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Deka P, Das S, Hazarika R, Kayaga R, Dutta B, Deka A, Barman U, Ahmed R, Islam N, Sarma M, Deka I, Rout M, Sharma K, Sharma RK. Foot-and-mouth disease-associated myocarditis is age dependent in suckling calves. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10289. [PMID: 38704437 PMCID: PMC11069542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is considered a fatal form of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in suckling calves. In the present study, a total of 17 calves under 4 months of age and suspected clinically for FMD were examined for clinical lesions, respiratory rate, heart rate, and heart rhythm. Lesion samples, saliva, nasal swabs, and whole blood were collected from suspected calves and subjected to Sandwich ELISA and reverse transcription multiplex polymerase chain reaction (RT-mPCR) for detection and serotyping of FMD virus (FMDV). The samples were found to be positive for FMDV serotype "O". Myocarditis was suspected in 6 calves based on tachypnoea, tachycardia, and gallop rhythm. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cardiac troponins (cTnI) were measured. Mean serum AST, cTn-I and LDH were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in < 2 months old FMD-infected calves showing clinical signs suggestive of myocarditis (264.833 ± 4.16; 11.650 ± 0.34 and 1213.33 ± 29.06) than those without myocarditis (< 2 months old: 110.00 ± 0.00, 0.06 ± 0.00, 1050.00 ± 0.00; > 2 months < 4 months: 83.00 ± 3.00, 0.05 ± 0.02, 1159.00 ± 27.63) and healthy control groups (< 2 months old: 67.50 ± 3.10, 0.047 ± 0.01, 1120.00 ± 31.62; > 2 months < 4 months: 72.83 ± 2.09, 0.47 ± 0.00, 1160.00 ± 18.44). However, mean serum CK-MB did not differ significantly amongst the groups. Four calves under 2 months old died and a necropsy revealed the presence of a pathognomic gross lesion of the myocardial form of FMD known as "tigroid heart". Histopathology confirmed myocarditis. This study also reports the relevance of clinical and histopathological findings and biochemical markers in diagnosing FMD-related myocarditis in suckling calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Deka
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India.
| | - Sangeeta Das
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India.
| | - Ritam Hazarika
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Ray Kayaga
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, 131 Barabara Ya Nelson Mandela, P.O BOX 9254, Temeke, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Biswajit Dutta
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Abhijit Deka
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Utpal Barman
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Rofique Ahmed
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Nazrul Islam
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Mihir Sarma
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Ilakshy Deka
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kamrup, Assam Agricultural University, Kahikuchi Campus, Guwahati, 781017, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Krishna Sharma
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Rajeev K Sharma
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
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2
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Yang B, Qiao Y, Yan D, Meng Q. Targeting Interactions between Fibroblasts and Macrophages to Treat Cardiac Fibrosis. Cells 2024; 13:764. [PMID: 38727300 PMCID: PMC11082988 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition is a defining feature of cardiac fibrosis. Most notably, it is characterized by a significant change in the concentration and volume fraction of collagen I, a disproportionate deposition of collagen subtypes, and a disturbed ECM network arrangement, which directly affect the systolic and diastolic functions of the heart. Immune cells that reside within or infiltrate the myocardium, including macrophages, play important roles in fibroblast activation and consequent ECM remodeling. Through both direct and indirect connections to fibroblasts, monocyte-derived macrophages and resident cardiac macrophages play complex, bidirectional, regulatory roles in cardiac fibrosis. In this review, we discuss emerging interactions between fibroblasts and macrophages in physiology and pathologic conditions, providing insights for future research aimed at targeting macrophages to combat cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Center for Organoid and Regeneration Medicine, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Guangzhou 511466, China;
| | - Yan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China;
| | - Dong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Qinghang Meng
- Center for Organoid and Regeneration Medicine, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Guangzhou 511466, China;
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3
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Ahmad F, Soe S, Albon J, Errington R, Theobald P. Quantifying the microstructural and biomechanical changes in the porcine ventricles during growth and remodelling. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:166-192. [PMID: 37797709 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue growth and remodelling (G & R) occur in response to the changing physiological demands of the heart after birth. The early shift to pulmonary circulation produces an immediate increase in ventricular workload, causing microstructural and biomechanical changes that serve to maintain overall physiological homoeostasis. Such cardiac G & R continues throughout life. Quantifying the tissue's mechanical and microstructural changes because of G & R is of increasing interest, dovetailing with the emerging fields of personalised and precision solutions. This study aimed to determine equibiaxial, and non-equibiaxial extension, stress-relaxation, and the underlying microstructure of the passive porcine ventricles tissue at four time points spanning from neonatal to adulthood. The three-dimensional microstructure was investigated via two-photon excited fluorescence and second-harmonic generation microscopy on optically cleared tissues, describing the 3D orientation, rotation and dispersion of the cardiomyocytes and collagen fibrils. The results revealed that during biomechanical testing, myocardial ventricular tissue possessed non-linear, anisotropic, and viscoelastic behaviour. An increase in stiffness and viscoelasticity was noted for the left and right ventricular free walls from neonatal to adulthood. Microstructural analyses revealed concomitant increases in cardiomyocyte rotation and dispersion. This study provides baseline data, describing the biomechanical and microstructural changes in the left and right ventricular myocardial tissue during G & R, which should prove valuable to researchers in developing age-specific, constitutive models for more accurate computational simulations. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: There is a dearth of experimental data describing the growth and remodelling of left and right ventricular tissue. The published literature is fragmented, with data reported via different experimental techniques using tissues harvested from a variety of animals, with different gender and ages. This prevents developing a continuum of data spanning birth to death, so limiting the potential that can be leveraged to aid computational modelling and simulations. In this study, equibiaxial, non-equibiaxial, and stress-relaxation data are presented, describing directional-dependent material responses. The biomechanical data is consolidated with equivalent microstructural data, an important element for the development of future material models. Combined, these data describe microstructural and biomechanical changes in the ventricles, spanning G &R from neonatal to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmad
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, UK; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, UK.
| | - Shwe Soe
- FET - Engineering, Design and Mathematics, University of West of England, UK
| | - Julie Albon
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, UK; Viva Scientia Bioimaging Laboratories, Cardiff University, UK
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Mebratu YA, Soni S, Rosas L, Rojas M, Horowitz JC, Nho R. The aged extracellular matrix and the profibrotic role of senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C565-C579. [PMID: 37486065 PMCID: PMC10511170 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00124.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an irreversible and fatal lung disease that is primarily found in the elderly population, and several studies have demonstrated that aging is the major risk factor for IPF. IPF is characterized by the presence of apoptosis-resistant, senescent fibroblasts that generate an excessively stiff extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM profoundly affects cellular functions and tissue homeostasis, and an aberrant ECM is closely associated with the development of lung fibrosis. Aging progressively alters ECM components and is associated with the accumulation of senescent cells that promote age-related tissue dysfunction through the expression of factors linked to a senescence-associated secretary phenotype (SASP). There is growing evidence that SASP factors affect various cell behaviors and influence ECM turnover in lung tissue through autocrine and/or paracrine signaling mechanisms. Since life expectancy is increasing worldwide, it is important to elucidate how aging affects ECM dynamics and turnover via SASP and thereby promotes lung fibrosis. In this review, we will focus on the molecular properties of SASP and its regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, the pathophysiological process of ECM remodeling by SASP factors and the influence of an altered ECM from aged lungs on the development of lung fibrosis will be highlighted. Finally, recent attempts to target ECM alteration and senescent cells to modulate fibrosis will be introduced.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aging is the most prominent nonmodifiable risk factor for various human diseases including Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Aging progressively alters extracellular matrix components and is associated with the accumulation of senescent cells that promote age-related tissue dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the pathological impact of aging and senescence on lung fibrosis via senescence-associated secretary phenotype factors and potential therapeutic approaches to limit the progression of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes A Mebratu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Sourabh Soni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Lorena Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Richard Nho
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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5
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Ringström N, Edling C, Nalesso G, Jeevaratnam K. Framing Heartaches: The Cardiac ECM and the Effects of Age. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4713. [PMID: 36902143 PMCID: PMC10003270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) is involved in several pathological conditions, and age itself is also associated with certain changes in the heart: it gets larger and stiffer, and it develops an increased risk of abnormal intrinsic rhythm. This, therefore, makes conditions such as atrial arrythmia more common. Many of these changes are directly related to the ECM, yet the proteomic composition of the ECM and how it changes with age is not fully resolved. The limited research progress in this field is mainly due to the intrinsic challenges in unravelling tightly bound cardiac proteomic components and also the time-consuming and costly dependency on animal models. This review aims to give an overview of the composition of the cardiac ECM, how different components aid the function of the healthy heart, how the ECM is remodelled and how it is affected by ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kamalan Jeevaratnam
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
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6
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Kort-Mascort J, Flores-Torres S, Peza-Chavez O, Jang JH, Pardo LA, Tran SD, Kinsella J. Decellularized ECM hydrogels: prior use considerations, applications, and opportunities in tissue engineering and biofabrication. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:400-431. [PMID: 36484344 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Tissue development, wound healing, pathogenesis, regeneration, and homeostasis rely upon coordinated and dynamic spatial and temporal remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. ECM reorganization and normal physiological tissue function, require the establishment and maintenance of biological, chemical, and mechanical feedback mechanisms directed by cell-matrix interactions. To replicate the physical and biological environment provided by the ECM in vivo, methods have been developed to decellularize and solubilize tissues which yield organ and tissue-specific bioactive hydrogels. While these biomaterials retain several important traits of the native ECM, the decellularizing process, and subsequent sterilization, and solubilization result in fragmented, cleaved, or partially denatured macromolecules. The final product has decreased viscosity, moduli, and yield strength, when compared to the source tissue, limiting the compatibility of isolated decellularized ECM (dECM) hydrogels with fabrication methods such as extrusion bioprinting. This review describes the physical and bioactive characteristics of dECM hydrogels and their role as biomaterials for biofabrication. In this work, critical variables when selecting the appropriate tissue source and extraction methods are identified. Common manual and automated fabrication techniques compatible with dECM hydrogels are described and compared. Fabrication and post-manufacturing challenges presented by the dECM hydrogels decreased mechanical and structural stability are discussed as well as circumvention strategies. We further highlight and provide examples of the use of dECM hydrogels in tissue engineering and their role in fabricating complex in vitro 3D microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Omar Peza-Chavez
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Joyce H Jang
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | - Simon D Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph Kinsella
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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7
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Hawkes W, Marhuenda E, Reynolds P, O'Neill C, Pandey P, Samuel Wilson DG, Freeley M, Huang D, Hu J, Gondarenko S, Hone J, Gadegaard N, Palma M, Iskratsch T. Regulation of cardiomyocyte adhesion and mechanosignalling through distinct nanoscale behaviour of integrin ligands mimicking healthy or fibrotic extracellular matrix. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20220021. [PMID: 36189804 PMCID: PMC9527911 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The stiffness of the cardiovascular environment changes during ageing and in disease and contributes to disease incidence and progression. Changing collagen expression and cross-linking regulate the rigidity of the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM). Additionally, basal lamina glycoproteins, especially laminin and fibronectin regulate cardiomyocyte adhesion formation, mechanics and mechanosignalling. Laminin is abundant in the healthy heart, but fibronectin is increasingly expressed in the fibrotic heart. ECM receptors are co-regulated with the changing ECM. Owing to differences in integrin dynamics, clustering and downstream adhesion formation this is expected to ultimately influence cardiomyocyte mechanosignalling; however, details remain elusive. Here, we sought to investigate how different cardiomyocyte integrin/ligand combinations affect adhesion formation, traction forces and mechanosignalling, using a combination of uniformly coated surfaces with defined stiffness, polydimethylsiloxane nanopillars, micropatterning and specifically designed bionanoarrays for precise ligand presentation. Thereby we found that the adhesion nanoscale organization, signalling and traction force generation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (which express both laminin and fibronectin binding integrins) are strongly dependent on the integrin/ligand combination. Together our data indicate that the presence of fibronectin in combination with the enhanced stiffness in fibrotic areas will strongly impact on the cardiomyocyte behaviour and influence disease progression. This article is part of the theme issue 'The cardiomyocyte: new revelations on the interplay between architecture and function in growth, health, and disease'.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hawkes
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Emilie Marhuenda
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Paul Reynolds
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Caoimhe O'Neill
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Pragati Pandey
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | | | - Mark Freeley
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Da Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Junquiang Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sasha Gondarenko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | - Matteo Palma
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Thomas Iskratsch
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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8
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Lausecker F, Lennon R, Randles MJ. The kidney matrisome in health, aging, and disease. Kidney Int 2022; 102:1000-1012. [PMID: 35870643 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated extracellular matrix is the hallmark of fibrosis, and it has a profound impact on kidney function in disease. Furthermore, perturbation of matrix homeostasis is a feature of aging and is associated with declining kidney function. Understanding these dynamic processes, in the hope of developing therapies to combat matrix dysregulation, requires the integration of data acquired by both well-established and novel technologies. Owing to its complexity, the extracellular proteome, or matrisome, still holds many secrets and has great potential for the identification of clinical biomarkers and drug targets. The molecular resolution of matrix composition during aging and disease has been illuminated by cutting-edge mass spectrometry-based proteomics in recent years, but there remain key questions about the mechanisms that drive altered matrix composition. Basement membrane components are particularly important in the context of kidney function; and data from proteomic studies suggest that switches between basement membrane and interstitial matrix proteins are likely to contribute to organ dysfunction during aging and disease. Understanding the impact of such changes on physical properties of the matrix, and the subsequent cellular response to altered stiffness and viscoelasticity, is of critical importance. Likewise, the comparison of proteomic data sets from multiple organs is required to identify common matrix biomarkers and shared pathways for therapeutic intervention. Coupled with single-cell transcriptomics, there is the potential to identify the cellular origin of matrix changes, which could enable cell-targeted therapy. This review provides a contemporary perspective of the complex kidney matrisome and draws comparison to altered matrix in heart and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lausecker
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael J Randles
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK.
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9
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Pahlavani HA. Exercise-induced signaling pathways to counteracting cardiac apoptotic processes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:950927. [PMID: 36036015 PMCID: PMC9403089 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.950927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death in the world. One of the major causes of cardiac death is excessive apoptosis. However, multiple pathways through moderate exercise can reduce myocardial apoptosis. After moderate exercise, the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as IGF-1, IGF-1R, p-PI3K, p-Akt, ERK-1/2, SIRT3, PGC-1α, and Bcl-2 increases in the heart. While apoptotic proteins such as PTEN, PHLPP-1, GSK-3, JNK, P38MAPK, and FOXO are reduced in the heart. Exercise-induced mechanical stress activates the β and α5 integrins and subsequently, focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation activates the Akt/mTORC1 and ERK-1/2 pathways, leading to an anti-apoptotic response. One of the reasons for the decrease in exercise-induced apoptosis is the decrease in Fas-ligand protein, Fas-death receptor, TNF-α receptor, Fas-associated death domain (FADD), caspase-8, and caspase-3. In addition, after exercise mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic factors such as Bid, t-Bid, Bad, p-Bad, Bak, cytochrome c, and caspase-9 are reduced. These changes lead to a reduction in oxidative damage, a reduction in infarct size, a reduction in cardiac apoptosis, and an increase in myocardial function. After exercising in the heart, the levels of RhoA, ROCK1, Rac1, and ROCK2 decrease, while the levels of PKCε, PKCδ, and PKCɑ are activated to regulate calcium and prevent mPTP perforation. Exercise has an anti-apoptotic effect on heart failure by increasing the PKA-Akt-eNOS and FSTL1-USP10-Notch1 pathways, reducing the negative effects of CaMKIIδ, and increasing the calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Exercise plays a protective role in the heart by increasing HSP20, HSP27, HSP40, HSP70, HSP72, and HSP90 along with increasing JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation. However, research on exercise and factors such as Pim-1, Notch, and FAK in cardiac apoptosis is scarce, so further research is needed. Future research is recommended to discover more anti-apoptotic pathways. It is also recommended to study the synergistic effect of exercise with gene therapy, dietary supplements, and cell therapy for future research.
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Buda V, Prelipcean A, Cozma D, Man DE, Negres S, Scurtu A, Suciu M, Andor M, Danciu C, Crisan S, Dehelean CA, Petrescu L, Rachieru C. An Up-to-Date Article Regarding Particularities of Drug Treatment in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. J Clin Med 2022; 11:2020. [PMID: 35407628 PMCID: PMC8999552 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11072020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the prevalence of heart failure (HF) increases with age, HF is now one of the most common reasons for the hospitalization of elderly people. Although the treatment strategies and overall outcomes of HF patients have improved over time, hospitalization and mortality rates remain elevated, especially in developed countries where populations are aging. Therefore, this paper is intended to be a valuable multidisciplinary source of information for both doctors (cardiologists and general physicians) and pharmacists in order to decrease the morbidity and mortality of heart failure patients. We address several aspects regarding pharmacological treatment (including new approaches in HF treatment strategies [sacubitril/valsartan combination and sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors]), as well as the particularities of patients (age-induced changes and sex differences) and treatment (pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in drugs; cardiorenal syndrome). The article also highlights several drugs and food supplements that may worsen the prognosis of HF patients and discusses some potential drug-drug interactions, their consequences and recommendations for health care providers, as well as the risks of adverse drug reactions and treatment discontinuation, as an interdisciplinary approach to treatment is essential for HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Buda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.B.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (C.D.); (C.A.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andreea Prelipcean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.B.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (C.D.); (C.A.D.)
| | - Dragos Cozma
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.E.M.); (M.A.); (S.C.); (L.P.); (C.R.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dana Emilia Man
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.E.M.); (M.A.); (S.C.); (L.P.); (C.R.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Simona Negres
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Scurtu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.B.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (C.D.); (C.A.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Maria Suciu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.B.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (C.D.); (C.A.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Minodora Andor
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.E.M.); (M.A.); (S.C.); (L.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Corina Danciu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.B.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (C.D.); (C.A.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Simina Crisan
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.E.M.); (M.A.); (S.C.); (L.P.); (C.R.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Adriana Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.B.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (C.D.); (C.A.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lucian Petrescu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.E.M.); (M.A.); (S.C.); (L.P.); (C.R.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ciprian Rachieru
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.E.M.); (M.A.); (S.C.); (L.P.); (C.R.)
- Center for Advanced Research in Cardiovascular Pathology and Hemostasis, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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11
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Bowers SL, Meng Q, Molkentin JD. Fibroblasts orchestrate cellular crosstalk in the heart through the ECM. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:312-321. [PMID: 38765890 PMCID: PMC11101212 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Cell communication is needed for organ function and stress responses, especially in the heart. Cardiac fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, immune cells, and endothelial cells comprise the major cell types in ventricular myocardium that together coordinate all functional processes. Critical to this cellular network is the non-cellular extracellular matrix (ECM) that provides structure and harbors growth factors and other signaling proteins that affect cell behavior. The ECM is not only produced and modified by cells within the myocardium, largely cardiac fibroblasts, it also acts as an avenue for communication among all myocardial cells. In this Review, we discuss how the development of therapeutics to combat cardiac diseases, specifically fibrosis, relies on a deeper understanding of how the cardiac ECM is intertwined with signaling processes that underlie cellular activation and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffery D. Molkentin
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology; University of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH
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12
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Franzka P, Krüger L, Schurig MK, Olecka M, Hoffmann S, Blanchard V, Hübner CA. Altered Glycosylation in the Aging Heart. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:673044. [PMID: 34124155 PMCID: PMC8194361 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.673044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in developed countries. Because the incidence increases exponentially in the aging population, aging is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and inflammation are typical hallmarks of the aged heart. The molecular mechanisms, however, are poorly understood. Because glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational protein modifications and can affect biological properties and functions of proteins, we here provide the first analysis of the cardiac glycoproteome of mice at different ages. Western blot as well as MALDI-TOF based glycome analysis suggest that high-mannose N-glycans increase with age. In agreement, we found an age-related regulation of GMPPB, the enzyme, which facilitates the supply of the sugar-donor GDP-mannose. Glycoprotein pull-downs from heart lysates of young, middle-aged and old mice in combination with quantitative mass spectrometry bolster widespread alterations of the cardiac glycoproteome. Major hits are glycoproteins related to the extracellular matrix and Ca2+-binding proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum. We propose that changes in the heart glycoproteome likely contribute to the age-related functional decline of the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Franzka
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Lynn Krüger
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mona K Schurig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Maja Olecka
- Hoffmann Research Group, Leibniz-Institute on Aging-Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Steve Hoffmann
- Hoffmann Research Group, Leibniz-Institute on Aging-Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Véronique Blanchard
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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13
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Chirico N, Van Laake LW, Sluijter JPG, van Mil A, Dierickx P. Cardiac circadian rhythms in time and space: The future is in 4D. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 57:49-59. [PMID: 33338891 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock synchronizes the body into 24-h cycles, thereby anticipating variations in tissue-specific diurnal tasks, such as response to increased cardiac metabolic demand during the active period of the day. As a result, blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and occurrence of fatal cardiovascular events fluctuate in a diurnal manner. The heart contains different cell types that make up and reside in an environment of biochemical, mechanical, and topographical signaling. Cardiac architecture is essential for proper heart development as well as for maintenance of cell homeostasis and tissue repair. In this review, we describe the possibilities of studying circadian rhythmicity in the heart by using advanced in vitro systems that mimic the native cardiac 3D microenvironment which can be tuned in time and space. Harnessing the knowledge that originates from those in vitro models could significantly improve innovative cardiac modeling and regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Chirico
- Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology and Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Linda W Van Laake
- Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology and Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology and Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alain van Mil
- Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology and Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pieterjan Dierickx
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA.
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14
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Zhu QF, Yan JW, Ni J, Feng YQ. FAHFA footprint in the visceral fat of mice across their lifespan. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome that associates clinical signs in people over 80 years of age, an increase in natriuretic peptides and abnormal cardiac structures that result from cardiac aging in many cases. The most common symptoms are grouped according to the acronym "EPOF" (shortness of breath, weight gain, edema, fatigue). Over the age of 80, comorbidities must be taken into account. The incidence and prevalence of HF significantly increases with age and makes HF the most common reason for hospitalization for people over 80, and an important health expense. The management of HF, necessarily multidisciplinary with a geriatric evaluation, has improved over time due to effective targeted treatment, but mortality, hospitalization and readmission rates remain high. Therapeutic education and patient follow-up for treatment optimization are needed.
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16
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Region-Specific Microstructure in the Neonatal Ventricles of a Porcine Model. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 46:2162-2176. [PMID: 30014287 PMCID: PMC6267669 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-2089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The neonate transitions from placenta-derived oxygen, to supply from the pulmonary system, moments after birth. This requires a series of structural developments to divert more blood through the right heart and onto the lungs, with the tissue quickly remodelling to the changing ventricular workload. In some cases, however, the heart structure does not fully develop causing poor circulation and inefficient oxygenation, which is associated with an increase in mortality and morbidity. This study focuses on developing an enhanced knowledge of the 1-day old heart, quantifying the region-specific microstructural parameters of the tissue. This will enable more accurate mathematical and computational simulations of the young heart. Hearts were dissected from 12, 1-day-old deceased Yorkshire piglets (mass: 2.1–2.4 kg, length: 0.38–0.51 m), acquired from a breeding farm. Evans blue dye was used to label the heart equator and to demarcate the left and right ventricle free walls. Two hearts were used for three-dimensional diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging, to quantify the fractional anisotropy (FA). The remaining hearts were used for two-photon excited fluorescence and second-harmonic generation microscopy, to quantify the cardiomyocyte and collagen fibril structures within the anterior and posterior aspects of the right and left ventricles. FA varied significantly across both ventricles, with the greatest in the equatorial region, followed by the base and apex. The FA in each right ventricular region was statistically greater than that in the left. Cardiomyocyte and collagen fibre rotation was greatest in the anterior wall of both ventricles, with less dispersion when compared to the posterior walls. In defining these key parameters, this study provides a valuable insight into the 1-day-old heart that will provide a valuable platform for further investigation the normal and abnormal heart using mathematical and computational models.
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17
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Trial J, Cieslik KA. Changes in cardiac resident fibroblast physiology and phenotype in aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H745-H755. [PMID: 29906228 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00237.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac fibroblast plays a central role in tissue homeostasis and in repair after injury. With aging, dysregulated cardiac fibroblasts have a reduced capacity to activate a canonical transforming growth factor-β-Smad pathway and differentiate poorly into contractile myofibroblasts. That results in the formation of an insufficient scar after myocardial infarction. In contrast, in the uninjured aged heart, fibroblasts are activated and acquire a profibrotic phenotype that leads to interstitial fibrosis, ventricular stiffness, and diastolic dysfunction, all conditions that may lead to heart failure. There is an apparent paradox in aging, wherein reparative fibrosis is impaired but interstitial, adverse fibrosis is augmented. This could be explained by analyzing the effectiveness of signaling pathways in resident fibroblasts from young versus aged hearts. Whereas defective signaling by transforming growth factor-β leads to insufficient scar formation by myofibroblasts, enhanced activation of the ERK1/2 pathway may be responsible for interstitial fibrosis mediated by activated fibroblasts. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at https://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/fibroblast-phenotypic-changes-in-the-aging-heart/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn Trial
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | - Katarzyna A Cieslik
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
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18
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Passaro F, Testa G. Implications of Cellular Aging in Cardiac Reprogramming. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:43. [PMID: 29755986 PMCID: PMC5935013 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a chronic functional decline of organ systems which leads to tissue dysfunction over time, representing a risk factor for diseases development, including cardiovascular. The aging process occurring in the cardiovascular system involves heart and vessels at molecular and cellular level, with subsequent structural modifications and functional impairment. Several modifications involved in the aging process can be ascribed to cellular senescence, a biological response that limits the proliferation of damaged cells. In physiological conditions, the mechanism of cellular senescence is involved in regulation of tissue homeostasis, remodeling, and repair. However, in some conditions senescence-driven tissue repair may fail, leading to the tissue accumulation of senescent cells which in turn may contribute to tumor promotion, aging, and age-related diseases. Cellular reprogramming processes can reverse several age-associated cell features, such as telomere length, DNA methylation, histone modifications and cell-cycle arrest. As such, induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) can provide models of progeroid and physiologically aged cells to gain insight into the pathogenesis of such conditions, to drive the development of new therapies for premature aging and to further explore the possibility of rejuvenating aged cells. An emerging picture is that the tissue remodeling role of cellular senescence could also be crucial for the outcomes of in vivo reprogramming processes. Experimental evidence has demonstrated that, on one hand, senescence represents a cell-autonomous barrier for a cell candidate to reprogramming, but, on the other hand, it may positively sustain the reprogramming capability of surrounding cells to generate fully proficient tissues. This review fits into this conceptual framework by highlighting the most prominent concepts that characterize aging and reprogramming and discusses how the aging tissue might provide a favorable microenvironment for in vivo cardiac reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Passaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianluca Testa
- Interdepartmental Center for Nanotechnology Research - NanoBem, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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19
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Roy S, Mathew MK. Fluid flow modulates electrical activity in cardiac hERG potassium channels. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4289-4303. [PMID: 29305421 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid movement within the heart generates substantial shear forces, but the effect of this mechanical stress on the electrical activity of the human heart has not been examined. The fast component of the delayed rectifier potassium currents responsible for repolarization of the cardiac action potential, Ikr, is encoded by the human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) channel. Here, we exposed hERG1a channel-expressing HEK293T cells to laminar shear stress (LSS) and observed that this mechanical stress increased the whole-cell current by 30-40%. LSS shifted the voltage dependence of steady-state activation of the hERG channel to the hyperpolarizing direction, accelerated the time course of activation and recovery from inactivation, slowed down deactivation, and shifted the steady-state inactivation to the positive direction, all of which favored the hERG open state. In contrast, the time course of inactivation was faster, favoring the closed state. Using specific inhibitors of focal adhesion kinase, a regulator of mechano-transduction via the integrin pathway, we also found that the LSS-induced modulation of the whole-cell current depended on the integrin pathway. The hERG1b channel variant, which lacks the Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain, and long QT syndrome-associated variants having point mutations in the PAS domain were unaffected by LSS, suggesting that the PAS domain in hERG1a channel may be involved in sensing mechanical shear stress. We conclude that a mechano-electric feedback pathway modulates hERG channel activity through the integrin pathway, indicating that mechanical forces in the heart influence its electrical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Roy
- From the National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065.,the Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Bengaluru 560099, and.,the School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - M K Mathew
- From the National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065,
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20
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Abstract
Heart failure is the quintessential cardiovascular syndrome of aging that results from common cardiovascular conditions in older adults in conjunction with age-associated changes in cardiovascular structure and function. To a large extent, heart failure is a geriatric syndrome in much the same way that dementia, falls, and frailty are geriatric syndromes. The incidence and prevalence of heart failure increase strikingly with age and make heart failure the most common reason for hospitalization among older adults. Although outcomes for older adults with heart failure have improved over time, mortality, hospitalization, and rehospitalization rates remain high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Dharmarajan
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, Suite 200, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Michael W Rich
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8086, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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21
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Dissecting the Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Heart Disease: Lessons from the Drosophila Genetic Model. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4020024. [PMID: 29056683 PMCID: PMC5606597 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic scaffold within organs and tissues that enables cell morphogenesis and provides structural support. Changes in the composition and organisation of the cardiac ECM are required for normal development. Congenital and age-related cardiac diseases can arise from mis-regulation of structural ECM proteins (Collagen, Laminin) or their receptors (Integrin). Key regulators of ECM turnover include matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs). MMP expression is increased in mice, pigs, and dogs with cardiomyopathy. The complexity and longevity of vertebrate animals makes a short-lived, genetically tractable model organism, such as Drosophila melanogaster, an attractive candidate for study. We survey ECM macromolecules and their role in heart development and growth, which are conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates, with focus upon the consequences of altered expression or distribution. The Drosophila heart resembles that of vertebrates during early development, and is amenable to in vivo analysis. Experimental manipulation of gene function in a tissue- or temporally-regulated manner can reveal the function of adhesion or ECM genes in the heart. Perturbation of the function of ECM proteins, or of the MMPs that facilitate ECM remodelling, induces cardiomyopathies in Drosophila, including cardiodilation, arrhythmia, and cardia bifida, that provide mechanistic insight into cardiac disease in mammals.
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22
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Meschiari CA, Ero OK, Pan H, Finkel T, Lindsey ML. The impact of aging on cardiac extracellular matrix. GeroScience 2017; 39:7-18. [PMID: 28299638 PMCID: PMC5352584 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in cardiac homeostasis can be observed at the cellular, extracellular, and tissue levels. Progressive cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, and the gradual development of cardiac fibrosis are hallmarks of cardiac aging. In the absence of a secondary insult such as hypertension, these changes are subtle and result in slight to moderate impaired myocardial function, particularly diastolic function. While collagen deposition and cross-linking increase during aging, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation capacity also increases due to increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Of the MMPs elevated with cardiac aging, MMP-9 has been extensively evaluated and its roles are reviewed here. In addition to proteolytic activity on ECM components, MMPs oversee cell signaling during the aging process by modulating cytokine, chemokine, growth factor, hormone, and angiogenic factor expression and activity. In association with elevated MMP-9, macrophage numbers increase in an age-dependent manner to regulate the ECM and angiogenic responses. Understanding the complexity of the molecular interactions between MMPs and the ECM in the context of aging may provide novel diagnostic indicators for the early detection of age-related fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Meschiari
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Room G351-04, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Osasere Kelvin Ero
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Room G351-04, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Haihui Pan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Toren Finkel
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Room G351-04, Jackson, MS, USA.
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA.
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23
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Gulbahar MY, Davis WC, Guvenc T, Yarim M, Parlak U, Kabak YB. Myocarditis Associated with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type O in Lambs. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:589-99. [PMID: 17846231 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-5-589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the pathogenetic mechanisms of myocarditis in 9 lambs that died in a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in Samsun, Turkey. In all the heart samples tested, ELISA and sequencing for phylogenetic analyses showed that the virus, namely O/TUR/Samsun/05, was associated with the PanAsia pandemic strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type O. The lambs had myocardial lesions but no typical vesicular lesions. In situ reverse transcription showed that many cardiomyocytes and some interstitial cells were positive for FMDV type O. Inflammatory infiltration, hyaline degeneration, and necrosis of sheets of myocytes were observed. The cellular infiltrates were mononuclear cells, including many lymphocytes, macrophages, a few plasma cells, and neutrophils. Major histocompatibility complex Class II+ dendritic and mononuclear cells, γδ T cells, CD172A+ and CD14+ macrophages and monocytes, and IgM+ B cells were detected mainly in the infected hearts. Inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) was seen mostly in areas of inflammation infiltrated by large numbers of cells. Of the 2 α-subunits of integrin known to be used as receptors by FMDV in epithelial tissues, CD49e (integrin α5) was detected in the membranes of cardiac myocytes with intercalated discs, but CD51 (integrin αV) was not detected in cardiac myocytes from infected or normal lambs. Interstitial and inflammatory cells were positive for both integrin subunits. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive signal was detected in the nuclei of both cardiac myocytes and interstitial cells from infected lambs. These findings suggest that the iNOS expressed by inflammatory cells in lesions may have a deleterious effect on cardiac myocytes in these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Gulbahar
- University of Ondokuz Mayis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Kurupelit, 55139 Samsun, Turkey.
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Centurione L, Di Giulio C, Santavenere E, Cacchio M, Sabatini N, Rapino C, Bianchi G, Rapino M, Bosco D, Antonucci A, Cataldi A. Protein Kinase Cζ Regulation of Hypertrophic and Apoptotic Events Occurring during Rat Neonatal Heart Development and Growth. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 18:49-58. [PMID: 15698510 DOI: 10.1177/039463200501800106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and growth of the rat heart implies hyperplasia, which stops at birth, and hypertrophy, allowing cardiac mass to grow in response to programmed genetic events along with to haemodynamic overload. Moreover, hypertrophy is accomplished to apoptosis which controls the final number of myocardial cells, deletes vestigial structures, and takes part in remodelling the organ. Since at the basis of all these processes, which lead to the complete development of the heart, the activation of specific signalling pathways underlies, attention has been addressed to the role played in vivo by Protein Kinase Cζ (PKCζ) in regulating NF-kB signalling system and “intrinsic” mitochondrial apoptotic route at days 1, 4, 10 and 22 of rat life. In fact, a role has been assigned to PKCζ in indirectly phosphorylating IKBα, which peaks between 10 and 22 days, through a IKK determining, in turn, NF-kB activation, concomitantly to cytochrome c/Apaf 1 co-localization in the cytoplasm and caspase-9/caspase-3 activation, which leads to the occurrence of apoptosis. Thus a key role for PKCζ in regulating the hypertrophic and apoptotic events leading to establishment of complete function in rat neonatal heart is here suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Centurione
- Dipartimento di Biomorfologia, Facoltà di Farmacia, Cattedra di Anatomia Umana, University of Chieti, Italy
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25
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Toba H, de Castro Brás LE, Baicu CF, Zile MR, Lindsey ML, Bradshaw AD. Increased ADAMTS1 mediates SPARC-dependent collagen deposition in the aging myocardium. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E1027-35. [PMID: 27143554 PMCID: PMC4935141 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00040.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a collagen-binding matricellular protein highly expressed during fibrosis. Fibrosis is a prominent component of cardiac aging that reduces myocardial elasticity. Previously, we reported that SPARC deletion attenuated myocardial stiffness and collagen deposition in aged mice. To investigate the mechanisms by which SPARC promotes age-related cardiac fibrosis, we evaluated six groups of mice (n = 5-6/group): young (3-5 mo old), middle-aged (10-12 mo old), and old (18-29 mo old) C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and SPARC-null (Null) mice. Collagen content, determined by picrosirius red staining, increased in an age-dependent manner in WT but not in Null mice. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin-like motifs 1 (ADAMTS1) increased in middle-aged and old WT compared with young, whereas in Null mice only old animals showed increased ADAMTS1 expression. Versican, a substrate of ADAMTS1, decreased with age only in WT. To assess the mechanisms of SPARC-induced collagen deposition, we stimulated cardiac fibroblasts with SPARC. SPARC treatment increased secretion of collagen I and ADAMTS1 (both the 110-kDa latent and 87-kDa active forms) into the conditioned media as well as the cellular expression of transforming growth factor-β1-induced protein (Tgfbi) and phosphorylated Smad2. An ADAMTS1 blocking antibody suppressed the SPARC-induced collagen I secretion, indicating that SPARC promoted collagen production directly through ADAMTS1 interaction. In conclusion, ADAMTS1 is an important mediator of SPARC-regulated cardiac aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroe Toba
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Lisandra E de Castro Brás
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Catalin F Baicu
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Michael R Zile
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina; and
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Amy D Bradshaw
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina; and
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Abstract
Unlike diet and exercise, which individuals can modulate according to their lifestyle, aging is unavoidable. With normal or healthy aging, the heart undergoes extensive vascular, cellular, and interstitial molecular changes that result in stiffer less compliant hearts that experience a general decline in organ function. Although these molecular changes deemed cardiac remodeling were once thought to be concomitant with advanced cardiovascular disease, they can be found in patients without manifestation of clinical disease. It is now mostly acknowledged that these age-related mechanical changes confer vulnerability of the heart to cardiovascular stresses associated with disease, such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. However, recent studies have aimed at differentiating the initial compensatory changes that occur within the heart with age to maintain contractile function from the maladaptive responses associated with disease. This work has identified new targets to improve cardiac function during aging. Spanning invertebrate to vertebrate models, we use this review to delineate some hallmarks of physiological versus pathological remodeling that occur in the cardiomyocyte and its microenvironment, focusing especially on the mechanical changes that occur within the sarcomere, intercalated disc, costamere, and extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla O Sessions
- From the Biomedical Sciences Program (A.O.S., A.J.E.) and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.J.E.); and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA (A.J.E.)
| | - Adam J Engler
- From the Biomedical Sciences Program (A.O.S., A.J.E.) and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.J.E.); and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA (A.J.E.).
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Chen C, Li R, Ross RS, Manso AM. Integrins and integrin-related proteins in cardiac fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 93:162-74. [PMID: 26562414 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is one of the major components of the healing mechanism following any injury of the heart and as such may contribute to both systolic and diastolic dysfunction in a range of pathophysiologic conditions. Canonically, it can occur as part of the remodeling process that occurs following myocardial infarction or that follows as a response to pressure overload. Integrins are cell surface receptors which act in both cellular adhesion and signaling. Most importantly, in the context of the continuously contracting myocardium, they are recognized as mechanotransducers. They have been implicated in the development of fibrosis in several organs, including the heart. This review will focus on the involvement of integrins and integrin-related proteins, in cardiac fibrosis, outlining the roles of these proteins in the fibrotic responses in specific cardiac pathologies, discuss some of the common end effectors (angiotensin II, transforming growth factor beta 1 and mechanical stress) through which integrins function and finally discuss how manipulation of this set of proteins may lead to new treatments which could prove useful to alter the deleterious effects of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613, USA; Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | - Ruixia Li
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613, USA; Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | - Robert S Ross
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613, USA; Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | - Ana Maria Manso
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613, USA; Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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Dworatzek E, Baczko I, Kararigas G. Effects of aging on cardiac extracellular matrix in men and women. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 10:84-91. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Dworatzek
- Institute of Gender in Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Research; Charite University Hospital; Berlin Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research); Berlin Partner Site; Berlin Germany
| | - Istvan Baczko
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
| | - Georgios Kararigas
- Institute of Gender in Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Research; Charite University Hospital; Berlin Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research); Berlin Partner Site; Berlin Germany
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Lynch K, Pei M. Age associated communication between cells and matrix: a potential impact on stem cell-based tissue regeneration strategies. Organogenesis 2015; 10:289-98. [PMID: 25482504 DOI: 10.4161/15476278.2014.970089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent paper demonstrated that decellularized extracellular matrix (DECM) deposited by synovium-derived stem cells (SDSCs), especially from fetal donors, could rejuvenate human adult SDSCs in both proliferation and chondrogenic potential, in which expanded cells and corresponding culture substrate (such as DECM) were found to share a mutual reaction in both elasticity and protein profiles (see ref. (1) ). It seems that young DECM may assist in the development of culture strategies that optimize proliferation and maintain "stemness" of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), helping to overcome one of the primary difficulties in MSC-based regenerative therapies. In this paper, the effects of age on the proliferative capacity and differentiation potential of MSCs are reviewed, along with the ability of DECM from young cells to rejuvenate old cells. In an effort to highlight some of the potential molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon, we discuss age-related changes to extracellular matrix (ECM)'s physical properties and chemical composition.
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Key Words
- ACAN, aggrecan
- ADSC, adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- BMSC, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell
- CBFA1, core binding factor α 1
- CFU-OB, colony forming unit of osteoblasts
- COL2A1, collagen type 2 alpha1
- DECM, decellularized extracellular matrix
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ESC, embryonic stem cell
- FGF2, fibroblast growth factor basic
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HSC, haematopoietic stem cell
- IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor I
- LOXL1, lysyl oxidase-like 1
- LPL, lipopolysaccharide
- LV, left ventricle
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cell
- ON, osteonectin
- PPARG, peroxisome proliferator active receptor gamma
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2
- SD, Sprague-Dawley
- SDSC, synovium derived stem cell
- SIS-ECM, small intestinal submucosa extracellular matrix
- SOX9, SRY (sex determining region-Y)-box 9
- SPARC, secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
- UDSC, umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cell
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- aging
- differentiation
- extracellular matrix
- mRNA, mRNA
- mesenchymal stem cells
- miRNA, micro-RNA
- microenvironment
- proliferation
- tissue engineering
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lynch
- a Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory; Department of Orthopaedics ; West Virginia University ; Morgantown , WV USA
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Abdel-Hamid AAM, Firgany AEDL. Atorvastatin alleviates experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy by suppressing apoptosis and oxidative stress. J Mol Histol 2015; 46:337-45. [PMID: 26041576 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-015-9625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic hazard on the myocardium is a complication of diabetes that intensifies its morbidity and increases its mortality. Therefore, alleviation of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) by a reliable drug remains a matter of interest in experimental research. The aim of this study was to explore the structural alterations in the myocardium induced by atorvastatin (ATOR) in DCM, induced by streptozotocin (STZ), along with the associated changes occurring in apoptosis and oxidative stress markers. Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups; group A (control), group B (non-diabetic, received ATOR, orally, 50 mg/kg daily), group C (DCM, received STZ 70 mg/kg, single i.p. injection) and group D (DCM + ATOR). After 6 weeks, left ventricle (LV) specimens were prepared for histological and immunohistochemical study by hematoxlyin and eosin, Masson`s trichrome, anti-cleaved caspase-3 stains as well as for assays of oxidative stress markers. All data were measured morphometrically and statistically analyzed. The DCM group showed disorganization of the cardiomyocytes, interstitial edema, numerous fibroblasts, significant increases in the collagen volume fraction (p < 0.001), cleaved caspase-3 expression % area (p < 0.001) and, malondialdehyde in blood (p < 0.001), in LV (p < 0.05) compared with DCM + ATOR group. The latter has LV wall thickness, relative heart weight and antioxidant activities nearly similar to the control, independent from ATOR lipid-lowering effect. Therefore, ATOR can preserve myocardial structure in DCM nearly similar to normal. This may be achieved by suppressing apoptosis that parallels the correction of the antioxidant markers, which can be considered as non-lipid lowering benefit of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A M Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, P.O. 35516, Mansoura, Egypt,
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Greco S, Gorospe M, Martelli F. Noncoding RNA in age-related cardiovascular diseases. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 83:142-55. [PMID: 25640162 PMCID: PMC5509469 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic gene expression is tightly regulated transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally by a host of noncoding (nc)RNAs. The best-studied class of short ncRNAs, microRNAs, mainly repress gene expression post-transcriptionally. Long noncoding (lnc)RNAs, which comprise RNAs differing widely in length and function, can regulate gene transcription as well as post-transcriptional mRNA fate. Collectively, ncRNAs affect a broad range of age-related physiologic deteriorations and pathologies, including reduced cardiovascular vigor and age-associated cardiovascular disease. This review presents an update of our understanding of regulatory ncRNAs contributing to cardiovascular health and disease as a function of advancing age. We will discuss (1) regulatory ncRNAs that control aging-associated cardiovascular homeostasis and disease, (2) the concepts, approaches, and methodologies needed to study regulatory ncRNAs in cardiovascular aging and (3) the challenges and opportunities that age-associated regulatory ncRNAs present in cardiovascular physiology and pathology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "CV Aging".
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Greco
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Policlinico San Donato-IRCCS, Milan, 20097, Italy
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Fabio Martelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Policlinico San Donato-IRCCS, Milan, 20097, Italy.
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Coble J, Schilder RJ, Berg A, Drummond MJ, Rasmussen BB, Kimball SR. Influence of ageing and essential amino acids on quantitative patterns of troponin T alternative splicing in human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015. [PMID: 26201856 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is associated with a loss of skeletal muscle performance, a condition referred to as sarcopenia. In part, the age-related reduction in performance is due to a selective loss of muscle fiber mass, but mass-independent effects have also been demonstrated. An important mass-independent determinant of muscle performance is the pattern of expression of isoforms of proteins that participate in muscle contraction (e.g., the troponins). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that ageing impairs alternative splicing of the pre-mRNA encoding fast skeletal muscle troponin T (TNNT3) in human vastus lateralis muscle. Furthermore, we hypothesized that resistance exercise alone or in combination with consumption of essential amino acids would attenuate age-associated effects on TNNT3 alternative splicing. Our results indicate that ageing negatively affects the pattern of TNNT3 alternative splicing in a manner that correlates quantitatively with age-associated reductions in muscle performance. Interestingly, whereas vastus lateralis TNNT3 alternative splicing was unaffected by a bout of resistance exercise 24 h prior to muscle biopsy, ingestion of a mixture of essential amino acids after resistance exercise resulted in a significant shift in the pattern of TNNT3 splice form expression in both age groups to one predicted to promote greater muscle performance. We conclude that essential amino acid supplementation after resistance exercise may provide a means to reduce impairments in skeletal muscle quality during ageing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Coble
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Rudolf J Schilder
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Arthur Berg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Scot R Kimball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
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The role of extracellular matrix in age-related conduction disorders: a forgotten player? JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2015; 12:76-82. [PMID: 25678907 PMCID: PMC4308461 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular aging is a physiological process gradually leading to structural degeneration and functional loss of all the cardiac and vascular components. Conduction system is also deeply influenced by the aging process with relevant reflexes in the clinical side. Age-related arrhythmias carry significant morbidity and mortality and represent a clinical and economical burden. An important and unjustly unrecognized actor in the pathophysiology of aging is represented by the extracellular matrix (ECM) that not only structurally supports the heart determining its mechanical and functional properties, but also sends a biological signaling regulating cellular function and maintaining tissue homeostasis. At the biophysical level, cardiac ECM exhibits a peculiar degree of anisotropy, which is among the main determinants of the conductive properties of the specialized electrical conduction system. Age-associated alterations of cardiac ECM are therefore able to profoundly affect the function of the conduction system with striking impact on the patient clinical conditions. This review will focus on the ECM changes that occur during aging in the heart conduction system and on their translation to the clinical scenario. Potential diagnostic and therapeutical perspectives arising from the knowledge on ECM age-associated alterations are further discussed.
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Wang M, Shah AM. Age-associated pro-inflammatory remodeling and functional phenotype in the heart and large arteries. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 83:101-11. [PMID: 25665458 PMCID: PMC4459900 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aging population is increasing dramatically. Aging–associated stress simultaneously drives proinflammatory remodeling, involving angiotensin II and other factors, in both the heart and large arteries. The structural remodeling and functional changes that occur with aging include cardiac and vascular wall stiffening, systolic hypertension and suboptimal ventricular-arterial coupling, features that are often clinically silent and thus termed a silent syndrome. These age-related effects are the result of responses initiated by cardiovascular proinflammatory cells. Local proinflammatory signals are coupled between the heart and arteries due to common mechanical and humoral messengers within a closed circulating system. Thus, targeting proinflammatory signaling molecules would be a promising approach to improve age-associated suboptimal ventricular-arterial coupling, a major predisposing factor for the pathogenesis of clinical cardiovascular events such as heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Ajay M Shah
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, UK.
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Abstract
Aging is a complex, multifaceted process that induces a myriad of physiological changes over an extended period of time. Aging is accompanied by major biochemical and biomechanical changes at macroscopic and microscopic length scales that affect not only tissues and organs but also cells and subcellular organelles. These changes include transcriptional and epigenetic modifications; changes in energy production within mitochondria; and alterations in the overall mechanics of cells, their nuclei, and their surrounding extracellular matrix. In addition, aging influences the ability of cells to sense changes in extracellular-matrix compliance (mechanosensation) and to transduce these changes into biochemical signals (mechanotransduction). Moreover, following a complex positive-feedback loop, aging is accompanied by changes in the composition and structure of the extracellular matrix, resulting in changes in the mechanics of connective tissues in older individuals. Consequently, these progressive dysfunctions facilitate many human pathologies and deficits that are associated with aging, including cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neurodegenerative disorders and diseases. Here, we critically review recent work highlighting some of the primary biophysical changes occurring in cells and tissues that accompany the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude M Phillip
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218
| | - Ivie Aifuwa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218
| | - Jeremy Walston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
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Wang CH, Wu ET, Wu MS, Tsai MS, Ko YH, Chang RW, Chang CY, Chang KC. Pyridoxamine protects against mechanical defects in cardiac ageing in rats: studies on load dependence of myocardial relaxation. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:1488-98. [PMID: 25239923 PMCID: PMC4240468 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.082008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
New Findings Our team demonstrated in the past that pyridoxamine attenuated arterial stiffening by targeting the pathogenic formation of glycated collagen cross-links in aged rats. Herein, we examined whether pyridoxamine therapy can protect against mechanical defects in myocardial relaxation by improving arterial wave properties and cardiac contractile performance in senescent animals. Fifteen-month-old male Fisher 344 rats were treated daily with pyridoxamine (1 g l−1 in drinking water) for 5 months and compared with age-matched untreated control animals (20 months old). Arterial wave properties were characterized by wave transit time (τw) and wave reflection factor (Rf). We measured the contractile status of the myocardium in an intact heart as the left ventricular (LV) end-systolic elastance (Ees). Myocardial relaxation was described according to the time constant of the LV isovolumic pressure decay (τe). Pyridoxamine therapy prevented the age-associated prolongation in LV τe and the diminished Ees in senescent rats. The drug also attenuated the age-related augmentation in afterload imposed on the heart, as evidenced by the increased τw and decreased Rf. We found that the LV τe was significantly influenced by both the arterial τw and Rf (τe = 16.3902 + 8.3123 × Rf − 0.4739 × τw; r = 0.7048, P < 0.005). In the meantime, the LV τe and the LV Ees showed a significant inverse linear correlation (τe = 13.9807 − 0.0068 × Ees; r = 0.6451, P < 0.0005). All these findings suggested that long-term treatment with pyridoxamine might ameliorate myocardial relaxation rate, at least partly through its ability to enhance myocardial contractile performance, increase wave transit time and decrease wave reflection factor in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Wang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Surgery, Hsin-Chu Branch of National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - En-Ting Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiou Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Ya-Hui Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Wen Chang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chu Chang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Age and SPARC change the extracellular matrix composition of the left ventricle. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:810562. [PMID: 24783223 PMCID: PMC3982264 DOI: 10.1155/2014/810562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), a collagen-binding matricellular protein, has been implicated in procollagen processing and deposition. The aim of this study was to investigate age- and SPARC-dependent changes in protein composition of the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM). We studied 6 groups of mice (n = 4/group): young (4-5 months old), middle-aged (11-12 m.o.), and old (18–29 m.o.) C57BL/6J wild type (WT) and SPARC null. The left ventricle (LV) was decellularized to enrich for ECM proteins. Protein extracts were separated by SDS-PAGE, digested in-gel, and analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Relative quantification was performed by spectral counting, and changes in specific proteins were validated by immunoblotting. We identified 321 proteins, of which 44 proteins were extracellular proteins. Of these proteins, collagen III levels were lower in the old null mice compared to WT, suggestive of a role for SPARC in collagen deposition. Additionally, fibrillin showed a significant increase in the null middle-aged group, suggestive of increased microfibril deposition in the absence of SPARC. Collagen VI increased with age in both genotypes (>3-fold), while collagen IV showed increased age-associated levels only in the WT animals (4-fold, P < 0.05). These changes may explain the previously reported age-associated increases in LV stiffness. In summary, our data suggest SPARC is a possible therapeutic target for aging induced LV dysfunction.
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Kang SJ, Ahn JM, Han S, Lee JY, Kim WJ, Park DW, Lee SW, Kim YH, Lee CW, Park SW, Mintz GS, Park SJ. Sex differences in the visual-functional mismatch between coronary angiography or intravascular ultrasound versus fractional flow reserve. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2014; 6:562-8. [PMID: 23787231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to assess differences in visual-functional mismatches between men and women. BACKGROUND Sex differences in mismatch between coronary anatomy and function remain poorly understood. METHODS We assessed quantitative coronary angiography, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), fractional flow reserve (FFR), and echocardiographic left ventricular mass in a prospective cohort of 700 patients (493 male and 207 female patients) with 700 left anterior descending coronary lesions. RESULTS The female patients were older than the male patients (64 ± 10 years vs. 60 ± 10 years, p < 0.001) and body surface area (BSA) (57 ± 0.13 m(2) vs. 1.79 ± 0.13 m(2), p < 0.001) and left ventricular mass (151 ± 37g vs. 171 ± 41 g, p < 0.001) were smaller. Although there were no sex differences in angiographic diameter stenosis, lesion length, and IVUS minimal lumen area (MLA), FFR was higher in female patients (0.83 ± 0.09 vs. 0.79 ± 0.09, p < 0.001). Female patients had a smaller reference vessel area (11.4 ± 3.3 mm(2) vs. 13.1 ± 4.0 mm(2)), vessel area (9.0 ± 3.3 mm(2) vs. 11.1 ± 4.2 mm(2)), and plaque burden (69.8 ± 13.7% vs. 73.8 ± 12.2%) at the MLA site compared with male patients (all p < 0.001). To predict FFR <0.80, angiography had a lower positive predictive value in female patients (44% vs. 60%, p = 0.014); this was also seen in the IVUS analysis. Unlike angiography, the IVUS-MLA had a lower concordance rate in female patients (64% vs. 71%, p = 0.046). Independent predictors of FFR were age, BSA, lesion length, angiographic diameter stenosis, and IVUS-MLA and plaque burden. When left ventricular mass was included, it also predicted FFR, replacing BSA. CONCLUSIONS In female patients with smaller BSA, left ventricular mass, and vessel size, smaller myocardial territory may be responsible for the higher FFR value for any given stenosis compared with male patients. Considering the higher rate of visual-functional mismatch, FFR-guided decision making is especially important in female patients to avoid unnecessary procedures. (Natural History of FFR-Guided Deferred Coronary Lesions [IRIS FFR-DEFER Registry]; NCT01366404).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Kang
- Department of Cardiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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Johnson TD, Dequach JA, Gaetani R, Ungerleider J, Elhag D, Nigam V, Behfar A, Christman KL. Human versus porcine tissue sourcing for an injectable myocardial matrix hydrogel. Biomater Sci 2014; 2014:60283D. [PMID: 24634775 PMCID: PMC3950205 DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60283d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of death in the western world with a critical need for new therapies. A previously developed injectable hydrogel derived from porcine myocardial matrix (PMM) has had successful results in both small and large animal MI models. In this study, we sought to evaluate the impact of tissue source on this biomaterial, specifically comparing porcine and human myocardium sources. We first developed an analogous hydrogel derived from human myocardial matrix (HMM). The biochemical and physical properties of the PMM and HMM hydrogels were then characterized, including residual dsDNA, protein content, sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content, complex viscosity, storage and loss moduli, and nano-scale topography. Biochemical activity was investigated with in vitro studies for the proliferation of vascular cells and differentiation of human cardiomyocyte progenitor cells (hCMPCs). Next, in vivo gelation and material spread were confirmed for both PMM and HMM after intramyocardial injection. After extensive comparison, the matrices were found to be similar, yet did show some differences. Because of the rarity of collecting healthy human hearts, the increased difficulty in processing the human tissue, shifts in ECM composition due to aging, and significant patient-to-patient variability, these studies suggest that the HMM is not a viable option as a scalable product for the clinic; however, the HMM has potential as a tool for in vitro cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jessica A Dequach
- Department of Bioengineering, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Roberto Gaetani
- Department of Bioengineering, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 ; Department of Cardiology, HLCU, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica Ungerleider
- Department of Bioengineering, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dean Elhag
- Department of Bioengineering, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Vishal Nigam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Rady Children's Hospital and University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Atta Behfar
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Karen L Christman
- Department of Bioengineering, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Hu S, Yan G, He W, Liu Z, Xu H, Ma G. The influence of disease and age on human cardiac stem cells. Ann Clin Biochem 2013; 51:582-90. [PMID: 24197835 DOI: 10.1177/0004563213511065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have found that cardiac stem cells (CSCs) are present in the adult heart. CSCs play an important role in maintaining the balance of the number of myocardial cells. The purpose of this study was to examine characteristics of human CSCs and their correlation with clinical characteristics of patients. We collected heart auricles of 105 patients (age range, 1–78 years; mean, 55.6 ± 17.0 years) undergoing cardiac surgery to obtain CSCs. We assayed the percentage of c-kit positive (c-kit+) CSCs with flow cytometry. Plasma Nɛ-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The percentage of c-kit+ CSCs was 4.96 ± 3.12% (0.98–17.17%), and this was significantly negatively correlated with age, the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and coronary heart disease (CHD) ( r values were −0.797 [ P < 0.01], −0.500 [ P < 0.01] and −0.250 [ P = 0.011], respectively). The percentage of c-kit+ CSCs was significantly negatively correlated with CML concentrations ( r = −0.859, P < 0.01). The percentage of c-kit+ CSCs decreases with ageing and is further decreased in patients with DM and/or CHD. Furthermore, plasma CML concentrations may have potential as an indicator of the number of c-kit+ CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengda Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaoliang Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongzeng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Huleihel L, Levine M, Rojas M. The potential of cell-based therapy in lung diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:1429-40. [PMID: 23984902 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.833603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many lung diseases have high morbidity and mortality rates and there are no cures or treatments apart from mechanical ventilation or transplantation. Cell-based therapies are currently an area of intense research, and many groups are working to translate successful in vitro results into treatments that are safe for patients. AREAS COVERED This review discusses several types of stem and progenitor cells that have been proven likely candidates for cell therapies, as well as their applications so far in specific acute and chronic lung diseases, focusing on their mechanisms of action and how best they can be directed toward clinical aims. EXPERT OPINION The research on cell therapies for the lung, particularly regarding mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), is promising, but there is still much uncertainty surrounding the mechanisms of MSC action and the factors relevant to clinical applications such as the optimal timing of dosage. Future studies will focus on the microenvironment of the stem cells, including the role of microRNAs and extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luai Huleihel
- University of Pittsburgh, Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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Kwak HB. Aging, exercise, and extracellular matrix in the heart. J Exerc Rehabil 2013; 9:338-47. [PMID: 24278882 PMCID: PMC3836529 DOI: 10.12965/jer.130049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a progressive impairment of (a) cardiac structure including fibrosis and cardiomyocyte density, and (b) cardiac function including stroke volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac output. The cardiac remodeling involves loss of cardiac myocytes, reactive hypertrophy of the remaining cells, and increased extracellular matrix (ECM) and fibrosis in the aging heart, especially left ventricles. Fibrosis (i.e., accumulation of collagen) with aging is very critical in impairing cardiac function associated with increased myocardial stiffness. The balance of ECM remodeling via ECM synthesis and degradation is essential for normal cardiac structure and function. Thus an understanding of upstream ECM regulatory factors such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and myofibroblasts is necessary for gaining new insights into managing cardiac remodeling and dysfunction with aging. In contrast, exercise training effectively improves cardiac function in both young and older individuals. Exercise training also improves maximal cardiovascular function by increasing stroke volume and cardiac output. However, limited data indicate that exercise training might attenuate collagen content and remodeling in the aging heart. We recently found that 12 weeks of exercise training protected against geometric changes of collagen ECM in the aging heart and ameliorated age-associated dysregulation of ECM in the heart, as indicated by up-regulation of active MMPs as well as down-regulation of TIMPs and TGF-β. This review will provide a summary and discussion of aging and exercise effects on fibrosis and upstream regulators of ECM in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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Abstract
Important changes occur in the cardiovascular system with advancing age, even in apparently healthy individuals. Thickening and stiffening of the large arteries develop due to collagen and calcium deposition and loss of elastic fibers in the medial layer. These arterial changes cause systolic blood pressure to rise with age, while diastolic blood pressure generally declines after the sixth decade. In the left ventricle, modest concentric wall thickening occurs due to cellular hypertrophy, but cavity size does not change. Although left ventricular systolic function is preserved across the age span, early diastolic filling rate declines 30-50% between the third and ninth decades. Conversely, an age-associated increase in late diastolic filling due to atrial contraction preserves end-diastolic volume. Aerobic exercise capacity declines approximately 10% per decade in cross-sectional studies; in longitudinal studies, however, this decline is accelerated in the elderly. Reductions in peak heart rate and peripheral oxygen utilization but not stroke volume appear to mediate the age-associated decline in aerobic capacity. Deficits in both cardiac β-adrenergic receptor density and in the efficiency of postsynaptic β-adrenergic signaling contribute significantly to the reduced cardiovascular performance during exercise in older adults. Although these cardiovascular aging changes are considered "normative", they lower the threshold for the development of cardiovascular disease, which affects the majority of older adults.
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Park SJ, Kang SJ, Ahn JM, Shim EB, Kim YT, Yun SC, Song H, Lee JY, Kim WJ, Park DW, Lee SW, Kim YH, Lee CW, Mintz GS, Park SW. Visual-Functional Mismatch Between Coronary Angiography and Fractional Flow Reserve. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2012; 5:1029-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vassiliadis E, Barascuk N, Didangelos A, Karsdal MA. Novel cardiac-specific biomarkers and the cardiovascular continuum. Biomark Insights 2012; 7:45-57. [PMID: 22577298 PMCID: PMC3347891 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s9536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of the cardiovascular continuum, introduced during the early 1990s, created a holistic view of the chain of events connecting cardiovascular-related risk factors with the progressive development of pathological-related tissue remodelling and ultimately, heart failure and death. Understanding of the tissue-specific changes, and new technologies developed over the last 25-30 years, enabled tissue remodelling events to be monitored in vivo and cardiovascular disease to be diagnosed more reliably than before. The tangible product of this evolution was the introduction of a number of biochemical markers such as troponin I and T, which are now commonly used in clinics to measure myocardial damage. However, biomarkers that can detect specific earlier stages of the cardiovascular continuum have yet to be generated and utilised. The majority of the existing markers are useful only in the end stages of the disease where few successful intervention options exist. Since a large number of patients experience a transient underlying developing pathology long before the signs or symptoms of cardiovascular disease become apparent, the requirement for new markers that can describe the early tissue-specific, matrix remodelling process which ultimately leads to disease is evident. This review highlights the importance of relating cardiac biochemical markers with specific time points along the cardiovascular continuum, especially during the early transient phase of pathology progression where none of the existing markers aid diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Vassiliadis
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark
- School of Endocrinology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Natasha Barascuk
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark
- School of Endocrinology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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van Almen GC, Verhesen W, van Leeuwen REW, van de Vrie M, Eurlings C, Schellings MWM, Swinnen M, Cleutjens JPM, van Zandvoort MAMJ, Heymans S, Schroen B. MicroRNA-18 and microRNA-19 regulate CTGF and TSP-1 expression in age-related heart failure. Aging Cell 2011; 10:769-79. [PMID: 21501375 PMCID: PMC3193380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the process of cardiac aging, it is of crucial importance to gain insight into the age-related changes in gene expression in the senescent failing heart. Age-related cardiac remodeling is known to be accompanied by changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) gene and protein levels. Small noncoding microRNAs regulate gene expression in cardiac development and disease and have been implicated in the aging process and in the regulation of ECM proteins. However, their role in age-related cardiac remodeling and heart failure is unknown. In this study, we investigated the aging-associated microRNA cluster 17–92, which targets the ECM proteins connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). We employed aged mice with a failure-resistant (C57Bl6) and failure-prone (C57Bl6 × 129Sv) genetic background and extrapolated our findings to human age-associated heart failure. In aging-associated heart failure, we linked an aging-induced increase in the ECM proteins CTGF and TSP-1 to a decreased expression of their targeting microRNAs 18a, 19a, and 19b, all members of the miR-17–92 cluster. Failure-resistant mice showed an opposite expression pattern for both the ECM proteins and the microRNAs. We showed that these expression changes are specific for cardiomyocytes and are absent in cardiac fibroblasts. In cardiomyocytes, modulation of miR-18/19 changes the levels of ECM proteins CTGF and TSP-1 and collagens type 1 and 3. Together, our data support a role for cardiomyocyte-derived miR-18/19 during cardiac aging, in the fine-tuning of cardiac ECM protein levels. During aging, decreased miR-18/19 and increased CTGF and TSP-1 levels identify the failure-prone heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert C van Almen
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Verhesen
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rick E W van Leeuwen
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mathijs van de Vrie
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Casper Eurlings
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark W M Schellings
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa Swinnen
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jack P M Cleutjens
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc A M J van Zandvoort
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Blanche Schroen
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, the Netherlands
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Abstract
During normal aging, the heart undergoes functional, morphological and cellular changes. Although aging per se does not lead to the expression of heart failure, it is likely that age-associated changes lower the threshold for the manifestation of signs and symptoms of heart failure. In patients, the susceptibility, age of onset and pace of progression of heart failure are highly variable. The presence of conventional risk factors cannot completely explain this variability. Accumulation of DNA damage and telomere attrition results in an increase in cellular senescence and apoptosis, resulting in a decrease in the number and function of cells, contributing to the overall tissue and organ dysfunction. Biological aging, characterized by reduced telomere length, provides an explanation for the highly interindividual variable threshold to express the clinical syndrome of heart failure at some stage during life. In this review, we will elaborate on the current knowledge of aging of the heart, telomere biology and its potential role in the development of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza S M Wong
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Effects of age and heart failure on human cardiac stem cell function. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:349-66. [PMID: 21703415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, it is unknown whether defects in stem cell growth and differentiation contribute to myocardial aging and chronic heart failure (CHF), and whether a compartment of functional human cardiac stem cells (hCSCs) persists in the decompensated heart. To determine whether aging and CHF are critical determinants of the loss in growth reserve of the heart, the properties of hCSCs were evaluated in 18 control and 23 explanted hearts. Age and CHF showed a progressive decrease in functionally competent hCSCs. Chronological age was a major predictor of five biomarkers of hCSC senescence: telomeric shortening, attenuated telomerase activity, telomere dysfunction-induced foci, and p21(Cip1) and p16(INK4a) expression. CHF had similar consequences for hCSCs, suggesting that defects in the balance between cardiomyocyte mass and the pool of nonsenescent hCSCs may condition the evolution of the decompensated myopathy. A correlation was found previously between telomere length in circulating bone marrow cells and cardiovascular diseases, but that analysis was restricted to average telomere length in a cell population, neglecting the fact that telomere attrition does not occur uniformly in all cells. The present study provides the first demonstration that dysfunctional telomeres in hCSCs are biomarkers of aging and heart failure. The biomarkers of cellular senescence identified here can be used to define the birth date of hCSCs and to sort young cells with potential therapeutic efficacy.
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Benedicto HG, Bombonato PP, Macchiarelli G, Stifano G, Prado IM. Structural arrangement of the cardiac collagen fibers of healthy and diabetic dogs. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 74:1018-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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