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Wang C, Liu T, Qian Y, Zhang B, Liu W, Zhang Y, An W, Zhou X, Yang M, Yu J. Ubiquitous occurrence of 1,4-dioxane in drinking water of China and its ecological and human health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171155. [PMID: 38387591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of 1,4-dioxane was investigated in 280 source and finished drinking water samples from 31 Chinese cities, based on which its ecological and health risks were systematically evaluated. The findings demonstrated that 1,4-dioxane was detected in about 80.0 % samples with values ranging from n.d. to 7757 ng/L in source water and n.d. to 2918 ng/L in drinking water. 1,4-Dioxane showed limited removal efficiency using conventional coagulation-sedimentation-filtration processes (14 % ± 48 %), and a removal efficiency of 35 % ± 44 % using ozonation-biological activated carbon advanced treatment processes. Relatively higher concentrations, detection frequency and environmental risk were observed in Taihu Lake, Yellow River, Yangtze River, Zhujiang River, and Huaihe River mainly in the eastern and southern regions, where there are considerable industrial activities and comparatively high population densities. The widespread presence as by-products during manufacturing consumer products e.g., ethoxylated surfactants, suggested municipal wastewater discharges were the dominant source for the ubiquitous occurrence of 1,4-dioxane, while industrial activities, e.g. resin manufacturing, also contribute considerably to the elevated concentrations of 1,4-dioxane. The estimated risk quotients were in the range of <1.5 × 10-4 for ecological risk, <5.0 × 10-3 by oral exposure and < 5.0 × 10-2 by inhalation exposure for health risk, illustrating limited ecological harm to water environment or chronic toxicity to human health. For carcinogenic risk, 1,4-Dioxane presented a mean risk of 1.8 × 10-6 by oral exposure, which slightly surpassed the recommended acceptable levels of U.S. EPA (<10-6), and risk from inhalation exposure could be negligible. The pervasiveness in drinking water, low removal efficiencies during water treatment processes, and suspected health impacts, highlighted the necessity to set related water quality standards of 1,4-dioxane in order to improve water environment in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Tingting Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yaohan Qian
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Wanqing Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wei An
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Xujie Zhou
- Shanghai Chengtou Raw Water Co. Ltd., Beiai Rd. 1540, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Min Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jianwei Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Lee CS, Wang M, Clyde PM, Mao X, Brownawell BJ, Venkatesan AK. 1,4-Dioxane removal in nitrifying sand filters treating domestic wastewater: Influence of water matrix and microbial inhibitors. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 324:138304. [PMID: 36871806 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane is a recalcitrant pollutant in water and is ineffectively removed during conventional water and wastewater treatment processes. In this study, we demonstrate the application of nitrifying sand filters to remove 1,4-dioxane from domestic wastewater without the need for bioaugmentation or biostimulation. The sand columns were able to remove 61 ± 10% of 1,4-dioxane on average (initial concentration: 50 μg/L) from wastewater, outperforming conventional wastewater treatment approaches. Microbial analysis revealed the presence of 1,4-dioxane degrading functional genes (dxmB, phe, mmox, and prmA) to support biodegradation being the dominant degradation pathway. Adding antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin), that temporarily inhibited the nitrification process during the dosing period, showed a minor effect in 1,4-dioxane removal (6-8% decline, p < 0.05), suggesting solid resilience of the 1,4-dioxane-degrading microbial community in the columns. Columns amended with sodium azide significantly (p < 0.05) depressed 1,4-dioxane removal in the early stage of dosing but followed by a gradual increase of the removal over time to >80%, presumably due to a shift in the microbial community toward azide-resistant 1,4-dioxane degrading microbes (e.g., fungi). This study demonstrated for the first time the resilience of the 1,4-dioxane-degrading microorganisms during antibiotic shocks, and the selective enrichment of efficient 1,4-dioxane-degrading microbes after azide poisoning. Our observation could provide insights into designing better 1,4-dioxane remediation strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Shiuan Lee
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, USA; Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Mian Wang
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Patricia M Clyde
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, USA; School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Xinwei Mao
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Bruce J Brownawell
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, USA; School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Arjun K Venkatesan
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA; School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
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3
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Noro K, Endo S, Inoue D, Suzuki N, Kameoka H, Ono J, Nakamura S, Yabuki Y. Development of a New Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler for 1,4-dioxane Using Silicone Membrane as a Diffusion Barrier. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:296-302. [PMID: 36349960 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Efficient monitoring methods must be developed for 1,4-dioxane, which is suspected to be carcinogenic to humans and is highly mobile in aquatic environments. In this regard, polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) have been utilized extensively as passive samplers for determining time-weighted average concentrations of hydrophilic organic compounds. However, POCIS are difficult to apply to extremely hydrophilic known organic compounds with negative log octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow ) values due to their limited kinetic sampling time. Using an activated carbon-based sorbent with a high adsorption capacity and a bilayer of silicone and polyethersulfone membranes that inhibit mass transfer to the sorbent, we developed a POCIS device to measure 1,4-dioxane (log Kow -0.27) in the present study. Permeation and field calibration tests demonstrated that the use of silicone membranes effectively reduces the water-to-sorbent mass transfer rate. The sampling rate and kinetic sampling period determined by field calibration tests were 1.4 ml day-1 and >14 days, respectively. Finally, the developed POCIS device was applied to a landfill treatment plant to determine the 1,4-dioxane concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:296-302. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Noro
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture, and Fisheries, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Inoue
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Natsumi Suzuki
- Faculty of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kameoka
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture, and Fisheries, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junko Ono
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture, and Fisheries, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakamura
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture, and Fisheries, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yabuki
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture, and Fisheries, Osaka, Japan
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Satasiya GV, Bhojani G, Kikani M, Amit C, Dineshkumar R, Kumar MA. Response surface algorithm for improved biotransformation of 1,4-dioxane using Staphylococcus capitis strain AG. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112511. [PMID: 34871598 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation reports the biotransformation of an endrocrine disrupting agent; 1,4-dioxane through bacterial metabolism. Initially, potential bacterial isolates capable of surviving with minimum 1,4-dioxane were screened from industrial wastewater. Thereafter, screening was done to isolate a bacteria which can biotransform higher concentration (1000 mg/L) of 1,4-dioxane. Morphological and biochemical features were examined prior establishing their phylogenetic relationships and the bacterium was identified as Staphylococcus capitis strain AG. Biotransformation experiments were tailored using response surface tool and predictions were made to elucidate the opimal conditions. Critical factors influencing bio-transformation efficiency such as tetrahydrofuran, availability of 1,4-dioxane and inoculum size were varied at three different levels as per the central composite design for ameliorating 1,4-dioxane removal. Functional attenuation of 1,4-dioxane by S. capitis strain AG were understood using spectroscopic techniques were significant changes in the peak positions and chemical shifts were visualized. Mass spectral profile revealed that 1.5 (% v/v) S. capitis strain AG could completely (∼99%) remove 1000 mg/L 1,4-dioxane, when incubated with 2 μg/L tetrahydrofuran for 96 h. The toxicity of 1,4-dioxane and biotransformed products by S. capitis strain AG were tested on Artemia salina. The results of toxicity tests revealed that the metabolic products were less toxic as they exerted minimal mortality rate after 48 h exposure. Thus, this research would be the first to report the response prediction and precise tailoring of 1,4-dioxane biotransformation using S. captis strain AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopi Vijaybhai Satasiya
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Gopal Bhojani
- Applied Phycology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Prades, India
| | - Mansi Kikani
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Chanchpara Amit
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Prades, India
| | - Ramalingam Dineshkumar
- Applied Phycology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Prades, India
| | - Madhava Anil Kumar
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Prades, India.
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5
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Cashman M, Ball R, Lewis T, Boving TB. Peroxone activated persulfate oxidation of 1,4-Dioxane under column scale conditions. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2022; 245:103937. [PMID: 34896783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The research presented herein investigates a peroxone activated persulfate (PAP) oxidant, commercialized under the trade name OxyZone®, and its effects on 1,4-Dioxane (dioxane) contaminated water under column scale conditions in the presence of porous material. There is a limited understanding of the underlying processes that govern PAP oxidation, including the oxidation rates in the presence of aquifer material, and how these reactions proceed once the oxidant is injected into a contaminant plume. Initial batch experiments with porous material (e.g. sand) provided data on the reaction rates of dioxane oxidation as a function of the oxidant: contaminant ratio. The observed degradation rates were approximately 4 times lower than those reported for aqueous solutions containing no porous media. Subsequent column experiments simulated two PAP injections schemes along the flowpath of a dioxane plume to study if the injection of one oxidant slug may yield different results than injecting the same oxidant volume at two separate locations. The injection of one oxidant slug was found more effective, resulting in near complete destruction of dioxane over a prolonged time at a rate more than an order of magnitude greater than in the two-slug injection scenario. Tracer test results suggest that the prolonged oxidant reactivity was in part caused by the high density of the injected oxidant solution. Overall, the results underline the importance of accounting for the properties of both the oxidant solution and the porous material when considering the injection of PAP oxidant into an impacted aquifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cashman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA; University of Rhode Island, Department of Geosciences, 9 E Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - R Ball
- Enchem Engineering, 151 California Street, Newton, MA 02458, USA
| | - T Lewis
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Geosciences, 9 E Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - T B Boving
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Geosciences, 9 E Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; University of Rhode Island, Department of Civil Engineering, 9 E Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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6
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Karges U, de Boer S, Vogel AL, Püttmann W. Implementation of initial emission mitigation measures for 1,4-dioxane in Germany: Are they taking effect? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150701. [PMID: 34634353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since our comprehensive investigation of finished drinking water in Germany obtained from managed aquifer recharge systems in the period 2015-2016, which revealed widespread contamination with 1,4-dioxane, mitigation measures (integration of AOP units, shutdown or alteration of production processes) have been implemented at some sites. In this study, we conducted follow-up tests on surface water concentrations and associated finished drinking water concentrations in 2017/2018, to evaluate the effectiveness of these measures. Our findings demonstrate that the emission mitigation measures had considerably reducing effects on the average 1,4-dioxane drinking water concentrations for some of the previously severely affected areas (Lower Franconia: -54%, Passau: -88%). Conversely, at notoriously contaminated sites where neither monitoring nor mitigation measures were introduced, the drinking water concentrations stagnated or even increased. Drinking water concentrations determined via a modified US EPA method 522 ranged from below LOQ (0.034 μg/L) up to 1.68 μg/L in all drinking water samples investigated. In river water samples, the maximum concentration exceeded 10 μg/L. Effluents of wastewater treatments plants containing 1,4-dioxane (5 μg/L-1.75 mg/L) were also analyzed for other similar cyclic ethers by suspected target screening. Thus, 1,3-dioxolane and three other derivatives were tentatively identified in effluents from the polyester processing or manufacturing industry. 1,3-Dioxolane was present in concentrations >1.2 mg/L at one site, exceeding up to sevenfold the 1,4-dioxane concentration found there. At another site 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane was still found 13 km downstream of the discharge point, indicating that ethers analogous to 1,4-dioxane should be further considered regarding their occurrence and fate in wastewater treatment and the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Karges
- Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sabrina de Boer
- Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Alexander L Vogel
- Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Püttmann
- Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Wu X, Rigby K, Huang D, Hedtke T, Wang X, Chung MW, Weon S, Stavitski E, Kim JH. Single-Atom Cobalt Incorporated in a 2D Graphene Oxide Membrane for Catalytic Pollutant Degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1341-1351. [PMID: 34964609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new graphene oxide (GO)-based membrane architecture that hosts cobalt catalysts within its nanoscale pore walls. Such an architecture would not be possible with catalysts in nanoscale, the current benchmark, since they would block the pores or alter the pore structure. Therefore, we developed a new synthesis procedure to load cobalt in an atomically dispersed fashion, the theoretical limit in material downsizing. The use of vitamin C as a mild reducing agent was critical to load Co as dispersed atoms (Co1), preserving the well-stacked 2D structure of GO layers. With the addition of peroxymonosulfate (PMS), the Co1-GO membrane efficiently degraded 1,4-dioxane, a small, neutral pollutant that passes through nanopores in single-pass treatment. The observed 1,4-dioxane degradation kinetics were much faster (>640 times) than the kinetics in suspension and the highest among reported persulfate-based 1,4-dioxane destruction. The capability of the membrane to reject large organic molecules alleviated their effects on radical scavenging. Furthermore, the advanced oxidation also mitigated membrane fouling. The findings of this study present a critical advance toward developing catalytic membranes with which two distinctive and complementary processes, membrane filtration and advanced oxidation, can be combined into a single-step treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhao Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Kali Rigby
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Dahong Huang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Tayler Hedtke
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Myoung Won Chung
- School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Weon
- School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eli Stavitski
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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Isaka K, Masuda T, Omae S, Mishima I, Ike M. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur on the start-up of a biological 1,4-dioxane removal process using Pseudonocardia sp. D17. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Lee CS, Asato C, Wang M, Mao X, Gobler CJ, Venkatesan AK. Removal of 1,4-dioxane during on-site wastewater treatment using nitrogen removing biofilters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144806. [PMID: 33548721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence and release of 1,4-dioxane to groundwater from onsite-wastewater treatment systems (OWTS), which represent 25% of the total wastewater treatment in the U.S., has not been studied to date. In this study we monitored 1,4-dioxane in six septic tank effluents (STE) and receiving OWTS installed at residences on Long Island (LI), NY, for a period of 15 months. We specifically evaluated the performance of Nitrogen Removing Biofilters (NRBs) as an innovative/alternative-OWTS, consisting of a top sand layer and a bottom woodchip/sand layer, to simultaneously remove nitrogen and 1,4-dioxane. 1,4-Dioxane levels in STE (mean: 1.49 μg L-1; range: 0.07-8.45 μg L-1; n = 37) were on average > 15 times higher than tap water from these residences, demonstrating that 1,4-dioxane primarily originated from the use of household products. NRBs were effective in removing both 1,4-dioxane and total nitrogen with an overall removal efficiency of 56 ± 20% and 88 ± 12%, respectively. The majority of 1,4-dioxane removal (~80%) occurred in the top oxic layer of the NRBs. The detection of functional genes (dxmB, prmA, and thmA), which encode for metabolic and co-metabolic 1,4-dioxane degradation, in NRBs provides the first field evidence of aerobic microbial degradation of 1,4-dioxane occurring in a wastewater system. Given that there are ~500,000 conventional OWTS on LI, the 1,4-dioxane discharge to groundwater from residential wastewater was estimated at 195 ± 205 kg yr -1, suggesting high risk of contamination to shallow aquifers. The results also demonstrate that installation of NRBs can reduce 1,4-dioxane to levels even lower than the NY State drinking water standard of 1 μg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Shiuan Lee
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook 11794, United States of America
| | - Caitlin Asato
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook 11794, United States of America
| | - Mian Wang
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook 11794, United States of America; Department of Civil Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States of America
| | - Xinwei Mao
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook 11794, United States of America; Department of Civil Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States of America
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook 11794, United States of America; School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States of America
| | - Arjun K Venkatesan
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook 11794, United States of America; School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States of America; Department of Civil Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States of America.
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10
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Ma F, Wang Y, Yang J, Guo H, Su D, Yu L. Degradation of 1,4-Dioxane by Xanthobacter sp. YN2. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:992-1005. [PMID: 33547937 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane is a highly toxic and carcinogenic pollutant found worldwide in groundwater and soil environments. Several microorganisms have been isolated by their ability to grow on 1,4-dioxane; however, low 1,4-dioxane tolerance and slow degradation kinetics remain obstacles for their use in 1,4-dioxane bioremediation. We report here the isolation and characterization of a new strain, Xanthobacter sp. YN2, capable of highly efficient 1,4-dioxane degradation. High degradation efficiency and high tolerance to 1,4-dioxane make this new strain an ideal candidate for the biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane in various treatment facilities. The maximum degradation rate of 1,4-dioxane was found to be 1.10 mg-1,4-dioxane/h mg-protein. Furthermore, Xanthobacter sp. YN2 was shown to grow in the presence of higher than 3000 mg/L 1,4-dioxane with little to no degradation inhibition. In addition, Xanthobacter sp. YN2 could grow on and degrade 1,4-dioxane at pH ranges 5 to 8 and temperatures between 20 and 40 °C. Xanthobacter sp. YN2 was also found to be able to grow on a variety of other substrates including several analogs of 1,4-dioxane. Genome sequence analyses revealed the presence of two soluble di-iron monooxygenase (SDIMO) gene clusters, and regulation studies determined that all of the genes in these two clusters were upregulated in the presence of 1,4-dioxane. This study provides insights into the bacterial stress response and the highly efficient biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane as well as the identification of a novel Group-2 SDIMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Yingning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jixian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Haijuan Guo
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Delin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Lan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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Abstract
In this study, a microbial community of bacteria was investigated for 1,4-dioxane(1,4-D) biodegradation. The enriched culture was investigated for 1,4-dioxane mineralization, co-metabolism of 1,4-dioxane and extra carbon sources, and characterized 1,4-dioxane biodegradation kinetics. The mineralization test indicates that the enriched culture was able to degrade 1,4-dioxane as the sole carbon and energy source. Interestingly, the distribution of 1,4-dioxane into the final biodegrading products were 36.9% into biomass, 58.3% completely mineralized to CO2, and about 4% escaped as VOC. The enriched culture has a high affinity with 1,4-dioxane during biodegradation. The kinetic coefficients of the Monod equation were qmax = 0.0063 mg 1,4-D/mg VSS/h, Ks = 9.42 mg/L, YT = 0.43 mg VSS/mg 1,4-dioxane and the decay rate was kd = 0.023 mg/mg/h. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and ethylene glycol were both consumed together with 1,4-dioxane by the enriched culture; however, ethylene glycol did not show any influence on 1,4-dioxane biodegradation, while THF proved to be a competitive.
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12
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Chen Z, Liu Y, Liao S, Yi N, Hu Q. Treatment of adsorption of dioxane by using SiCNT toward efficient remediation of refractory organic contaminants from wastewater: DFT and DFTB-MD simulations. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Effects of Additional Carbon Sources in the Biodegradation of 1,4-Dioxane by a Mixed Culture. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12061718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A mixed culture utilizing 1,4-dioxane as a sole carbon and energy source was obtained from the activated sludge at a textile wastewater treatment plant. The biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane was characterized by a model based on the Monod equation. The effects of the presence of easily degradable carbon sources other than 1,4-dioxane were investigated using dextrose. Structural analogs commonly found in 1,4-dioxane-containing wastewater such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, and 1,4-dioxene were also evaluated for their potential effects on 1,4-dioxane biodegradation. The presence of dextrose did not show any synergetic or antagonistic effects on 1,4-dioxane biodegradation, while the structural analogs showed significant competitive inhibition effects. The inhibitory effects were relatively strong with heptagonal cyclic ethers such as THF and 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, and mild with hexagonal cyclic ethers such as 1,4-dioxene. It was also shown that the treatment of 1,4-dioxane in the raw textile wastewater required 170% more time to remove 1,4-dioxane due to the co-presence of 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, and the extent of delay depended on the initial concentration of 1,3-doxolane.
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14
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Scaratti G, Basso A, Landers R, Alvarez PJJ, Puma GL, Moreira RFPM. Treatment of aqueous solutions of 1,4-dioxane by ozonation and catalytic ozonation with copper oxide (CuO). ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:1464-1476. [PMID: 30339515 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1538259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, treatment for the removal of 1,4-dioxane by ozone and by catalytic ozonation using CuO as the catalyst was investigated. While the removal of 1,4-dioxane was small (20%) and mineralization negligible after 6 h of ozonation treatment, the removals of 1,4-dioxane and total organic carbon increased by factors of 10.35 and 81.25, respectively, after catalytic ozonation in the presence of CuO. The mineralization during catalytic ozonation was favoured at pH 10 (94.91 min-1), although it proceeded even at pH 3 (54.41 min-1). The CuO catalyst decreased the equilibrium concentration of soluble ozone and favoured its decomposition to reactive oxidative species. Radical scavenging experiments demonstrated that superoxide radicals were the main species responsible for the degradation of 1,4-dioxane. Further scavenging experiments with phosphate confirmed the presence of Lewis active sites on the surface of CuO, which were responsible for the adsorption and decomposition of ozone. The reaction mechanism proceeded through the formation of ethylene glycol diformate, which quickly hydrolyzed to ethylene glycol and formic acid as intermediate products. The stability of CuO indicated weak copper leaching and high catalytic activity for five recycling cycles. The toxicity of the water, assessed by Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence assays, remained the same (low toxicity) after catalytic ozonation while it increased after treatment with ozonation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gidiane Scaratti
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alex Basso
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Richard Landers
- Institute of Physics Gleb Wataghin, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gianluca Li Puma
- Environmental Nanocatalysis & Photoreaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Regina F P M Moreira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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15
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Karges U, Ott D, De Boer S, Püttmann W. 1,4-Dioxane contamination of German drinking water obtained by managed aquifer recharge systems: Distribution and main influencing factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134783. [PMID: 31818603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane, a cyclic ether that has been classified as a class 2B carcinogen by the US-EPA, is a substance of growing environmental concern because of its abundant occurrence in surface waters worldwide. Its high polarity and low biodegradability hamper its retardation in aquifer systems. Previous investigations in Germany have shown that 1,4-dioxane is already widely distributed in rivers and can be found in groundwater at contamination sites. Therefore, the present study shall provide an overview of the Germany-wide distribution of 1,4-dioxane in finished drinking water (FDW) obtained by managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems. Thus, we investigated the 1,4-Dioxane levels in FDW obtained by MAR, such as river bank filtration (RBF) or artificial groundwater recharge (AGR), in regions that are supplied by surface water bodies (mainly rivers) with already known 1,4-dioxane contaminations. In total, 125 FDW samples and 33 samples of corresponding surface waters were analyzed for 1,4-dioxane content using solid phase extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SIM-mode) using a slight modification to US-EPA method 522. About 80% of the investigated FDW samples contained 1,4-dioxane at levels exceeding the limit of quantification (0.034 μg/L); the maximum value was 2.05 μg/L. However, a maximum concentration of 3 μg/L was obtained in the surface water samples. Three main factors were associated with elevated levels of 1,4-dioxane in the FDW: A significant 1,4-dioxane contamination of the associated surface water, the application of RBF instead of AGR, and the proportion of available unpolluted groundwater and/or reservoir water blended in the individual waterworks. The results show that 1,4-dioxane should be critically monitored during FDW production by means of MAR not only in Germany. The findings are also of relevance to neighboring countries depending on the same river systems and for research in the field of small mobile substances in drinking water production in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Karges
- Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Diana Ott
- Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sabrina De Boer
- Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Wilhelm Püttmann
- Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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16
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Nomura Y, Fukahori S, Fujiwara T. Removal of 1,4-dioxane from landfill leachate by a rotating advanced oxidation contactor equipped with activated carbon/TiO 2 composite sheets. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 383:121005. [PMID: 31671356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A rotating advanced oxidation contactor (RAOC) equipped with activated carbon (AC)/TiO2 composite sheets for 1,4-dioxane removal from biologically treated landfill leachate (BTLL) was developed. The performance of the RAOC in 1,4-dioxane removal was compared to that of a TiO2 slurry reactor by evaluating the removal efficiencies in pure water (PW) and the BTLL. In the TiO2 slurry reactor, 1,4-dioxane was hardly degraded in the BTLL during 66 h of treatment because of strong inhibition by coexisting substances in the BTLL. In contrast, the RAOC successfully removed 1,4-dioxane from the BTLL by 89% through adsorption and by 81% through photocatalysis during treatment for 66 h. The ratio of the rate constants for degrading 1,4-dioxane in the BTLL and PW by the RAOC was two orders of magnitude higher than that for a TiO2 slurry reactor. This shows that the RAOC greatly mitigated the inhibition by coexisting substances in the BTLL. The electrical energy required for 1,4-dioxane degradation in the BTLL by the RAOC was much lower than that required for degradation by the TiO2 slurry reactor. The results show that the RAOC equipped with AC/TiO2 composite sheets effectively removed 1,4-dioxane from BTLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Nomura
- Research and Education Faculty, Natural Sciences Cluster, Agriculture Unit, Kochi University, 200 Monobe Otsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Shuji Fukahori
- Paper Industry Innovation Center of Ehime University, 127 Mendori-cho, Shikokuchuo, Ehime 799-0113, Japan
| | - Taku Fujiwara
- Research and Education Faculty, Natural Sciences Cluster, Agriculture Unit, Kochi University, 200 Monobe Otsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
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17
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Cashman MA, Kirschenbaum L, Holowachuk J, Boving TB. Identification of hydroxyl and sulfate free radicals involved in the reaction of 1,4-dioxane with peroxone activated persulfate oxidant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120875. [PMID: 31336268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates the formation of free radical intermediates in an advanced oxidation processes (AOP) capable of destroying recalcitrant contaminants. The AOP studied is marketed as OxyZone® and relies on the premise of successful persulfate activation by peroxone (hydrogen peroxide plus ozone) and the formation of free radicals. The goal of this research was to determine which radicals are involved in the treatment of the model contaminant, 1,4-dioxane, which is a ubiquitous, recalcitrant organic groundwater pollutant difficult to destroy by conventional oxidants. In a parallel study, the peroxone activation persulfate (PAP) solution investigated herein rapidly degraded 1,4-dioxane. The degradation rates of 1,4-dioxane were measured as a function the oxidant:contaminant ratio. Its degradation products or mechanism were not investigated, however. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy spin trapping was used to identify radicals produced in the oxidant solution, its active ingredients, and their possible interplay. The data presented herein indicate that the combination of hydrogen peroxide and dissolved ozone in the presence of persulfate results in the co-occurrence hydroxyl and sulfate radicals and possibly superoxide/hydroperoxyl radicals. These findings progress our understanding of the chemical radicals formed during PAP treatment of aqueous phase contaminants, such as 1,4-dioxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela A Cashman
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Geosciences. Kingston, RI, USA
| | | | - Justin Holowachuk
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Chemistry. Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Thomas B Boving
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Geosciences. Kingston, RI, USA; University of Rhode Island, Department of Civil Engineering. Kingston, RI, USA.
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18
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Godri Pollitt KJ, Kim JH, Peccia J, Elimelech M, Zhang Y, Charkoftaki G, Hodges B, Zucker I, Huang H, Deziel NC, Murphy K, Ishii M, Johnson CH, Boissevain A, O'Keefe E, Anastas PT, Orlicky D, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. 1,4-Dioxane as an emerging water contaminant: State of the science and evaluation of research needs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:853-866. [PMID: 31302550 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane has historically been used to stabilize chlorinated solvents and more recently has been found as a contaminant of numerous consumer and food products. Once discharged into the environment, its physical and chemical characteristics facilitate migration in groundwater, resulting in widespread contamination of drinking water supplies. Over one-fifth of U.S. public drinking water supplies contain detectable levels of 1,4-dioxane. Remediation efforts using common adsorption and membrane filtration techniques have been ineffective, highlighting the need for alternative removal approaches. While the data evaluating human exposure and health effects are limited, animal studies have shown chronic exposure to cause carcinogenic responses in the liver across multiple species and routes of exposure. Based on this experimental evidence, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has listed 1,4-dioxane as a high priority chemical and classified it as a probable human carcinogen. Despite these health concerns, there are no federal or state maximum contaminant levels for 1,4-dioxane. Effective public health policy for this emerging contaminant requires additional information about human health effects, chemical interactions, environmental fate, analytical detection, and treatment technologies. This review highlights the current state of knowledge, key uncertainties, and data needs for future research on 1,4-dioxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, United States.
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Georgia Charkoftaki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Brenna Hodges
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Ines Zucker
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Huang Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Nicole C Deziel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Kara Murphy
- Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM), Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Momoko Ishii
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | | | - Elaine O'Keefe
- Office of Public Health Practice, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Paul T Anastas
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - David Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado School of Pharmacy, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, United States.
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19
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Matsushita T, Sugita W, Ishikawa T, Shi G, Nishizawa S, Matsui Y, Shirasaki N. Prediction of 1,4-dioxane decomposition during VUV treatment by model simulation taking into account effects of coexisting inorganic ions. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 164:114918. [PMID: 31377528 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane is one of the most persistent organic micropollutants and is quite difficult to remove via conventional drinking water treatment consisting of coagulation, sedimentation, and sand filtration. Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) treatment has recently been found to show promise as a treatment method for 1,4-dioxane removal, but the associated decomposition rate of 1,4-dioxane is known to be very sensitive to water quality characteristics. Some computational models have been proposed to predict the decomposition rate of micropollutants during VUV treatment, but the effects of only bicarbonate and natural organic matter have been considered in the models. In the present study, we attempted to develop a versatile computational model for predicting the behavior of 1,4-dioxane during VUV treatment that took into account the effects of other coexisting inorganic ions commonly found in natural waters. We first conducted 1,4-dioxane decomposition experiments with low-pressure mercury lamps and test waters that had been prepared by adding various inorganic ions to an aqueous phosphate buffer. The apparent decomposition rate of 1,4-dioxane was suppressed when bicarbonate, chloride, and nitrate were added to the test waters. Whereas bicarbonate and chloride directly suppressed the apparent decomposition rate by consuming HO•, nitrate became influential only after being transformed into nitrite by concomitant UV light (λ = 254 nm) irradiation. Cl-related radicals (Cl• and Cl2•-) did not react with 1,4-dioxane directly. A computational model consisting of 31 ordinary differential equations with respect to time that had been translated from 84 reactions (10 photochemical and 74 chemical reactions) among 31 chemical species was then developed for predicting the behavior of 1,4-dioxane during VUV treatment. Nine of the parameters in the ordinary differential equations were determined by least squares fitting to an experimental dataset that included different concentrations of bicarbonate, chloride, nitrate, and nitrite. Without further parameter adjustments, the model successfully predicted the behavior of 1,4-dioxane during VUV treatment of three groundwaters naturally contaminated with 1,4-dioxane as well as one dechlorinated tap water sample supplemented with 1,4-dioxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Matsushita
- Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Wataru Sugita
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Gang Shi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Shota Nishizawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Matsui
- Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shirasaki
- Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
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20
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Aryal R, Xia C, Liu J. 1,4-Dioxane-contaminated groundwater remediation in the anode chamber of a microbial fuel cell. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:1537-1545. [PMID: 31152571 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A two-chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) was used for the first time for the remediation of an emerging contaminant-1,4-dioxane in its anode chamber. Groundwater historically detected 1,4-dioxane contamination was sampled from a Superfund site. Comparative study was carried out between metabolic (i.e., 1,4-dioxane as sole carbon source) and cometabolic (i.e., 1,4-dioxane and methanol as carbon sources) anodic degradations. It was found that cometabolic degradation increased 1,4-dioxane removal by 10%-52% after 7 days and increased maximum power production of the MFC by 18% to 88.9 mW/m3 . Oxalic acid was detected as a main metabolic degradation product. Beside oxalic acid, acetic acid and isopropanol were also detected as main products for cometabolic degradation. The presence of a biofilm for 1,4-dioxane anodic degradation was observed by a scanning electron microscopy. Phyla of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, as well as a variety of species, were identified for the first time-especially Rikenella sp. and Solitalea canadensis, whose relative abundances were the highest of 18.8% and 24.0% for metabolic and cometabolic degradation, respectively. This study provided an innovative and sustainable approach for 1,4-dioxane anodic biodegradation, which would be potentially utilized for remediation of groundwater contaminated by 1,4-dioxane. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Groundwater contaminated with 1,4-dioxane was remediated in the anode chamber of a two-chambered microbial fuel cell. Cometabolic pathway increased 1,4-dioxane removal and power production of the MFC compared to metabolic pathway. The presence of a biofilm for 1,4-dioxane anodic degradation was observed, and oxalic acid was a main degradation product. This study would be potentially utilized for 1,4-dioxane-contaminated groundwater remediation with simultaneous energy production. External voltage supply for bioelectrochemical remediation of groundwater would potentially be reduced when treating chlorinated hydrocarbons co-occurred with 1,4-dioxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Aryal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois
| | - Chunjie Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois
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21
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Carrera G, Vegué L, Ventura F, Hernández-Valencia A, Devesa R, Boleda MR. Dioxanes and dioxolanes in source waters: Occurrence, odor thresholds and behavior through upgraded conventional and advanced processes in a drinking water treatment plant. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 156:404-413. [PMID: 30933698 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, the human probable carcinogen 1,4-dioxane and alkyl-1,3-dioxanes and dioxolanes have been detected and identified as the cause of several pollution episodes in the Llobregat River (Catalonia, NE Spain) and its aquifer. It is an issue of major concern to study these compounds which are released to the environment by resin manufacturing plants' spills and wastewater discharges spread along rivers and reach drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in order to protect the environment and public health. In this study four seasonal sampling campaigns were carried out over a year to determine the removal efficiency of the dioxanes and dioxolanes at each step of a DWTP including ozonation, granular activated carbon filters, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis step's treatments. Additionally, a weekly sampling monitoring of 1,4-dioxane and alkyl-1,3-dioxanes and dioxolanes in raw water, groundwater and finished water was performed at a DWTP over more than two years. Aqueous odor concentration thresholds (OTCs) were established by the three-alternative forced choice method (3-AFC). Following a previous published methodology, samples were analyzed and results showed that the advanced treatment (Ultrafiltration followed by reverse osmosis) line removes more efficiently 1,4-dioxane, alkyl dioxanes and dioxolanes (80 ± 6% for 1,4-dioxane, 97 ± 7% for 5,5-DMD and 100 ± 0% for 2,5,5-TMD) than the upgraded conventional treatment line (ozonation followed by granular activated carbon filters) (-12 ± 50%, 25 ± 62% and 50 ± 51% respectively), where some desorption processes were eventually observed. From the monitoring study, results suggest that the presence of 1,4-dioxane is not only due to spills, but also from other sources of contamination. Whereas dioxolanes almost completely disappeared in time, 1,4-dioxane's concentrations remained low and fluctuant. A background concentration of 1,4-dioxane in surface waters (∼1 μg/L) has been determined with a relevant concentration up to 11.6 μg/L of 1,4-dioxane in groundwater. The perception values for some of the studied compounds were extremely low (few ng/L only), which confirms the relevancy of this group of compounds as malodorous agents in waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Carrera
- Aigües de Barcelona - EMGCIA S.A, General Batet 1-7, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lídia Vegué
- Aigües de Barcelona - EMGCIA S.A, General Batet 1-7, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Ventura
- IDAEA-CSIC, Department of Environmental Chemistry, J. Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ricard Devesa
- Aigües de Barcelona - EMGCIA S.A, General Batet 1-7, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Rosa Boleda
- Aigües de Barcelona - EMGCIA S.A, General Batet 1-7, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Vatankhah H, Szczuka A, Mitch WA, Almaraz N, Brannum J, Bellona C. Evaluation of Enhanced Ozone-Biologically Active Filtration Treatment for the Removal of 1,4-Dioxane and Disinfection Byproduct Precursors from Wastewater Effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2720-2730. [PMID: 30698962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation followed by biologically active filtration (BAF) (O3-BAF) treatment has become an alternative to reverse osmosis in potable wastewater reuse applications because of the ability to produce a high-quality effluent while reducing brine production and disposal. In this study, effluent from a sequencing batch membrane bioreactor (SBMBR) was treated by O3-BAF at three specific ozone doses (0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 mg O3/mg DOC) and different empty bed contact times (EBCTs; 15-45 min). The reaction of O3 with granular activated carbon (GAC) (O3/GAC) to promote the formation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) was evaluated at 1.0 mg O3/mg DOC followed by BAF at 15-45 min EBCT. The efficacy of these techniques was compared for the removal of O3 refractory 1,4-dioxane and the reduction in the formation of bromate, 35 regulated and unregulated halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), and 8 N-nitrosamines after chloramination. Conventional ozonation (without the presence of GAC during ozonation) removed 6-11% of 1,4-dioxane, while BAF increased the removal to ∼25%. O3/GAC improved the removal of 1,4-dioxane to ∼40%, while BAF increased the removal to ∼50%. No bromate was detected during conventional ozonation. Although O3/GAC formed 12.5 μg/L bromate, this concentration was reduced during BAF treatment to <6.8 μg/L. Even though conventional ozonation was more effective than O3/GAC for the reduction in chloramine-reactive N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors, BAF treatment after either conventional or enhanced ozonation reduced NDMA formation during chloramination to <10 ng/L. O3/GAC was more effective at reducing halogenated DBP formation during postchloramination. Regardless, the reduction in halogenated DBP formation during postchloramination achieved by BAF treatment was ∼90% relative to the formation in the SBMBR effluent after either conventional or enhanced ozonation. The reduction of haloacetic acid (HAA) formation improved moderately with increasing BAF EBCT. Both O3-BAF and (O3/GAC)-BAF met regulatory levels for trihalomethanes, HAAs, NDMA, and bromate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Vatankhah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Colorado School of Mines , 1500 Illinois Street , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt) , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Aleksandra Szczuka
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt) , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt) , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Nohemi Almaraz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Colorado School of Mines , 1500 Illinois Street , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Jacob Brannum
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Colorado School of Mines , 1500 Illinois Street , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt) , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Christopher Bellona
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Colorado School of Mines , 1500 Illinois Street , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt) , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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Shanmugaraju S, Umadevi D, González-Barcia LM, Delente JM, Byrne K, Schmitt W, Watson GW, Gunnlaugsson T. “Turn-on” fluorescence sensing of volatile organic compounds using a 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger's base functionalised triazine organic polymer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12140-12143. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05585a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger's base functionalized triazine covalent organic polymer was synthesised and employed as a “turn-on” fluorescent sensor for the discriminative sensing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankarasekaran Shanmugaraju
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Deivasigamani Umadevi
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Luis M. González-Barcia
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Jason M. Delente
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Kevin Byrne
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Wolfgang Schmitt
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Graeme W. Watson
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
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24
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Rahman MM, Alam MM, Asiri AM. Potential application of mixed metal oxide nanoparticle-embedded glassy carbon electrode as a selective 1,4-dioxane chemical sensor probe by an electrochemical approach. RSC Adv 2019; 9:42050-42061. [PMID: 35542830 PMCID: PMC9076681 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09118a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-dimensional ternary ZnO/NiO/MnO2 nanoparticles were prepared by wet-chemical co-precipitation in alkaline medium and then used to develop a selective and ultra-sensitive 1,4-dioxane sensor using electrochemistry for the safety of healthcare and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. Rahman
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - M. M. Alam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Science
- Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
- Sylhet 3100
- Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
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25
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Yan N, Liu F, Liu B, Brusseau ML. Treatment of 1,4-dioxane and trichloroethene co-contamination by an activated binary persulfate-peroxide oxidation process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:32088-32095. [PMID: 30218336 PMCID: PMC6367011 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of a binary oxidant system, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and persulfate, was investigated for treatment of 1,4-dioxane (dioxane) and trichloroethene (TCE) co-contamination. Batch experiments were conducted to examine the catalytic efficiency of Fe2+ and NaOH-based activation, oxidant decomposition rates, contaminant degradation effectiveness, and competitive degradation effects. For NaOH activation, the oxidant decomposition rate was moderate and sustained during the entire test period of 96 h. However, dioxane degradation was limited (~ 33%). Conversely, the oxidants were depleted within 24 h for the Fe2+-activated system, and dioxane degradation was complete within 4 h. The activation and radical generation processes were different between Fe2+ and NaOH activation. Both dioxane and TCE underwent complete degradation in the co-contaminant experiment. The results of this study indicate that the Fe2+-catalyzed binary hydrogen peroxide-persulfate oxidant system is effective for oxidation of the tested contaminants separately and as co-contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Yan
- Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences Department, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Building, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Mark L Brusseau
- Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences Department, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Building, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
- Soil, Water and Environmental Science Department, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Building, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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26
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UV Sensitization of Nitrate and Sulfite: A Powerful Tool for Groundwater Remediation. ENVIRONMENTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/environments5110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Groundwater contamination by nitrate and organic chemicals (for example, 1,4-dioxane) is a growing worldwide concern. This work presents a new approach for simultaneously treating nitrate and 1,4-dioxane, which is based on the ultra-violet (UV) sensitization of nitrate and sulfite, and the production of reactive species. Specifically, water contaminated with nitrate and 1,4-dioxane is irradiated by a UV source (<250 nm) at relatively high doses, to sensitize in situ nitrate and generate OH•. This leads to the oxidation of 1,4-dioxane (and other organics) and the (undesired) production of nitrite as an intermediate. Subsequently, sulfite is added at an optimized time-point, and its UV sensitization produces hydrated electrons that react and reduces nitrite. Our results confirm the effectivity of the proposed treatment: UV irradiation of nitrate (at >5 mg N/L) efficiently degraded 1,4-dioxane, while producing nitrite at levels higher than its maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 1 mg N/L in drinking water. Adding sulfite to the process after 10 min of irradiation reduces the concentration of nitrite without affecting the degradation rate of 1,4-dioxane. The treated water contained elevated levels of sulfate; albeit at much lower concentration than its MCL. Treating water contaminated with nitrate and organic chemicals (often detected concomitantly) typically requires several expensive treatment processes. The proposed approach presents a cost-effective alternative, employing a single system for the treatment of nitrate and organic contaminants.
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Clament Sagaya Selvam N, Kim YG, Kim DJ, Hong WH, Kim W, Park SH, Jo WK. Reduced graphene oxide-mediated Z-scheme BiVO 4/CdS nanocomposites for boosted photocatalytic decomposition of harmful organic pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:741-749. [PMID: 29680764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The efficient photocatalytic degradation of harmful organic pollutants (isoniazid (ISN) and 1,4-dioxane (DX)) via the Z-scheme electron transfer mechanism was accomplished using a photostable composite photocatalyst consisting of BiVO4, CdS, and reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Compared to their pristine counterparts, the RGO-mediated Z-scheme CdS/BiVO4 (CdS/RGO-BiVO4) nanocomposites exhibited superior degradation activities, mainly attributed to the prolonged charge separation. RGO was found to be involved in visible-light harvesting and acted as a solid-state electron mediator at the CdS/BiVO4 interface to realize an effective Z-scheme electron transfer pathway, avoid photocatalyst self-oxidation, and lengthen the life span of charge carriers. The results of reactive species scavenging experiments, photoluminescence measurements, and transient photocurrent measurements, as well as the calculated band potentials of the synthesized photocatalysts, supported the Z-scheme electron/hole pair separation mechanism. Additionally, the intermediates formed during the degradation of ISN and DX were identified, and a possible fragmentation pattern was proposed. This systematic work aims to develop photostable Z-scheme composites as unique photocatalytic systems for the efficient removal of harmful organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Clament Sagaya Selvam
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
| | - Yeong Gyeong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
| | - Dong Jin Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
| | - Won-Hwa Hong
- School of Architecture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
| | - Sung Hyuk Park
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Wan-Kuen Jo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea.
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28
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29
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Identification of active and taxonomically diverse 1,4-dioxane degraders in a full-scale activated sludge system by high-sensitivity stable isotope probing. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2376-2388. [PMID: 29899516 PMCID: PMC6155002 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane is one of the most common and persistent artificial pollutants in petrochemical industrial wastewaters and chlorinated solvent groundwater plumes. Despite its possible biological treatment in natural environments, the identity and dynamics of the microorganisms involved are largely unknown. Here, we identified active and diverse 1,4-dioxane-degrading microorganisms from activated sludge by high-sensitivity stable isotope probing of rRNA. By rigorously analyzing 16S rRNA molecules in RNA density fractions of 13C-labeled and unlabeled 1,4-dioxane treatments, we discovered 10 significantly 13C-incorporating microbial species from the complex microbial community. 16S rRNA expression assays revealed that 9 of the 10 species, including the well-known degrader Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans, an ammonia-oxidizing bacterium and phylogenetically novel bacteria, increased their metabolic activities shortly after exposure to 1,4-dioxane. Moreover, high-resolution monitoring showed that, during a single year of operation of the full-scale activated sludge system, the nine identified species exhibited yearly averaged relative abundances of 0.001–1.523%, and yet showed different responses to changes in the 1,4-dioxane removal efficiency. Hence, the co-existence and individually distinct dynamics of various 1,4-dioxane-degrading microorganisms, including hitherto unidentified species, played pivotal roles in the maintenance of the biological system removing the recalcitrant pollutant.
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30
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Karges U, Becker J, Püttmann W. 1,4-Dioxane pollution at contaminated groundwater sites in western Germany and its distribution within a TCE plume. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:712-720. [PMID: 29166627 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An effective and sensitive method for the analysis of 1,4-dioxane in water has been available since 2008 (EPA 522). This method is increasingly being applied to investigate the distribution of 1,4-dioxane in the aquatic environment. However, there is a need for more information about the possible occurrence of 1,4-dioxane in groundwater in Europe in general, and in Germany in particular, where virtually no data have been collected so far. The possible contamination of groundwater with 1,4-dioxane is of relevance to Germany because up to 70% of Germany's drinking water is obtained from groundwater and about 17% from river bank filtrate, which contains variable proportions of groundwater. The aim of the present study is to investigate selected and representative groundwater sites in Germany that have suspected occurrences of 1,4-dioxane. Five of the sites are well known for their volatile chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination, two sites have representative landfill leachate characteristics, and one site is negatively impacted by a detergent manufacturing plant. The presence of 1,4-dioxane was observed at each of these sites. Measured maximum concentration values ranged from 0.15μg/L to 152μg/L. An aquifer containing a trichloroethylene (TCE) plume with 1,4-dioxane as a co-contaminant was investigated in more detail. A perfect match was found between the concentrations of 1,4-dioxane and TCE in the vertical and horizontal distribution profiles. The results indicate the necessity for investigating groundwater contamination by 1,4-dioxane at sites with known 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) and TCE contaminations, in landfill leachates, and at sites of detergent production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Karges
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Johannes Becker
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Püttmann
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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31
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Yamamoto N, Saito Y, Inoue D, Sei K, Ike M. Characterization of newly isolated Pseudonocardia sp. N23 with high 1,4-dioxane-degrading ability. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 125:552-558. [PMID: 29301721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to elucidate the 1,4-dioxane degradation characteristics of a newly isolated 1,4-dioxane-degrading bacterial strain and evaluate the applicability of the strain to biological 1,4-dioxane removal from wastewater. A bacterial strain (designated strain N23) capable of degrading 1,4-dioxane as the sole carbon and energy source was isolated from an enrichment culture prepared from 1,4-dioxane-contaminated groundwater. Strain N23 was phylogenetically identified as belonging to the genus Pseudonocardia, based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. 1,4-Dioxane degradation experiments revealed that strain N23 is capable of constitutive 1,4-dioxane degradation. Further, this strain exhibited the highest specific 1,4-dioxane degradation rate of 0.230 mg-1,4-dioxane (mg-protein)-1 h-1 among 1,4-dioxane-degrading bacteria with constitutively expressed degrading enzymes reported to date. In addition, strain N23 was shown to degrade up to 1100 mg L-1 of 1,4-dioxane without significant inhibition, and to maintain a high level of 1,4-dioxane degradation activity under a wide pH (pH 3.8-8.2) and temperature (20-35 °C) range. In particular, the specific 1,4-dioxane degradation rate, even at pH 3.8, was 83% of the highest rate at pH 7.0. In addition, strain N23 was capable of utilizing ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol, which are both considered to be present in 1,4-dioxane-containing industrial wastewater, as the sole carbon source. The present results indicate that strain N23 exhibits the potential for 1,4-dioxane removal from industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Yamamoto
- Technology Center, Taisei Corporation, 344-1 Nase-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 245-0051, Japan; Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yuji Saito
- Technology Center, Taisei Corporation, 344-1 Nase-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 245-0051, Japan
| | - Daisuke Inoue
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazunari Sei
- Department of Health Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara-Minami, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Michihiko Ike
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Adamson DT, Piña EA, Cartwright AE, Rauch SR, Hunter Anderson R, Mohr T, Connor JA. 1,4-Dioxane drinking water occurrence data from the third unregulated contaminant monitoring rule. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 596-597:236-245. [PMID: 28433766 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined data collected from U.S. public drinking water supplies in support of the recently-completed third round of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3) to better understand the nature and occurrence of 1,4-dioxane and the basis for establishing drinking water standards. The purpose was to evaluate whether the occurrence data for this emerging but federally-unregulated contaminant fit with common conceptual models, including its persistence and the importance of groundwater contamination for potential exposure. 1,4-Dioxane was detected in samples from 21% of 4864 PWSs, and was in exceedance of the health-based reference concentration (0.35μg/L) at 6.9% of these systems. In both measures, it ranked second among the 28 UCMR3 contaminants. Although much of the focus on 1,4-dioxane has been its role as a groundwater contaminant, the detection frequency for 1,4-dioxane in surface water was only marginally lower than in groundwater (by a factor of 1.25; p<0.0001). However, groundwater concentrations were higher than those in surface water (p<0.0001) and contributed to a higher frequency of exceeding the reference concentration (by a factor of 1.8, p<0.0001), indicating that surface water sources tend to be more dilute. Sampling from large systems increased the likelihood that 1,4-dioxane was detected by a factor of 2.18 times relative to small systems (p<0.0001). 1,4-Dioxane detections in drinking water were highly associated with detections of other chlorinated compounds particularly 1,1-dichlorethane (odds ratio=47; p<0.0001), which is associated with the release of 1,4-dioxane as a chlorinated solvent stabilizer. Based on aggregated nationwide data, 1,4-dioxane showed evidence of a decreasing trend in concentration and detection frequency over time. These data suggest that the loading to drinking water supplies may be decreasing. However, in the interim, some water supply systems may need to consider improving their treatment capabilities in response to further regulatory review of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Mohr
- Santa Clara Valley Water District, 5750 Almaden Expressway, San Jose, CA 95118, USA
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33
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Simultaneous Transformation of Commingled Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, and 1,4-Dioxane by a Microbially Driven Fenton Reaction in Batch Liquid Cultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6335-6343. [PMID: 27542932 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02325-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Improper disposal of 1,4-dioxane and the chlorinated organic solvents trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (also known as perchloroethylene [PCE]) has resulted in widespread contamination of soil and groundwater. In the present study, a previously designed microbially driven Fenton reaction system was reconfigured to generate hydroxyl (HO˙) radicals for simultaneous transformation of source zone levels of single, binary, and ternary mixtures of TCE, PCE, and 1,4-dioxane. The reconfigured Fenton reaction system was driven by fed batch cultures of the Fe(III)-reducing facultative anaerobe Shewanella oneidensis amended with lactate, Fe(III), and contaminants and exposed to alternating anaerobic and aerobic conditions. To avoid contaminant loss due to volatility, the Fe(II)-generating, hydrogen peroxide-generating, and contaminant transformation phases of the microbially driven Fenton reaction system were separated. The reconfigured Fenton reaction system transformed TCE, PCE, and 1,4-dioxane either as single contaminants or as binary and ternary mixtures. In the presence of equimolar concentrations of PCE and TCE, the ratio of the experimentally derived rates of PCE and TCE transformation was nearly identical to the ratio of the corresponding HO˙ radical reaction rate constants. The reconfigured Fenton reaction system may be applied as an ex situ platform for simultaneous degradation of commingled TCE, PCE, and 1,4-dioxane and provides valuable information for future development of in situ remediation technologies. IMPORTANCE A microbially driven Fenton reaction system [driven by the Fe(III)-reducing facultative anaerobe S. oneidensis] was reconfigured to transform source zone levels of TCE, PCE, and 1,4-dioxane as single contaminants or as binary and ternary mixtures. The microbially driven Fenton reaction may thus be applied as an ex situ platform for simultaneous degradation of at least three (and potentially more) commingled contaminants. Additional targets for ex situ and in situ degradation by the microbially driven Fenton reaction developed in the present study include multiple combinations of environmental contaminants susceptible to attack by Fenton reaction-generated HO˙ radicals, including commingled plumes of 1,4-dioxane, pentachlorophenol (PCP), PCE, TCE, 1,1,2-trichloroethane (TCA), and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS).
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34
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Ma D, Li B, Cui Z, Liu K, Chen C, Li G, Hua J, Ma B, Shi Z, Feng S. Multifunctional Luminescent Porous Organic Polymer for Selectively Detecting Iron Ions and 1,4-Dioxane via Luminescent Turn-off and Turn-on Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:24097-103. [PMID: 27556893 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The first case of selective Fe(3+) ions and 1,4-dioxane luminescent sensor based on a porous organic polymer, POP-HT, was synthesized by reaction of tetra(p-aminophenyl)methane and chromophoric 2,5,8-trichloro-s-heptazine. POP-HT displayed prominent fluorescence quenching or enhancement in the presence of Fe(3+) ion or 1,4-dioxane. Moreover, an excellent linear relationship was established between luminescent intensity and the corresponding Fe(3+) ion or 1,4-dioxane concentration. The mechanisms of luminescence quenching and enhancement were also studied by both experiment and theoretical calculation. The results of this study suggest that POP-HT can work as an effective luminescent indicator for qualitative and quantitative detection of Fe(3+) ions and 1,4-dioxane in aqueous solution over other metal ions and organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingxuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Baiyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhonghua Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Kang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Cailing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Guanghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jia Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Benhua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shouhua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
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Inoue D, Tsunoda T, Sawada K, Yamamoto N, Saito Y, Sei K, Ike M. 1,4-Dioxane degradation potential of members of the genera Pseudonocardia and Rhodococcus. Biodegradation 2016; 27:277-286. [PMID: 27623820 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-016-9772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several strains capable of degrading 1,4-dioxane have been isolated from the genera Pseudonocardia and Rhodococcus. This study was conducted to evaluate the 1,4-dioxane degradation potential of phylogenetically diverse strains in these genera. The abilities to degrade 1,4-dioxane as a sole carbon and energy source and co-metabolically with tetrahydrofuran (THF) were evaluated for 13 Pseudonocardia and 12 Rhodococcus species. Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans JCM 13855T, which is a 1,4-dioxane degrading bacterium also known as P. dioxanivorans CB1190, and Rhodococcus aetherivorans JCM 14343T could degrade 1,4-dioxane as the sole carbon and energy source. In addition to these two strains, ten Pseudonocardia strains could degrade THF, but no Rhodococcus strains could degrade THF. Of the ten Pseudonocardia strains, Pseudonocardia acacia JCM 16707T and Pseudonocardia asaccharolytica JCM 10410T degraded 1,4-dioxane co-metabolically with THF. These results indicated that 1,4-dioxane degradation potential, including degradation for growth and by co-metabolism with THF, is possessed by selected strains of Pseudonocardia and Rhodococcus, although THF degradation potential appeared to be widely distributed in Pseudonocardia. Analysis of soluble di-iron monooxygenase (SDIMO) α-subunit genes in THF and/or 1,4-dioxane degrading strains revealed that not only THF and 1,4-dioxane monooxygenases but also propane monooxygenase-like SDIMOs can be involved in 1,4-dioxane degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Inoue
- Department of Health Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara-Minami, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan. .,Environment and Medical Sciences Course, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara-Minami, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Tsubasa Tsunoda
- Environment and Medical Sciences Course, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara-Minami, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kazuko Sawada
- Department of Health Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara-Minami, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Norifumi Yamamoto
- Technology Center, Taisei Corporation, 344-1 Nase-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0051, Japan.,Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Saito
- Technology Center, Taisei Corporation, 344-1 Nase-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0051, Japan
| | - Kazunari Sei
- Department of Health Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara-Minami, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.,Environment and Medical Sciences Course, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara-Minami, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Michihiko Ike
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Adamson DT, de Blanc PC, Farhat SK, Newell CJ. Implications of matrix diffusion on 1,4-dioxane persistence at contaminated groundwater sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 562:98-107. [PMID: 27096631 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Management of groundwater sites impacted by 1,4-dioxane can be challenging due to its migration potential and perceived recalcitrance. This study examined the extent to which 1,4-dioxane's persistence was subject to diffusion of mass into and out of lower-permeability zones relative to co-released chlorinated solvents. Two different release scenarios were evaluated within a two-layer aquifer system using an analytical modeling approach. The first scenario simulated a 1,4-dioxane and 1,1,1-TCA source zone where spent solvent was released. The period when 1,4-dioxane was actively loading the low-permeability layer within the source zone was estimated to be <3years due to its high effective solubility. While this was approximately an order-of-magnitude shorter than the loading period for 1,1,1-TCA, the mass of 1,4-dioxane stored within the low-permeability zone at the end of the simulation period (26kg) was larger than that predicted for 1,1,1-TCA (17kg). Even 80years after release, the aqueous 1,4-dioxane concentration was still several orders-of-magnitude higher than potentially-applicable criteria. Within the downgradient plume, diffusion contributed to higher concentrations and enhanced penetration of 1,4-dioxane into the low-permeability zones relative to 1,1,1-TCA. In the second scenario, elevated 1,4-dioxane concentrations were predicted at a site impacted by migration of a weak source from an upgradient site. Plume cutoff was beneficial because it could be implemented in time to prevent further loading of the low-permeability zone at the downgradient site. Overall, this study documented that 1,4-dioxane within transmissive portions of the source zone is quickly depleted due to characteristics that favor both diffusion-based storage and groundwater transport, leaving little mass to treat using conventional means. Furthermore, the results highlight the differences between 1,4-dioxane and chlorinated solvent source zones, suggesting that back diffusion of 1,4-dioxane mass may be serving as the dominant long-term "secondary source" at many contaminated sites that must be managed using alternative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Adamson
- GSI Environmental Inc., 2211 Norfolk, Suite 1000, Houston, TX 77098, United States.
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Isaka K, Udagawa M, Sei K, Ike M. Pilot test of biological removal of 1,4-dioxane from a chemical factory wastewater by gel carrier entrapping Afipia sp. strain D1. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 304:251-258. [PMID: 26561749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A pilot-scale (120 L) bioreactor system using a gel carrier-entrapped pure bacterial strain, Afipia sp. strain D1, capable of degrading 1,4-dioxane as a sole carbon and energy source was constructed and applied to treat real industrial wastewater containing 1,4-dioxane from a chemical factory. Although the wastewater not only contained high concentrations of 1,4-dioxane but also considerable amounts of other organic compounds (73 mg-TOCL(-1) on average), the bioreactor could efficiently remove 1,4-dioxane without significant inhibitory effects. The reactor startup could be completed within approximately 1 month by increasing the 1,4-dioxane loading rate (0.09-0.47 kg-dioxanem(-3)d(-1)) in a stepwise manner. Effective 1,4-dioxane removal was stably maintained for 3 months with an influent 1,4-dioxane of 570-730 mg L(-1), giving an average effluent concentration and removal rate of 3.4 mg L(-1) and 0.46 kg-dioxanem(-3)d(-1), respectively. A 1,4-dioxane loading fluctuation between 0.14 and 0.72 kg-dioxanem(-3)d(-1) did not significantly affect its removal, and more than 99% removal efficiency was constantly maintained. The Monod model could well describe the relationship between the effluent 1,4-dioxane concentration and 1,4-dioxane removal rates of the bioreactors, showing that the half-saturation constant (Ks) was 28 mg L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Isaka
- Matsudo Research Center, Infrastructure System Company, Hitachi, Ltd., 537 Kami-hongo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-0064, Japan.
| | - Makiko Udagawa
- Matsudo Research Center, Infrastructure System Company, Hitachi, Ltd., 537 Kami-hongo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-0064, Japan
| | - Kazunari Sei
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Health Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara-Minami, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Michihiko Ike
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Sun M, Lopez-Velandia C, Knappe DRU. Determination of 1,4-Dioxane in the Cape Fear River Watershed by Heated Purge-and-Trap Preconcentration and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2246-2254. [PMID: 26829406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency data show that 1,4-dioxane is frequently detected in U.S. drinking water derived from both groundwater and surface water. 1,4-Dioxane is a likely human carcinogen, and an excess 10(-6) cancer risk is associated with a drinking water concentration of 0.35 μg/L. To support 1,4-dioxane occurrence investigations, source identification and exposure assessment, a rapid and sensitive analytical method capable of quantifying 1,4-dioxane over a wide concentration range in a broad spectrum of aqueous matrices was developed. The fully automated method is based on heated purge-and-trap preconcentration and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected-ion storage and has a reporting limit of 0.15 μg/L. Quantification of 1,4-dioxane was accomplished by isotope dilution using mass-labeled 1,4-dioxane-d8 as internal standard. Matrix spikes yielded recoveries of 86-115% in drinking water, groundwater, surface water, and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. Also, 1,3-dioxane can be distinguished from 1,4-dioxane. The method was applied to investigate 1,4-dioxane occurrence and sources in the Cape Fear River watershed of North Carolina. 1,4-Dioxane concentrations ranged from <0.15 μg/L in nonimpacted surface water to 436 μg/L downstream of a WWTP discharge. In WWTP effluent, 1,4-dioxane concentrations varied widely, with a range of 1.3-2.7 μg/L in one community and 105-1,405 μg/L in another. Discharges from three municipal WWTPs were primarily responsible for elevated 1,4-dioxane concentrations in the Cape Fear River watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University , Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Catalina Lopez-Velandia
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University , Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Detlef R U Knappe
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University , Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, North Carolina 28223, United States
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Biological wastewater treatment of 1,4-dioxane using polyethylene glycol gel carriers entrapping Afipia sp. D1. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 121:203-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Eberle D, Ball R, Boving TB. Peroxone activated persulfate treatment of 1,4-dioxane in the presence of chlorinated solvent co-contaminants. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:728-735. [PMID: 26408980 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
1,4-dioxane is often found as a co-contaminant with chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at solvent release sites such as landfills, solvent recycling facilities, or fire training areas. Historically, soil and groundwater samples were not routinely analyzed for 1,4-dioxane and therefore the number of known 1,4-dioxane sites is still increasing. Due to its co-occurrence with chlorinated compounds, remediation strategies are needed that simultaneously treat both 1,4-dioxane as well as chlorinated VOC co-contaminants. In this proof of concept laboratory study, the fate of 1,4-dioxane was examined during the targeted destruction of aqueous phase VOC, using a peroxone activated persulfate (PAP) chemical oxidation method. Bench-scale experiments were carried out to evaluate the treatability of 1,4-dioxane as both a single-contaminant and in the presence of trichloroethene (TCE), and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA). Possible dependencies on oxidant concentration and reaction kinetics were studied. The oxidative destruction of 1,4-dioxane, TCE and 1,1,1-TCA in single-contaminant batch systems followed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics and even at the most dilute oxidant concentration lasted for at least 13 days. The rate of oxidation for each contaminant increased linearly with increasing persulfate concentration over the range of oxidant concentrations tested. The rate of oxidative destruction, from most easily degraded to least, was: TCE > 1,4-dioxane > 1,1,1-TCA. Oxidation rates were up to 87% slower in a mixture of these three compounds. Although additional tests are necessary, our data suggest that PAP oxidation of 1,4-dioxane might aid in the cleanup of VOC contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Eberle
- Department of Geosciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | | | - Thomas B Boving
- Department of Geosciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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Hand S, Wang B, Chu KH. Biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane: effects of enzyme inducers and trichloroethylene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 520:154-159. [PMID: 25813968 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane is a groundwater contaminant and probable human carcinogen. In this study, two well-studied degradative bacteria Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5 and Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 were examined for their 1,4-dioxane degradation ability in the presence and absence of its co-contaminant, trichloroethylene (TCE), under different oxygenase-expression conditions. These two strains were precultured with R2A broth (complex nutrient medium) before supplementation with propane or 1-butanol to induce the expression of different oxygenases. Both propane- and 1-butanol-induced JOB5 and RHA1 were able to degrade 1,4-dioxane, TCE, and mixtures of 1,4-dioxane/TCE. Complete degradation of 1,4-dioxane/TCE mixture was observed only in propane-induced strain JOB5. Inhibition was observed between 1,4-dioxane and TCE for all cells. Furthermore, product toxicity caused incomplete degradation of 1,4-dioxane by 1-butanol-induced JOB5. In general, the more TCE degraded, the greater extent of product toxicity cells experienced; however, susceptibility to product toxicity was found to be both strain- and inducer-dependent. The findings of this study provide fundamental basis for developing an effective in-situ remediation method for 1,4-dioxane-contaminated ground water and the first known study of 1,4-dioxane degradation by wild-type strain RHA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hand
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
| | - Baixin Wang
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
| | - Kung-Hui Chu
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA.
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Kumar A, Vyas G, Bhatt M, Bhatt S, Paul P. Silver nanoparticle based highly selective and sensitive solvatochromatic sensor for colorimetric detection of 1,4-dioxane in aqueous media. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15936-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06744h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A silver nanoparticle based solvatochromic sensor that selectively and sensitively detects 1,4-dioxane in aqueous media has been developed. The nanoparticle surfaces generate ROS, which promote 1,4-dioxane degradation, causing a sharp colour change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Kumar
- Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Gaurav Vyas
- Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Madhuri Bhatt
- Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Shreya Bhatt
- Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Parimal Paul
- Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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Sekar R, DiChristina TJ. Microbially driven Fenton reaction for degradation of the widespread environmental contaminant 1,4-dioxane. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12858-12867. [PMID: 25313646 DOI: 10.1021/es503454a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The carcinogenic cyclic ether compound 1,4-dioxane is employed as a stabilizer of chlorinated industrial solvents and is a widespread environmental contaminant in surface water and groundwater. In the present study, a microbially driven Fenton reaction was designed to autocatalytically generate hydroxyl (HO•) radicals that degrade 1,4-dioxane. In comparison to conventional (purely abiotic) Fenton reactions, the microbially driven Fenton reaction operated at circumneutral pH and did not the require addition of exogenous H2O2 or UV irradiation to regenerate Fe(II) as Fenton reagents. The 1,4-dioxane degradation process was driven by pure cultures of the Fe(III)-reducing facultative anaerobe Shewanella oneidensis manipulated under controlled laboratory conditions. S. oneidensis batch cultures were provided with lactate, Fe(III), and 1,4-dioxane and were exposed to alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The microbially driven Fenton reaction completely degraded 1,4-dioxane (10 mM initial concentration) in 53 h with an optimal aerobic-anaerobic cycling period of 3 h. Acetate and oxalate were detected as transient intermediates during the microbially driven Fenton degradation of 1,4-dioxane, an indication that conventional and microbially driven Fenton degradation processes follow similar reaction pathways. The microbially driven Fenton reaction provides the foundation for development of alternative in situ remediation technologies to degrade environmental contaminants susceptible to attack by HO• radicals generated by the Fenton reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanan Sekar
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Pornwongthong P, Mulchandani A, Gedalanga PB, Mahendra S. Transition Metals and Organic Ligands Influence Biodegradation of 1,4-Dioxane. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:291-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Stepien DK, Diehl P, Helm J, Thoms A, Püttmann W. Fate of 1,4-dioxane in the aquatic environment: from sewage to drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 48:406-19. [PMID: 24200013 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Potential health effects of 1,4-dioxane and the limited data on its occurrence in the water cycle command for more research. In the current study, mobility and persistence of 1,4-dioxane in the sewage-, surface-, and drinking water was investigated. The occurrence of 1,4-dioxane was determined in wastewater samples from four domestic sewage treatment plants (STP). The influent and effluent samples were collected during weekly campaigns. The average influent concentrations in all four plants ranged from 262 ± 32 ng L(-1) to 834 ± 480 ng L(-1), whereas the average effluent concentrations were between 267 ± 35 ng L(-1) and 62,260 ± 36,000 ng L(-1). No removal of 1,4-dioxane during water treatment was observed. Owing to its strong internal chemical bonding, 1,4-dioxane is considered non-biodegradable under conventional bio-treatment technologies. The source of increased 1,4-dioxane concentrations in the effluents was identified to originate from impurities in the methanol used in the postanoxic denitrification process in one of the STPs. In view of poor biodegradation in STPs, surface water samples were collected to establish an extent of 1,4-dioxane pollution. Spatial and temporal distribution of 1,4-dioxane in the Rivers Main, Rhine, and Oder was examined. Concentrations reaching 2200 ng L(-1) in the Oder River, and 860 ng L(-1) in both Main and Rhine River were detected. The average monthly load of 1,4-dioxane in the Rhine River was calculated to equal to 172 kg d(-1). In all rivers, concentration of 1,4-dioxane increased with distance from the spring and was found to negatively correlate with the discharge of the river. Additionally, bank filtration and drinking water samples from two drinking water facilities were analyzed for the presence of 1,4-dioxane. The raw water contained 650 ng L(-1)-670 ng L(-1) of 1,4-dioxane, whereas the concentration in the drinking water fell only to 600 ng L(-1) and 490 ng L(-1), respectively. Neither of the purification processes employed was able to reduce the presence of 1,4-dioxane below the precautionary guideline limit of 100 ng L(-1) set by the German Federal Environmental Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria K Stepien
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhoeferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Simonich SM, Sun P, Casteel K, Dyer S, Wernery D, Garber K, Carr G, Federle T. Probabilistic analysis of risks to US drinking water intakes from 1,4-dioxane in domestic wastewater treatment plant effluents. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2013; 9:554-9. [PMID: 23713009 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The risks of 1,4-dioxane (dioxane) concentrations in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, receiving primarily domestic wastewater, to downstream drinking water intakes was estimated using distributions of measured dioxane concentrations in effluents from 40 WWTPs and surface water dilution factors of 1323 drinking water intakes across the United States. Effluent samples were spiked with a d8 -1,4-dioxane internal standard in the field immediately after sample collection. Dioxane was extracted with ENVI-CARB-Plus solid phase columns and analyzed by GC/MS/MS, with a limit of quantification of 0.30 μg/L. Measured dioxane concentrations in domestic wastewater effluents ranged from <0.30 to 3.30 μg/L, with a mean concentration of 1.11 ± 0.60 μg/L. Dilution of upstream inputs of effluent were estimated for US drinking water intakes using the iSTREEM model at mean flow conditions, assuming no in-stream loss of dioxane. Dilution factors ranged from 2.6 to 48 113, with a mean of 875. The distributions of dilution factors and dioxane concentration in effluent were then combined using Monte Carlo analysis to estimate dioxane concentrations at drinking water intakes. This analysis showed the probability was negligible (p = 0.0031) that dioxane inputs from upstream WWTPs could result in intake concentrations exceeding the USEPA drinking water advisory concentration of 0.35 μg/L, before any treatment of the water for drinking use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci Massey Simonich
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Turkelson A, Franzblau A, Diebol JK, Allerton LA, Parker EA. The effect of misunderstanding the chemical properties of environmental contaminants on exposure beliefs: a case involving dioxins. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 447:293-300. [PMID: 23391895 PMCID: PMC3652325 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemical properties of contaminants lead them to behave in particular ways in the environment and hence have specific pathways to human exposure. If residents of affected communities lack awareness of these properties, however, they could make incorrect assumptions about where and how exposure occurs. We conducted a mailed survey of 904 residents of Midland and Saginaw counties in Michigan, USA to assess to what degree residents of a community with known dioxin contamination appear to understand the hydrophobic nature of dioxins and the implications of that fact on different potential exposure pathways. Participants assessed whether various statements about dioxins were true, including multiple statements assessing beliefs about dioxins in different types of water. Participants also stated whether they believed different exposure pathways were currently significant sources of dioxin exposure in this community. A majority of residents believed that dioxins can be found in river water that has been filtered to completely remove all particulates, well water, and even city tap water, beliefs which are incongruous with the hydrophobic nature of dioxins. Mistrust of government and personal concern about dioxins predicted greater beliefs about dioxins in water. In turn, holding more beliefs about dioxins in water predicted beliefs that drinking and touching water are currently significant exposure pathways for dioxins. Ensuring that community residents' mental models accurately reflect the chemical properties of different contaminants can be important to helping them to adjust their risk perceptions and potentially their risk mitigation behaviors accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Zikmund-Fisher
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Risk Science Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Angela Turkelson
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Alfred Franzblau
- Risk Science Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Julia K. Diebol
- Risk Science Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Allerton
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Edith A. Parker
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Emerging Organic Contaminants in Groundwater. SMART SENSORS, MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37006-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Isolation and characterization of bacterial strains that have high ability to degrade 1,4-dioxane as a sole carbon and energy source. Biodegradation 2012; 24:665-74. [PMID: 23239086 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-012-9614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Four novel metabolic 1,4-dioxane degrading bacteria possessing high ability to degrade 1,4-dioxane (designated strains D1, D6, D11 and D17) were isolated from soil in the drainage area of a chemical factory. Strains D6, D11 and D17 were allocated to Gram-positive actinomycetes, similar to previously reported metabolic 1,4-dioxane degrading bacteria, whereas strain D1 was allocated to Gram-negative Afipia sp. The isolated strains could utilize a variety of carbon sources, including cyclic ethers, especially those with carbons at position 2 that were modified with methyl- or carbonyl-groups. The cell yields on 1,4-dioxane were relatively low (0.179-0.223 mg-protein (mg-1,4-dioxane)(-1)), which was likely due to requiring energy for C-O bond fission. The isolated strains showed 2.6-13 times higher specific 1,4-dioxane degradation rates (0.052-0.263 mg-1,4-dioxane (mg-protein)(-1) h(-1)) and 2.3-7.8 fold lower half saturation constants (20.6-69.8 mg L(-1)) than the most effective 1,4-dioxane degrading bacterium reported to date, Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans CB1190, suggesting high activity and affinity toward 1,4-dioxane degradation. Strains D1 and D6 possessed inducible 1,4-dioxane degrading enzymes, whereas strains D11 and D17 possessed constitutive ones. 1,4-Dioxane degradation (100 mg L(-1)) by Afipia sp. D1 was not affected by the co-existence of up to 3,000 mg L(-1) of ethylene glycol. The effects of initial pH, incubation temperature and NaCl concentration on 1,4-dioxane degradation by the four strains revealed that they could degrade 1,4-dioxane under a relatively wide range of conditions, suggesting that they have a certain adaptability and applicability for industrial wastewater treatment.
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Stuart M, Lapworth D, Crane E, Hart A. Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 416:1-21. [PMID: 22209399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a review of the types of emerging organic groundwater contaminants (EGCs) which are beginning to be found in the UK. EGCs are compounds being found in groundwater that were previously not detectable or known to be significant and can come from agricultural, urban and rural point sources. EGCs include nanomaterials, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, industrial compounds, personal care products, fragrances, water treatment by-products, flame retardants and surfactants, as well as caffeine and nicotine. Many are relatively small polar molecules which may not be effectively removed by drinking water treatment. Data from the UK Environment Agency's groundwater screening programme for organic pollutants found within the 30 most frequently detected compounds a number of EGCs such as pesticide metabolites, caffeine and DEET. Specific determinands frequently detected include pesticides metabolites, pharmaceuticals including carbamazepine and triclosan, nicotine, food additives and alkyl phosphates. This paper discusses the routes by which these compounds enter groundwater, their toxicity and potential risks to drinking water and the environment. It identifies challenges that need to be met to minimise risk to drinking water and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Stuart
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK.
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