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Trevizan-Baú P, Stanić D, Furuya WI, Dhingra RR, Dutschmann M. Neuroanatomical frameworks for volitional control of breathing and orofacial behaviors. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2024; 323:104227. [PMID: 38295924 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2024.104227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Breathing is the only vital function that can be volitionally controlled. However, a detailed understanding how volitional (cortical) motor commands can transform vital breathing activity into adaptive breathing patterns that accommodate orofacial behaviors such as swallowing, vocalization or sniffing remains to be developed. Recent neuroanatomical tract tracing studies have identified patterns and origins of descending forebrain projections that target brain nuclei involved in laryngeal adductor function which is critically involved in orofacial behavior. These nuclei include the midbrain periaqueductal gray and nuclei of the respiratory rhythm and pattern generating network in the brainstem, specifically including the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and the pre-Bötzinger complex in the medulla oblongata. This review discusses the functional implications of the forebrain-brainstem anatomical connectivity that could underlie the volitional control and coordination of orofacial behaviors with breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Trevizan-Baú
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Davor Stanić
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Werner I Furuya
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rishi R Dhingra
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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2
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Raghuraman R, Aoun A, Herman M, Shetler O, Nahmani E, Hussaini SA. Lateral Entorhinal Cortex Dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.15.589589. [PMID: 38659892 PMCID: PMC11042344 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.15.589589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the formation of amyloid beta (A β ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) leads to neuronal loss in entorhinal cortex (EC), a crucial brain region involved in memory and navigation. These pathological changes are concurrent with the onset of memory-related issues in AD patients with symptoms of forgetfulness such as misplacing items, disorientation in familiar environments etc. The lateral EC (LEC) is associated with non-spatial memory processing including object recognition. Since in LEC, neurons fire in response to objects (object cells) and at locations previously occupied by objects (trace cells), pathology in this region could lead to dysfunction in object location coding. In this paper we show that a transgenic mouse model, EC-App/Tau, which expresses both APP and tau primarily in the EC region, have deficits in LEC-specific memory tasks. Using in vivo single-unit electrophysiology recordings we show that the LEC neurons are hyperactive with low information content and high sparsity compared to the controls indicating poor firing fidelity. We finally show that object cells and trace cells fire less precisely in the EC-App/Tau mice compared to controls indicating poor encoding of objects. Overall, we show that AD pathology causes erratic firing of LEC neurons and object coding defects leading to LEC-specific memory impairment.
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3
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Maziar A, Critch TNRHY, Ghosh S, Rajani V, Flynn CM, Qin T, Reinhardt C, Man KNM, Lee A, Hell JW, Yuan Q. Aging differentially affects LTCC function in hippocampal CA1 and piriform cortex pyramidal neurons. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1489-1503. [PMID: 35437602 PMCID: PMC9930631 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with cognitive decline and memory loss in humans. In rats, aging-associated neuronal excitability changes and impairments in learning have been extensively studied in the hippocampus. Here, we investigated the roles of L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) in the rat piriform cortex (PC), in comparison with those of the hippocampus. We employed spatial and olfactory tasks that involve the hippocampus and PC. LTCC blocker nimodipine administration impaired spontaneous location recognition in adult rats (6-9 months). However, the same blocker rescued the spatial learning deficiency in aged rats (19-23 months). In an odor-associative learning task, infusions of nimodipine into either the PC or dorsal CA1 impaired the ability of adult rats to learn a positive odor association. Again, in contrast, nimodipine rescued odor associative learning in aged rats. Aged CA1 neurons had higher somatic expression of LTCC Cav1.2 subunits, exhibited larger afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and lower excitability compared with adult neurons. In contrast, PC neurons from aged rats showed higher excitability and no difference in AHP. Cav1.2 expression was similar in adult and aged PC somata, but relatively higher in PSD95- puncta in aged dendrites. Our data suggest unique features of aging-associated changes in LTCCs in the PC and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Maziar
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Tristian N R H Y Critch
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Vishaal Rajani
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Cassandra M Flynn
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Tian Qin
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Camila Reinhardt
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Kwun Nok Mimi Man
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Amy Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Qi Yuan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
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Jung H, Lee Y, Lee SH, Sohn JH. Auditory or Audiovisual Stimulation Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment and Neuropathology in ApoE4 Knock-In Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020938. [PMID: 36674449 PMCID: PMC9863367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that auditory stimulation could reduce the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and that audiovisual stimulation could have additional effects through multisensory integration. We exposed 12 month old Apoetm1.1(APOE*4)Adiuj mice (a mouse model of sporadic AD) to auditory (A) or audiovisual stimulation (AV) at 40 Hz for 14 days in a soundproof chamber system (no stimulation, N). Behavioral tests were performed before and after each session, and their brain tissues were assessed for amyloid-beta expression and apoptotic cell death, after 14 days. Furthermore, brain levels of acetylcholine and apoptosis-related proteins were analyzed. In the Y-maze test, the percentage relative alternation was significantly higher in group A than in group N mice. Amyloid-beta and TUNEL positivity in the hippocampal CA3 region was significantly lower in group A and group AV mice than in group N mice (p < 0.05). Acetylcholine levels were significantly higher in group A and group AV mice than in group N mice (p < 0.05). Compared to group N mice, expression of the proapoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 was lower in group A, and expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was higher in group AV. In a mouse model of early-stage sporadic AD, auditory or audiovisual stimulation improved cognitive performance and neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Jung
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonkyeong Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwa Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Sohn
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Neural Correlates of Oral Stereognosis—An fMRI Study. Dysphagia 2022; 38:923-932. [PMID: 36087119 PMCID: PMC10182931 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-022-10517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOral stereognosis is the ability to recognize, discriminate and localize a bolus in the oral cavity. Clinical observation indicates deficits in oral stereognosis in patients with vascular or neurodegenerative diseases particularly affecting the parietal lobes. However, the precise neural representation of oral stereognosis remains unclear whereas the neural network of manual stereognosis has already been identified. We hypothesize that oral and manual stereognosis share common neuronal substrates whilst also showing somatotopic distribution. Functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI; Siemens Prisma 3 T) from 20 healthy right-handed participants (11 female; mean age 25.7 years) using a cross-modal task of oral and manual spatial object manipulation were acquired. Data were analyzed using FSL software using a block design and standard analytical and statistical procedures. A conjunction analysis targeted the common neuronal substrate for stereognosis. Activations associated with manual and oral stereognosis were found in partially overlapping fronto-parietal networks in a somatotopic fashion, where oral stereognosis is located caudally from manual stereognosis. A significant overlap was seen in the left anterior intraparietal sulcus. Additionally, cerebellar activations were shown particularly for the oral condition. Spatial arrangement of shaped boli in the oral cavity is associated with neuronal activity in fronto-parietal networks and the cerebellum. These findings have significant implications for clinical diagnostics and management of patients with lesions or atrophy in parietal lobule (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease, stroke). More studies are required to investigate the clinical effect of damage to these areas, such as loss of oral stereognosis or an impaired oral phase.
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Ziegler-Waldkirch S, Friesen M, Loreth D, Sauer JF, Kemna S, Hilse A, Erny D, Helm C, d´Errico P, Prinz M, Bartos M, Meyer-Luehmann M. Seed-induced Aβ deposition alters neuronal function and impairs olfaction in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4274-4284. [PMID: 35869271 PMCID: PMC9718674 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) which ultimately forms plaques. These Aβ deposits can be induced in APP transgenic mouse models by prion-like seeding. It has been widely accepted that anosmia and hyposmia occur during the early stages of AD, even before cognitive deficits are present. In order to determine the impact of seed-induced Aβ deposits on olfaction, we performed intracerebral injections of seed-competent brain homogenate into the olfactory bulb of young pre-depositing APP transgenic mice. Remarkably, we observed a dramatic olfactory impairment in those mice. Furthermore, the number of newborn neurons as well as the activity of cells in the mitral cell layer was decreased. Notably, exposure to an enriched environment reduced Aβ seeding, vivified neurogenesis and most importantly reversed olfactory deficits. Based on our findings, we conclude that altered neuronal function as a result of induced Aβ pathology might contribute to olfactory dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ziegler-Waldkirch
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Friesen
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Desirée Loreth
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas-Frederic Sauer
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Institute for Physiology I, Systemic and Cellular Neurophysiology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Solveig Kemna
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hilse
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Erny
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christina Helm
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paolo d´Errico
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Bartos
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Institute for Physiology I, Systemic and Cellular Neurophysiology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Meyer-Luehmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany. .,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
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7
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Silva-Martins S, Beserra-Filho JIA, Maria-Macêdo A, Custódio-Silva AC, Soares-Silva B, Silva SP, Lambertucci RH, Silva RH, Dos Santos JR, Gandhi SR, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Ribeiro AM. Myrtenol complexed with β-cyclodextrin ameliorates behavioural deficits and reduces oxidative stress in the reserpine-induced animal model of Parkinsonism. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1488-1499. [PMID: 34351001 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current pharmacological approaches to treat Parkinson's disease have low long-term efficacy and important adverse side effects. The development of new pharmacological therapies has focused on novel plant-derived phytochemicals. The alcoholic monoterpene myrtenol has been isolated from several plant species, and has anxiolytic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. Our study evaluated the neuroprotective potential of myrtenol complexed with β-cyclodextrin (MYR) on a progressive parkinsonism model induced by reserpine (RES) in mice. The complexation with cyclodextrins enhances the pharmacological action of monoterpenes. Male Swiss mice were treated daily with MYR (5 mg/kg, p.o.) and with RES (0.1 mg/kg, s.c.) every other day during 28 days. Behavioural evaluations were conducted across treatment. At the end of the treatment, immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated. Chronic MYR-treatment protected against olfactory sensibility loss, restored short-term memory and decreased RES-induced motor impairments. Moreover, this treatment prevented dopaminergic depletion and reduced the oxidative status index in the dorsal striatum. Therefore, MYR ameliorated motor and non-motor impairments in the progressive animal model of parkinsonism, possibly by an antioxidant action. Additional research is needed to investigate the mechanisms involved in this neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amanda Maria-Macêdo
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sara Pereira Silva
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | | | - Regina Helena Silva
- Departament of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yang H, Luo Y, Hu Q, Tian X, Wen H. Benefits in Alzheimer's Disease of Sensory and Multisensory Stimulation. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:463-484. [PMID: 34057081 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious neurodegenerative disease, which seriously affects the behavior, cognition, and memory of patients. Studies have shown that sensory stimulation can effectively improve the cognition and memory of AD patients, and its role in brain plasticity and neural regulation is initially revealed. This paper aims to review the effect of various sensory stimulation and multisensory stimulation for AD, and to explain the possible mechanism, so as to provide some new ideas for further research in this field. We searched the Web of Science and PubMed databases (from 2000 to October 27, 2020) for literature on the treatment of AD with sensory and multisensory stimulation, including music therapy, aromatherapy, rhythmic (e.g., visual or acoustic) stimulation, light therapy, multisensory stimulation, and virtual reality assisted therapy, then conducted a systematic analysis. Results show these sensory and multisensory stimulations can effectively ameliorate the pathology of AD, arouse memory, and improve cognition and behaviors. What's more, it can cause brain nerve oscillation, enhance brain plasticity, and regulate regional cerebral blood flow. Sensory and multisensory stimulation are very promising therapeutic methods, and they play an important role in the improvement and treatment of AD, but their potential mechanism and stimulation parameters need to be explored and improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology,Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Medical Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center, Laboratory of Neural Regulation and Rehabilitation Technology, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinpei Luo
- Chongqing Medical Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center, Laboratory of Neural Regulation and Rehabilitation Technology, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingrong Hu
- Chongqing Medical Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center, Laboratory of Neural Regulation and Rehabilitation Technology, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuelong Tian
- Chongqing Medical Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center, Laboratory of Neural Regulation and Rehabilitation Technology, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huizhong Wen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology,Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Yang B, Ao Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Tang F, Xu H. Activation of Dopamine Signals in the Olfactory Tubercle Facilitates Emergence from Isoflurane Anesthesia in Mice. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1487-1501. [PMID: 33710536 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of dopamine (DA) neurons is essential for the transition from sleep to wakefulness and maintenance of awakening, and sufficient to accelerate the emergence from general anesthesia in animals. Dopamine receptors (DR) are involve in arousal mediation. In the present study, we showed that the olfactory tubercle (OT) was active during emergence from isoflurane anesthesia, local injection of dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) agonist chloro-APB (1 mg/mL) and D2 receptor (D2R) agonist quinpirole (1 mg/mL) into OT enhanced behavioural and cortical arousal from isoflurane anesthesia, while D1R antagonist SCH-23390 (1 mg/mL) and D2R antagonist raclopride (2.5 mg/mL) prolonged recovery time. Optogenetic activation of DAergic terminals in OT also promoted behavioural and cortical arousal from isoflurane anesthesia. However, neither D1R/D2R agonists nor D1R/D2R antagonists microinjection had influences on the induction of isoflurane anesthesia. Optogenetic stimulation on DAergic terminals in OT also had no impact on the anesthesia induction. Our results indicated that DA signals in OT accelerated emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. Furthermore, the induction of general anesthesia, different from the emergence process, was not mediated by the OT DAergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Ao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Tzeng WY, Figarella K, Garaschuk O. Olfactory impairment in men and mice related to aging and amyloid-induced pathology. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:805-821. [PMID: 33608800 PMCID: PMC7895745 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction, or the sense of smell, is one of the most ancient senses in men and mice, important for a large variety of innate and acquired behaviors. Clinical data reveal an early impairment of olfaction during normal aging and in the course of neurodegenerative diseases, but the underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms remain obscure. In the current review, we compare different aspects of the aging- and Alzheimer's disease related impairment of olfaction in men and mice, aiming at the identification of common morbidities and biomarkers, which can be analyzed in detail in the appropriate mouse models. We also identify common, often interdependent (patho)physiological pathways, including but not limited to extracellular amyloid depositions, neuroinflammation, ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E, CNS insulin resistance, and the impairment of adult neurogenesis, to be targeted by basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Tzeng
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katherine Figarella
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
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11
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Martínez-García I, Hernández-Soto R, Villasana-Salazar B, Ordaz B, Peña-Ortega F. Alterations in Piriform and Bulbar Activity/Excitability/Coupling Upon Amyloid-β Administration in vivo Related to Olfactory Dysfunction. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:S19-S35. [PMID: 33459655 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in odor detection and discrimination are premature symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that correlate with pathological signs in the olfactory bulb (OB) and piriform cortex (PCx). Similar olfactory dysfunction has been characterized in AD transgenic mice that overproduce amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), which can be prevented by reducing Aβ levels by immunological and pharmacological means, suggesting that olfactory dysfunction depends on Aβ accumulation and Aβ-driven alterations in the OB and/or PCx, as well as on their activation. However, this possibility needs further exploration. OBJECTIVE To characterize the effects of Aβ on OB and PCx excitability/coupling and on olfaction. METHODS Aβ oligomerized solution (containing oligomers, monomers, and protofibrils) or its vehicle were intracerebroventricularlly injected two weeks before OB and PCx excitability and synchrony were evaluated through field recordings in vivo and in brain slices. Synaptic transmission from the OB to the PCx was also evaluated in slices. Olfaction was assessed through the habituation/dishabituation test. RESULTS Aβ did not affect lateral olfactory tract transmission into the PCx but reduced odor habituation and cross-habituation. This olfactory dysfunction was related to a reduction of PCx and OB network activity power in vivo. Moreover, the coherence between PCx-OB activities was also reduced by Aβ. Finally, Aβ treatment exacerbated the 4-aminopyridine-induced excitation in the PCx in slices. CONCLUSION Our results show that Aβ-induced olfactory dysfunction involves a complex set of pathological changes at different levels of the olfactory pathway including alterations in PCx excitability and its coupling with the OB. These pathological changes might contribute to hyposmia in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martínez-García
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
| | - Rebeca Hernández-Soto
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
| | - Benjamín Villasana-Salazar
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
| | - Benito Ordaz
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
| | - Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
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12
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The connectivity between the olfactory and auditory cortex predicts an individual's sleep quality. Neuroreport 2021; 32:99-104. [PMID: 33395187 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorders and multiple sensory impairments have been noticed as the potential first sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as the Parkinson disease. The relationship between sleep quality and the sensory neural basis would help us consider their combination in early diagnosis. In the present study, 32 out of 45 healthy subjects' resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data survived from motion correction and entered into the connectivity analysis. We found that the connectivity between two regions of interest (the left olfactory gyrus and the left superior temporal pole) and the regional homogeneity in the left middle temporal gyrus were negatively correlated with their Pittsburgh sleep quality index. These results suggest that these sensory-related brain regions are related to sleep quality and they may together predict the diseases.
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13
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Polysialylation and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 79:100892. [PMID: 32863045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia, PSA) is a unique constituent of the glycocalyx on the surface of bacterial and vertebrate cells. In vertebrates, its biosynthesis is highly regulated, not only in quantity and quality, but also in time and location, which allows polySia to be involved in various important biological phenomena. Therefore, impairments in the expression and structure of polySia sometimes relate to diseases, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and cancer. Some bacteria express polySia as a tool for protecting themselves from the host immune system during invasion. PolySia is proven to be a biosafe material; polySia, as well as polySia-recognizing molecules, are key therapeutic agents. This review first comprehensive outlines the occurrence, features, biosynthesis, and functions of polySia and subsequently focuses on the related diseases.
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14
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Frank C, Murphy C. The Brief Form of the California Odor Learning Test 3. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:173. [PMID: 32265619 PMCID: PMC7105850 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored whether a Brief Form of the California Odor Learning Test 3 (COLT), an olfactory analog of the newly released Brief Form of the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT 3), could retain the ability of the COLT to detect odor memory dysfunctions observed in normal aging. 52 participants, 28 young (18-30 years old) and 24 old (65 years of age and older), were administered the Brief Forms of the CVLT 3 and the COLT 3. Results indicated poorer performance in immediate and delayed odor recall in older than in younger adults. Poorer odor recognition memory performance in older adults than in younger adults was detected. This study suggests that the Brief Form of the COLT can detect differential odor learning and memory between young and older adults. Thus, the current brief test holds promise as a measure that can be incorporated into studies that demand a brief, non-invasive test capable of detecting impairment in olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conner Frank
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Claire Murphy
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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15
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Kontaris I, East BS, Wilson DA. Behavioral and Neurobiological Convergence of Odor, Mood and Emotion: A Review. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:35. [PMID: 32210776 PMCID: PMC7076187 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The affective state is the combination of emotion and mood, with mood reflecting a running average of sequential emotional events together with an underlying internal affective state. There is now extensive evidence that odors can overtly or subliminally modulate mood and emotion. Relying primarily on neurobiological literature, here we review what is known about how odors can affect emotions/moods and how emotions/moods may affect odor perception. We take the approach that form can provide insight into function by reviewing major brain regions and neural circuits underlying emotion and mood, and then reviewing the olfactory pathway in the context of that emotion/mood network. We highlight the extensive neuroanatomical opportunities for odor-emotion/mood convergence, as well as functional data demonstrating reciprocal interactions between these processes. Finally, we explore how the odor- emotion/mood interplay is, or could be, used in medical and/or commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kontaris
- Givaudan UK Limited, Health and Well-being Centre of Excellence, Ashford, United Kingdom
| | - Brett S East
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NC, United States.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NC, United States.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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16
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Fleming G, Wright BA, Wilson DA. The Value of Homework: Exposure to Odors in the Home Cage Enhances Odor-Discrimination Learning in Mice. Chem Senses 2020; 44:135-143. [PMID: 30590399 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjy083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceptual learning is an enhancement in discriminability of similar stimuli following experience with those stimuli. Here, we examined the efficacy of adding additional active training following a standard training session, compared with additional stimulus exposure in the absence of associated task performance. Mice were trained daily in an odor-discrimination task, and then, several hours later each day, received 1 of 3 different manipulations: 1) a second active-training session, 2) non-task-related odor exposure in the home cage, or 3) no second session. For home-cage exposure, odorants were presented in small tubes that mice could sniff and investigate for a similar period of time as in the active discrimination task each day. The results demonstrate that daily home-cage exposure was equivalent to active odor training in supporting improved odor discrimination. Daily home-cage exposure to odorants that did not match those used in the active task did not improve learning, yielding outcomes similar to those obtained with no second session. Piriform cortical local field potential recordings revealed that both sampling in the active learning task and investigation in the home cage evoked similar beta band oscillatory activity. Together the results suggest that odor-discrimination learning can be significantly enhanced by addition of odor exposure outside of the active training task, potentially because of the robust activity evoked in the olfactory system by both exposure paradigms. They further suggest that odorant exposure alone could enhance or maintain odor-discrimination abilities in conditions associated with olfactory impairment, such as aging or dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Fleming
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Beverly A Wright
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Knowles Hearing Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.,Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Li R, Wang YQ, Liu WY, Zhang MQ, Li L, Cherasse Y, Schiffmann SN, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A, Lazarus M, Qu WM, Huang ZL. Activation of adenosine A 2A receptors in the olfactory tubercle promotes sleep in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2019; 168:107923. [PMID: 31874169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory tubercle (OT), an important nucleus in processing sensory information, has been reported to change cortical activity under odor. However, little is known about the physiological role and mechanism of the OT in sleep-wake regulation. The OT expresses abundant adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs), which are important in sleep regulation. Therefore, we hypothesized that the OT regulates sleep via A2ARs. This study examined sleep-wake profiles through electroencephalography and electromyography recordings with pharmacological and chemogenetic manipulations in freely moving rodents. Compared with their controls, activation of OT A2ARs pharmacologically and OT A2AR neurons via chemogenetics increased non-rapid eye movement sleep for 5 and 3 h, respectively, while blockade of A2ARs decreased non-rapid eye movement sleep. Tracing and electrophysiological studies showed OT A2AR neurons projected to the ventral pallidum and lateral hypothalamus, forming inhibitory innervations. Together, these findings indicate that A2ARs in the OT play an important role in sleep regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi-Qun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen-Ying Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meng-Qi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yoan Cherasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Serge N Schiffmann
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alban de Kerchove d'Exaerde
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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18
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Bathini P, Brai E, Auber LA. Olfactory dysfunction in the pathophysiological continuum of dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 55:100956. [PMID: 31479764 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensory capacities like smell, taste, hearing, vision decline with aging, but increasing evidence show that sensory dysfunctions are one of the early signs diagnosing the conversion from physiological to pathological brain state. Smell loss represents the best characterized sense in clinical practice and is considered as one of the first preclinical signs of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, occurring a decade or more before the onset of cognitive and motor symptoms. Despite the numerous scientific reports and the adoption in clinical practice, the etiology of sensory damage as prodromal of dementia remains largely unexplored and more studies are needed to resolve the mechanisms underlying sensory network dysfunction. Although both cognitive and sensory domains are progressively affected, loss of sensory experience in early stages plays a major role in reducing the autonomy of demented people in their daily tasks or even possibly contributing to their cognitive decline. Interestingly, the chemosensory circuitry is devoid of a blood brain barrier, representing a vulnerable port of entry for neurotoxic species that can spread to the brain. Furthermore, the exposure of the olfactory system to the external environment make it more susceptible to mechanical injury and trauma, which can cause degenerative neuroinflammation. In this review, we will summarize several findings about chemosensory impairment signing the conversion from healthy to pathological brain aging and we will try to connect those observations to the promising research linking environmental influences to sporadic dementia. The scientific body of knowledge will support the use of chemosensory diagnostics in the presymptomatic stages of AD and other biomarkers with the scope of finding treatment strategies before the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Bathini
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Brai
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lavinia Alberi Auber
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Swiss Integrative Center of Human Health, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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19
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Odor Identification in Rats: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence of Learned Olfactory-Auditory Associations. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0102-19.2019. [PMID: 31362955 PMCID: PMC6709214 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0102-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to recognize and identify a smell is highly dependent on multisensory context and expectation, for example, hearing the name of the odor source. Here, we develop a novel auditory-odor association task in rats, wherein the animal learns that a specific auditory tone, when associated with a specific odor, predicts reward (Go signal), whereas the same tone associated with a different odor, or vice versa, is not (No-Go signal). The tone occurs prior to the onset of the odor, allowing physiological analyses of sensory-evoked local field potential (LFP) activity to each stimulus in primary auditory cortex and anterior piriform cortex (aPCX). In trained animals that have acquired the task, both auditory and subsequent olfactory cues activate β band oscillations in both the auditory cortex and PCX, suggesting multisensory integration. Naive animals show no such multisensory responses, suggesting the response is learned. In addition to the learned multisensory evoked responses, functional connectivity between auditory cortex and PCX, as assessed with spectral coherence and phase lag index (PLI), is enhanced. Importantly, both the multi-sensory evoked responses and the functional connectivity are context-dependent. In trained animals, the same auditory stimuli presented in the home cage evoke no responses in auditory cortex or PCX, and functional connectivity between the sensory cortices is reduced. Together, the results demonstrate how learning and context shape the expression of multisensory cortical processing. Given that odor identification impairment is associated with preclinical dementia in humans, the mechanisms suggested here may help develop experimental models to assess effects of neuropathology on behavior.
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20
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Jacobson A, Green E, Haase L, Szajer J, Murphy C. Differential Effects of BMI on Brain Response to Odor in Olfactory, Reward and Memory Regions: Evidence from fMRI. Nutrients 2019; 11:E926. [PMID: 31022978 PMCID: PMC6520683 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
:Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, motivating research into the underlying mechanisms. Olfaction is a powerful mediator of food consumption, and obesity has been associated with altered olfactory sensitivity. The current study used an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the central processing of odor in humans to gain insight into the effect of the body mass index (BMI) on the neural processes involved in rating the pleasantness of a food odor during a hunger state and in a satiety state. We hypothesized that, during the hedonic evaluation of food odor, BMI would be associated with differences in brain activation within olfactory and higher order processing areas important for perception, reward, and memory. We report novel findings of a dissociation between the relationship between BMI and activation in reward areas and in olfactory and odor memory areas, i.e., activation in reward areas decreased as BMI increased, whereas activation in primary olfactory and memory regions increased as BMI increased. A greater BMI is associated with decreased activation in the reward and frontal regions, supporting a blunted reward response in obesity. These findings have important potential implications for decision making, response inhibition, and reward-based behaviors that may play key roles as causal and maintenance factors in obesity. In contrast, a greater BMI is associated with an increased activation in the primary olfactory and memory areas, which was observed during a hunger state. These results raise the speculative hypothesis that high BMI may be associated with hyperactivation in the olfactory and memory areas, and that over time, the resulting excitotoxic effects may contribute to neurodegenerative changes in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Jacobson
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Erin Green
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Lori Haase
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Jacquelyn Szajer
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Claire Murphy
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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21
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Aguilar Martínez N, Aguado Carrillo G, Saucedo Alvarado P, Mendoza García C, Velasco Monroy A, Velasco Campos F. Clinical importance of olfactory function in neurodegenerative diseases. REVISTA MÉDICA DEL HOSPITAL GENERAL DE MÉXICO 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hgmx.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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22
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Zhang J, Hao C, Jiang J, Feng Y, Chen X, Zheng Y, Liu J, Zhang Z, Long C, Yang L. The mechanisms underlying olfactory deficits in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice: focus on olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 62:20-33. [PMID: 29107844 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is highly expressed in the central nervous system including the olfactory epithelium (OE) and olfactory bulb (OB). ApoE induction is beneficial for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment, whereas ApoE deficiency results in impaired olfaction, but the timing and underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of these effects remain unclear. Uncovering the mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction in ApoE-deficient mice might provide a potential avenue for the early diagnosis of AD. We used an ApoE knockout (ApoE-/-) mouse model and a cookie-finding test to reveal an olfactory deficit in 3- to 5-month-old, but not 1- to 2-month-old, ApoE-/- mice. Electrophysiological experiments indicated a significant decline in the electroolfactogram (EOG) amplitude, which was associated with an increase in rise time in ApoE-/- mice. Knockout mice also exhibited compromised olfactory adaptation, as well as a reduced number of mature olfactory sensory neurons in the OE. Local field potential recording in the OB showed that gamma oscillation power was enhanced, which might be attributed to an increase in GABAergic inhibition mediated by parvalbumin-expressing (PV) interneurons. This study demonstrates the critical involvement of ApoE in olfactory information processing in the OE and OB. ApoE deficiency results in olfaction deficits in mice as young as 3 months old, which has implications for AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China; School of Life Sciences and Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiyuan Hao
- School of Life Sciences and Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxiang Jiang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangjian Feng
- School of Life Sciences and Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Long
- School of Life Sciences and Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.
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23
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Neuronally-directed effects of RXR activation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42270. [PMID: 28205585 PMCID: PMC5311933 DOI: 10.1038/srep42270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by extensive neuron loss that accompanies profound impairments in memory and cognition. We examined the neuronally directed effects of the retinoid X receptor agonist bexarotene in an aggressive model of AD. We report that a two week treatment of 3.5 month old 5XFAD mice with bexarotene resulted in the clearance of intraneuronal amyloid deposits. Importantly, neuronal loss was attenuated by 44% in the subiculum in mice 4 months of age and 18% in layer V of the cortex in mice 8 months of age. Moreover, bexarotene treatment improved remote memory stabilization in fear conditioned mice and improved olfactory cross habituation. These improvements in neuron viability and function were correlated with significant increases in the levels of post-synaptic marker PSD95 and the pre-synaptic marker synaptophysin. Moreover, bexarotene pretreatment improved neuron survival in primary 5XFAD neurons in vitro in response to glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. The salutary effects of bexarotene were accompanied by reduced plaque burden, decreased astrogliosis, and suppression of inflammatory gene expression. Collectively, these data provide evidence that bexarotene treatment reduced neuron loss, elevated levels of markers of synaptic integrity that was linked to improved cognition and in an aggressive model of AD.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
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25
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Peng KY, Mathews PM, Levy E, Wilson DA. Apolipoprotein E4 causes early olfactory network abnormalities and short-term olfactory memory impairments. Neuroscience 2016; 343:364-371. [PMID: 28003161 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While apolipoprotein (Apo) E4 is linked to increased incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is growing evidence that it plays a role in functional brain irregularities that are independent of AD pathology. However, ApoE4-driven functional differences within olfactory processing regions have yet to be examined. Utilizing knock-in mice humanized to ApoE4 versus the more common ApoE3, we examined a simple olfactory perceptual memory that relies on the transfer of information from the olfactory bulb (OB) to the piriform cortex (PCX), the primary cortical region involved in higher order olfaction. In addition, we have recorded in vivo resting and odor-evoked local field potentials (LPF) from both brain regions and measured corresponding odor response magnitudes in anesthetized young (6-month-old) and middle-aged (12-month-old) ApoE mice. Young ApoE4 compared to ApoE3 mice exhibited a behavioral olfactory deficit coinciding with hyperactive odor-evoked response magnitudes within the OB that were not observed in older ApoE4 mice. Meanwhile, middle-aged ApoE4 compared to ApoE3 mice exhibited heightened response magnitudes in the PCX without a corresponding olfactory deficit, suggesting a shift with aging in ApoE4-driven effects from OB to PCX. Interestingly, the increased ApoE4-specific response in the PCX at middle-age was primarily due to a dampening of baseline spontaneous activity rather than an increase in evoked response power. Our findings indicate that early ApoE4-driven olfactory memory impairments and OB network abnormalities may be a precursor to later network dysfunction in the PCX, a region that not only is targeted early in AD, but may be selectively vulnerable to ApoE4 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Y Peng
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 560 1st Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 560 1st Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA.
| | - Paul M Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 560 1st Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, 10962 New York, USA.
| | - Efrat Levy
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 560 1st Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 560 1st Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, 10962 New York, USA.
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 560 1st Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 560 1st Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA; Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, 10962 New York, USA.
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Mazzatenta A, Cellerino A, Origlia N, Barloscio D, Sartucci F, Giulio CD, Domenici L. Olfactory phenotypic expression unveils human aging. Oncotarget 2016; 7:19193-200. [PMID: 27027240 PMCID: PMC4991375 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of the natural aging of olfaction and its declinein the absence of any overt disease conditions remains unclear. Here, we investigated this mechanism through measurement of one of the parameters of olfactory function, the absolute threshold, in a healthy population from childhood to old age. The absolute olfactory threshold data were collected from an Italian observational study with 622 participants aged 5-105 years. A subjective testing procedure of constant stimuli was used, which was also compared to the 'staircase' method, with the calculation of the reliability. The n-butanol stimulus was used as an ascending series of nine molar concentrations that were monitored using an electronic nose. The data were analyzed using nonparametric statistics because of the multimodal distribution. We show that the age-related variations in the absolute olfactory threshold are not continuous; instead, there are multiple olfactory phenotypes. Three distinct age-related phenotypes were defined, termed as 'juvenile', 'mature' and 'elder'. The frequency of these three phenotypes depends on age. Our data suggest that the sense of smell does not decrease linearly with aging. Our findings provide the basis for further understanding of olfactory loss as an anticipatory sign of aging and neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mazzatenta
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, ‘G. d'AnnunziO' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Davide Barloscio
- Neuroscience Institute, CNR-Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Sezione di Neurologia, e Dai di Neuroscienze, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Sartucci
- Department di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Sezione di Neurologia, e Dai di Neuroscienze, Pisa, Italy
| | - Camillo Di Giulio
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, ‘G. d'AnnunziO' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luciano Domenici
- Neuroscience Institute, CNR-Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Applied Clinical Science and Biotechnology (DISCAB), School of Medicine, l'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
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Wayne RV, Johnsrude IS. A review of causal mechanisms underlying the link between age-related hearing loss and cognitive decline. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 23:154-66. [PMID: 26123097 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to a link between age-related hearing loss and cognitive decline, but their relationship is not clear. Does one cause the other, or does some third factor produce both? The answer has critical implications for prevention, rehabilitation, and health policy but has been difficult to establish for several reasons. First, determining a causal relationship in natural, correlational samples is problematic, and hearing and cognition are difficult to measure independently. Here, we critically review the evidence for a link between hearing loss and cognitive decline. We conclude that the evidence is convincing, but that the effects are small when hearing is measured audiometrically. We review four different directional hypotheses that have been offered as explanations for such a link, and conclude that no single hypothesis is sufficient. We introduce a framework that highlights that hearing and cognition rely on shared neurocognitive resources, and relate to each other in several different ways. We also discuss interventions for sensory and cognitive decline that may permit more causal inferences.
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Xiao NA, Zhang J, Zhou M, Wei Z, Wu XL, Dai XM, Zhu YG, Chen XC. Reduction of Glucose Metabolism in Olfactory Bulb is an Earlier Alzheimer's Disease-related Biomarker in 5XFAD Mice. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015; 128:2220-7. [PMID: 26265617 PMCID: PMC4717990 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.162507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early diagnosis assumes a vital role in an effective treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Most of the current studies can only make an AD diagnosis after the manifestation of typical clinical symptoms. The present study aimed to investigate typical and other biomarkers of AD to find a possible early biomarker. METHODS A total of 14 5XFAD mice (at 3 and 6 months old), with 14 age-matched wild-type (WT) mice as control, were enrolled in this case-control study. Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the cognitive function; buried food pellet test and olfactory maze test were employed to investigate the olfactory function; immunofluorescence to detect amyloid deposition and positron emission tomography to examine 2-deoxy-2-(18F) fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]-FDG) uptake in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. RESULTS With the increasing age, cognitive performance (P = 0.0262) and olfactory function were significantly deteriorated (day 1 P = 0.0012, day 2 P = 0.0031, day 3 P = 0.0160, respectively) and the (18F)-FDG uptake was markedly decreased in multi-cerebral regions including the olfactory bulb (P < 0.0001), hippocampus (P = 0.0121), and cerebral cortex (P < 0.0001). Of note, in 3-month-old 5XFAD mice, a significant decline of (18F)-FDG uptake in the olfactory bulb was found when compared with that of age-matched WT mice (P = 0.023) while no significant difference was present when the uptakes in other cerebral regions were compared. CONCLUSIONS The decline of (18F)-FDG uptake in the olfactory bulb occurs earlier than other incidents, serving as an earlier in vivo biological marker of AD in 5XFAD mice and making early diagnosis of AD possibly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-An Xiao
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Xi-Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Xiao-Man Dai
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Yuan-Gui Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
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Daulatzai MA. Olfactory dysfunction: its early temporal relationship and neural correlates in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1475-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wang Z, Wang J, Zhang H, Mchugh R, Sun X, Li K, Yang QX. Interhemispheric Functional and Structural Disconnection in Alzheimer's Disease: A Combined Resting-State fMRI and DTI Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126310. [PMID: 25938561 PMCID: PMC4418835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that patients with Alzheimer's disease presented disconnection syndrome. However, little is known about the alterations of interhemispheric functional interactions and underlying structural connectivity in the AD patients. In this study, we combined resting-state functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate interhemispheric functional and structural connectivity in 16 AD, 16 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), as well as 16 cognitive normal healthy subjects (CN). The pattern of the resting state interhemispheric functional connectivity was measured with a voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) method. Decreased VMHC was observed in AD and MCI subjects in anterior brain regions including the prefrontal cortices and subcortical regions with a pattern of AD<MCI<CN. Increased VMHC was observed in MCI subjects in posterior brain regions with patterns of AD/CN < MCI (sensorimotor cortex) and AD < CN/MCI (occipital gyrus). DTI analysis showed the most significant difference among the three cohorts was the fractional anisotropy in the genu of corpus callosum, which was positively associated with the VMHC of prefrontal and subcortical regions. Across all the three cohorts, the diffusion parameters in the genu of corpus callosum and VMHC in the above brain regions had significant correlation with the cognitive performance. These results demonstrate that there are specific patterns of interhemispheric functional connectivity changes in the AD and MCI, which can be significantly correlated with the integrity changes in the midline white matter structures. These results suggest that VMHC can be used as a biomarker for the degeneration of the interhemispheric connectivity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Han Zhang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders and the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Robert Mchugh
- Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kuncheng Li
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (KL); (QXY)
| | - Qing X. Yang
- Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery (George M. Leader Foundation Alzheimer’s Laboratory), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KL); (QXY)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update of the recent studies on the olfactory function in Alzheimer's disease, with a focus on the olfactory identification function. RECENT FINDINGS The studies reviewed here confirm previous reports on the poor olfactory function in Alzheimer's disease compared to health normal controls and also as a marker for conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. Olfactory identification function has been associated with severity of illness, non-cognitive neuropsychiatric symptoms, and structural and functional MRI measures. There is a possible interaction of apolipoprotein E genotype with olfactory performance in Alzheimer's disease patients and those at risk for Alzheimer's disease. Usefulness of smell identification function in differentiating Alzheimer's disease patients from other types of dementia needs to be established. SUMMARY The need for simple, inexpensive and non-invasive procedures for aiding in the diagnosis and understanding of Alzheimer's disease has led to theories and procedures examining the role of olfactory functions in Alzheimer's disease. Although there is increasing evidence for olfactory dysfunction in general and impaired odour identification in particular in Alzheimer's disease, additional larger and methodologically sound research is needed for testing its clinical utility in day-to-day clinical practice for early, accurate and differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Xu W, Fitzgerald S, Nixon RA, Levy E, Wilson DA. Early hyperactivity in lateral entorhinal cortex is associated with elevated levels of AβPP metabolites in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2015; 264:82-91. [PMID: 25500142 PMCID: PMC4324092 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly today. One of the earliest symptoms of AD is olfactory dysfunction. The present study investigated the effects of amyloid β precursor protein (AβPP) metabolites, including amyloid-β (Aβ) and AβPP C-terminal fragments (CTF), on olfactory processing in the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) using the Tg2576 mouse model of human AβPP over-expression. The entorhinal cortex is an early target of AD related neuropathology, and the LEC plays an important role in fine odor discrimination and memory. Cohorts of transgenic and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice at 3, 6, and 16months of age (MO) were anesthetized and acute, single-unit electrophysiology was performed in the LEC. Results showed that Tg2576 exhibited early LEC hyperactivity at 3 and 6MO compared to WT mice in both local field potential and single-unit spontaneous activity. However, LEC single-unit odor responses and odor receptive fields showed no detectable difference compared to WT at any age. Finally, the very early emergence of olfactory system hyper-excitability corresponded not to detectable Aβ deposition in the olfactory system, but rather to high levels of intracellular AβPP-CTF and soluble Aβ in the anterior piriform cortex (aPCX), a major afferent input to the LEC, by 3MO. The present results add to the growing evidence of AβPP-related hyper-excitability, and further implicate both soluble Aβ and non-Aβ AβPP metabolites in its early emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Xu
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shane Fitzgerald
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Olfactory Deprivation Hastens Alzheimer-Like Pathologies in a Human Tau-Overexpressed Mouse Model via Activation of cdk5. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:391-401. [PMID: 25465240 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a recognized risk factor for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), while the mechanisms are still not clear. Here, we applied bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OBX), an olfactory deprivation surgery to cause permanent anosmia, in human tau-overexpressed mice (htau mice) to investigate changes of AD-like pathologies including aggregation of abnormally phosphorylated tau and cholinergic neuron loss. We found that tau phosphorylation in hippocampus was increased at Thr-205, Ser-214, Thr-231, and Ser-396 after OBX. OBX also increased the level of sarkosyl-insoluble Tau at those epitopes and accelerated accumulation of somatodendritic tau. Moreover, OBX resulted in the elevation of calpain activity accompanied by an increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) neuronal activators, p35 and p25, in hippocampus. Furthermore, OBX induces the loss of the cholinergic neurons in medial septal. Administration of cdk5 pharmacological inhibitor roscovitine into lateral ventricles suppressed tau hyperphosphorylation and mislocalization and restored the cholinergic neuron loss. These findings suggest that olfactory deprivation by OBX hastens tau pathology and cholinergic system impairment in htau mice possibly via activation of cdk5.
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Bianchi AJ, Guépet-Sordet H, Manckoundia P. [Changes in olfaction during ageing and in certain neurodegenerative diseases: up-to-date]. Rev Med Interne 2014; 36:31-7. [PMID: 25304170 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction is a complex sensory system, and increasing interest is being shown in the link between olfaction and cognition, notably in the elderly. In this literature review, we revisit the specific neurophysiological features of the olfactory system and odorants that lead to a durable olfactory memory and an emotional memory, for which the implicit component produces subconscious olfactory conditioning. Olfaction is known to affect cognitive abilities and mood. We also consider the impairment of olfactory function due to ageing and to neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, through anatomopathological changes in the peripheral and central olfactory structures. The high frequency of these olfactory disorders as well as their early occurrence in Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease are in favour of their clinical detection in subjects suffering from these two neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we analyse the impact of olfactory stimulation on cognitive performance and attention. Current observational data from studies in elderly patients with Alzheimer-type dementia are limited to multiple sensory stimulation methods, such as the Snoezelen method, and aromatherapy. These therapies have shown benefits for dementia-related mood and behaviour disorders in the short term, with few side effects. Since olfactory chemosensory stimulation may be beneficial, it may be proposed in patients with dementia, especially Alzheimer-type dementia, as a complementary or even alternative therapy to existing medical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-J Bianchi
- Service de soins de suite et de réadaptation gériatrique, hospices civils de Beaune, BP 40104, avenue Guigone-de-Salins, 21203 Beaune cedex, France
| | - H Guépet-Sordet
- Service de médecine interne gériatrie, hôpital de Champmaillot, CHU, BP 87 909, 2, rue Jules-Violle, 21079 Dijon cedex, France
| | - P Manckoundia
- Service de médecine interne gériatrie, hôpital de Champmaillot, CHU, BP 87 909, 2, rue Jules-Violle, 21079 Dijon cedex, France; Inserm U1093 motricité-plasticité : performance, dysfonctionnement, vieillissement et technologies d'optimisation, université de Bourgogne, BP 27877, 21078 Dijon cedex, France.
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Ayala-Grosso CA, Pieruzzini R, Diaz-Solano D, Wittig O, Abrante L, Vargas L, Cardier J. Amyloid-aβ Peptide in olfactory mucosa and mesenchymal stromal cells of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease patients. Brain Pathol 2014; 25:136-45. [PMID: 25040401 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer's disease (AD) might develop olfactory dysfunction that correlates with progression of disease. Alteration of olfactory neuroepithelium associated with MCI may be useful as predictor of cognitive decline. Biomarkers with higher sensitivity and specificity would allow to understand the biological progression of the pathology in association with the clinical course of the disease. In this study, magnetic resonance images, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) load, Olfactory Connecticut test and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) indices were obtained from noncognitive impaired (NCI), MCI and AD patients. We established a culture of patient-derived olfactory stromal cells from biopsies of olfactory mucosa (OM) to test whether biological properties of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are concurrent with MCI and AD psychophysical pathology. We determined the expression of amyloid Aβ peptides in the neuroepithelium of tissue sections from MCI and AD, as well as in cultured cells of OM. Reduced migration and proliferation of stromal (CD90(+) ) cells in MCI and AD with respect to NCI patients was determined. A higher proportion of anosmic MCI and AD cases were concurrent with the ApoE ε4 allele. In summary, dysmetabolism of amyloid was concurrent with migration and proliferation impairment of patient-derived stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Ayala-Grosso
- Unidad de Terapia Celular, Laboratorio de Patologia Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC), Caracas, 1020-A, Venezuela
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Xu W, Lopez-Guzman M, Schoen C, Fitzgerald S, Lauer SL, Nixon RA, Levy E, Wilson DA. Spared piriform cortical single-unit odor processing and odor discrimination in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106431. [PMID: 25181487 PMCID: PMC4152226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly today. One of the earliest reported signs of Alzheimer's disease is olfactory dysfunction, which may manifest in a variety of ways. The present study sought to address this issue by investigating odor coding in the anterior piriform cortex, the primary cortical region involved in higher order olfactory function, and how it relates to performance on olfactory behavioral tasks. An olfactory habituation task was performed on cohorts of transgenic and age-matched wild-type mice at 3, 6 and 12 months of age. These animals were then anesthetized and acute, single-unit electrophysiology was performed in the anterior piriform cortex. In addition, in a separate group of animals, a longitudinal odor discrimination task was conducted from 3-12 months of age. Results showed that while odor habituation was impaired at all ages, Tg2576 performed comparably to age-matched wild-type mice on the olfactory discrimination task. The behavioral data mirrored intact anterior piriform cortex single-unit odor responses and receptive fields in Tg2576, which were comparable to wild-type at all age groups. The present results suggest that odor processing in the olfactory cortex and basic odor discrimination is especially robust in the face of amyloid β precursor protein (AβPP) over-expression and advancing amyloid β (Aβ) pathology. Odor identification deficits known to emerge early in Alzheimer's disease progression, therefore, may reflect impairments in linking the odor percept to associated labels in cortical regions upstream of the primary olfactory pathway, rather than in the basic odor processing itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Xu
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mirielle Lopez-Guzman
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Schoen
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Shane Fitzgerald
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L. Lauer
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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Barnes DC, Wilson DA. Sleep and olfactory cortical plasticity. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:134. [PMID: 24795585 PMCID: PMC4001050 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In many systems, sleep plays a vital role in memory consolidation and synaptic homeostasis. These processes together help store information of biological significance and reset synaptic circuits to facilitate acquisition of information in the future. In this review, we describe recent evidence of sleep-dependent changes in olfactory system structure and function which contribute to odor memory and perception. During slow-wave sleep, the piriform cortex becomes hypo-responsive to odor stimulation and instead displays sharp-wave activity similar to that observed within the hippocampal formation. Furthermore, the functional connectivity between the piriform cortex and other cortical and limbic regions is enhanced during slow-wave sleep compared to waking. This combination of conditions may allow odor memory consolidation to occur during a state of reduced external interference and facilitate association of odor memories with stored hedonic and contextual cues. Evidence consistent with sleep-dependent odor replay within olfactory cortical circuits is presented. These data suggest that both the strength and precision of odor memories is sleep-dependent. The work further emphasizes the critical role of synaptic plasticity and memory in not only odor memory but also basic odor perception. The work also suggests a possible link between sleep disturbances that are frequently co-morbid with a wide range of pathologies including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and depression and the known olfactory impairments associated with those disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan C. Barnes
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburg, NY, USA
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, City University of New YorkNew York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, University of OklahomaNorman, OK, USA
| | - Donald A. Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburg, NY, USA
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, City University of New YorkNew York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, University of OklahomaNorman, OK, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
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Abstract
The olfactory system has a rich cortical representation, including a large archicortical component present in most vertebrates, and in mammals neocortical components including the entorhinal and orbitofrontal cortices. Together, these cortical components contribute to normal odor perception and memory. They help transform the physicochemical features of volatile molecules inhaled or exhaled through the nose into the perception of odor objects with rich associative and hedonic aspects. This chapter focuses on how olfactory cortical areas contribute to odor perception and begins to explore why odor perception is so sensitive to disease and pathology. Odor perception is disrupted by a wide range of disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, depression, autism, and early life exposure to toxins. This olfactory deficit often occurs despite maintained functioning in other sensory systems. Does the unusual network of olfactory cortical structures contribute to this sensitivity?
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Souza RR, França SL, Bessa MM, Takahashi RN. The usefulness of olfactory fear conditioning for the study of early emotional and cognitive impairment in reserpine model. Behav Processes 2013; 100:67-73. [PMID: 23978602 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Due to the ability for depleting neuronal storages of monoamines, the reserpine model is a suitable approach for the investigation of the neurobiology of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the behavioral effects of low doses of reserpine are not always detected by classic animal tests of cognition, emotion, and sensory ability. In this study, the effects of reserpine (0.5-1.0mg/kg) were evaluated in olfactory fear conditioning, inhibitory avoidance, open-field, elevated plus-maze, and olfactory discrimination. Possible protective effects were also investigated. We found that single administration of reserpine impaired the acquisition of olfactory fear conditioning (in both doses) as well as olfactory discrimination (in the higher dose), while no effects were seen in all other tests. Additionally, we demonstrated that prior exposure to environmental enrichment prevented effects of reserpine in animals tested in olfactory fear conditioning. Altogether, these findings suggest that a combined cognitive, emotional and sensory-dependent task would be more sensitive to the effects of the reserpine model. In addition, the present data support the environmental enrichment as an useful approach for the study of resilience mechanisms in neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimenez R Souza
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Chapuis J, Cohen Y, He X, Zhang Z, Jin S, Xu F, Wilson DA. Lateral entorhinal modulation of piriform cortical activity and fine odor discrimination. J Neurosci 2013; 33:13449-59. [PMID: 23946403 PMCID: PMC3742931 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1387-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) receives direct input from olfactory bulb mitral cells and piriform cortical pyramidal cells and is the gateway for olfactory input to the hippocampus. However, the LEC also projects back to the piriform cortex and olfactory bulb. Activity in the LEC is shaped by input from the perirhinal cortices, hippocampus, and amygdala, and thus could provide a rich contextual modulation of cortical odor processing. The present study further explored LEC feedback to anterior piriform cortex by examining how LEC top-down input modulates anterior piriform cortex odor evoked activity in rats. Retrograde viral tracing confirmed rich LEC projections to both the olfactory bulb and piriform cortices. In anesthetized rats, reversible lesions of the ipsilateral LEC increased anterior piriform cortical single-unit spontaneous activity. In awake animals performing an odor discrimination task, unilateral LEC reversible lesions enhanced ipsilateral piriform cortical local field potential oscillations during odor sampling, with minimal impact on contralateral activity. Bilateral LEC reversible lesions impaired discrimination performance on a well learned, difficult odor discrimination task, but had no impact on a well learned simple odor discrimination task. The simple discrimination task was impaired by bilateral reversible lesions of the anterior piriform cortex. Given the known function of LEC in working memory and multisensory integration, these results suggest it may serve as a powerful top-down modulator of olfactory cortical function and odor perception. Furthermore, the results provide potential insight into how neuropathology in the entorhinal cortex could contribute to early olfactory deficits seen in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Chapuis
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Yaniv Cohen
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Xiaobin He
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China, and
| | - Zhijan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430074, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sen Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China, and
| | - Donald A. Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430074, China
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Xu Z, Wang L, Chen G, Rao X, Xu F. Roles of GSK3β in odor habituation and spontaneous neural activity of the mouse olfactory bulb. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63598. [PMID: 23658842 PMCID: PMC3643914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), a multifaceted kinase, is abundantly expressed in the brain, including the olfactory bulb (OB). In resting cells, GSK3β is constitutively active, and its over-activation is presumably involved in numerous brain diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. However, the functions of the constitutively active GSK3β in the adult brain under physiological conditions are not well understood. Here, we studied the possible functions of GSK3β activity in the OB. Odor stimulation, or blockade of peripheral olfactory inputs caused by either transgenic knock-out or ZnSO4 irrigation to the olfactory epithelium, all affected the expression level of GSK3β in the OB. When GSK3β activity was reduced by a selective inhibitor, the spontaneous oscillatory activity was significantly decreased in the granule cell layer of the OB. Furthermore, local inhibition of GSK3β activity in the OB significantly impaired the odor habituation ability. These results suggest that GSK3β plays important roles in both spontaneous neural activity and odor information processing in the OB, deepening our understanding of the potential functions of the constitutively active GSK3β in the brain under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guo Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Wesson DW, Morales-Corraliza J, Mazella MJ, Wilson DA, Mathews PM. Chronic anti-murine Aβ immunization preserves odor guided behaviors in an Alzheimer's β-amyloidosis model. Behav Brain Res 2013; 237:96-102. [PMID: 23000537 PMCID: PMC3500395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction is often impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is also dysfunctional in mouse models of the disease. We recently demonstrated that short-term passive anti-murine-Aβ immunization can rescue olfactory behavior in the Tg2576 mouse model overexpressing a human mutation of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) after β-amyloid deposition. Here we tested the ability to preserve normal olfactory behaviors by means of long-term passive anti-murine-Aβ immunization. Seven-month-old Tg2576 and non-transgenic littermate (NTg) mice were IP-injected biweekly with the m3.2 murine-Aβ-specific antibody until 16 mo of age when mice were tested in the odor habituation test. While Tg2576 mice treated with a control antibody showed elevations in odor investigation times and impaired odor habituation compared to NTg, olfactory behavior was preserved to NTg levels in m3.2-immunized Tg2576 mice. Immunized Tg2576 mice had significantly less β-amyloid immunolabeling in the olfactory bulb and entorhinal cortex, yet showed elevations in Thioflavin-S labeled plaques in the piriform cortex. No detectable changes in APP metabolite levels other than Aβ were found following m3.2 immunization. These results demonstrate efficacy of chronic, long-term anti-murine-Aβ m3.2 immunization in preserving normal odor-guided behaviors in a human APP Tg model. Further, these results provide mechanistic insights into olfactory dysfunction as a biomarker for AD by yielding evidence that focal reductions of Aβ may be sufficient to preserve olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Wesson
- Emotional Brain Institute Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY, 10962
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, 10016
| | - Jose Morales-Corraliza
- Center for Dementia Research Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY, 10962
- Department of Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, 10016
| | - Matthew J. Mazella
- Center for Dementia Research Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY, 10962
| | - Donald A. Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY, 10962
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, 10016
- Center for Neural Science New York University New York, NY, 10003
| | - Paul M. Mathews
- Center for Dementia Research Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY, 10962
- Department of Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, 10016
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Morgan CD, Murphy C. Individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease show differential patterns of ERP brain activation during odor identification. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2012; 8:37. [PMID: 22849610 PMCID: PMC3542023 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-8-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that older adults at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease may show olfactory processing deficits before other signs of dementia appear. METHODS We studied 60 healthy non-demented individuals, half of whom were positive for the genetic risk factor the Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele, in three different age groups. Event-related potentials to visual and olfactory identification tasks were recorded and analyzed for latency and amplitude differences, and plotted via topographical maps. RESULTS Varying patterns of brain activation were observed over the post-stimulus epoch for ε4- versus ε4+ individuals on topographical maps. Individuals with the ε4 allele demonstrated different ERP peak latencies during identification of olfactory but not visual stimuli. High correct ApoE classification rates were obtained utilizing the olfactory ERP. CONCLUSIONS Olfactory ERPs demonstrate functional decline in individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease at much earlier ages than previously observed, suggesting the potential for pre-clinical detection of AD at very early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie D Morgan
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA
| | - Claire Murphy
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA
- University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA
- SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program, 6363 Alvarado Ct., Suite 101, San Diego, CA, 92120-4913, USA
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Morales-Corraliza J, Schmidt SD, Mazzella MJ, Berger JD, Wilson DA, Wesson DW, Jucker M, Levy E, Nixon RA, Mathews PM. Immunization targeting a minor plaque constituent clears β-amyloid and rescues behavioral deficits in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:137-45. [PMID: 22608241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although anti-human β-amyloid (Aβ) immunotherapy clears brain β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), targeting additional brain plaque constituents to promote clearance has not been attempted. Endogenous murine Aβ is a minor Aβ plaque component in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic AD models, which we show is ∼3%-8% of the total accumulated Aβ in various human APP transgenic mice. Murine Aβ codeposits and colocalizes with human Aβ in amyloid plaques, and the two Aβ species coimmunoprecipitate together from brain extracts. In the human APP transgenic mouse model Tg2576, passive immunization for 8 weeks with a murine-Aβ-specific antibody reduced β-amyloid plaque pathology, robustly decreasing both murine and human Aβ levels. The immunized mice additionally showed improvements in two behavioral assays, odor habituation and nesting behavior. We conclude that passive anti-murine Aβ immunization clears Aβ plaque pathology--including the major human Aβ component--and decreases behavioral deficits, arguing that targeting minor endogenous brain plaque constituents can be beneficial, broadening the range of plaque-associated targets for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Morales-Corraliza
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Rahayel S, Frasnelli J, Joubert S. The effect of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease on olfaction: A meta-analysis. Behav Brain Res 2012; 231:60-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Johns A, Homewood J, Stevenson R, Taylor A. Implicit and explicit olfactory memory in people with and without Down syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2012; 33:583-593. [PMID: 22138497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examined differences in implicit and explicit memory performance between people with Down syndrome (DS), their siblings, children matched on mental age, and university undergraduates, using olfactory stimuli. The DS and mental-age matched participants were also compared on two tasks of executive function. The data revealed implicit memory for olfactory stimuli. Further, people with DS performed similarly to each control group on the implicit memory task, but performed significantly poorer than all control groups on the explicit memory task. Impairment to executive functioning was identified as a possible cause of this deficit in explicit memory as people with DS performed more poorly than the mental-age matched controls on both tasks of executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Johns
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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47
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Cramer PE, Cirrito JR, Wesson DW, Lee CYD, Karlo JC, Zinn AE, Casali BT, Restivo JL, Goebel WD, James MJ, Brunden KR, Wilson DA, Landreth GE. ApoE-directed therapeutics rapidly clear β-amyloid and reverse deficits in AD mouse models. Science 2012; 335:1503-6. [PMID: 22323736 DOI: 10.1126/science.1217697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 813] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with impaired clearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) from the brain, a process normally facilitated by apolipoprotein E (apoE). ApoE expression is transcriptionally induced through the action of the nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and liver X receptors in coordination with retinoid X receptors (RXRs). Oral administration of the RXR agonist bexarotene to a mouse model of AD resulted in enhanced clearance of soluble Aβ within hours in an apoE-dependent manner. Aβ plaque area was reduced more than 50% within just 72 hours. Furthermore, bexarotene stimulated the rapid reversal of cognitive, social, and olfactory deficits and improved neural circuit function. Thus, RXR activation stimulates physiological Aβ clearance mechanisms, resulting in the rapid reversal of a broad range of Aβ-induced deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Cramer
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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48
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Olfactory deficits induce neurofilament hyperphosphorylation. Neurosci Lett 2012; 506:180-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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49
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Sensory network dysfunction, behavioral impairments, and their reversibility in an Alzheimer's β-amyloidosis mouse model. J Neurosci 2011; 31:15962-71. [PMID: 22049439 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2085-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique vulnerability of the olfactory system to Alzheimer's disease (AD) provides a quintessential translational tool for understanding mechanisms of synaptic dysfunction and pathological progression in the disease. Using the Tg2576 mouse model of β-amyloidosis, we show that aberrant, hyperactive olfactory network activity begins early in life, before detectable behavioral impairments or comparable hippocampal dysfunction and at a time when amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition is restricted to the olfactory bulb (OB). Hyperactive odor-evoked activity in the piriform cortex (PCX) and increased OB-PCX functional connectivity emerged at a time coinciding with olfactory behavior impairments. This hyperactive activity persisted until later in life when the network converted to a hyporesponsive state. This conversion was Aβ-dependent, because liver-X receptor agonist treatment to promote Aβ degradation rescued the hyporesponsive state and olfactory behavior. These data lend evidence to a novel working model of olfactory dysfunction in AD and, complimentary to other recent works, suggest that disease-relevant network dysfunction is highly dynamic and region specific, yet with lasting effects on cognition and behavior.
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Jimbo D, Inoue M, Taniguchi M, Urakami K. Specific feature of olfactory dysfunction with Alzheimer's disease inspected by the Odor Stick Identification Test. Psychogeriatrics 2011; 11:196-204. [PMID: 22151238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8301.2011.00387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most significant diseases associated with ageing. As the disease progresses, symptoms including olfactory dysfunction often appear along with cognitive dysfunction. We examined olfactory and other indexes to investigate correlations between them and the validity of an olfactory test for screening for AD. METHODS To assess whether odorant identification will be a useful diagnostic tool, we investigated the olfactory ability of Alzheimer's disease patients (ADs) using the Odor Stick Identification Test for the Japanese. As a control, we compared ADs to aged people without AD or dementia. To investigate the relationship between olfactory loss and severity of AD, we used the Mini-Mental State Examination, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, biomarkers in spinal fluid and single-photon emission computed tomography as brain imaging. RESULTS In comparing the controls and ADs, we believe that there are significant differences, with ADs having particularly low activity with regard to olfactory function and some odorants. We showed that there was a definite correlation between cognitive and olfactory function. To confirm this, we sorted subjects by markers of severity scores for comparison. In all areas, the AD group had more serious olfactory dysfunction, including in the early stages of AD. CONCLUSION This study suggests that olfactory tests such as the Odor Stick Identification Test for the Japanese can be useful for assessing severity of AD, including cognitive dysfunction. Further investigations will enable us to establish an olfactory assessment method for the screening or diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Jimbo
- Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan.
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