy in Early Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:866434. [PMID: 35572001 PMCID: PMC9098960 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.866434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by disturbances in neuronal circuits of the brain underpinned by synapse loss, neuronal dysfunction and neuronal death. Amyloid beta and tau protein cause these pathological changes and enhance neuroinflammation, which in turn modifies disease progression and severity. Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), via activation of the locus coeruleus (LC), results in the release of catecholamines in the hippocampus and neocortex, which can enhance synaptic plasticity and reduce inflammatory signalling. Vagal nerve stimulation has shown promise to enhance cognitive ability in animal models. Research in rodents has shown that VNS can have positive effects on basal synaptic function and synaptic plasticity, tune inflammatory signalling, and limit the accumulation of amyloid plaques. Research in humans with invasive and non-invasive VNS devices has shown promise for the modulation of cognition. However, the direct stimulation of the vagus nerve afforded with the invasive procedure carries surgical risks. In contrast, non-invasive VNS has the potential to be a broadly available therapy to manage cognitive symptoms in early AD, however, the magnitude and specificity of its effects remains to be elucidated, and the non-inferiority of the effects of non-invasive VNS as compared with invasive VNS still needs to be established. Ongoing clinical trials with healthy individuals and patients with early AD will provide valuable information to clarify the potential benefits of non-invasive VNS in cognition and AD. Whether invasive or non-invasive VNS can produce a significant improvement on memory function and whether its effects can modify the progression of AD will require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Warming
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Holmes
- Memory Assessment and Research Centre, Southern Health Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Garth Cruickshank
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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25
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Nishioka R, Nishi Y, Choudhury ME, Miyaike R, Shinnishi A, Umakoshi K, Takada Y, Sato N, Aibiki M, Yano H, Tanaka J. Surgical stress quickly affects the numbers of circulating B-cells and neutrophils in murine septic and aseptic models through a β 2 adrenergic receptor. J Immunotoxicol 2022; 19:8-16. [PMID: 35232327 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2022.2029630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a pathology accompanied by increases in myeloid cells and decreases in lymphoid cells in circulation. In a murine sepsis model induced by cecum ligation and puncture (CLP), increasing numbers of neutrophils and decreasing levels of B-cells in circulation are among the earliest changes in the immune system. However, to date, the mechanisms for these changes remain to be elucidated. The study here sought to elucidate mechanisms underlying the changes in the leukocyte levels after CLP and also to determine what, if any, role for an involvement of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Here, male C57/BL6 mice were subjected to CLP or sham-CLP (abdominal wall incised, but cecum was not punctured). The changes in the number of circulating leukocytes over time were then investigated using flow cytometry. The results showed that a sham-CLP led to increased polymorphonuclear cells (PMN; most of which are neutrophils) and decreased B-cells in the circulation to an extent similar to that induced by CLP. Effects of adrenergic agonists and antagonists, as well as of adrenalectomy, were also examined in mice that underwent CLP or sham-CLP. Administering adrenaline or a β2 adrenergic receptor agonist (clenbuterol) to mice 3 h before sacrifice produced almost identical changes to as what was seen 2 h after performing a sham-CLP. In contrast, giving a β2 adrenergic receptor antagonist ICI118,551 1 h before a CLP or sham-CLP suppressed the expected changes 2 h after the operations. Noradrenaline and an α1 adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine did not exert significant effects. Adrenalectomy 24 h before a sham-CLP significantly abolished the expected sham-CLP-induced changes seen earlier. Clenbuterol increased splenocyte expression of Cxcr4 (a chemokine receptor gene); adrenalectomy abolished sham-CLP-induced Cxcr4 expression. A CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 repressed the sham-CLP-induced changes. From these results, it may be concluded that sepsis-induced activation of the SNS may be one cause for immune dysfunction in sepsis - regardless of the pathogenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Nishioka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan.,Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nishi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan.,Department of Hepato-biliary Pancreatic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Mohammed E Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Riko Miyaike
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Ayataka Shinnishi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Kensuke Umakoshi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan.,Advanced Emergency and Critical Care Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Yasutsugu Takada
- Department of Hepato-biliary Pancreatic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Norio Sato
- Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Mayuki Aibiki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
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26
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Zou H, Li J, Zhou J, Yi X, Cao S. Effects of norepinephrine on microglial neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain. IBRAIN 2021; 7:309-317. [PMID: 37786561 PMCID: PMC10528971 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) is an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. NE is released from locus coeruleus neurons and is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Neuroinflammation is a common manifestation of many kinds of neurological diseases. The activation of microglia directly affects the status of neuroinflammation. Several kinds of adrenergic receptors, which anchor on microglia and can be regulated by NE, affect the activation of microglia and neuroinflammation. NE influences chronic pain, anxiety, and depression by regulating the activation of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- He‐Lin Zou
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Juan Li
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Jun‐Li Zhou
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Xi Yi
- Department of Pain MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Song Cao
- Department of Pain MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
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27
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Dominguini D, Steckert AV, Michels M, Spies MB, Ritter C, Barichello T, Thompson J, Dal-Pizzol F. The effects of anaesthetics and sedatives on brain inflammation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:504-513. [PMID: 33992694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are involved in many dynamic processes in the central nervous system (CNS) including the development of inflammatory processes and neuromodulation. Several sedative, analgesic or anaesthetic drugs, such as opioids, ∝2-adrenergic agonists, ketamine, benzodiazepines and propofol can cause both neuroprotective and harmful effects on the brain. The purpose of this review is to present the main findings on the use of these drugs and the mechanisms involved in microglial activation. Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists, propofol and benzodiazepines have several pro- or anti-inflammatory effects on microglia. Long-term use of benzodiazepines and propofol causes neuroapoptotic effects and α2-adrenergic agonists may attenuate these effects. Conversely, morphine and fentanyl may have proinflammatory effects, causing behavioural changes in patients and changes in cell viability in vitro. Conversely, chronic administration of morphine induces CCL5 chemokine expression in microglial cells that promotes their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Dominguini
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda V Steckert
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Monique Michels
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana B Spies
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Ritter
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Thompson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Anaesthesia Critical Care and Pain Management Group, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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28
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De Schepper S, Crowley G, Hong S. Understanding microglial diversity and implications for neuronal function in health and disease. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:507-523. [PMID: 32757416 PMCID: PMC8438703 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic data implicate microglia as central players in brain health and disease, urging the need to better understand what microglia do in the brain. Microglia are critical partners in neuronal wiring and function during development and disease. Emerging literature suggests that microglia have diverse functional roles, raising the intriguing question of which functions of microglia become impaired in disease to undermine proper neuronal function. It is also becoming increasingly clear that microglia exist in heterogeneous cell states. Microglial cell states appear context-dependent, that is, age, sex, location, and health of their microenvironment; these are further influenced by external signaling factors including gut microbiota and lipid metabolites. These data altogether suggest that microglia exist in functional clusters that impact, and are impacted by, surrounding neuronal microenvironment. However, we still lack understanding of how we can translate microglia cell states into function. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art on the diverse functions of microglia in relation to neuronal health. Then, we discuss heterogeneity during developing, healthy adult and diseased brains, and whether this may be predetermined by origin and/or regulated by local milieu. Finally, we propose that it is critical to gain high-resolution functional discernment into microglia-neuron interactions while preserving the spatial architecture of the tissue. Such insight will reveal specific targets for biomarker and therapeutic development toward microglia-neuron crosstalk in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard Crowley
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Soyon Hong
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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29
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Maugeri G, D’Agata V, Magrì B, Roggio F, Castorina A, Ravalli S, Di Rosa M, Musumeci G. Neuroprotective Effects of Physical Activity via the Adaptation of Astrocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061542. [PMID: 34207393 PMCID: PMC8234474 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifold benefits of regular physical exercise have been largely demonstrated in human and animal models. Several studies have reported the beneficial effects of physical activity, both in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system (CNS). Regular exercise improves cognition, brain plasticity, neurogenesis and reduces the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, making timeless the principle of “mens sana in corpore sano” (i.e., a healthy mind in a healthy body). Physical exercise promotes morphological and functional changes in the brain, acting not only in neurons but also in astrocytes, which represent the most numerous glial cells in the brain. The multiple effects of exercise on astrocytes comprise the increased number of new astrocytes, the maintenance of basal levels of catecholamine, the increase in glutamate uptake, the major release of trophic factors and better astrocytic coverage of cerebral blood vessels. The purpose of this review is to highlight the effects of exercise on brain function, emphasize the role of astrocytes in the healthy CNS, and provide an update for a better understanding of the effects of physical exercise in the modulation of astrocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Velia D’Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Benedetta Magrì
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Federico Roggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia;
- Laboratory of Neural Structure and Function (LNSF), School of Medical Sciences, (Anatomy and Histology), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Silvia Ravalli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°97, 95100 Catania, Italy
- Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-378-2043
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30
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Sanguino‐Gómez J, Buurstede JC, Abiega O, Fitzsimons CP, Lucassen PJ, Eggen BJL, Lesuis SL, Meijer OC, Krugers HJ. An emerging role for microglia in stress‐effects on memory. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2491-2518. [PMID: 33724565 PMCID: PMC9373920 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stressful experiences evoke, among others, a rapid increase in brain (nor)epinephrine (NE) levels and a slower increase in glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) in the brain. Microglia are key regulators of neuronal function and contain receptors for NE and GCs. These brain cells may therefore potentially be involved in modulating stress effects on neuronal function and learning and memory. In this review, we discuss that stress induces (1) an increase in microglial numbers as well as (2) a shift toward a pro‐inflammatory profile. These microglia have (3) impaired crosstalk with neurons and (4) disrupted glutamate signaling. Moreover, microglial immune responses after stress (5) alter the kynurenine pathway through metabolites that impair glutamatergic transmission. All these effects could be involved in the impairments in memory and in synaptic plasticity caused by (prolonged) stress, implicating microglia as a potential novel target in stress‐related memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacobus C. Buurstede
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Oihane Abiega
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Carlos P. Fitzsimons
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bart J. L. Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems Section Molecular Neurobiology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sylvie L. Lesuis
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada
| | - Onno C. Meijer
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Harm J. Krugers
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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31
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Dual Roles of Microglia in the Basal Ganglia in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083907. [PMID: 33918947 PMCID: PMC8070536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing age of the population, the incidence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) has increased exponentially. The development of novel therapeutic interventions requires an understanding of the involvement of senescent brain cells in the pathogenesis of PD. In this review, we highlight the roles played by microglia in the basal ganglia in the pathophysiological processes of PD. In PD, dopaminergic (DAergic) neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) activates the microglia, which then promote DAergic neuronal degeneration by releasing potentially neurotoxic factors, including nitric oxide, cytokines, and reactive oxygen species. On the other hand, microglia are also activated in the basal ganglia outputs (the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the globus pallidus) in response to excess glutamate released from hyperactive subthalamic nuclei-derived synapses. The activated microglia then eliminate the hyperactive glutamatergic synapses. Synapse elimination may be the mechanism underlying the compensation that masks the appearance of PD symptoms despite substantial DAergic neuronal loss. Microglial senescence may correlate with their enhanced neurotoxicity in the SNc and the reduced compensatory actions in the basal ganglia outputs. The dual roles of microglia in different basal ganglia regions make it difficult to develop interventions targeting microglia for PD treatment.
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32
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Morgese MG, Schiavone S, Bove M, Colia AL, Dimonte S, Tucci P, Trabace L. N-3 PUFA Prevent Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Beta-Amyloid-Induced Toxicity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040339. [PMID: 33917814 PMCID: PMC8068120 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are involved in brain disorders associated to amyloid beta (Aβ) toxicity for which oxidative stress, neurochemical dysfunctions, and neuroinflammation are underlying mechanisms. Here, mechanisms through which lifelong exposure to n-3 PUFA-enriched or n-6/n-3 balanced diets could elicit a protective role in a rat model of Aβ-induced toxicity were investigated. To this aim, we quantified hippocampal reactive oxygen species (ROS) amount, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and interleukin-10 levels, NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1, NOX2, superoxide dismutase 1, and glutathione contents, as well as plasmatic malondialdehyde. Moreover, in the same experimental groups, we assessed tryptophan, serotonin, and its turnover, kynurenine, and noradrenaline amounts. Results showed increased hippocampal ROS and NOX2 levels, serotonin turnover, kynurenine, and noradrenaline contents in Aβ-treated rats. Both n-6/n-3 balanced and n-3 PUFA enriched diets reduced ROS production, NOX1 and malondialdehyde levels, serotonin turnover, and kynurenine amount in Aβ-injected rats, while increasing NOX2, superoxide dismutase 1, and serotonin contents. No differences in plasmatic coenzyme Q10, reduced glutathione (GSH) and tryptophan levels were detected among different experimental groups, whereas GSH + oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels were increased in sham animals fed with n-3 PUFA enriched diet and in Aβ-treated rats exposed to both n-6/n-3 balanced and n-3 enriched diets. In addition, Aβ-induced decrease of interleukin-10 levels was prevented by n-6/n-3 PUFA balanced diet. N-3 PUFA enriched diet further increased interleukin-10 and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels. In conclusion, our data highlight the possible neuroprotective role of n-3 PUFA in perturbation of oxidative equilibrium induced by Aβ-administration.
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33
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Picard K, St-Pierre MK, Vecchiarelli HA, Bordeleau M, Tremblay MÈ. Neuroendocrine, neuroinflammatory and pathological outcomes of chronic stress: A story of microglial remodeling. Neurochem Int 2021; 145:104987. [PMID: 33587954 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophage cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are involved in a myriad of processes required to maintain CNS homeostasis. These cells are dynamic and can adapt their phenotype and functions to the physiological needs of the organism. Microglia rapidly respond to changes occurring in their microenvironment, such as the ones taking place during stress. While stress can be beneficial for the organism to adapt to a situation, it can become highly detrimental when it turns chronic. Microglial response to prolonged stress may lead to an alteration of their beneficial physiological functions, becoming either maladaptive or pro-inflammatory. In this review, we aim to summarize the effects of chronic stress exerted on microglia through the neuroendocrine system and inflammation at adulthood. We also discuss how these effects of chronic stress could contribute to microglial involvement in neuropsychiatric and sleep disorders, as well as neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Picard
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Maude Bordeleau
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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34
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Cao S, Fisher DW, Rodriguez G, Yu T, Dong H. Comparisons of neuroinflammation, microglial activation, and degeneration of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in APP/PS1 and aging mice. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:10. [PMID: 33407625 PMCID: PMC7789762 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis is becoming increasingly important, as activation of these cell types likely contributes to both pathological and protective processes associated with all phases of the disease. During early AD pathogenesis, one of the first areas of degeneration is the locus coeruleus (LC), which provides broad innervation of the central nervous system and facilitates norepinephrine (NE) transmission. Though the LC-NE is likely to influence microglial dynamics, it is unclear how these systems change with AD compared to otherwise healthy aging. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the dynamic changes of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the LC-NE system in the brain and spinal cord of APP/PS1 mice and aged WT mice using immunofluorescence and ELISA. RESULTS Our results demonstrated increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation observed in the cortex, hippocampus, and spinal cord of APP/PS1 compared to WT mice. LC-NE neuron and fiber loss as well as reduced norepinephrine transporter (NET) expression was more evident in APP/PS1 mice, although NE levels were similar between 12-month-old APP/PS1 and WT mice. Notably, the degree of microglial activation, LC-NE nerve fiber loss, and NET reduction in the brain and spinal cord were more severe in 12-month-old APP/PS1 compared to 12- and 24-month-old WT mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that elevated neuroinflammation and microglial activation in the brain and spinal cord of APP/PS1 mice correlate with significant degeneration of the LC-NE system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Cao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Street, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
- Guizhou Key Lab of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Street, Zunyi, 563002, Guizhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Daniel W Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Guadalupe Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Tian Yu
- Guizhou Key Lab of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Street, Zunyi, 563002, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongxin Dong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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35
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Mei B, Li J, Zuo Z. Dexmedetomidine attenuates sepsis-associated inflammation and encephalopathy via central α2A adrenoceptor. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:296-314. [PMID: 33039659 PMCID: PMC7749843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a significant clinical issue that is associated with increased mortality and cost of health care. Dexmedetomidine, an α2 adrenoceptor agonist that is used to provide sedation, has been shown to induce neuroprotection under various conditions. This study was designed to determine whether dexmedetomidine protects against SAE and whether α2 adrenoceptor plays a role in this protection. Six- to eight-week old CD-1 male mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). They were treated with intraperitoneal injection of dexmedetomidine in the presence or absence of α2 adrenoceptor antagonists, atipamezole or yohimbine, or an α2A adrenoceptor antagonist, BRL-44408. Hippocampus and blood were harvested for measuring cytokines. Mice were subjected to Barnes maze and fear conditioning 14 days after CLP to evaluate their learning and memory. CLP significantly increased the proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β in the blood and hippocampus. CLP also increased the permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and impaired learning and memory. These CLP detrimental effects were attenuated by dexmedetomidine. Intracerebroventricular application of atipamezole, yohimbine or BRL-44408 blocked the protection of dexmedetomidine on the brain but not on the systemic inflammation. Astrocytes but not microglia expressed α2A adrenoceptors. Microglial depletion did not abolish the protective effects of dexmedetomidine. These results suggest that dexmedetomidine reduces systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation, injury of BBB and cognitive dysfunction in septic mice. The protective effects of dexmedetomidine on the brain may be mediated by α2A adrenoceptors in the astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, PR China.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA.
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA.
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36
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Beardmore R, Hou R, Darekar A, Holmes C, Boche D. The Locus Coeruleus in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: A Postmortem and Brain Imaging Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:5-22. [PMID: 34219717 PMCID: PMC8461706 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC), a tiny nucleus in the brainstem and the principal site of noradrenaline synthesis, has a major role in regulating autonomic function, arousal, attention, and neuroinflammation. LC dysfunction has been linked to a range of disorders; however particular interest is given to the role it plays in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The LC undergoes significant neuronal loss in AD, thought to occur early in the disease process. While neuronal loss in the LC has also been suggested to occur in aging, this relationship is less clear as the findings have been contradictory. LC density has been suggested to be indicative of cognitive reserve and the evidence for these claims will be discussed. Recent imaging techniques allowing visualization of the LC in vivo using neuromelanin-sensitive MRI are developing our understanding of the role of LC in aging and AD. Tau pathology within the LC is evident at an early age in most individuals; however, the relationship between tau accumulation and neuronal loss and why some individuals then develop AD is not understood. Neuromelanin pigment accumulates within LC cells with age and is proposed to be toxic and inflammatory when released into the extracellular environment. This review will explore our current knowledge of the LC changes in both aging and AD from postmortem, imaging, and experimental studies. We will discuss the reasons behind the susceptibility of the LC to neuronal loss, with a focus on the role of extracellular neuromelanin and neuroinflammation caused by the dysfunction of the LC-noradrenaline pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Beardmore
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Memory Assessment and Research Centre, Moorgreen Hospital, Southern Health Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Ruihua Hou
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Angela Darekar
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Clive Holmes
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Memory Assessment and Research Centre, Moorgreen Hospital, Southern Health Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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37
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Generation of CSF1-Independent Ramified Microglia-Like Cells from Leptomeninges In Vitro. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010024. [PMID: 33375610 PMCID: PMC7824226 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although del Río-Hortega originally reported that leptomeningeal cells are the source of ramified microglia in the developing brain, recent views do not seem to pay much attention to this notion. In this study, in vitro experiments were conducted to determine whether leptomeninges generate ramified microglia. The leptomeninges of neonatal rats containing Iba1+ macrophages were peeled off the brain surface. Leptomeningeal macrophages strongly expressed CD68 and CD163, but microglia in the brain parenchyma did not. Leptomeningeal macrophages expressed epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as revealed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining. Cells obtained from the peeled-off leptomeninges were cultured in a serum-free medium containing EGF, resulting in the formation of large cell aggregates in which many proliferating macrophages were present. In contrast, colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) did not enhance the generation of Iba1+ cells from the leptomeningeal culture. The cell aggregates generated ramified Iba1+ cells in the presence of serum, which express CD68 and CD163 at much lower levels than primary microglia isolated from a mixed glial culture. Therefore, the leptomeningeal-derived cells resembled parenchymal microglia better than primary microglia. This study suggests that microglial progenitors expressing EGFR reside in the leptomeninges and that there is a population of microglia-like cells that grow independently of CSF1.
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38
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Sugama S, Kakinuma Y. Noradrenaline as a key neurotransmitter in modulating microglial activation in stress response. Neurochem Int 2020; 143:104943. [PMID: 33340593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
State of mind can influence susceptibility and progression of diseases and disorders not only in peripheral organs, but also in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the underlying mechanism how state of mind can affect susceptibility to various illnesses in the CNS is not fully understood. Among a number of candidates responsible for stress-induced neuroimmunomodulation, noradrenaline has recently been shown to play crucial roles in the major immune cells of the brain, microglia. In particular, recent studies have demonstrated that noradrenaline may be a key neurotransmitter in modulating microglial cells, thereby determining different cell conditions and responses ranging from resting to activation state depending on host stress level or whether the host is awake or asleep. For instance, microglia under resting conditions may have constructive roles in surveillance, such as debris clearance, synaptic monitoring, pruning, and remodeling. In contrast, once activated, microglia may become less efficient in surveillance activities, and instead implicated in detrimental roles such as cytokine or superoxide release. It is also likely that glial activation, both astrocytes and microglia, are negatively associated with the clearance of brain waste via the glymphatic system. In this review, we discuss the possible underlying mechanism as well as the roles of stress-induced microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuei Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
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39
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Enomoto S, Kato TA. Involvement of microglia in disturbed fear memory regulation: Possible microglial contribution to the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104921. [PMID: 33232758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, immune cells in the brain, play a crucial role in brain inflammation and synaptic plasticity by releasing inflammatory mediators and neurotrophic factors as well as, phagocytosing synaptic elements. Recent studies have shown peripheral inflammation, immune alteration in the brain are associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in humans. Several preclinical studies using Pavlovian fear conditioning have suggested that microglia are involved in fear memory dysregulation and altered fear neuronal networks. Microglial priming resulting from previous stressful experiences may also have an effect. This review will introduce the current knowledge of microglial contribution to disturbed fear memory regulation, a fundamental feature of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Enomoto
- Self Defense Force, Fukuoka Hospital, 1-61 Kokura Higashi, Kasuga-Si, Fukuoka, 816-0826, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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40
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Laing C, Blanchard N, McConkey GA. Noradrenergic Signaling and Neuroinflammation Crosstalk Regulate Toxoplasma gondii-Induced Behavioral Changes. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:1072-1082. [PMID: 33214056 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the nervous system elicit neuroimmune responses and alter neurotransmission, affecting host neurological functions. Chronic infection with the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma correlates with certain neurological disorders in humans and alters behavior in rodents. Here, we propose that the crosstalk between neurotransmission and neuroinflammation may underlie some of these cognitive changes. We discuss how T. gondii infection suppresses noradrenergic signaling and how the restoration of this pathway improves behavioral aberrations, suggesting that altered neurotransmission and neuroimmune responses may act in concert to perturb behavior. This interaction might apply to other infectious agents, such as viruses, that elicit cognitive changes. We hypothesize that neurotransmitter signaling in immune cells can contribute to behavioral changes associated with brain infection, offering opportunities for potential therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Laing
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Glenn A McConkey
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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41
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Role of Microglia in Modulating Adult Neurogenesis in Health and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186875. [PMID: 32961703 PMCID: PMC7555074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain, constituting the powerhouse of brain innate immunity. They originate from hematopoietic precursors that infiltrate the developing brain during different stages of embryogenesis, acquiring a phenotype characterized by the presence of dense ramifications. Microglial cells play key roles in maintaining brain homeostasis and regulating brain immune responses. They continuously scan and sense the brain environment to detect any occurring changes. Upon detection of a signal related to physiological or pathological processes, the cells are activated and transform to an amoeboid-like phenotype, mounting adequate responses that range from phagocytosis to secretion of inflammatory and trophic factors. The overwhelming evidence suggests that microglia are crucially implicated in influencing neuronal proliferation and differentiation, as well as synaptic connections, and thereby cognitive and behavioral functions. Here, we review the role of microglia in adult neurogenesis under physiological conditions, and how this role is affected in neurodegenerative diseases.
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42
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Bernier LP, Bohlen CJ, York EM, Choi HB, Kamyabi A, Dissing-Olesen L, Hefendehl JK, Collins HY, Stevens B, Barres BA, MacVicar BA. Nanoscale Surveillance of the Brain by Microglia via cAMP-Regulated Filopodia. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2895-2908.e4. [PMID: 31167136 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the brain's immune cells, maintain homeostasis and sense pathological changes by continuously surveying the parenchyma with highly motile large processes. Here, we demonstrate that microglia also use thin actin-dependent filopodia that allow fast nanoscale sensing within discrete regions. Filopodia are distinct from large processes by their size, speed, and regulation mechanism. Increasing cyclic AMP (cAMP) by activating norepinephrine Gs-coupled receptors, applying nitric oxide, or inhibiting phosphodiesterases rapidly increases filopodia but collapses large processes. Alternatively, Gi-coupled P2Y12 receptor activation collapses filopodia but triggers large processes extension with bulbous tips. Similar control of cytoskeletal dynamics and microglial morphology by cAMP is observed in ramified primary microglia, suggesting that filopodia are intrinsically generated sensing structures. Therefore, nanoscale surveillance of brain parenchyma by microglia requires localized cAMP increases that drive filopodia formation. Shifting intracellular cAMP levels controls the polarity of microglial responses to changes in brain homeostasis and alters the scale of immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Bernier
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Christopher J Bohlen
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elisa M York
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hyun B Choi
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Alireza Kamyabi
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lasse Dissing-Olesen
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jasmin K Hefendehl
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hannah Y Collins
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ben A Barres
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian A MacVicar
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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43
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Sugama S, Kakinuma Y. Stress and brain immunity: Microglial homeostasis through hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland axis and sympathetic nervous system. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 7:100111. [PMID: 34589871 PMCID: PMC8474505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress has been well documented to bring about various clinical disorders, ranging from neurodegeneration, such as Parkinson’s (PD) and Alzheimer’s diseases (AD), to metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus. Importantly, microglia, immunocompetent cells in the brain, have been shown to be involved in these clinical disorders. In the recent studies aiming to clarify the microglial responses, microglia are found to be quite responsive to stressful events, such as acute, subchronic, chronic stress, and social defeat stress. However, the mechanisms of these stress response on microglial activation have been not fully understood. In response to stress exposure, both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) are simultaneously activated, with the former inducing glucocorticoids (GCs) and the latter noradrenaline (NA), respectively. However, the effects of these stress-induced GCs and NA have not been consistent. The GCs, conventionally known to act on microglia as immunosuppressant, is also reported to act on it as stimulator. Similarly, the NA has been reported to act on microglia as stimulator or inhibitor depending on environmental conditions. Since any kinds of stress upregulate the HPA axis and SNS, with the levels of upregulation variable depending on the stress type, it is plausible that microglia is closely regulated by these two stress pathways. In this review, we discuss the microglial responses induced by various stresses as well as the possible mechanism by which stress induces microglial activation. The present study introduces the mechanism by which microglial activation occurs following acute stress. The present study suggests that microglial activation may be regulated through the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system. The present study suggests that microglia may be inhibited by glucocorticoids, while activated by noradrenaline under physiological conditions. The present study suggests the hypothesis that the HPA axis may interact with sympathetic nervous system to maintain microglial homeostasis.
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Binning W, Hogan-Cann AE, Yae Sakae D, Maksoud M, Ostapchenko V, Al-Onaizi M, Matovic S, Lu WY, Prado MAM, Inoue W, Prado VF. Chronic hM3Dq signaling in microglia ameliorates neuroinflammation in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:791-801. [PMID: 32434046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia express muscarinic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that sense cholinergic activity and are activated by acetylcholine to potentially regulate microglial functions. Knowledge about how distinct types of muscarinic GPCR signaling regulate microglia function in vivo is still poor, partly due to the fact that some of these receptors are also present in astrocytes and neurons. We generated mice expressing the hM3Dq Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) selectively in microglia to investigate the role of muscarinic M3Gq-linked signaling. We show that activation of hM3Dq using clozapine N-oxide (CNO) elevated intracellular calcium levels and increased phagocytosis of FluoSpheres by microglia in vitro. Interestingly, whereas acute treatment with CNO increased synthesis of cytokine mRNA, chronic treatment attenuated LPS-induced cytokine mRNA changes in the brain. No effect of CNO on cytokine expression was observed in DREADD-negative mice. Interestingly, CNO activation of M3Dq in microglia was able to attenuate LPS-mediated decrease in social interactions. These results suggest that chronic activation of M3 muscarinic receptors (the hM3Dq progenitor) in microglia, and potentially other Gq-coupled GPCRs, can trigger an inflammatory-like response that preconditions microglia to decrease their response to further immunological challenges. Our results indicate that hM3Dq can be a useful tool to modulate neuroinflammation and study microglial immunological memory in vivo, which may be applicable for manipulations of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Binning
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Aja E Hogan-Cann
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Diana Yae Sakae
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Matthew Maksoud
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Valeriy Ostapchenko
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Mohammed Al-Onaizi
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Sara Matovic
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Wei-Yang Lu
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada.
| | - Wataru Inoue
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada.
| | - Vania F Prado
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada.
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Albertini G, Etienne F, Roumier A. Regulation of microglia by neuromodulators: Modulations in major and minor modes. Neurosci Lett 2020; 733:135000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ifenprodil Reduced Expression of Activated Microglia, BDNF and DREAM Proteins in the Spinal Cord Following Formalin Injection During the Early Stage of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy in Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:379-393. [PMID: 32671697 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological inhibition of glial activation is one of the new approaches for combating neuropathic pain in which the role of glia in the modulation of neuropathic pain has attracted significant interest and attention. Neuron-glial crosstalk is achieved with N-methyl-D-aspartate-2B receptor (NMDAR-2B) activation. This study aims to determine the effect of ifenprodil, a potent noncompetitive NMDAR-2B antagonist, on activated microglia, brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) and downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator (DREAM) protein expression in the spinal cord of streptozotocin-induced painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) rats following formalin injection. In this experimentation, 48 Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly selected and divided into four groups: (n = 12): control, PDN, and ifenprodil-treated PDN rats at 0.5 μg or 1.0 μg for 7 days. Type I diabetes mellitus was then induced by injecting streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.) into the rats which were then over a 2-week period allowed to progress into the early phase of PDN. Ifenprodil was administered in PDN rats while saline was administered intrathecally in the control group. A formalin test was conducted during the fourth week to induce inflammatory nerve injury, in which the rats were sacrificed at 72 h post-formalin injection. The lumbar enlargement region (L4-L5) of the spinal cord was dissected for immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses. The results demonstrated a significant increase in formalin-induced flinching and licking behavior with an increased spinal expression of activated microglia, BDNF and DREAM proteins. It was also shown that the ifenprodil-treated rats following both doses reduced the extent of their flinching and duration of licking in PDN in a dose-dependent manner. As such, ifenprodil successfully demonstrated inhibition against microglia activation and suppressed the expression of BDNF and DREAM proteins in the spinal cord of PDN rats. In conclusion, ifenprodil may alleviate PDN by suppressing spinal microglia activation, BDNF and DREAM proteins.
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Neyama H, Dozono N, Uchida H, Ueda H. Mirtazapine, an α2 Antagonist-Type Antidepressant, Reverses Pain and Lack of Morphine Analgesia in Fibromyalgia-Like Mouse Models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:1-9. [PMID: 32665319 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.265942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of fibromyalgia is an unmet medical need; however, its pathogenesis is still poorly understood. In a series of studies, we have demonstrated that some pharmacological treatments reverse generalized chronic pain but do not affect the lack of morphine analgesia in the intermittent cold stress (ICS)-induced fibromyalgia-like pain model in mice. Here we report that repeated intraperitoneal treatments with mirtazapine, which is presumed to disinhibit 5-hydroxytriptamine (5-HT) release and activate 5-HT1 receptor through mechanisms of blocking presynaptic adrenergic α2 and postsynaptic 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors, completely reversed the chronic pain for more than 4 to 5 days after the cessation of treatments. The repeated mirtazapine treatments also recovered the morphine analgesia after the return of nociceptive threshold to the normal level. The microinjection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) adrenergic α2a receptor (ADRA2A) into the habenula, which showed a selective upregulation of α2 receptor gene expression after ICS, reversed the hyperalgesia but did not recover the morphine analgesia. However, both reversal of hyperalgesia and recovery of morphine analgesia were observed when siRNA ADRA2A was administered intracerebroventricularly. As the habenular is reported to be involved in the emotion/reward-related pain and hypoalgesia, these results suggest that mirtazapine could attenuate pain and/or augment hypoalgesia by blocking the habenular α2 receptor after ICS. The recovery of morphine analgesia in the ICS model, on the other hand, seems to be mediated through a blockade of α2 receptor in unidentified brain regions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study reports possible mechanisms underlying the complete reversal of hyperalgesia and recovery of morphine analgesia by mirtazapine, a unique antidepressant with adrenergic α2 and serotonergic receptor antagonist properties, in a type of intermittently repeated stress (ICS)-induced fibromyalgia-like pain model. Habenula, a brain region which is related to the control of emotional pain, was found to play key roles in the antihyperalgesia, whereas other brain regions appeared to be involved in the recovery of morphine analgesia in the ICS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Neyama
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Dozono
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Uchida
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Paredes-Rodriguez E, Vegas-Suarez S, Morera-Herreras T, De Deurwaerdere P, Miguelez C. The Noradrenergic System in Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:435. [PMID: 32322208 PMCID: PMC7157437 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays it is well accepted that in Parkinson’s disease (PD), the neurodegenerative process occurs in stages and that damage to other areas precedes the neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which is considered a pathophysiological hallmark of PD. This heterogeneous and progressive neurodegeneration may explain the diverse symptomatology of the disease, including motor and non-motor alterations. In PD, one of the first areas undergoing degeneration is the locus coeruleus (LC). This noradrenergic nucleus provides extensive innervation throughout the brain and plays a fundamental neuromodulator role, participating in stress responses, emotional memory, and control of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Early in the disease, LC neurons suffer modifications that can condition the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments, and importantly, can lead to the appearance of common non-motor symptomatology. The noradrenergic system also exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect on the dopaminergic degeneration and noradrenergic damage can consequently condition the progress of the disease. From the pharmacological point of view, it is also important to understand how the noradrenergic system performs in PD, since noradrenergic medication is often used in these patients, and drug interactions can take place when combining them with the gold standard drug therapy in PD, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). This review provides an overview about the functional status of the noradrenergic system in PD and its contribution to the efficacy of pharmacological-based treatments. Based on preclinical and clinical publications, a special attention will be dedicated to the most prevalent non-motor symptoms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paredes-Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Sergio Vegas-Suarez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Teresa Morera-Herreras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdere
- Centre National de la Recherche scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine (INCIA UMR 5287), Bordeaux, France
| | - Cristina Miguelez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
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Tozaki-Saitoh H, Sasaki I, Yamashita T, Hosoi M, Kato TA, Tsuda M. Involvement of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP and tumor progression locus 2 in IL-1β production in microglial cells following activation of β-adrenergic receptors. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 143:133-140. [PMID: 32253104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous noradrenaline (NA) has multiple bioactive functions and, in the central nervous system (CNS), has been implicated in modulating neuroinflammation via β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs). Microglia, resident macrophages in the CNS, have a central role in the brain immune system and have been reported to be activated by NA. However, intracellular signaling mechanisms of the AR-mediated proinflammatory responses of microglia are not fully understood. Using a rapid and stable in vitro reporter assay system to evaluate IL-1β production in microglial BV2 cells, we found that NA and the β-AR agonist isoproterenol upregulated the IL-1β reporter activity. This effect was suppressed by β-AR antagonists. We further examined the involvement of EPAC (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP) and TPL2 (tumor progression locus 2, MAP3K8) and found that inhibitors for EPAC and TPL2 reduced AR agonist-induced IL-1β reporter activity. These inhibitors also suppressed NA-induced endogenous Il1b mRNA expression and IL-1β protein production. Our results suggest that EPAC and TPL2 are involved in β-AR-mediated IL-1β production in microglial cells, and extend our understanding of its intracellular signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Tozaki-Saitoh
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Izumi Sasaki
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamashita
- Department of Global Healthcare, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masako Hosoi
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Díaz HS, Toledo C, Andrade DC, Marcus NJ, Del Rio R. Neuroinflammation in heart failure: new insights for an old disease. J Physiol 2020; 598:33-59. [PMID: 31671478 DOI: 10.1113/jp278864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome affecting roughly 26 million people worldwide. Increased sympathetic drive is a hallmark of HF and is associated with disease progression and higher mortality risk. Several mechanisms contribute to enhanced sympathetic activity in HF, but these pathways are still incompletely understood. Previous work suggests that inflammation and activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) increases sympathetic drive. Importantly, chronic inflammation in several brain regions is commonly observed in aged populations, and a growing body of evidence suggests neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in HF. In animal models of HF, central inhibition of RAS and pro-inflammatory cytokines normalizes sympathetic drive and improves cardiac function. The precise molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to neuroinflammation and its effect on HF progression remain undetermined. This review summarizes the most recent advances in the field of neuroinflammation and autonomic control in HF. In addition, it focuses on cellular and molecular mediators of neuroinflammation in HF and in particular on brain regions involved in sympathetic control. Finally, we will comment on what is known about neuroinflammation in the context of preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo S Díaz
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Toledo
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - David C Andrade
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Noah J Marcus
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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