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Müller P, Zimmer C, Frey A, Holzmann G, Weldert AC, Schirmeister T. Ligand-Based Design of Selective Peptidomimetic uPA and TMPRSS2 Inhibitors with Arg Bioisosteres. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1375. [PMID: 38338655 PMCID: PMC10855164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Trypsin-like serine proteases are involved in many important physiological processes like blood coagulation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. On the other hand, they are also associated with pathological conditions. The urokinase-pwlasminogen activator (uPA), which is involved in tissue remodeling, can increase the metastatic behavior of various cancer types when overexpressed and dysregulated. Another member of this protease class that received attention during the SARS-CoV 2 pandemic is TMPRSS2. It is a transmembrane serine protease, which enables cell entry of the coronavirus by processing its spike protein. A variety of different inhibitors have been published against both proteases. However, the selectivity over other trypsin-like serine proteases remains a major challenge. In the current study, we replaced the arginine moiety at the P1 site of peptidomimetic inhibitors with different bioisosteres. Enzyme inhibition studies revealed that the phenylguanidine moiety in the P1 site led to strong affinity for TMPRSS2, whereas the cyclohexylguanidine derivate potently inhibited uPA. Both inhibitors exhibited high selectivity over other structurally similar and physiologically important proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (P.M.); (C.Z.); (A.F.); (G.H.); (A.C.W.)
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2
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Struwe MA, Scheidig AJ, Clement B. The mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component-from prodrug-activation mechanism to drug-metabolizing enzyme and onward to drug target. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105306. [PMID: 37778733 PMCID: PMC10637980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC) is one of five known molybdenum enzymes in eukaryotes. mARC belongs to the MOSC domain superfamily, a large group of so far poorly studied molybdoenzymes. mARC was initially discovered as the enzyme activating N-hydroxylated prodrugs of basic amidines but has since been shown to also reduce a variety of other N-oxygenated compounds, for example, toxic nucleobase analogs. Under certain circumstances, mARC might also be involved in reductive nitric oxide synthesis through reduction of nitrite. Recently, mARC enzymes have received a lot of attention due to their apparent involvement in lipid metabolism and, in particular, because many genome-wide association studies have shown a common variant of human mARC1 to have a protective effect against liver disease. The mechanism linking mARC enzymes with lipid metabolism remains unknown. Here, we give a comprehensive overview of what is currently known about mARC enzymes, their substrates, structure, and apparent involvement in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel A Struwe
- Zoologisches Institut - Strukturbiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Axel J Scheidig
- Zoologisches Institut - Strukturbiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Clement
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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3
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Chalkappa PKB, Aralihalli S, Sudileti M, Aithal SJ, Praveen BM, Birjadar K. The medicinal panorama of benzimidazoles and their scaffolds as anticancer and antithrombotic agents: A review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300206. [PMID: 37440107 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic scaffolds have become a prospective pharmacophore with therapeutic importance due to their biological similarities with natural and synthetic drugs. Among all nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, benzimidazoles and their derivatives are privileged molecules structurally akin to naturally available nucleotides, enabling them to intercommunicate with numerous biopolymers in biological systems. This reason enlightens modern researchers worldwide to assess their potential significance in the context of synthetic and biological chemistry. Therefore, it is crucial to merge the latest data with the prior documentation to apprehend the ongoing situation of the benzimidazole moiety in various therapeutic zones of research. The current work displays that the benzimidazole center is a versatile nucleus that offers the necessary data of synthetic alterations for pre-existing compounds to provide new scaffolds to resist numerous therapeutic sectors, including those associated with anticancer and antithrombosis. Due to the potential significance of benzimidazoles, this review aims to emphasize the latest innovations in synthesizing several other notable benzimidazole substrates and their significant pharmacological prospects for the future, including anticancer and antithrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudhakara Aralihalli
- Department of Chemistry, RajaRajeswari College of Engineering, Banglore, Karnataka, India
| | - Murali Sudileti
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Kedarnath Birjadar
- Department of Chemistry, Srinivas University, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
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4
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Clement B, Struwe MA. The History of mARC. Molecules 2023; 28:4713. [PMID: 37375270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC) is the most recently discovered molybdoenzyme in humans after sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase. Here, the timeline of mARC's discovery is briefly described. The story begins with investigations into N-oxidation of pharmaceutical drugs and model compounds. Many compounds are N-oxidized extensively in vitro, but it turned out that a previously unknown enzyme catalyzes the retroreduction of the N-oxygenated products in vivo. After many years, the molybdoenzyme mARC could finally be isolated and identified in 2006. mARC is an important drug-metabolizing enzyme and N-reduction by mARC has been exploited very successfully for prodrug strategies, that allow oral administration of otherwise poorly bioavailable therapeutic drugs. Recently, it was demonstrated that mARC is a key factor in lipid metabolism and likely involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The exact link between mARC and lipid metabolism is not yet fully understood. Regardless, many now consider mARC a potential drug target for the prevention or treatment of liver diseases. This article focusses on discoveries related to mammalian mARC enzymes. mARC homologues have been studied in algae, plants and bacteria. These will not be discussed extensively here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Clement
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michel A Struwe
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Zoologisches Institut-Strukturbiologie, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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5
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smProdrugs: A repository of small molecule prodrugs. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115153. [PMID: 36724634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In modern drug discovery and development, the prodrug approach has become a crucial strategy for enhancing the pharmacokinetic profiles of drugs. A prodrug is a chemical compound, which gets metabolized into a pharmacologically active form (drug) inside the body after its administration. In the current work, we report 'smProdrugs' (http://cheminfolab.in/databases/prodrug/), which is one of the first exclusive databases on small molecule prodrugs. It stores the structures, physicochemical properties and experimental ADMET data manually curated from literature. SmProdrugs lists 626 small molecule prodrugs and their active compounds with the above mentioned experimental data from 1808 research articles and 61 patents have been stored. The information page of each record gives the structures and properties of the prodrug and the active drug side by side which makes it easy for the user to instantly compare them. The structural modifications in the prodrug/active drugs are highlighted in a different colour for easy comparison. Experimental data has been curated from the downloaded PubMed and patent articles and were catalogued in a tabular form with more than 25 fields under sub-sections i) name and structures of the prodrugs and their active compounds, ii) mode of activation of the prodrug and enzyme/biocatalyst involved in the conversion, iii) indications/disease, iv) pharmacological target, v) experimental pharmacokinetic properties such as solubility, absorption, volume of distribution, half-life, clearance etc. and vi) information on the purpose/gain from the prodrug strategies. Considering the ever expanding utility of the prodrug approach smProdrugs will be of great use to the scientific community working on rational design of small molecule prodrugs.
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6
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From basic science to life-saving therapy: the rationale, and drug discovery efforts that led to the direct factor Xa inhibitor eliquis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 52:403-407. [PMID: 34351559 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-021-02529-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, drug discovery directed at the treatment and prevention of thromboembolic diseases has been challenged by the need to balance robust efficacy with improved safety relative to the standard of care. To this end, the most impactful advance to date has been the discovery and development of oral factor Xa inhibitors. In this essay, a brief account of the program that culminated in the discovery of Eliquis (apixaban) and the commitment to identify a compound with an optimal profile are described.
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7
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Amidoxime prodrugs convert to potent cell-active multimodal inhibitors of the dengue virus protease. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113695. [PMID: 34298282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family comprises Dengue, Zika and West-Nile viruses which constitute unmet medical needs as neither appropriate antivirals nor safe vaccines are available. The dengue NS2BNS3 protease is one of the most promising validated targets for developing a dengue treatment however reported protease inhibitors suffer from toxicity and cellular inefficacy. Here we report SAR on our previously reported Zika-active carbazole scaffold, culminating prodrug compound SP-471P (EC50 1.10 μM, CC50 > 100 μM) that generates SP-471; one of the most potent, non-cytotoxic and cell-active protease inhibitors described in the dengue literature. In cell-based assays, SP-471P leads to inhibition of viral RNA replication and complete abolishment of infective viral particle production even when administered 6 h post-infection. Mechanistically, SP-471 appears to inhibit both normal intermolecular protease processes and intramolecular cleavage events at the NS2BNS3 junction, as well as at NS3 internal sites, all critical for virus replication. These render SP-471 a unique to date multimodal inhibitor of the dengue protease.
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8
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Shi C, Yang L, Braun A, Anders HJ. Extracellular DNA-A Danger Signal Triggering Immunothrombosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:568513. [PMID: 33117353 PMCID: PMC7575749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.568513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clotting and inflammation are effective danger response patterns positively selected by evolution to limit fatal bleeding and pathogen invasion upon traumatic injuries. As a trade-off, thrombotic, and thromboembolic events complicate severe forms of infectious and non-infectious states of acute and chronic inflammation, i.e., immunothrombosis. Factors linked to thrombosis and inflammation include mediators released by platelet granules, complement, and lipid mediators and certain integrins. Extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was a previously unrecognized cellular component in the blood, which elicits profound proinflammatory and prothrombotic effects. Pathogens trigger the release of extracellular DNA together with other pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Dying cells in the inflamed or infected tissue release extracellular DNA together with other danger associated molecular pattern (DAMPs). Neutrophils release DNA by forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) during infection, trauma or other forms of vascular injury. Fluorescence tissue imaging localized extracellular DNA to sites of injury and to intravascular thrombi. Functional studies using deoxyribonuclease (DNase)-deficient mouse strains or recombinant DNase show that extracellular DNA contributes to the process of immunothrombosis. Here, we review rodent models of immunothrombosis and the evolving evidence for extracellular DNA as a driver of immunothrombosis and discuss challenges and prospects for extracellular DNA as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxu Shi
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luying Yang
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- German Center for Lung Research, Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
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9
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Hirsh J, Eikelboom JW, Chan NC. Fifty years of research on antithrombotic therapy: Achievements and disappointments. Eur J Intern Med 2019; 70:1-7. [PMID: 31679885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The achievements with antithrombotic therapy over the past 50 years have been monumental and the disappointments relatively few. In this review, we will discuss, chronologically, the major developments of the two recognized classes of antithrombotics - anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hirsh
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John W Eikelboom
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noel C Chan
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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10
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Abstract
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a disease with high prevalence and morbidity. It can lead to pulmonary embolism with severe respiratory insufficiency and risk of death. Mechanisms behind all stages of DVT, such as thrombosis commencement, propagation, and resolution, remain incompletely understood. Animal models represent an invaluable tool to explore these problems and identify new targets for DVT prevention and treatment. In this review, we discuss existing models of venous thrombosis, their advantages and disadvantages, and applicability to studying different aspects of DVT pathophysiology. We also speculate about requirements for an "ideal model" that would best recapitulate features of human DVT and discuss readouts of various models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Campos
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexander Brill
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK.,Department of Pathophysiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) , Moscow, Russia.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham , The Midlands, UK
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11
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Nutho B, Mulholland AJ, Rungrotmongkol T. The reaction mechanism of Zika virus NS2B/NS3 serine protease inhibition by dipeptidyl aldehyde: a QM/MM study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14945-14956. [PMID: 31236554 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02377a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has become a global public health problem, associated with microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Currently, there are no commercially available anti-ZIKV drugs. The viral protease NS2B/NS3, which is involved in viral replication and maturation, is a potential drug target. Peptidomimetic aldehyde inhibitors bind covalently to the catalytic S135 of the NS3 protease. Here, we apply hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) free-energy simulations at the PDDG-PM3/ff14SB level to investigate the inhibition mechanism of the ZIKV protease by a dipeptidyl aldehyde inhibitor (acyl-KR-aldehyde). The results show that proton transfer from the catalytic S135 to H51 occurs in concert with nucleophilic addition on the aldehyde warhead by S135. The anionic covalent complex between the dipeptidyl aldehyde and the ZIKV protease is analogous to the tetrahedral intermediate for substrate hydrolysis. Spontaneous protonation by H51 forms the hemiacetal. In addition, we use correlated ab initio QM/MM potential energy path calculations at levels up to LCCSD(T)/(aug)-cc-pVTZ to obtain accurate potential energy profiles of the reaction, which also support a concerted mechanism. These results provide detailed insight into the mechanism of ZIKV protease inhibition by a peptidyl aldehyde inhibitor, which will guide in the design of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodee Nutho
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Adrian J Mulholland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Biocatalyst and Environmental Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. and Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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12
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O'Shea JP, Holm R, O'Driscoll CM, Griffin BT. Food for thought: formulating away the food effect - a PEARRL review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 71:510-535. [PMID: 29956330 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Co-ingestion of oral dosage forms with meals can cause substantial changes in bioavailability relative to the fasted state. Food-mediated effects on bioavailability can have significant consequences in drug development, regulatory and clinical settings. To date, the primary focus of research has focused on the ability to mechanistically understand the causes and predict the occurrence of these effects. KEY FINDINGS The current review describes the mechanisms underpinning the occurrence of food effects, sheds new insights on the relative frequency for newly licensed medicines and describes the various methods by which they can be overcome. Analysis of oral medicines licensed by either the EMA or FDA since 2010 revealed that over 40% display significant food effects. Due to altered bioavailability, these medicines are often required to be dosed, rather restrictively, in either the fed or the fasted state, which can hinder clinical usefulness. SUMMARY There are clinical and commercial advantages to predicting the presence of food effects early in the drug development process, in order to mitigate this risk of variable food effect bioavailability. Formulation approaches aimed at reducing variable food-dependent bioavailability, through the use of bio-enabling formulations, are an essential tool in addressing this challenge and the latest state of the art in this field are summarised here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson and Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
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13
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Burchell SR, Tang J, Zhang JH. Hematoma Expansion Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Mechanisms Targeting the Coagulation Cascade and Platelet Activation. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 18:1329-1344. [PMID: 28378693 DOI: 10.2174/1389450118666170329152305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hematoma expansion (HE), defined as a greater than 33% increase in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) volume within the first 24 hours, results in significant neurological deficits, and enhancement of ICH-induced primary and secondary brain injury. An escalation in the use of oral anticoagulants has led to a surge in the incidences of oral anticoagulation-associated ICH (OAT-ICH), which has been associated with a greater risk for HE and worse functional outcomes following ICH. The oral anticoagulants in use include vitamin K antagonists, and direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors. Fibrinolytic agents are also frequently administered. These all act via differing mechanisms and thus have varying degrees of impact on HE and ICH outcome. Additionally, antiplatelet medications have also been increasingly prescribed, and result in increased bleeding risks and worse outcomes after ICH. Aspirin, thienopyridines, and GPIIb/IIIa receptor blockers are some of the most common agents in use clinically, and also have different effects on ICH and hemorrhage growth, based on their mechanisms of action. Recent studies have found that reduced platelet activity may be more effective in predicting ICH risk, hemorrhage expansion, and outcomes, than antiplatelet agents, and activating platelets may thus be a novel target for ICH therapy. This review explores how dysfunctions or alterations in the coagulation and platelet cascades can lead to, and/or exacerbate, hematoma expansion following intracerebral hemorrhage, and describe the mechanisms behind these effects and the drugs that induce them. We also discuss potential future therapy aimed at increasing platelet activity after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrefa R Burchell
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda CA, USA.,Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda CA, USA.,Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda CA, USA.,Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda CA, USA
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14
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Albadawi H, Witting AA, Pershad Y, Wallace A, Fleck AR, Hoang P, Khademhosseini A, Oklu R. Animal models of venous thrombosis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2017; 7:S197-S206. [PMID: 29399523 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2017.08.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Venous thrombosis (VT) is a prevalent clinical condition with significant adverse sequela or mortality. Anticoagulation and pharmacologic or pharmacomechanical thrombolytic therapies are the mainstays of VT treatment. An understanding of thrombosis biology will allow for more effective VT-tailored diagnosis and therapy. In vivo models of thrombosis provide indispensable tools to study the pathogenesis of thrombus formation and to evaluate novel therapeutic or preventive adjuncts for VT management or prevention. In this article, we review the most prominent in vivo models of VT created in rodents and swine species and outline how each model can serve as a useful tool to promote our understanding of VT pathogenesis and to examine novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Albadawi
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Avery A Witting
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Yash Pershad
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Alex Wallace
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Peter Hoang
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
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15
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Fischer PM. Design of Small-Molecule Active-Site Inhibitors of the S1A Family Proteases as Procoagulant and Anticoagulant Drugs. J Med Chem 2017; 61:3799-3822. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Fischer
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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16
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Boldescu V, Behnam MAM, Vasilakis N, Klein CD. Broad-spectrum agents for flaviviral infections: dengue, Zika and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:565-586. [PMID: 28473729 PMCID: PMC5925760 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infections with flaviviruses, such as dengue, West Nile virus and the recently re-emerging Zika virus, are an increasing and probably lasting global risk. This Review summarizes and comments on the opportunities for broad-spectrum agents that are active against multiple flaviviruses. Broad-spectrum activity is particularly desirable to prepare for the next flaviviral epidemic, which could emerge from as-yet unknown or neglected viruses. Potential molecular targets for broad-spectrum antiflaviviral compounds include viral proteins, such as the viral protease or polymerase, and host targets that are exploited by these viruses during entry and replication, including α-glucosidase and proteins involved in nucleoside biosynthesis. Numerous compounds with broad-spectrum antiviral activity have already been identified by target-specific or phenotypic assays. For other compounds, broad-spectrum activity can be anticipated because of their mode of action and molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veaceslav Boldescu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Biopharmaceuticals, Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Academiei 3, 2028 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Mira A. M. Behnam
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Dept. of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Center for Tropical Diseases and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, 2.138D Keiller Bldg, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555–0609, USA
| | - Christian D. Klein
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Nutescu EA, Wittkowsky AK, Dobesh PP, Hawkins DW, Dager WE. Choosing the Appropriate Antithrombotic Agent for the Prevention and Treatment of VTE: A Case-Based Approach. Ann Pharmacother 2016; 40:1558-71. [PMID: 16912250 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1g577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To review the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in various patient populations and evaluate the agents available for the prevention and treatment of VTE using a case-based approach. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1995–July 2006) was conducted to identify relevant literature. Additional references were reviewed from selected articles. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles related to the prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery, general surgery, and medically ill patients, as well as the treatment of VTE, were reviewed. Data Synthesis: Pharmacologic options for the prevention and treatment of VTE include warfarin, unfractionated heparin (UFH), low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH), and fondaparinux. Current guidelines support the use of warfarin, LMWH, or fondaparinux for VTE prophylaxis following lower limb major orthopedic surgery. For VTE prophylaxis in hospitalized medical patients or patients undergoing general surgery, use of UFH and LMWH is supported; however, recent data on fondaparinux suggest that it is also effective in these patient populations. The use of UFH or LMWH (both in conjunction with warfarin) for treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis or nonmassive pulmonary embolism is recommended. Recent data suggest that fondaparinux (in conjunction with warfarin) is also effective for the treatment of VTE. A variety of pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacoeconomic factors differentiate each agent for the various indications. Conclusions: Currently, a “one-size-fits-all” anticoagulant is not available for treatment of VTE. A variety of patient factors, including type of surgery, medical indication, thrombotic risk factors, bleeding risk, history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and a variety of comorbid conditions can affect the safety, efficacy, and selection of appropriate VTE therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith A Nutescu
- Antithrombosis Center, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7230, USA.
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Harenberg J, Jörg I, Weiss C. Observations of Alanine Aminotransferase and Aspartate Aminotransferase in THRIVE Studies Treated Orally with Ximelagatran. Int J Toxicol 2016; 25:165-9. [PMID: 16717032 DOI: 10.1080/10915810600683143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prophylaxis of recurrent events has been investigated in the THRIVE (THRombin Inhibitor in Venous ThrombeEmbolism) Treatment and the THRIVE III trial using the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran. Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) increased in 9.6% and 6.4% of patients in the THRIVE Treatment and THRIVE III trials, respectively. The authors analysed the time course of the ALAT and in additionally of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) in blood from 52 and 23 patients participating in the THRIVE Treatment and the THRIVE III trials in Germany. Analysis of variance for repeated measures and t test were performed. In the THRIVE Treatment trial, ALAT was significantly higher at week 2 for enoxaparin/warfarin ( p = .0039, t test) and at months 3 and 6 for ximelagatran ( p = .0453, p = .0014, respectively). ASAT and ASAT/ALAT ratio values did not increase and not differ for both groups. In the THRIVE III trial, ALAT and ASAT did not increase and did not differ compared to the comparator placebo. 2 × 36 mg Ximelagatran, induced higher ALAT values at months 3 and 6 compared to 2 × 24 mg ximelagatran ( p = .0105, p = .0063, respectively). ASAT did not differ between the two doses of ximelagatran. The ASAT/ALAT ratios were lower at week 2 for enoxaparin/warfarin ( t-test, p = .0032) and at month 3 and 6 for 2 × 36 mg versus warfarin or 2 × 24 mg Ximelagatran ( p between .0187 and .0002). The authors conclude that ALAT increases dose dependently during therapy with ximelagatran. The less frequent and lower increase of ASAT values compared to ALAT values indicates a nontoxic effect of ximelagatran on liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job Harenberg
- IV. Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Mannheim, Germany.
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19
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Modulating lipophilicity of rohitukine via prodrug approach: Preparation, characterization, and in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis in biorelevant media. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 92:203-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Amorphous Solid Dispersions or Prodrugs: Complementary Strategies to Increase Drug Absorption. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2498-2508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Andersson V, Bergström F, Brånalt J, Grönberg G, Gustafsson D, Karlsson S, Polla M, Bergman J, Kihlberg J. Macrocyclic Prodrugs of a Selective Nonpeptidic Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Display High Permeability, Efficient Bioconversion but Low Bioavailability. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6658-70. [PMID: 27347787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The only oral direct thrombin inhibitors that have reached the market, ximelagatran and dabigatran etexilat, are double prodrugs with low bioavailability in humans. We have evaluated an alternative strategy: the preparation of a nonpeptidic, polar direct thrombin inhibitor as a single, macrocyclic esterase-cleavable (acyloxy)alkoxy prodrug. Two homologous prodrugs were synthesized and displayed high solubilities and Caco-2 cell permeabilities, suggesting high absorption from the intestine. In addition, they were rapidly and completely converted to the active zwitterionic thrombin inhibitor in human hepatocytes. Unexpectedly, the most promising prodrug displayed only moderately higher oral bioavailability in rat than the polar direct thrombin inhibitor, most likely due to rapid metabolism in the intestine or the intestinal wall. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in vivo ADME study of macrocyclic (acyloxy)alkoxy prodrugs, and it remains to be established if the modest increase in bioavailability is a general feature of this category of prodrugs or not.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonas Brånalt
- CVMD iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal , SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Grönberg
- RIA iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal , SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - David Gustafsson
- Emeriti Pharma AB, AZ Bioventure Hub, c/o AstraZeneca , S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Polla
- CVMD iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal , SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Joakim Bergman
- CVMD iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal , SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University , Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Anticoagulant agents, such as unfractionated heparin and warfarin, have been in use for roughly 50 years. Over the past decade, injectable agents such as low-molecular-weight heparins, pentasaccharide, and direct thrombin inhibitors have been major advances in preventing and treating thrombosis. Despite these somewhat recent additions, there is still enormous potential to improve on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these agents, as well as improve patient outcomes. There are currently a large number of anticoagulant agents (injectable and oral) that could be available for use in the next several years. Many of these new agents have unique mechanisms that may provide practitioners with anticoagulant alternatives. This review gives a detailed analysis of the anticoagulant agents that may add to our armamentarium in the management of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P. Dobesh
- Division of Pharmacy Practice, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri, St. Luke’s Hospital, Chesterfield, Missouri,
| | | | - Zachary Stacy
- Division of Pharmacy Practice, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri, St. Luke’s Hospital, Chesterfield, Missouri
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23
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Wang F, Ren YJ, Dong MH. Molecular design, synthesis and anticoagulant activity evaluation of fluorinated dabigatran analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2739-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lee J, Kim B, Kim TH, Lee SH, Park HD, Chung K, Lee SH, Paek S, Kim EE, Yoon S, Kim A. A Food Effect Study of an Oral Thrombin Inhibitor and Prodrug Approach To Mitigate It. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1197-205. [PMID: 26886576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
LB30870, a new direct thrombin inhibitor, showed 80% reduction in oral bioavailability in fed state. The present study aims to propose trypsin binding as a mechanism for such negative food effect and demonstrate a prodrug approach to mitigate food effect. Effect of food composition on fed state oral bioavailability of LB30870 was studied in dogs. Various prodrugs were synthesized, and their solubility, permeability, and trypsin binding affinity were measured. LB30870 and prodrugs were subject to cocrystallization with trypsin, and the X-ray structures of cocrystals were determined. Food effect was studied in dogs for selected prodrugs. Protein or lipid meal appeared to affect oral bioavailability of LB30870 in dogs more than carbohydrate meal. Blocking both carboxyl and amidine groups of LB30870 resulted in trypsin Ki values orders of magnitude higher than that of LB30870. Prodrugs belonged to either Biopharmaceutical Classification System I, II, or III. X-ray crystallography revealed that prodrugs did not bind to trypsin, but instead their hydrolysis product at the amidine blocking group formed cocrystal with trypsin. A prodrug with significantly less food effect than LB30870 was identified. Binding of prodrugs to food components such as dietary fiber appeared to counteract the positive effect brought with the prodrug approach. Further formulation research is warranted to enhance the oral bioavailability of prodrugs. In conclusion, this study is the first to demonstrate that the negative food effect of LB30870 can be attributed to trypsin binding. Trypsin binding study is proposed as a screening tool during lead optimization to minimize food effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University , 521 CHA Bio Complex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea
| | - Bongchan Kim
- LG Life Sciences, R&D Center ,188, Munji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34122, Korea
| | - Tae Hun Kim
- LG Life Sciences, R&D Center ,188, Munji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34122, Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Lee
- LG Life Sciences, R&D Center ,188, Munji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34122, Korea
| | - Hee Dong Park
- LG Life Sciences, R&D Center ,188, Munji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34122, Korea
| | - Kyungha Chung
- LG Life Sciences, R&D Center ,188, Munji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34122, Korea
| | - Sung-Hack Lee
- LG Life Sciences, R&D Center ,188, Munji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34122, Korea
| | - Seungyup Paek
- LG Life Sciences, R&D Center ,188, Munji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34122, Korea
| | - Eunice EunKyeong Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - SukKyoon Yoon
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation , 41061 Daegu, Korea
| | - Aeri Kim
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University , 521 CHA Bio Complex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea
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Abrahamsson K, Andersson P, Bergman J, Bredberg U, Brånalt J, Egnell AC, Eriksson U, Gustafsson D, Hoffman KJ, Nielsen S, Nilsson I, Pehrsson S, Polla MO, Skjaeret T, Strimfors M, Wern C, Ölwegård-Halvarsson M, Örtengren Y. Discovery of AZD8165 – a clinical candidate from a novel series of neutral thrombin inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of neutral thrombin inhibitors has been developed using a selection process based on docking experiments and property calculations and predictions.
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26
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Dong MH, Chen HF, Ren YJ, Shao FM. Molecular modeling studies, synthesis and biological evaluation of dabigatran analogues as thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 24:73-84. [PMID: 26690913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, 48 thrombin inhibitors based on the structural scaffold of dabigatran were analyzed using a combination of molecular modeling techniques. We generated three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models based on three alignments for both comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) to highlight the structural requirements for thrombin protein inhibition. In addition to the 3D-QSAR study, Topomer CoMFA model also was established with a higher leave-one-out cross-validation q(2) and a non-cross-validation r(2), which suggest that the three models have good predictive ability. The results indicated that the steric, hydrophobic and electrostatic fields play key roles in QSAR model. Furthermore, we employed molecular docking and re-docking simulation explored the binding relationship of the ligand and the receptor protein in detail. Molecular docking simulations identified several key interactions that were also indicated through 3D-QSAR analysis. On the basis of the obtained results, two compounds were designed and predicted by three models, the biological evaluation in vitro (IC50) demonstrated that these molecular models were effective for the development of novel potent thrombin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Dong
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Hai-Feng Chen
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yu-Jie Ren
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Fang-Ming Shao
- School of Science, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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27
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Kim J, Lee SH, Boyce M, Warrington S, Cho KH, Yoon SK, Park HD, Kim A. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and food effect of LB30870, a novel direct thrombin inhibitor, after single oral doses in healthy men. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:663-71. [PMID: 25673087 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and food effect of LB30870, a new selective thrombin inhibitor, were studied in 16 healthy men. 2. A double-blind, placebo-controlled single ascending dose study was done at oral doses of 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg under fasting conditions. An open, randomized, balanced cross-over food effect study was done at 60 mg dose. Plasma and urinary concentrations were measured up to 48 h post-dose. Coagulation and thrombin activity markers were measured at selected time points. 3. Cmax of LB30870 was at 1.3-3.0 h post-dose with a mean apparent terminal half-life (t1/2) of 2.8-4.1 h. AUC after doses above 15 mg appeared greater than dose-proportional. In fed state, AUC showed 80% reduction relative to fasting condition. 4. At doses 60 and 120 mg, peak activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) increased by 1.5- and 2-fold, respectively, from baseline. The aPTT and international normalized ratio (INR) were concentration-dependent, with less within-individual variability than ecarin clotting time (ECT), prothrombin time (PT), or thrombin time (TT). 5. Single oral doses of LB30870 up to 240 mg were well tolerated. The food effect must be overcome if LB30870 is to be used as an oral anti-coagulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kim
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, LG Life Sciences , Daejeon , Korea
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28
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Li CL, Dong MH, Ren YJ, Li LH. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking of novel dabigatran derivatives as potential thrombin inhibitors. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01828e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of dabigatran derivatives were designed and synthesized to discover effective thrombin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lei Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Ming-Hui Dong
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jie Ren
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Hua Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
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29
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Ishihara T, Koga Y, Mori K, Sugasawa K, Iwatsuki Y, Hirayama F. Novel strategy to boost oral anticoagulant activity of blood coagulation enzyme inhibitors based on biotransformation into hydrophilic conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6324-32. [PMID: 25438755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The blood coagulation cascade represents an attractive target for antithrombotic drug development, and recent studies have attempted to identify oral anticoagulants with inhibitory activity for enzymes in this cascade, with particular attention focused on thrombin and factor Xa (fXa) as typical targets. We previously described the discovery of the orally active fXa inhibitor darexaban (1) and reported a unique profile that compound 1 rapidly transformed into glucuronide YM-222714 (2) after oral administration. Here, we propose a novel strategy towards the discovery of an orally active anticoagulant that is based on the bioconversion of a non-amidine inhibitor into the corresponding conjugate to boost ex vivo anticoagulant activity via an increase in hydrophilicity. Computational molecular modeling was utilized to select a template scaffold and design a substitution point to install a potential functional group for conjugation. This strategy led to the identification of the phenol-derived fXa inhibitor ASP8102 (14), which demonstrated highly potent anticoagulant activity after biotransformation into the corresponding glucuronide (16) via oral dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Ishihara
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Yuji Koga
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mori
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Keizo Sugasawa
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Iwatsuki
- Pharmacovigilance, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-5-1, Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8411, Japan
| | - Fukushi Hirayama
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
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Abstract
Thromboembolic disorders continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, resulting in an increased need for anticoagulant therapy. In recent years, new anticoagulant drugs have been developed at a rapid pace, prompted by the recognition of many undesirable properties of currently used agents, and by a greater knowledge of the active enzymatic sites of clotting factors. Furthermore, the structure of a thrombus is better understood, so that newer drugs can inhibit thrombin or Factor Xa not only on the surface of a thrombus, as in the case of heparin, but also the fibrin-bound thrombin or Factor Xa within the thrombus. These agents are usually small molecules synthesized on the basis of their inhibition of specific active sites in the respective coagulation factors. They possess many improved characteristics, such as greater efficacy and safety, oral administration, reliable pharmacokinetics, less need for laboratory monitoring and minimal interactions with other drugs and diet. Prominent among these are lepuridin (Refludan, Pfizer), fondaparinux (Arixtra, Sanofi-Synthelabo) and ximelagatran (Exanta, Astra Zeneca). However, these new drugs are still far from fulfilling the desired objectives. Most of them possess some but not all of the needed properties. Furthermore, many do not have specific antidotes for immediate reversal of their pharmacologic actions, and all are much more costly than conventional agents. Development of newer agents with properties closer to that of the ideal drug remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau C Kwaan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 333 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60011-3008, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and the most frequently encountered cause of embolic stroke. Vitamin K antagonists (such as warfarin) have represented the cornerstone of anticoagulation practice for the last 60 years. Although highly effective in preventing thromboembolic events among patients with atrial fibrillation, warfarin therapy is limited by a multitude of potential problems. Hence, warfarin is significantly underused in clinical practice, with only half of warfarin-treated patients actually achieving therapeutic anticoagulation in routine clinical practice. Consequently, there is an overwhelming need for an alternative oral anticoagulant for patients with atrial fibrillation that is safer, more practical and effective. Ximelagatran (Exanta, AstraZeneca) is a novel oral direct thrombin inhibitor that is rapidly converted to the active compound melagatran after oral absorption. It has a low potential for drug interactions, anticoagulation monitoring is not required, and it is administered at a fixed twice-daily dose. The Stroke Prevention using the ORal Thrombin Inhibitor in patients with nonvalvular atrial Fibrillation (SPORTIF) III and V trials have together demonstrated the noninferiority of ximelagatran relative to warfarin for the prevention of stroke and embolic events in atrial fibrillation. Unfortunately, initial optimism has been tempered by serious concerns over its safety data in view of its propensity to cause elevation in liver enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Boos
- City Hospital, Haemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit, University Department of Medicine, Birmingham B18 7QH, UK
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32
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Halperin JL. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 2:163-74. [PMID: 15151465 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2.2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran (Exanta, AstraZeneca) is rapidly absorbed, is efficiently bioconverted to the active form, melagatran (AstraZeneca) and has shown efficacy and relative safety as an anticoagulant for prophylaxis and therapy of thromboembolism. Two Phase III trials, Stroke Prevention using an ORal Thrombin Inhibitor in atrial Fibrillation (SPORTIF V), have tested the hypothesis that oral ximelagatran, administered 36 mg twice daily without coagulation monitoring or dose adjustment, prevents stroke and systemic embolism at least as effectively as adjusted-dose warfarin (international normalized ratio, 2.0-3.0) in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Both were randomized, multicenter trials (n > 3000 per trial) with blinded end-point assessment. The open-label SPORTIF III trial confirmed the noninferiority of ximelagatran versus warfarin. Publication of the full results from SPORTIF V is pending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Halperin
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
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Cha HJ, Ma JY, Kim JC. In vitro small intestinal absorption and pH stability of tableted KIOM-C and KIOM-MA-128. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-013-0114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Hong SK, Ma JY, Kim JC. In Vitro Small Intestinal Absorption Enhancement of S-164 by Monoolein Cubic Phase Nanoparticles. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2012.682007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Matsson EM, Eriksson UG, Knutson L, Hoffmann KJ, Logren U, Fridblom P, Petri N, Lennernäs H. Biliary Excretion of Ximelagatran and Its Metabolites and the Influence of Erythromycin Following Intraintestinal Administration to Healthy Volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 51:770-83. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270010370975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Simonsson R, Stenhagen G, Ericsson C, Elmore CS. Synthesis of ximelagatran, melagatran, hydroxymelagatran, and ethylmelagatran in H-3 labeled form. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:334-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Simonsson
- Isotope Chemistry, DMPK; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; 43183 Mölndal; Sweden
| | - Gunnar Stenhagen
- Isotope Chemistry, DMPK; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; 43183 Mölndal; Sweden
| | - Cecilia Ericsson
- Isotope Chemistry, DMPK; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; 43183 Mölndal; Sweden
| | - Charles S. Elmore
- Isotope Chemistry, DMPK; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; 43183 Mölndal; Sweden
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37
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Antithrombotic and anticoagulant effects of direct factor Xa inhibitor darexaban in rat and rabbit models of venous thrombosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Coppens
- From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.I.W., J.H.); Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.W.E., J.I.W.); AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (D.G.); and the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.)
| | - John W. Eikelboom
- From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.I.W., J.H.); Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.W.E., J.I.W.); AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (D.G.); and the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.)
| | - David Gustafsson
- From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.I.W., J.H.); Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.W.E., J.I.W.); AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (D.G.); and the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.)
| | - Jeffrey I. Weitz
- From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.I.W., J.H.); Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.W.E., J.I.W.); AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (D.G.); and the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.)
| | - Jack Hirsh
- From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.I.W., J.H.); Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.W.E., J.I.W.); AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (D.G.); and the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.)
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39
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The role of structural information in the discovery of direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:279-88. [PMID: 22503439 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The quest for novel medications to treat thromboembolic disorders such as venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and stroke received a boost when the 3D structures of two major players in the blood coagulation cascade were determined in 1989 and 1993. Structure-guided design of inhibitors of thrombin (factor IIa, fIIa) and factor Xa (fXa) eventually led to the discovery of potent, selective, efficacious, orally active and safe compounds that proved successful in clinical studies. In 2008, the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate developed by Boehringer Ingelheim became the first novel antithrombotic molecular entity to enter the market in 50 years. Additional compounds targeting factor Xa were subsequently granted marketing authorization or are in late-stage clinical studies. In this review, I use selected case studies to describe the discovery of novel fIIa and fXa inhibitors, with a particular emphasis on the pre-eminent role that structural information played in this process.
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40
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Liporetro-D-peptides - A novel class of highly selective thrombin inhibitors. Thromb Res 2012; 129:e97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Neve EPA, Nordling Å, Andersson TB, Hellman U, Diczfalusy U, Johansson I, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Amidoxime reductase system containing cytochrome b5 type B (CYB5B) and MOSC2 is of importance for lipid synthesis in adipocyte mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:6307-17. [PMID: 22203676 PMCID: PMC3307252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.328237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction of hydroxylamines and amidoximes is important for drug activation and detoxification of aromatic and heterocyclic amines. Such a reductase system was previously found to be of high activity in adipose tissue and liver, and furthermore, in vitro studies using recombinant truncated and purified enzymes suggested the participation of cytochrome b(5) reductase (CYB5R), cytochrome b(5) (CYB5), and molybdenum cofactor sulfurase C-terminal containing 1 and 2 (MOSC1 and -2). Here, we show that purified rat liver outer mitochondrial membrane contains high amidoxime reductase activity and that MOSC2 is exclusively localized to these membranes. Moreover, using the same membrane fraction, we could show direct binding of a radiolabeled benzamidoxime substrate to MOSC2. Following differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 cells into mature adipocytes, the MOSC2 levels as well as the amidoxime reductase activity were increased, indicating that the enzyme is highly regulated under lipogenic conditions. siRNA-mediated down-regulation of MOSC2 and the mitochondrial form of cytochrome b(5) type B (CYB5B) significantly inhibited the reductase activity in the differentiated adipocytes, whereas down-regulation of MOSC1, cytochrome b(5) type A (CYB5A), CYB5R1, CYB5R2, or CYB5R3 had no effect. Down-regulation of MOSC2 caused impaired lipid synthesis. These results demonstrate for the first time the direct involvement of MOSC2 and CYB5B in the amidoxime reductase activity in an intact cell system. We postulate the presence of a novel reductive enzyme system of importance for lipid synthesis that is exclusively localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane and is composed of CYB5B, MOSC2, and a third unknown component (a CYB5B reductase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne P. A. Neve
- From the Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm
| | - Åsa Nordling
- From the Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- From the Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal
| | - Ulf Hellman
- the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Ltd., Uppsala Branch, SE-75123 Uppsala, and
| | - Ulf Diczfalusy
- the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Inger Johansson
- From the Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- From the Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm
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42
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Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is the commonest arrhythmia worldwide and is a growing problem. AF is responsible for 25% of all strokes, and these patients suffer greater mortality and disability. Warfarin has traditionally been the only successful therapy for stroke prevention, but its limitations have resulted in underutilisation. Major progress has been made in AF research, leading to improved management strategies. Better risk stratification permits identification of truly low-risk patients who do not require anticoagulation and we are able to simplify ourevaluation of a patient's bleeding risk.The advent of novel anticoagulants means warfarin is no longer the only choice for stroke prophylaxis. These drugs circumvent many of warfarin's inconveniences, but onlylong-term study and use will conclusively demonstrate how they compare to warfarin. The landscape of stroke prevention in AF has changed with effective alternatives to warfarin available for the first time in 60 years-but each new option brings new considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousif Ahmad
- University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gregory Y.H. Lip
- University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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43
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Sun ZY, Asberom T, Bara T, Bennett C, Burnett D, Chu I, Clader J, Cohen-Williams M, Cole D, Czarniecki M, Durkin J, Gallo G, Greenlee W, Josien H, Huang X, Hyde L, Jones N, Kazakevich I, Li H, Liu X, Lee J, MacCoss M, Mandal MB, McCracken T, Nomeir A, Mazzola R, Palani A, Parker EM, Pissarnitski DA, Qin J, Song L, Terracina G, Vicarel M, Voigt J, Xu R, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Zhao Z, Zhu X, Zhu Z. Cyclic Hydroxyamidines as Amide Isosteres: Discovery of Oxadiazolines and Oxadiazines as Potent and Highly Efficacious γ-Secretase Modulators in Vivo. J Med Chem 2011; 55:489-502. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201407j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yue Sun
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Theodros Asberom
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Thomas Bara
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Chad Bennett
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Duane Burnett
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Inhou Chu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John Clader
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mary Cohen-Williams
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - David Cole
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Czarniecki
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - James Durkin
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Gioconda Gallo
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William Greenlee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hubert Josien
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xianhai Huang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lynn Hyde
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Irina Kazakevich
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoxiang Liu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Julie Lee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Malcolm MacCoss
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mihir B. Mandal
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Troy McCracken
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Amin Nomeir
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert Mazzola
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Anandan Palani
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric M. Parker
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dmitri A. Pissarnitski
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jun Qin
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lixin Song
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Giuseppe Terracina
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Monica Vicarel
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Johannes Voigt
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ruo Xu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaohong Zhu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhaoning Zhu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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44
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Young RJ. The successful quest for oral factor Xa inhibitors; learnings for all of medicinal chemistry? Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6228-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Havemeyer A, Lang J, Clement B. The fourth mammalian molybdenum enzyme mARC: current state of research. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:524-39. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.608682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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46
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Lountos GT, Jobson AG, Tropea JE, Self CR, Zhang G, Pommier Y, Shoemaker RH, Waugh DS. Structural characterization of inhibitor complexes with checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2), a drug target for cancer therapy. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:292-301. [PMID: 21963792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chk2 (checkpoint kinase 2) is a serine/threonine kinase that participates in a series of signaling networks responsible for maintaining genomic integrity and responding to DNA damage. The development of selective Chk2 inhibitors has recently attracted much interest as a means of sensitizing cancer cells to current DNA-damaging agents used in the treatment of cancer. Additionally, selective Chk2 inhibitors may reduce p53-mediated apoptosis in normal tissues, thereby helping to mitigate adverse side effects from chemotherapy and radiation. Thus far, relatively few selective inhibitors of Chk2 have been described and none have yet progressed into clinical trials. Here, we report crystal structures of the catalytic domain of Chk2 in complex with a novel series of potent and selective small molecule inhibitors. These compounds exhibit nanomolar potencies and are selective for Chk2 over Chk1. The structures reported here elucidate the binding modes of these inhibitors to Chk2 and provide information that can be exploited for the structure-assisted design of novel chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T Lountos
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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47
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Fareed J, Thethi I, Hoppensteadt D. Old versus new oral anticoagulants: focus on pharmacology. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 52:79-99. [PMID: 21819239 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of heparin nearly a century ago, there have been large gaps in the development of anticoagulants. The discovery of warfarin was the first step toward using oral anticoagulants, but warfarin use has been associated with its own challenges from the perspectives of the prescribing physician and the patient. Warfarin, along with other coumarins, has a narrow therapeutic index, requires frequent monitoring, exhibits interindividual response variations, and is associated with several adverse effects. Frequent drug and food interactions contribute to potential safety and efficacy compromise. The indications for use of oral anticoagulants have increased, as these drugs are used not only for thrombosis management but also for cardiovascular indications, producing more challenges for oral anticoagulant use. Factor Xa and thrombin targeting has provided a rational approach to develop new oral anticoagulants with improvements over warfarin. In this review, the pharmacology of warfarin and the pharmacology of the newly developed oral anti-Xa and antithrombin agents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawed Fareed
- Departments of Pathology and Pharmacology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J Hankey
- Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington St, Perth, Australia 6001.
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49
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Straub A, Roehrig S, Hillisch A. Oral, Direct Thrombin and Factor Xa Inhibitors: The Replacement for Warfarin, Leeches, and Pig Intestines? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4574-90. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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Orale, direkte Thrombin- und Faktor-Xa-Hemmer: Kommt die Ablösung für Warfarin, Blutegel und Schweinedärme? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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