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Grujic M, Alim MA, Hellman L, Peterson M, Pejler G. Mast Cells are Dependent on Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1) and GLUT3 for IgE-mediated Activation. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02011-8. [PMID: 38565760 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are known to have a pathological impact in a variety of settings, in particular in allergic conditions. There is also limited evidence implicating MCs in diabetes, raising the possibility that MC function may be influenced by alterations in glucose levels. However, it is not known whether MCs are directly affected by elevated glucose concentrations. Moreover, it is not known which glucose transporters that are expressed by MCs, and whether MCs are dependent on glucose transporters for activation. Here we addressed these issues. We show that MCs express high levels of both glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1/Slc2A1) and GLUT3 (Slc2A3). Further, we show that the inhibition of either GLUT1 or GLUT3 dampens both MC degranulation and cytokine induction in response to IgE receptor crosslinking, and that combined GLUT1 and GLUT3 inhibition causes an even more pronounced inhibition of these parameters. In contrast, the inhibition of GLUT1 or GLUT3, or combined GLUT1 and GLUT3 inhibition, had less impact on the ability of the MCs to respond to activation via compound 48/80. Elevated glucose concentrations did not affect MC viability, and had no stimulatory effect on MC responses to either IgE receptor crosslinking or compound 48/80. Altogether, these findings reveal that MCs are strongly dependent on glucose transport via GLUT1 and/or GLUT3 for optimal responses towards IgE-mediated activation, whereas MC functionality is minimally affected by elevated glucose levels. Based on these findings, antagonists of GLUT1 and GLUT3 may be considered for therapeutic intervention in allergic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Grujic
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Md Abdul Alim
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Uppsala University, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, General Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden.
- University of Cambridge, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Lars Hellman
- Uppsala University, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Peterson
- Uppsala University, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, General Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden
- Academic Primary Health Care, Region Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Zmorzynski S, Kimicka-Szajwaj A, Szajwaj A, Czerwik-Marcinkowska J, Wojcierowski J. Genetic Changes in Mastocytes and Their Significance in Mast Cell Tumor Prognosis and Treatment. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:137. [PMID: 38275618 PMCID: PMC10815783 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumors are a large group of diseases occurring in dogs, cats, mice, as well as in humans. Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a disease involving the accumulation of mast cells in organs. KIT gene mutations are very often seen in abnormal mast cells. In SM, high KIT/CD117 expression is observed; however, there are usually no KIT gene mutations present. Mastocytoma (MCT)-a form of cutaneous neoplasm-is common in animals but quite rare in humans. KIT/CD117 receptor mutations were studied as the typical changes for human mastocytosis. In 80% of human cases, the KIT gene substitution p.D816H was present. In about 25% of MCTs, metastasis was observed. Changes in the gene expression of certain genes, such as overexpression of the DNAJ3A3 gene, promote metastasis. In contrast, the SNORD93 gene blocks the expression of metastasis genes. The panel of miR-21-5p, miR-379, and miR-885 has a good efficiency in discriminating healthy and MCT-affected dogs, as well as MCT-affected dogs with and without nodal metastasis. Further studies on the pathobiology of mast cells can lead to clinical improvements, such as better MCT diagnosis and treatment. Our paper reviews studies on the topic of mast cells, which have been carried out over the past few years.
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3
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Farrugia BL, Melrose J. The Glycosaminoglycan Side Chains and Modular Core Proteins of Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans and the Varied Ways They Provide Tissue Protection by Regulating Physiological Processes and Cellular Behaviour. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14101. [PMID: 37762403 PMCID: PMC10531531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the roles of HS-proteoglycans (HS-PGs) in general, and, in particular, perlecan and syndecan as representative examples and their interactive ligands, which regulate physiological processes and cellular behavior in health and disease. HS-PGs are essential for the functional properties of tissues both in development and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling that occurs in response to trauma or disease. HS-PGs interact with a biodiverse range of chemokines, chemokine receptors, protease inhibitors, and growth factors in immune regulation, inflammation, ECM stabilization, and tissue protection. Some cell regulatory proteoglycan receptors are dually modified hybrid HS/CS proteoglycans (betaglycan, CD47). Neurexins provide synaptic stabilization, plasticity, and specificity of interaction, promoting neurotransduction, neurogenesis, and differentiation. Ternary complexes of glypican-1 and Robbo-Slit neuroregulatory proteins direct axonogenesis and neural network formation. Specific neurexin-neuroligin complexes stabilize synaptic interactions and neural activity. Disruption in these interactions leads to neurological deficits in disorders of functional cognitive decline. Interactions with HS-PGs also promote or inhibit tumor development. Thus, HS-PGs have complex and diverse regulatory roles in the physiological processes that regulate cellular behavior and the functional properties of normal and pathological tissues. Specialized HS-PGs, such as the neurexins, pikachurin, and Eyes-shut, provide synaptic stabilization and specificity of neural transduction and also stabilize the axenome primary cilium of phototoreceptors and ribbon synapse interactions with bipolar neurons of retinal neural networks, which are essential in ocular vision. Pikachurin and Eyes-Shut interactions with an α-dystroglycan stabilize the photoreceptor synapse. Novel regulatory roles for HS-PGs controlling cell behavior and tissue function are expected to continue to be uncovered in this fascinating class of proteoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Farrugia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Raymond Purves Laboratory of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School (Northern), University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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Dileepan KN, Raveendran VV, Sharma R, Abraham H, Barua R, Singh V, Sharma R, Sharma M. Mast cell-mediated immune regulation in health and disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1213320. [PMID: 37663654 PMCID: PMC10470157 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1213320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are important components of the immune system, and they perform pro-inflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory roles in the complex process of immune regulation in health and disease. Because of their strategic perivascular localization, sensitivity and adaptability to the microenvironment, and ability to release a variety of preformed and newly synthesized effector molecules, mast cells perform unique functions in almost all organs. Additionally, Mast cells express a wide range of surface and cytoplasmic receptors which enable them to respond to a variety of cytokines, chemicals, and pathogens. The mast cell's role as a cellular interface between external and internal environments as well as between vasculature and tissues is critical for protection and repair. Mast cell interactions with different immune and nonimmune cells through secreted inflammatory mediators may also turn in favor of disease promoting agents. First and forefront, mast cells are well recognized for their multifaceted functions in allergic diseases. Reciprocal communication between mast cells and endothelial cells in the presence of bacterial toxins in chronic/sub-clinical infections induce persistent vascular inflammation. We have shown that mast cell proteases and histamine induce endothelial inflammatory responses that are synergistically amplified by bacterial toxins. Mast cells have been shown to exacerbate vascular changes in normal states as well as in chronic or subclinical infections, particularly among cigarette smokers. Furthermore, a potential role of mast cells in SARS-CoV-2-induced dysfunction of the capillary-alveolar interface adds to the growing understanding of mast cells in viral infections. The interaction between mast cells and microglial cells in the brain further highlights their significance in neuroinflammation. This review highlights the significant role of mast cells as the interface that acts as sensor and early responder through interactions with cells in systemic organs and the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kottarappat N. Dileepan
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Vineesh V. Raveendran
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Harita Abraham
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Rajat Barua
- Cardiology Section, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Vikas Singh
- Neurology Section, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Ram Sharma
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas, MO, United States
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Vangansewinkel T, Lemmens S, Tiane A, Geurts N, Dooley D, Vanmierlo T, Pejler G, Hendrix S. Therapeutic administration of mouse mast cell protease 6 improves functional recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury in mice by promoting remyelination and reducing glial scar formation. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22939. [PMID: 37130013 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201942rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) most often leads to permanent paralysis due to the inability of axons to regenerate in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). In the past, we have shown that mast cells (MCs) improve the functional outcome after SCI by suppressing scar tissue formation at the lesion site via mouse mast cell protease 6 (mMCP6). In this study, we investigated whether recombinant mMCP6 can be used therapeutically to improve the functional outcome after SCI. Therefore, we applied mMCP6 locally via an intrathecal catheter in the subacute phase after a spinal cord hemisection injury in mice. Our findings showed that hind limb motor function was significantly improved in mice that received recombinant mMCP6 compared with the vehicle-treated group. In contrast to our previous findings in mMCP6 knockout mice, the lesion size and expression levels of the scar components fibronectin, laminin, and axon-growth-inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans were not affected by the treatment with recombinant mMCP6. Surprisingly, no difference in infiltration of CD4+ T cells and reactivity of Iba-1+ microglia/macrophages at the lesion site was observed between the mMCP6-treated mice and control mice. Additionally, local protein levels of the pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFNγ, and MCP-1 were comparable between the two treatment groups, indicating that locally applied mMCP6 did not affect inflammatory processes after injury. However, the increase in locomotor performance in mMCP6-treated mice was accompanied by reduced demyelination and astrogliosis in the perilesional area after SCI. Consistently, we found that TNF-α/IL-1β-astrocyte activation was decreased and that oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation was increased after recombinant mMCP6 treatment in vitro. Mechanistically, this suggests effects of mMCP6 on reducing astrogliosis and improving (re)myelination in the spinal cord after injury. In conclusion, these data show for the first time that recombinant mMCP6 is therapeutically active in enhancing recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Vangansewinkel
- Cardio and Organ Systems, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Lemmens
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Assia Tiane
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Geurts
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Atiakshin D, Kostin A, Volodkin A, Nazarova A, Shishkina V, Esaulenko D, Buchwalow I, Tiemann M, Noda M. Mast Cells as a Potential Target of Molecular Hydrogen in Regulating the Local Tissue Microenvironment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:817. [PMID: 37375765 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the biological effects of molecular hydrogen (H2), hydrogen gas, is constantly advancing, giving a reason for the optimism in several healthcare practitioners regarding the management of multiple diseases, including socially significant ones (malignant neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, viral hepatitis, mental and behavioral disorders). However, mechanisms underlying the biological effects of H2 are still being actively debated. In this review, we focus on mast cells as a potential target for H2 at the specific tissue microenvironment level. H2 regulates the processing of pro-inflammatory components of the mast cell secretome and their entry into the extracellular matrix; this can significantly affect the capacity of the integrated-buffer metabolism and the structure of the immune landscape of the local tissue microenvironment. The analysis performed highlights several potential mechanisms for developing the biological effects of H2 and offers great opportunities for translating the obtained findings into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Atiakshin
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Andrey Kostin
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Volodkin
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Nazarova
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoriya Shishkina
- Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Dmitry Esaulenko
- Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Igor Buchwalow
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Tiemann
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mami Noda
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-0811, Japan
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7
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Yu H, Song YY, Li XH. Early diabetic kidney disease: Focus on the glycocalyx. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:460-480. [PMID: 37273258 PMCID: PMC10236994 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i5.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is sharply increasing worldwide. Microalbuminuria is the primary clinical marker used to identify DKD, and its initiating step in diabetes is glomerular endothelial cell dysfunction, particularly glycocalyx impairment. The glycocalyx found on the surface of glomerular endothelial cells, is a dynamic hydrated layer structure composed of pro-teoglycans, glycoproteins, and some adsorbed soluble components. It reinforces the negative charge barrier, transduces the shear stress, and mediates the interaction of blood corpuscles and podocytes with endothelial cells. In the high-glucose environment of diabetes, excessive reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines can damage the endothelial glycocalyx (EG) both directly and indirectly, which induces the production of microalbuminuria. Further research is required to elucidate the role of the podocyte glycocalyx, which may, together with endothelial cells, form a line of defense against albumin filtration. Interestingly, recent research has confirmed that the negative charge barrier function of the glycocalyx found in the glomerular basement membrane and its repulsion effect on albumin is limited. Therefore, to improve the early diagnosis and treatment of DKD, the potential mechanisms of EG degradation must be analyzed and more responsive and controllable targets must be explored. The content of this review will provide insights for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yi-Yun Song
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xian-Hua Li
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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8
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The amino acids differences in epitopes may promote the different allergenicity of ovomucoid derived from hen eggs and quail eggs. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Atiakshin D, Patsap O, Kostin A, Mikhalyova L, Buchwalow I, Tiemann M. Mast Cell Tryptase and Carboxypeptidase A3 in the Formation of Ovarian Endometrioid Cysts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076498. [PMID: 37047472 PMCID: PMC10095096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of ovarian endometrioid cyst formation, or cystic ovarian endometriosis, still remain to be elucidated. To address this issue, we analyzed the involvement of mast cell (MC) tryptase and carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3) in the development of endometriomas. It was found that the formation of endometrioid cysts was accompanied by an increased MC population in the ovarian medulla, as well as by an MC appearance in the cortical substance. The formation of MC subpopulations was associated with endometrioma wall structures. An active, targeted secretion of tryptase and CPA3 to the epithelium of endometrioid cysts, immunocompetent cells, and the cells of the cytogenic ovarian stroma was detected. The identification of specific proteases in the cell nuclei of the ovarian local tissue microenvironment suggests new mechanisms for the regulatory effects of MCs. The cytoplasmic outgrowths of MCs propagate in the structures of the stroma over a considerable distance; they offer new potentials for MC effects on the structures of the ovarian-specific tissue microenvironment under pathological conditions. Our findings indicate the potential roles of MC tryptase and CPA3 in the development of ovarian endometriomas and infer new perspectives on their uses as pharmacological targets in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Atiakshin
- Research and Educational Resource Centre for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Olga Patsap
- Research and Educational Resource Centre for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Kostin
- Research and Educational Resource Centre for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Igor Buchwalow
- Research and Educational Resource Centre for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Hematopathology, 22547 Hamburg, Germany
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Krishnan SN, Thanasupawat T, Arreza L, Wong GW, Sfanos K, Trock B, Arock M, Shah GG, Glogowska A, Ghavami S, Hombach-Klonisch S, Klonisch T. Human C1q Tumor Necrosis Factor 8 (CTRP8) defines a novel tryptase+ mast cell subpopulation in the prostate cancer microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166681. [PMID: 36921737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The adipokine C1q Tumor Necrosis Factor 8 (CTRP8) is the least known member of the 15 CTRP proteins and a ligand of the relaxin receptor RXFP1. We previously demonstrated the ability of the CTRP8-RXFP1 interaction to promote motility, matrix invasion, and drug resistance. The lack of specific tools to detect CTRP8 protein severely limits our knowledge on CTRP8 biological functions in normal and tumor tissues. Here, we have generated and characterized the first specific antiserum to human CTRP8 which identified CTRP8 as a novel marker of tryptase+ mast cells (MCT) in normal human tissues and in the prostate cancer (PC) microenvironment. Using human PC tissue microarrays composed of neoplastic and corresponding tumor-adjacent prostate tissues, we have identified a significantly higher number of CTRP8+ MCT in the peritumor versus intratumor compartment of PC tissues of Gleason scores 6 and 7. Higher numbers of CTRP8+ MCT correlated with the clinical parameter of biochemical recurrence. We showed that the human MC line ROSAKIT WT expressed RXFP1 transcripts and responded to CTRP8 treatment with a small but significant increase in cell proliferation. Like the cognate RXFP1 ligand RLN-2 and the small molecule RXFP1 agonist ML-290, CTRP8 reduced degranulation of ROSAKIT WT MC stimulated by the Ca2+-ionophore A14187. In conclusion, this is the first report to identify the RXFP1 agonist CTRP8 as a novel marker of MCT and autocrine/paracrine oncogenic factor within the PC microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Nivedita Krishnan
- Dept. of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Thatchawan Thanasupawat
- Dept. of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Leanne Arreza
- Dept. of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - G William Wong
- Dept. of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen Sfanos
- Dept. of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce Trock
- Dept. of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michel Arock
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - G Girish Shah
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, CHU de Quebec-Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Glogowska
- Dept. of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Dept. of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada; Research Institute of Cancer and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Dept. of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada; Dept. of Pathology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Dept. of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada; Dept. of Pathology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada; Research Institute of Cancer and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Dept. of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada.
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11
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Mast Cells in Regeneration of the Skin in Burn Wound with Special Emphasis on Molecular Hydrogen Effect. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030348. [PMID: 36986447 PMCID: PMC10059032 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of regeneration for the fibrous component of the connective tissue of the dermis are still insufficiently studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of molecular hydrogen on the local therapy of a II degree burn wound with the intensification of collagen fibrillogenesis in the skin. We analyzed the involvement of mast cells (MCs) in the regeneration of the collagen fibers of the connective tissue using water with a high content of molecular hydrogen and in a therapeutic ointment for the cell wounds. Thermal burns led to an increase in the skin MC population, accompanied by a systemic rearrangement of the extracellular matrix. The use of molecular hydrogen for the treatment of burn wounds stimulated the regeneration processes by activating the formation of the fibrous component of the dermis, accelerating wound healing. Thus, the intensification of collagen fibrillogenesis was comparable to the effects of a therapeutic ointment. The remodeling of the extracellular matrix correlated with a decrease in the area of damaged skin. Skin regeneration induced by the activation of the secretory activity of MCs may be one of the possible points of implementation of the biological effects of molecular hydrogen in the treatment of burn wounds. Thus, the positive effects of molecular hydrogen on skin repair can be used in clinical practice to increase the effectiveness of therapy after thermal exposure.
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12
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Tu H, Li YL. Inflammation balance in skeletal muscle damage and repair. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1133355. [PMID: 36776867 PMCID: PMC9909416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Responding to tissue injury, skeletal muscles undergo the tissue destruction and reconstruction accompanied with inflammation. The immune system recognizes the molecules released from or exposed on the damaged tissue. In the local minor tissue damage, tissue-resident macrophages sequester pro-inflammatory debris to prevent initiation of inflammation. In most cases of the skeletal muscle injury, however, a cascade of inflammation will be initiated through activation of local macrophages and mast cells and recruitment of immune cells from blood circulation to the injured site by recongnization of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and activated complement system. During the inflammation, macrophages and neutrophils scavenge the tissue debris to release inflammatory cytokines and the latter stimulates myoblast fusion and vascularization to promote injured muscle repair. On the other hand, an abundance of released inflammatory cytokines and chemokines causes the profound hyper-inflammation and mobilization of immune cells to trigger a vicious cycle and lead to the cytokine storm. The cytokine storm results in the elevation of cytolytic and cytotoxic molecules and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the damaged muscle to aggravates the tissue injury, including the healthy bystander tissue. Severe inflammation in the skeletal muscle can lead to rhabdomyolysis and cause sepsis-like systemic inflammation response syndrome (SIRS) and remote organ damage. Therefore, understanding more details on the involvement of inflammatory factors and immune cells in the skeletal muscle damage and repair can provide the new precise therapeutic strategies, including attenuation of the muscle damage and promotion of the muscle repair.
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13
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Woodrow JS, Hines M, Sommardahl C, Flatland B, Lo Y, Wang Z, Sheats MK, Lennon EM. Initial investigation of molecular phenotypes of airway mast cells and cytokine profiles in equine asthma. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:997139. [PMID: 36713876 PMCID: PMC9875299 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.997139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine asthma is a naturally occurring lung disease characterized by chronic, partially reversible airway obstruction, pulmonary remodeling, and lower airway inflammation. Asthma is currently divided into two major groups, mild to moderate asthma (mEA) and severe asthma (sEA), but further subtyping by phenotype (i.e., clinical presentation) and/or endotype (i.e., cellular mechanisms) may be warranted. For this study, we were interested in further investigation of cellular and inflammatory characteristics of EA, including airway mast cells. The purpose of this study was to: (1) compare mast cell protease mRNA expression between healthy and asthmatic horses, (2) analyze the cytokine profile present in BALF of currently defined equine asthma groups, and (3) use these data to evaluate potential biomarkers of defined asthma groups. We hypothesized that there would be significant differences in the cellular mast cell phenotypes (i.e., mucosal vs. connective tissue) and cytokine profiles in the BALF of asthmatic vs. healthy horses and across asthma groups. We assert these characteristics may inform additional subtypes of equine asthma. Adult horses were recruited from the institution's teaching herd and clinical caseload. Mast cell protease gene expression of the BALF cellular component and multiplex bead immunoassay for cytokine concentrations in the BALF supernatant were investigated. Airway mast cells primarily expressed tryptase, with low levels of chymase. No significant changes in protease expression were detected across groups. Horses with severe asthma had increased TNF-α, CXCL-8, and IFN-γ concentrations in BALF supernatant. Multidimensional analysis demonstrated healthy and mEA horses have overlapping characteristics, with sEA separating from the other groups. This difference was primarily due to BALF neutrophil and lymphocyte concentrations. These study results further inform understanding of EA immunopathology, and future studies designed to investigate asthma phenotypes and endotypes. Ultimately, a better understanding of these groups could help identify novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane S. Woodrow
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States,Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Melissa Hines
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Carla Sommardahl
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Bente Flatland
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Yancy Lo
- Bioinformatics Core, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Bioinformatics Core, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mary Katie Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Lennon
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Elizabeth M. Lennon ✉
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14
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Ramos-Llorca A, Decraecker L, Cacheux VMY, Zeiburlina I, De bruyn M, Battut L, Moreno-Cinos C, Ceradini D, Espinosa E, Dietrich G, Berg M, De Meester I, Van Der Veken P, Boeckxstaens G, Lambeir AM, Denadai-Souza A, Augustyns K. Chemically diverse activity-based probes with unexpected inhibitory mechanisms targeting trypsin-like serine proteases. Front Chem 2023; 10:1089959. [PMID: 36688031 PMCID: PMC9849758 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1089959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity-based probes (ABP) are molecules that bind covalently to the active form of an enzyme family, making them an attractive tool for target and biomarker identification and drug discovery. The present study describes the synthesis and biochemical characterization of novel activity-based probes targeting trypsin-like serine proteases. We developed an extensive library of activity-based probes with "clickable" affinity tags and a diaryl phosphonate warhead. A wide diversity was achieved by including natural amino acid analogs as well as basic polar residues as side chains. A detailed enzymatic characterization was performed in a panel of trypsin-like serine proteases. Their inhibitory potencies and kinetic profile were examined, and their IC50 values, mechanism of inhibition, and kinetic constants were determined. The activity-based probes with a benzyl guanidine side chain showed the highest inhibitory effects in the panel. Surprisingly, some of the high-affinity probes presented a reversible inhibitory mechanism. On the other hand, probes with different side chains exhibited the expected irreversible mechanism. For the first time, we demonstrate that not only irreversible probes but also reversible probes can tightly label recombinant proteases and proteases released from human mast cells. Even under denaturing SDS-PAGE conditions, reversible slow-tight-binding probes can label proteases due to the formation of high-affinity complexes and slow dissociation rates. This unexpected finding will transform the view on the required irreversible nature of activity-based probes. The diversity of this library of activity-based probes combined with a detailed enzyme kinetic characterization will advance their applications in proteomic studies and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ramos-Llorca
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lisse Decraecker
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuroimmune Interactions, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valérie M. Y. Cacheux
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Irena Zeiburlina
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuroimmune Interactions, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle De bruyn
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louise Battut
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carlos Moreno-Cinos
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Eric Espinosa
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Dietrich
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Maya Berg
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Boeckxstaens
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuroimmune Interactions, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Denadai-Souza
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuroimmune Interactions, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium,*Correspondence: Koen Augustyns,
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15
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Shi S, Ye L, Yu X, Jin K, Wu W. Focus on mast cells in the tumor microenvironment: Current knowledge and future directions. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188845. [PMID: 36476563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are crucial cells participating in both innate and adaptive immune processes that play important roles in protecting human health and in the pathophysiology of various diseases, such as allergies, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune diseases. In the context of tumors, MCs are a non-negligible population of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In most tumor types, MCs accumulate in both the tumor tissue and the surrounding tissue. MCs interact with multiple components of the TME, affecting TME remodeling and the tumor cell fate. However, controversy persists regarding whether MCs contribute to tumor progression or trigger an anti-tumor immune response. This review focuses on the context of the TME to explore the specific properties and functions of MCs and discusses the crosstalk that occurs between MCs and other components of the TME, which affect tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and tumor immunity through different mechanisms. We also anticipate the potential role of MCs in cancer immunotherapy, which might expand upon the success achieved with existing cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saimeng Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Longyun Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Kaizhou Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Weiding Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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16
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Mast cell chymase regulates extracellular matrix remodeling-related events in primary human small airway epithelial cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:1534-1544. [PMID: 35779668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Under asthmatic conditions, mast cells can relocalize to the epithelial layer and may thereby affect the functional properties of the airway epithelial cells. OBJECTIVES Activated mast cells release large quantities of proteases from their secretory granules, including chymase and tryptase. Here we investigated whether these proteases may affect airway epithelial cells. METHODS Primary small airway epithelial cells were treated with tryptase or chymase, and the effects on epithelial cell viability, proliferation, migration, cytokine output, and transcriptome were evaluated. RESULTS Airway epithelial cells were relatively refractory to tryptase. In contrast, chymase had extensive effects on multiple features of the epithelial cells, with a particular emphasis on processes related to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. These included suppressed expression of ECM-related genes such as matrix metalloproteinases, which was confirmed at the protein level. Further, chymase suppressed the expression of the fibronectin gene and also caused degradation of fibronectin released by the epithelial cells. Chymase was also shown to suppress the migratory capacity of the airway epithelial cells and to degrade the cell-cell contact protein E-cadherin on the epithelial cell surface. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that chymase may affect the regulation of ECM remodeling events mediated by airway epithelial cells, with implications for the impact of mast cells in inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma.
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17
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Lampinen M, Hagforsen E, Weström S, Bergström A, Levedahl K, Paivandy A, Lara‐Valencia P, Pejler G, Rollman O. Mefloquine causes selective mast cell apoptosis in cutaneous mastocytosis lesions by a secretory granule-mediated pathway. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1729-1740. [PMID: 35876458 PMCID: PMC9804232 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a KIT-related myeloproliferative disease characterised by abnormal expansion of neoplastic mast cells (MC) in the skin or virtually any other organ system. The cutaneous form of adult-onset mastocytosis is almost invariably combined with indolent systemic involvement for which curative therapy is yet not available. Here we evaluated a concept of depleting cutaneous MCs in mastocytosis lesions ex vivo by targeting their secretory granules. Skin biopsies from mastocytosis patients were incubated with or without mefloquine, an antimalarial drug known to penetrate into acidic organelles such as MC secretory granules. Mefloquine reduced the number of dermal MCs without affecting keratinocyte proliferation or epidermal gross morphology at drug concentrations up to 40 μM. Flow cytometric analysis of purified dermal MCs showed that mefloquine-induced cell death was mainly due to apoptosis and accompanied by caspase-3 activation. However, caspase inhibition provided only partial protection against mefloquine-induced cell death, indicating predominantly caspase-independent apoptosis. Further assessments revealed that mefloquine caused an elevation of granule pH and a corresponding decrease in cytosolic pH, suggesting drug-induced granule permeabilisation. Extensive damage to the MC secretory granules was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy analysis. Further, blockade of granule acidification or serine protease activity prior to mefloquine treatment protected MCs from apoptosis, indicating that granule acidity and granule-localised serine proteases play major roles in the execution of mefloquine-induced cell death. Altogether, these findings reveal that mefloquine induces selective apoptosis of MCs by targeting their secretory granules and suggest that the drug may potentially extend its range of medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lampinen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and VenereologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden,Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Eva Hagforsen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and VenereologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Simone Weström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and VenereologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden,Present address:
Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Anna Bergström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and VenereologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden,Department of DermatologyUppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden
| | | | - Aida Paivandy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Paola Lara‐Valencia
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Ola Rollman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and VenereologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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18
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Singh M, Jayant K, Singh D, Bhutani S, Poddar NK, Chaudhary AA, Khan SUD, Adnan M, Siddiqui AJ, Hassan MI, Khan FI, Lai D, Khan S. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha) for the possible therapeutics and clinical management of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Plant-based drug discovery and targeted therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:933824. [PMID: 36046742 PMCID: PMC9421373 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.933824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has killed huge populations throughout the world and acts as a high-risk factor for elderly and young immune-suppressed patients. There is a critical need to build up secure, reliable, and efficient drugs against to the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Bioactive compounds of Ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] may implicate as herbal medicine for the management and treatment of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of the current work is to update the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection and information about the implication of various compounds of medicinal plant Withania somnifera with minimum side effects on the patients' organs. The herbal medicine Withania somnifera has an excellent antiviral activity that could be implicated in the management and treatment of flu and flu-like diseases connected with SARS-CoV-2. The analysis was performed by systematically re-evaluating the published articles related to the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and the herbal medicine Withania somnifera. In the current review, we have provided the important information and data of various bioactive compounds of Withania somnifera such as Withanoside V, Withanone, Somniferine, and some other compounds, which can possibly help in the management and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Withania somnifera has proved its potential for maintaining immune homeostasis of the body, inflammation regulation, pro-inflammatory cytokines suppression, protection of multiple organs, anti-viral, anti-stress, and anti-hypertensive properties. Withanoside V has the potential to inhibit the main proteases (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. At present, synthetic adjuvant vaccines are used against COVID-19. Available information showed the antiviral activity in Withanoside V of Withania somnifera, which may explore as herbal medicine against to SARS-CoV-2 infection after standardization of parameters of drug development and formulation in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biochemistry, C.B.S.H, G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Kuldeep Jayant
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, West Bengal, Kharagpur, India
| | - Dipti Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, C.B.S.H, G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Shivani Bhutani
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Poddar
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah-Ud-Din Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Faez Iqbal Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dakun Lai
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Indian Institute of Health and Technology (IIHT), Deoband, Saharanpur, UP, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Siddhuraj P, Jönsson J, Alyamani M, Prabhala P, Magnusson M, Lindstedt S, Erjefält JS. Dynamically upregulated mast cell CPA3 patterns in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:924244. [PMID: 35983043 PMCID: PMC9378779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.924244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe mast cell-specific metalloprotease CPA3 has been given important roles in lung tissue homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. However, the dynamics and spatial distribution of mast cell CPA3 expression in lung diseases remain unknown.MethodsUsing a histology-based approach for quantitative spatial decoding of mRNA and protein single cell, this study investigates the dynamics of CPA3 expression across mast cells residing in lungs from control subjects and patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or idiopathic lung fibrosis (IPF).ResultsMast cells in COPD lungs had an anatomically widespread increase of CPA3 mRNA (bronchioles p < 0.001, pulmonary vessels p < 0.01, and alveolar parenchyma p < 0.01) compared to controls, while granule-stored CPA3 protein was unaltered. IPF lungs had a significant upregulation of both mast cell density, CPA3 mRNA (p < 0.001) and protein (p < 0.05), in the fibrotic alveolar tissue. Spatial expression maps revealed altered mast cell mRNA/protein quotients in lung areas subjected to disease-relevant histopathological alterations. Elevated CPA3 mRNA also correlated to lung tissue eosinophils, CD3 T cells, and declined lung function. Single-cell RNA sequencing of bronchial mast cells confirmed CPA3 as a top expressed gene with potential links to both inflammatory and protective markers.ConclusionThis study shows that lung tissue mast cell populations in COPD and IPF lungs have spatially complex and markedly upregulated CPA3 expression profiles that correlate with immunopathological alterations and lung function. Given the proposed roles of CPA3 in tissue homeostasis, remodeling, and inflammation, these alterations are likely to have clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premkumar Siddhuraj
- Unit of Airway Inflammation, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Manar Alyamani
- Unit of Airway Inflammation, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pavan Prabhala
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Magnusson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sandra Lindstedt
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lund University Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas S. Erjefält
- Unit of Airway Inflammation, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Allergology and Respiratory Medicine, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Jonas S. Erjefält,
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20
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West PW, Bulfone-Paus S. Mast cell tissue heterogeneity and specificity of immune cell recruitment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932090. [PMID: 35967445 PMCID: PMC9374002 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells occupy a unique niche within tissues as long lived perpetrators of IgE mediated hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis, as well as other immune responses. However, mast cells are not identical in different tissues and the impact of this tissue heterogeneity on the interaction with other immune cells and on defined immune responses is still unclear. In this review, we synthesize the characteristics of mast cell heterogeneity in the gut and the skin. Furthermore, we attempt to connect mast cell heterogeneity with functional diversity by exploring differences in mast cell-induced immune cell recruitment in these two model organs. The differential expression of certain receptors on mast cells of different tissues, notably tissue-specific expression patterns of integrins, complement receptors and MRGPRX2, could indicate that tissue environment-dependent factors skew mast cell-immune cell interactions, for example by regulating the expression of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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21
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Lind T, Melo FR, Gustafson AM, Sundqvist A, Zhao XO, Moustakas A, Melhus H, Pejler G. Mast Cell Chymase Has a Negative Impact on Human Osteoblasts. Matrix Biol 2022; 112:1-19. [PMID: 35908613 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells have been linked to osteoporosis and bone fractures, and in a previous study we found that mice lacking a major mast cell protease, chymase, develop increased diaphyseal bone mass. These findings introduce the possibility that mast cell chymase can regulate bone formation, but the underlying mechanism(s) has not previously been investigated. Here we hypothesized that chymase might exert such effects through a direct negative impact on osteoblasts, i.e., the main bone-building cells. Indeed, we show that chymase has a distinct impact on human primary osteoblasts. Firstly, chymase was shown to have pronounced effects on the morphological features of osteoblasts, including extensive cell contraction and actin reorganization. Chymase also caused a profound reduction in the output of collagen from the osteoblasts, and was shown to degrade osteoblast-secreted fibronectin and to activate pro-matrix metallopeptidase-2 released by the osteoblasts. Further, chymase was shown to have a preferential impact on the gene expression, protein output and phosphorylation status of TGFβ-associated signaling molecules. A transcriptomic analysis was conducted and revealed a significant effect of chymase on several genes of importance for bone metabolism, including a reduction in the expression of osteoprotegerin, which was confirmed at the protein level. Finally, we show that chymase interacts with human osteoblasts and is taken up by the cells. Altogether, the present findings provide a functional link between mast cell chymase and osteoblast function, and can form the basis for a further evaluation of chymase as a potential target for intervention in metabolic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lind
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Fabio Rabelo Melo
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann-Marie Gustafson
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Sundqvist
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xinran O Zhao
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Melhus
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Hellman L, Akula S, Fu Z, Wernersson S. Mast Cell and Basophil Granule Proteases - In Vivo Targets and Function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:918305. [PMID: 35865537 PMCID: PMC9294451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are stored in very large amounts within abundant cytoplasmic granules of mast cells (MCs), and in lower amounts in basophils. These proteases are stored in their active form in complex with negatively charged proteoglycans, such as heparin and chondroitin sulfate, ready for rapid release upon MC and basophil activation. The absolute majority of these proteases belong to the large family of chymotrypsin related serine proteases. Three such enzymes are found in human MCs, a chymotryptic enzyme, the chymase, a tryptic enzyme, the tryptase and cathepsin G. Cathepsin G has in primates both chymase and tryptase activity. MCs also express a MC specific exopeptidase, carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3). The targets and thereby the functions of these enzymes have for many years been the major question of the field. However, the fact that some of these enzymes have a relatively broad specificity has made it difficult to obtain reliable information about the biologically most important targets for these enzymes. Under optimal conditions they may cleave a relatively large number of potential targets. Three of these enzymes, the chymase, the tryptase and CPA3, have been shown to inactivate several venoms from snakes, scorpions, bees and Gila monster. The chymase has also been shown to cleave several connective tissue components and thereby to be an important player in connective tissue homeostasis. This enzyme can also generate angiotensin II (Ang II) by cleavage of Ang I and have thereby a role in blood pressure regulation. It also display anticoagulant activity by cleaving fibrinogen and thrombin. A regulatory function on excessive TH2 immunity has also been observed for both the chymase and the tryptase by cleavage of a highly selective set of cytokines and chemokines. The chymase also appear to have a protective role against ectoparasites such as ticks, mosquitos and leeches by the cleavage of their anticoagulant proteins. We here review the data that has accumulated concerning the potential in vivo functions of these enzymes and we discuss how this information sheds new light on the role of MCs and basophils in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Lars Hellman,
| | - Srinivas Akula
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhirong Fu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Mast Cell Activation Syndrome in COVID-19 and Female Reproductive Function: Theoretical Background vs. Accumulating Clinical Evidence. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:9534163. [PMID: 35785029 PMCID: PMC9242765 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9534163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, can affect almost all systems and organs of the human body, including those responsible for reproductive function in women. The multisystem inflammatory response in COVID-19 shows many analogies with mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), and MCAS may be an important component in the course of COVID-19. Of note, the female sex hormones estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) significantly influence mast cell (MC) behavior. This review presents the importance of MCs and the mediators from their granules in the female reproductive system, including pregnancy, and discusses the mechanism of potential disorders related to MCAS. Then, the available data on COVID-19 in the context of hormonal disorders, the course of endometriosis, female fertility, and the course of pregnancy were compiled to verify intuitively predicted threats. Surprisingly, although COVID-19 hyperinflammation and post-COVID-19 illness may be rooted in MCAS, the available clinical data do not provide grounds for treating this mechanism as significantly increasing the risk of abnormal female reproductive function, including pregnancy. Further studies in the context of post COVID-19 condition (long COVID), where inflammation and a procoagulative state resemble many aspects of MCAS, are needed.
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24
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Single-cell RNA sequencing of mast cells in eosinophilic esophagitis reveals heterogeneity, local proliferation, and activation that persists in remission. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:2062-2077. [PMID: 35304158 PMCID: PMC9177790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) are pleiotropic cells that accumulate in the esophagus of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and are thought to contribute to disease pathogenesis, yet their properties and functions in this organ are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to perform a comprehensive molecular and spatial characterization of esophageal MCs in EoE. METHODS Esophageal biopsies obtained from patients with active EoE, patients with EoE in histologic remission, and individuals with histologically normal esophageal biopsies and no history of esophageal disease (ie, control individuals) were subject to single-cell RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence analyses. RESULTS This study probed 39,562 single esophageal cells by single-cell RNA sequencing; approximately 5% of these cells were MCs. Dynamic MC expansion was identified across disease states. During homeostasis, TPSAB1highAREGhigh resident MCs were mainly detected in the lamina propria and exhibited a quiescent phenotype. In patients with active EoE, resident MCs assumed an activated phenotype, and 2 additional proinflammatory MC populations emerged in the intraepithelial compartment, each linked to a proliferating MKI67high cluster. One proinflammatory activated MC population, marked as KIThighIL1RL1highFCER1Alow, was not detected in disease remission (termed "transient MC"), whereas the other population, marked as CMA1highCTSGhigh, was detected in disease remission where it maintained an activated state (termed "persistent MC"). MCs were prominent producers of esophageal IL-13 mRNA and protein, a key therapeutic target in EoE. CONCLUSIONS Esophageal MCs comprise heterogeneous populations with transcriptional signatures associated with distinct spatial compartmentalization and EoE disease status. In active EoE, they assume a proinflammatory state and locally proliferate, and they remain activated and poised to reinitiate inflammation even during disease remission.
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25
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Groll T, Silva M, Sarker RSJ, Tschurtschenthaler M, Schnalzger T, Mogler C, Denk D, Schölch S, Schraml BU, Ruland J, Rad R, Saur D, Weichert W, Jesinghaus M, Matiasek K, Steiger K. Comparative Study of the Role of Interepithelial Mucosal Mast Cells in the Context of Intestinal Adenoma-Carcinoma Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092248. [PMID: 35565377 PMCID: PMC9105816 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are crucial players in the relationship between the tumor microenvironment (TME) and cancer cells and have been shown to influence angiogenesis and progression of human colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the role of MCs in the TME is controversially discussed as either pro- or anti-tumorigenic. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are the most frequently used in vivo models for human CRC research. In the murine intestine there are at least three different MC subtypes: interepithelial mucosal mast cells (ieMMCs), lamina proprial mucosal mast cells (lpMMCs) and connective tissue mast cells (CTMCs). Interepithelial mucosal mast cells (ieMMCs) in (pre-)neoplastic intestinal formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens of mouse models (total lesions n = 274) and human patients (n = 104) were immunohistochemically identified and semiquantitatively scored. Scores were analyzed along the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in humans and 12 GEMMs of small and large intestinal cancer. The presence of ieMMCs was a common finding in intestinal adenomas and carcinomas in mice and humans. The number of ieMMCs decreased in the course of colonic adenoma-carcinoma sequence in both species (p < 0.001). However, this dynamic cellular state was not observed for small intestinal murine tumors. Furthermore, ieMMC scores were higher in GEMMs with altered Wnt signaling (active β-catenin) than in GEMMs with altered MAPK signaling and wildtypes (WT). In conclusion, we hypothesize that, besides stromal MCs (lpMMCs/CTMCs), particularly the ieMMC subset is important for onset and progression of intestinal neoplasia and may interact with the adjacent neoplastic epithelial cells in dependence on the molecular environment. Moreover, our study indicates the need for adequate GEMMs for the investigation of the intestinal immunologic TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Groll
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (T.G.); (M.S.); (R.S.J.S.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (W.W.); (M.J.)
- Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Miguel Silva
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (T.G.); (M.S.); (R.S.J.S.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (W.W.); (M.J.)
| | - Rim Sabrina Jahan Sarker
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (T.G.); (M.S.); (R.S.J.S.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (W.W.); (M.J.)
- Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Tschurtschenthaler
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (M.T.); (R.R.); (D.S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Institute of Translational Cancer Research and Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Schnalzger
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Carolin Mogler
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (T.G.); (M.S.); (R.S.J.S.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (W.W.); (M.J.)
- Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Denk
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (T.G.); (M.S.); (R.S.J.S.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (W.W.); (M.J.)
- Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Sebastian Schölch
- JCCU Translational Surgical Oncology (A430), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Barbara U. Schraml
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany;
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (M.T.); (R.R.); (D.S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (M.T.); (R.R.); (D.S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Institute of Translational Cancer Research and Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (T.G.); (M.S.); (R.S.J.S.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (W.W.); (M.J.)
- Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Moritz Jesinghaus
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (T.G.); (M.S.); (R.S.J.S.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (W.W.); (M.J.)
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (T.G.); (M.S.); (R.S.J.S.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (W.W.); (M.J.)
- Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4140-6075; Fax: +49-89-4140-4865
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26
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Huang SUS, O’Sullivan KM. The Expanding Role of Extracellular Traps in Inflammation and Autoimmunity: The New Players in Casting Dark Webs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073793. [PMID: 35409152 PMCID: PMC8998317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The first description of a new form of neutrophil cell death distinct from that of apoptosis or necrosis was discovered in 2004 and coined neutrophil extracellular traps "(NETs)" or "NETosis". Different stimuli for NET formation, and pathways that drive neutrophils to commit to NETosis have been elucidated in the years that followed. Critical enzymes required for NET formation have been discovered and targeted therapeutically. NET formation is no longer restricted to neutrophils but has been discovered in other innate cells: macrophages/monocytes, mast Cells, basophils, dendritic cells, and eosinophils. Furthermore, extracellular DNA can also be extruded from both B and T cells. It has become clear that although this mechanism is thought to enhance host defense by ensnaring bacteria within large webs of DNA to increase bactericidal killing capacity, it is also injurious to innocent bystander tissue. Proteases and enzymes released from extracellular traps (ETs), injure epithelial and endothelial cells perpetuating inflammation. In the context of autoimmunity, ETs release over 70 well-known autoantigens. ETs are associated with pathology in multiple diseases: lung diseases, vasculitis, autoimmune kidney diseases, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and psoriasis. Defining these pathways that drive ET release will provide insight into mechanisms of pathological insult and provide potential therapeutic targets.
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27
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Redhu D, Franke K, Aparicio-Soto M, Kumari V, Pazur K, Illerhaus A, Hartmann K, Worm M, Babina M. Mast cells instruct keratinocytes to produce TSLP - relevance of the tryptase/PAR-2 axis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:2053-2061.e6. [PMID: 35240143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) promotes Th2 inflammation and is deeply intertwined with inflammatory dermatoses like atopic dermatitis. The mechanisms regulating TSLP are poorly defined. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether and by what mechanisms mast cells (MCs) foster TSLP responses in the cutaneous environment. METHODS Ex vivo and in vivo skin MC degranulation was induced by compound 48/80 in wildtype, PAR-2- and MC-deficient mice in the presence/absence of neutralizing antibodies, antagonists or exogenous mMCP6. Primary human keratinocytes (hKCs) and murine skin explants (mSEs) were stimulated with lysates/supernatants of human skin MCs, purified tryptase or MC-lysate diminished of tryptase. Chymase and histamine were also used. TSLP was quantified by ELISA, RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Mrgprb2-activation elicited TSLP in intact skin, mainly in the epidermis. Responses were strictly MC-dependent and relied on PAR-2. Complementarily, TSLP was elicited by tryptase in mSEs. Exogenous mMCP6 could fully restore responsiveness in MC-deficient mSEs. Conversely, PAR-2-knockout mice were unresponsive to mMCP6, while displaying increased responsiveness to other inflammatory pathways, e.g. IL-1α. Indeed, IL-1α acted in concert with tryptase. In hKCs, MC-elicited TSLP generation was likewise abolished by tryptase inhibition or elimination. Chymase and histamine did not impact TSLP production, but histamine triggered IL-6, IL-8, and SCF. CONCLUSION MCs communicate with KCs more broadly than hitherto suspected. The tryptase-PAR-2 axis is a crucial component of this crosstalk, underlying MC-dependent stimulation of TSLP in neighboring KCs. Interference specifically with MC tryptase may offer a treatment option for disorders initiated or perpetuated by aberrant TSLP, such as atopic dermatitis. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Awareness of the crosstalk between MCs and KCs may permit improved management of skin disorders, e.g. by selective targeting of tryptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davender Redhu
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Franke
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Aparicio-Soto
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vandana Kumari
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristijan Pazur
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Illerhaus
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karin Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Allergy, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Margitta Worm
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Magda Babina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Roh KB, Jang Y, Cho E, Park D, Kweon DH, Jung E. Chlorogenic Acid Isomers Isolated from Artemisia lavandulaefolia Exhibit Anti-Rosacea Effects In Vitro. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020463. [PMID: 35203672 PMCID: PMC8962347 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting facial skin. It is associated with immune and vascular dysfunction mediated via increased expression and activity of cathelicidin and kallikrein 5 (KLK5), a serine protease of stratum corneum. Therefore, KLK5 inhibitors are considered as therapeutic agents for improving the underlying pathophysiology and clinical manifestation of rosacea. Here, we isolated the active constituents of Artemisia lavandulaefolia (A. lavandulaefolia) and investigated their inhibitory effect on KLK5 protease activity. Using bioassay-guided isolation, two bioactive compounds including chlorogenic acid isomers, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (isochlorogenic acid A) (1), and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (isochlorogenic acid C) (2) were isolated from A. lavandulaefolia. In this study, we evaluated the effects of isochlorogenic acids A and C on dysregulation of vascular and immune responses to rosacea, and elucidated their molecular mechanisms of action. The two chlorogenic acid isomers inhibit KLK5 protease activity, leading to reduced conversion of inactive cathelicidin into active LL-37. This inhibition of LL-37 production by isochlorogenic acids A and C reveals the efficacy of suppressing the expression of inflammatory mediators induced by LL-37 in immune cells such as macrophages and mast cells. In addition, both isomers of chlorogenic acid directly inhibited the proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells induced by LL-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Baeg Roh
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Yongin 16827, Korea; (K.-B.R.); (Y.J.); (E.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Youngsu Jang
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Yongin 16827, Korea; (K.-B.R.); (Y.J.); (E.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Eunae Cho
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Yongin 16827, Korea; (K.-B.R.); (Y.J.); (E.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Deokhoon Park
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Yongin 16827, Korea; (K.-B.R.); (Y.J.); (E.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Eunsun Jung
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Yongin 16827, Korea; (K.-B.R.); (Y.J.); (E.C.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-70-5117-0029
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29
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Atiakshin D, Kostin A, Trotsenko I, Samoilova V, Buchwalow I, Tiemann M. Carboxypeptidase A3—A Key Component of the Protease Phenotype of Mast Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030570. [PMID: 35159379 PMCID: PMC8834431 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3) is a specific mast cell (MC) protease with variable expression. This protease is one of the preformed components of the secretome. During maturation of granules, CPA3 becomes an active enzyme with a characteristic localization determining the features of the cytological and ultrastructural phenotype of MC. CPA3 takes part in the regulation of a specific tissue microenvironment, affecting the implementation of innate immunity, the mechanisms of angiogenesis, the processes of remodeling of the extracellular matrix, etc. Characterization of CPA3 expression in MC can be used to refine the MC classification, help in a prognosis, and increase the effectiveness of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Atiakshin
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.); (A.K.); (I.T.)
- Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, Studencheskaya Str. 10, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Andrey Kostin
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.); (A.K.); (I.T.)
| | - Ivan Trotsenko
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.); (A.K.); (I.T.)
| | - Vera Samoilova
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547 Hamburg, Germany; (V.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Igor Buchwalow
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.); (A.K.); (I.T.)
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547 Hamburg, Germany; (V.S.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(040)-7070-85317; Fax: +49-(040)-7070-85110
| | - Markus Tiemann
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547 Hamburg, Germany; (V.S.); (M.T.)
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Akula S, Hellman L, Avilés FX, Wernersson S. Analysis of the mast cell expressed carboxypeptidase A3 and its structural and evolutionary relationship to other vertebrate carboxypeptidases. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104273. [PMID: 34619175 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metallo-carboxypeptidases are exopeptidases with diverse expression and function, found in all kingdoms of life from bacteria to mammals. One of them, the carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3), has become an important component of the mammalian immune system by its expression in mast cells. Mast cells (MCs) are highly specialized sentinel cells, which store large amounts of bioactive mediators, including CPA3, in very abundant cytoplasmic granules. Clinical studies have found an increased CPA3 expression in asthma but the physiological role as well as the evolutionary origin of CPA3 remains largely unexplored. CPA3 belongs to the M14A subfamily of metallo-carboxypeptidases, which among others also includes the digestive enzymes CPA1, CPA2, CPB1 and CPO. To study the appearance of CPA3 during vertebrate evolution, we here performed bioinformatic analyses of homologous genes and gene loci from a broad panel of metazoan animals from invertebrates to mammals. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that CPA3 appeared at the base of tetrapod evolution in a branch closer to CPB1 than to other CPAs. Indeed, CPA3 and CPB1 are also located in the same locus, on chromosome 3 in humans. The presence of CPA3 only in tetrapods and not in fishes, suggested that CPA3 could have appeared by a gene duplication from CPB1 during early tetrapod evolution. However, the apparent loss of CPA3 in several tetrapod lineages, e.g. in birds and monotremes, indicates a complex evolution of the CPA3 gene. Interestingly, in the lack of CPA3 in fishes, zebrafish MCs express instead CPA5 for which the most closely related human carboxypeptidase is CPA1, which has a similar cleavage specificity as CPA3. Collectively, these findings clarify and add to our understanding of the evolution of hematopoietic proteases expressed by mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Akula
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BOX 7011, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Francesc Xavier Avilés
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB) and Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BOX 7011, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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Céspedes N, Donnelly EL, Lowder C, Hansten G, Wagers D, Briggs AM, Schauer J, Haapanen L, Åbrink M, Van de Water J, Luckhart S. Mast Cell Chymase/Mcpt4 Suppresses the Host Immune Response to Plasmodium yoelii, Limits Malaria-Associated Disruption of Intestinal Barrier Integrity and Reduces Parasite Transmission to Anopheles stephensi. Front Immunol 2022; 13:801120. [PMID: 35154114 PMCID: PMC8829543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.801120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in mast cells (MCs) and MCs mediators has been observed in malaria-associated bacteremia, however, the role of these granulocytes in malarial immunity is poorly understood. Herein, we studied the role of mouse MC protease (Mcpt) 4, an ortholog of human MC chymase, in malaria-induced bacteremia using Mcpt4 knockout (Mcpt4-/-) mice and Mcpt4+/+ C57BL/6J controls, and the non-lethal mouse parasite Plasmodium yoelii yoelii 17XNL. Significantly lower parasitemia was observed in Mcpt4-/- mice compared with Mcpt4+/+ controls by day 10 post infection (PI). Although bacterial 16S DNA levels in blood were not different between groups, increased intestinal permeability to FITC-dextran and altered ileal adherens junction E-cadherin were observed in Mcpt4-/- mice. Relative to infected Mcpt4+/+ mice, ileal MC accumulation in Mcpt4-/- mice occurred two days earlier and IgE levels were higher by days 8-10 PI. Increased levels of circulating myeloperoxidase were observed at 6 and 10 days PI in Mcpt4+/+ but not Mcpt4-/- mice, affirming a role for neutrophil activation that was not predictive of parasitemia or bacterial 16S copies in blood. In contrast, early increased plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-12p40 and IL-3 were observed in Mcpt4-/- mice, while levels of IL-2, IL-10 and MIP1β (CCL4) were increased over the same period in Mcpt4+/+ mice, suggesting that the host response to infection was skewed toward a type-1 immune response in Mcpt4-/- mice and type-2 response in Mcpt4+/+ mice. Spearman analysis revealed an early (day 4 PI) correlation of Mcpt4-/- parasitemia with TNF-α and IFN-γ, inflammatory cytokines known for their roles in pathogen clearance, a pattern that was observed in Mcpt4+/+ mice much later (day 10 PI). Transmission success of P. y. yoelii 17XNL to Anopheles stephensi was significantly higher from infected Mcpt4-/- mice compared with infected Mcpt4+/+ mice, suggesting that Mcpt4 also impacts transmissibility of sexual stage parasites. Together, these results suggest that early MCs activation and release of Mcpt4 suppresses the host immune response to P. y. yoelii 17XNL, perhaps via degradation of TNF-α and promotion of a type-2 immune response that concordantly protects epithelial barrier integrity, while limiting the systemic response to bacteremia and parasite transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Céspedes
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Erinn L. Donnelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Casey Lowder
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Gretchen Hansten
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Delaney Wagers
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Anna M. Briggs
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Joseph Schauer
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lori Haapanen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Section of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
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Pejler G, Alanazi S, Grujic M, Adler J, Olsson AK, Sommerhoff CP, Rabelo Melo F. Mast Cell Tryptase Potentiates Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation. J Innate Immun 2021; 14:433-446. [PMID: 34937018 PMCID: PMC9485958 DOI: 10.1159/000520972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has indicated an intimate functional communication between mast cells (MCs) and neutrophils during inflammatory conditions, but the nature of such communication is not fully understood. Activated neutrophils are known to release DNA-containing extracellular traps (neutrophil extracellular traps [NETs]) and, based on the known ability of tryptase to interact with negatively charged polymers, we here hypothesized that tryptase might interact with NET-contained DNA and thereby regulate NET formation. In support of this, we showed that tryptase markedly enhances NET formation in phorbol myristate acetate-activated human neutrophils. Moreover, tryptase was found to bind vividly to the NETs, to cause proteolysis of core histones and to cause a reduction in the levels of citrullinated histone-3. Secretome analysis revealed that tryptase caused increased release of numerous neutrophil granule compounds, including gelatinase, lactoferrin, and myeloperoxidase. We also show that DNA can induce the tetrameric, active organization of tryptase, suggesting that NET-contained DNA can maintain tryptase activity in the extracellular milieu. In line with such a scenario, DNA-stabilized tryptase was shown to efficiently degrade numerous pro-inflammatory compounds. Finally, we showed that tryptase is associated with NET formation in vivo in a melanoma setting and that NET formation in vivo is attenuated in mice lacking tryptase expression. Altogether, these findings reveal that NET formation can be regulated by MC tryptase, thus introducing a novel mechanism of communication between MCs and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Gunnar Pejler,
| | - Sultan Alanazi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mirjana Grujic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jeremy Adler
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology − BioVis, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Olsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Fabio Rabelo Melo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- **Fabio Rabelo Melo,
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Song X, Pi S, Gao Y, Zhou F, Yan S, Chen Y, Qiao L, Dou X, Shao D, Xu C. The Role of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Mast Cells in the Regulatory Effect of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 on Intestinal Mucosal Immune Barrier. Front Immunol 2021; 12:723173. [PMID: 34899686 PMCID: PMC8657605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.723173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) plays an important role in the neuro-endocrine-immune system. Mast cells (MCs) are important immune effector cells. This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of L. casei ATCC 393 on Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88-induced intestinal mucosal immune barrier injury and its association with VIP/MC signaling by in vitro experiments in cultures of porcine mucosal mast cells (PMMCs) and in vivo experiments using VIP receptor antagonist (aVIP) drug. The results showed that compared with the ETEC K88 and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced model groups, VIP pretreatment significantly inhibited the activation of MCs and the release of β-hexosaminidase (β-hex), histamine and tryptase. Pretreatment with aVIP abolished the protective effect of L. casei ATCC 393 on ETEC K88-induced intestinal mucosal immune barrier dysfunction in C57BL/6 mice. Also, with the blocking of VIP signal transduction, the ETEC K88 infection increased serum inflammatory cytokines, and the numbers of degranulated MCs in ileum, which were decreased by administration of L. casei ATCC 393. In addition, VIP mediated the regulatory effect of L. casei ATCC 393 on intestinal microbiota in mice. These findings suggested that VIP may mediate the protective effect of L.casei ATCC 393 on intestinal mucosal immune barrier dysfunction via MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Song
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shanyao Pi
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yueming Gao
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fengxia Zhou
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuqi Yan
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Qiao
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xina Dou
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dongyan Shao
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunlan Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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Hämäläinen S, Kareinen L, Sukura A, Kareinen I. Carboxypeptidase A3 expression in canine mast cell tumors and tissue-resident mast cells. Vet Pathol 2021; 59:236-243. [PMID: 34894899 PMCID: PMC8928232 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211062636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are one of the most common cutaneous malignancies in dogs. Previous studies have reported expression of mast cell–specific proteases chymase and tryptase in canine cutaneous MCTs and in connective tissue and mucosal mast cells. In humans and rodents, mast cells express an additional specific protease, carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3). In this article, we describe CPA3 immunoreactivity in connective tissue, visceral, mucosal, and neoplastic mast cells in dogs. Positive immunolabeling for CPA3 was observed in nonneoplastic mast cells in 20/20 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded normal tissues (skin, liver, spleen, intestine), and in 63/63 MCTs irrespective of their histological grade. CPA3 protein expression was comparable to that of c-kit in both the nonneoplastic and neoplastic mast cells. Three distinct labeling patterns (membranous, diffuse, and focal cytoplasmic) were observed for CPA3 in MCTs. The focal cytoplasmic labeling pattern was associated with high-grade MCTs staged with the Kiupel 2-tier grading criteria. We propose CPA3 as a novel immunohistochemical marker for canine mast cells in health and disease.
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The Evolutionary History of the Chymase Locus -a Locus Encoding Several of the Major Hematopoietic Serine Proteases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010975. [PMID: 34681635 PMCID: PMC8537139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several hematopoietic cells of the immune system store large amounts of proteases in cytoplasmic granules. The absolute majority of these proteases belong to the large family of chymotrypsin-related serine proteases. The chymase locus is one of four loci encoding these granule-associated serine proteases in mammals. The chymase locus encodes only four genes in primates, (1) the gene for a mast-cell-specific chymotryptic enzyme, the chymase; (2) a T-cell-expressed asp-ase, granzyme B; (3) a neutrophil-expressed chymotryptic enzyme, cathepsin G; and (4) a T-cell-expressed chymotryptic enzyme named granzyme H. Interestingly, this locus has experienced a number of quite dramatic expansions during mammalian evolution. This is illustrated by the very large number of functional protease genes found in the chymase locus of mice (15 genes) and rats (18 genes). A separate expansion has also occurred in ruminants, where we find a new class of protease genes, the duodenases, which are expressed in the intestinal region. In contrast, the opossum has only two functional genes in this locus, the mast cell (MC) chymase and granzyme B. This low number of genes may be the result of an inversion, which may have hindered unequal crossing over, a mechanism which may have been a major factor in the expansion within the rodent lineage. The chymase locus can be traced back to early tetrapods as genes that cluster with the mammalian genes in phylogenetic trees can be found in frogs, alligators and turtles, but appear to have been lost in birds. We here present the collected data concerning the evolution of this rapidly evolving locus, and how these changes in gene numbers and specificities may have affected the immune functions in the various tetrapod species.
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Zhao XO, Lampinen M, Rollman O, Sommerhoff CP, Paivandy A, Pejler G. Mast cell chymase affects the functional properties of primary human airway fibroblasts: implications for asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 149:718-727. [PMID: 34331992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells have a profound impact on allergic asthma. Under such conditions, mast cells undergo degranulation, resulting in the release of exceptionally large amounts of mast cell-restricted proteases. However, the role of these proteases in asthma is only partially understood. OBJECTIVES Here we hypothesized that the mast cell proteases can influence the functionality of human lung fibroblasts. METHODS Primary human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) were treated with mast cell chymase or tryptase, followed by assessment of parameters related to fibroblast function. RESULTS HLFs underwent major morphological changes in response to chymase, showing signs of cellular contraction, but were refractory to tryptase. However, no effects of chymase on HLF viability or proliferation were seen. Chymase, but not tryptase, had a major impact on the output of extracellular matrix-associated compounds from the HLFs, including degradation of fibronectin and collagen-1, and activation of pro-matrix metalloprotease-2. Further, chymase induced the release of various chemotactic factors from HLFs. In line with this, conditioned medium from chymase-treated HLFs showed chemotactic activity on neutrophils. Transcriptome analysis revealed that chymase induced a pro-inflammatory gene transcription profile in HLFs, whereas tryptase had minimal effects. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that chymase, but not tryptase, has a major impact on the phenotype of primary airway fibroblasts, by modifying their output of extracellular matrix components and by inducing a pro-inflammatory phenotype. CLINICAL IMPLICATION This study shows that mast cell chymase has a major impact on airway fibroblasts, thereby providing insight into how mast cells can influence the manifestations of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran O Zhao
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Lampinen
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ola Rollman
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Aida Paivandy
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Li Z, Peirasmaki D, Svärd S, Åbrink M. Serglycin-Deficiency Causes Reduced Weight Gain and Changed Intestinal Cytokine Responses in Mice Infected With Giardia intestinalis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:677722. [PMID: 34335577 PMCID: PMC8316049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.677722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteoglycan serglycin (SG) is expressed by different innate and adaptive immune cells, e.g. mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, where SG contributes to correct granule storage and extracellular activity of inflammatory mediators. Here the serglycin-deficient (SG-/-) mouse strain was used to investigate the impact of SG on intestinal immune responses during infection with the non-invasive protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis. Young (≈11 weeks old) oral gavage-infected congenic SG-/- mice showed reduced weight gain as compared with the infected SG+/+ littermate mice and the PBS-challenged SG-/- and SG+/+ littermate mice. The infection caused no major morphological changes in the small intestine. However, a SG-independent increased goblet cell and granulocyte cell count was observed, which did not correlate with an increased myeloperoxidase or neutrophil elastase activity. Furthermore, infected mice showed increased serum IL-6 levels, with significantly reduced serum IL-6 levels in infected SG-deficient mice and decreased intestinal expression levels of IL-6 in the infected SG-deficient mice. In infected mice the qPCR analysis of alarmins, chemokines, cytokines, and nitric oxide synthases (NOS), showed that the SG-deficiency caused reduced intestinal expression levels of TNF-α and CXCL2, and increased IFN-γ, CXCL1, and NOS1 levels as compared with SG-competent mice. This study shows that SG plays a regulatory role in intestinal immune responses, reflected by changes in chemokine and cytokine expression levels and a delayed weight gain in young SG-/- mice infected with G. intestinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dimitra Peirasmaki
- SciLifeLab, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Svärd
- SciLifeLab, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Zhang W, He-Yang J, Zhuang W, Liu J, Zhou X. Causative role of mast cell and mast cell-regulatory function of disialyllacto-N-tetraose in necrotizing enterocolitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107597. [PMID: 33812262 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains a fatal gastrointestinal disorder in neonates. Disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT), a function-unclear human milk-derived hexasaccharide, shows anti-NEC potential in previous animal studies. This study is aimed to explore the role of mast cell (MC), a fundamental cell type of mucosal immune system and protective DSLNT in regulating pathological process of NEC. For this purpose, infantile intestinal-tissues were collected from NEC neonates for examination of MCs and its proteases-positive cells. MC accumulation and MC-specific proteases (chymase, tryptase and dipeptidyl peptidase I) were firstly found in lesioned area of NEC infants in-vivo. Subsequent in-situ experiments on neonatal ileum segments showed that purified MC-chymase induced a destructive epithelial layer shedding from basement and microvascular endothelium damage in infantile intestinal segments. Human foreskin MC-activation model was established and DSLNT were applied; MC products (histamine and MC-proteases) were used as MC activation/degranulation indicators. In this in-vitro model, DSLNT pretreatment suppressed release of histamine, chymase and tryptase by MC to the tissue supernatants during lipopolysaccharide or complement C5a stimulation. Newborn rats were formula-hand-fed with or without DSLNT supplement and exposed to hypoxia/cold-stress to induce experimental-NEC-model. In NEC rats, DSLNT supplementation reduced the incidence and pathological scores of NEC, inhibited local accumulation of MC and reduced cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) levels in the ileum of rats. In conclusion, MC was causally implicated in epithelium barrier failure in pathogenesis of NEC. DSLNT favorably modulated MC homeostasis by regulating MC degranulation/accumulation, contributing to attenuated NEC. This indicated novel pathomechanisms and potential targets of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China; Affiliated Changzhou Children's Hospital of Nantong University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, China
| | - Jingqiu He-Yang
- School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Wenjun Zhuang
- Affiliated Changzhou Children's Hospital of Nantong University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China.
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Wan J, Zhang J, Xu Q, Yin H, Chen D, Yu B, He J. Alginate oligosaccharide protects against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced porcine intestinal barrier injury. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 270:118316. [PMID: 34364589 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) possesses various pharmaceutical benefits, making it an attractive candidate for biomedical applications. In the present study, we prepared AOS by depolymerising alginate; its degree of polymerisation mainly ranged from 2 to 8. We confirmed the enteroprotective potential of AOS against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced intestinal barrier injury in weaned pigs. Next, we illustrated the mechanisms underlying this effect of AOS using the porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line IPEC-J2. AOS potently reduced the binding of the bacteria-deprived endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the IPEC-J2 cell surface. Moreover, it suppressed the LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 in IPEC-J2 cells. These results indicate that AOS protects the intestinal epithelium from ETEC-induced inflammatory injury by preventing the activation of NF-κB, implying that AOS could be used as an anti-inflammatory agent for treating inflammation-related intestinal diseases in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingsong Xu
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Filho EGF, da Silva EZM, Ong HL, Swaim WD, Ambudkar IS, Oliver C, Jamur MC. RACK1 plays a critical role in mast cell secretion and Ca2+ mobilization by modulating F-actin dynamics. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:263932. [PMID: 34550354 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although RACK1 is known to act as a signaling hub in immune cells, its presence and role in mast cells (MCs) is undetermined. MC activation via antigen stimulation results in mediator release and is preceded by cytoskeleton reorganization and Ca2+ mobilization. In this study, we found that RACK1 was distributed throughout the MC cytoplasm both in vivo and in vitro. After RACK1 knockdown (KD), MCs were rounded, and the cortical F-actin was fragmented. Following antigen stimulation, in RACK1 KD MCs, there was a reduction in cortical F-actin, an increase in monomeric G-actin and a failure to organize F-actin. RACK1 KD also increased and accelerated degranulation. CD63+ secretory granules were localized in F-actin-free cortical regions in non-stimulated RACK1 KD MCs. Additionally, RACK1 KD increased antigen-stimulated Ca2+ mobilization, but attenuated antigen-stimulated depletion of ER Ca2+ stores and thapsigargin-induced Ca2+ entry. Following MC activation there was also an increase in interaction of RACK1 with Orai1 Ca2+-channels, β-actin and the actin-binding proteins vinculin and MyoVa. These results show that RACK1 is a critical regulator of actin dynamics, affecting mediator secretion and Ca2+ signaling in MCs. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edismauro G Freitas Filho
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Elaine Z M da Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Hwei Ling Ong
- Secretory Physiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William D Swaim
- Secretory Physiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Indu S Ambudkar
- Secretory Physiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Constance Oliver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Célia Jamur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
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Pritchard DI, Falcone FH, Mitchell PD. The evolution of IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity and its immunological value. Allergy 2021; 76:1024-1040. [PMID: 32852797 DOI: 10.1111/all.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The allergic phenotype manifests itself in a spectrum of troublesome to life-threatening diseases, from seasonal hay fever, through the food allergies, atopic eczema, asthma, to anaphylaxis. Allergy, that is an overreaction to allergen in hypersensitive individuals, results from the production of IgE, mast cell and basophil sensitisation and degranulation, requiring a range of medications to manage the conditions. Yet it is highly likely that allergy evolved for a purpose and that allergic diseases are accidental consequences of an insufficiently regulated immune response. This article presents a viewpoint from which to restore the immunological reputation of the allergic phenotype. We consider the evolutionary origins of potential allergens, toxins and parasites, and how they might have influenced early-mammal species in existence when IgE first developed. We conclude that the allergic phenotype has likely saved the lives of many more mammals than have ever died from allergy, so justifying the positive role of IgE in our evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franco H. Falcone
- Institute for Parasitology Justus‐Liebig‐University Gießen Gießen Germany
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Sasaki H, Imanishi M, Fujikura D, Sugiyama M, Tanimoto K, Mochiji Y, Takahashi Y, Hiura K, Watanabe M, Kashimoto T, Nakano K, Okamura T, Sasaki N. New inducible mast cell-deficient mouse model (Mcpt5/Cma1 DTR). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 551:127-132. [PMID: 33725574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mast cell-deficient mice are helpful for understanding the roles of mast cells in vivo. To date, a dozen mouse models for mast cell deficiency have been reported. However, mice with a specific depletion of all populations of mast cells have not been reported. We generated knock-in mice, termed Mcpt5/Cma1DTR mice, expressing human diphtheria toxin A (DT) receptor under the endogenous promoter of Mcpt5 (also known as Cma1), which encodes mouse mast cell protease-5. Flow cytometry and histological analysis showed that intraperitoneal injection of DT induced almost complete depletion of mast cells in heterozygote Mcpt5/Cma1DTR/+ mice. The deletion rates of mast cells in peritoneal cavity, mesentery, abdominal skin, ear skin, and glandular stomach were 99.9%, 100%, 98.7%, 97.7%, and 100%, respectively. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction also revealed mast cell deficiency in ear skin after DT treatment. Other than mast cells, a small percentage of marginal zone B cells in Mcpt5/Cma1DTR/+ mice were killed by DT treatment. In conclusion, the Mcpt5/Cma1DTR/+ mouse model is valuable for achieving conditional depletion of all populations of mast cells without inducing a marked reduction in other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Sasaki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Madoka Imanishi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujikura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Makoto Sugiyama
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Tanimoto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yohei Mochiji
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Koki Hiura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Masaki Watanabe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, 034-8628, Japan
| | | | - Kenta Nakano
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Nobuya Sasaki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, 034-8628, Japan.
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Siddhuraj P, Clausson CM, Sanden C, Alyamani M, Kadivar M, Marsal J, Wallengren J, Bjermer L, Erjefält JS. Lung Mast Cells Have a High Constitutive Expression of Carboxypeptidase A3 mRNA That Is Independent from Granule-Stored CPA3. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020309. [PMID: 33546258 PMCID: PMC7913381 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mast cell granule metalloprotease CPA3 is proposed to have important tissue homeostatic functions. However, the basal CPA3 mRNA and protein expression among mast cell populations has remained poorly investigated. Using a novel histology-based methodology that yields quantitative data on mRNA and protein expression at a single-cell level, the present study maps CPA3 mRNA and protein throughout the MCT and MCTC populations in healthy skin, gut and lung tissues. MCTC cells had both a higher frequency of CPA3 protein-containing cells and a higher protein-staining intensity than the MCT population. Among the tissues, skin MCs had highest CPA3 protein intensity. The expression pattern at the mRNA level was reversed. Lung mast cells had the highest mean CPA3 mRNA staining. Intriguingly, the large alveolar MCT population, that lack CPA3 protein, had uniquely high CPA3 mRNA intensity. A broader multi-tissue RNA analysis confirmed the uniquely high CPA3 mRNA quantities in the lung and corroborated the dissociation between chymase and CPA3 at the mRNA level. Taken together, our novel data suggest a hitherto underestimated contribution of mucosal-like MCT to baseline CPA3 mRNA production. The functional consequence of this high constitutive expression now reveals an important area for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premkumar Siddhuraj
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Carl-Magnus Clausson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Caroline Sanden
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (M.K.)
- Medetect AB, Medicon Village, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Manar Alyamani
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Mohammad Kadivar
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Jan Marsal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Joanna Wallengren
- Department of Dermatology, Lund University Skane University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Allergology and Respiratory Medicine, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Jonas S. Erjefält
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (M.K.)
- Department of Allergology and Respiratory Medicine, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-462-220-960
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Protease profile of normal and neoplastic mast cells in the human bone marrow with special emphasis on systemic mastocytosis. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 155:561-580. [PMID: 33492488 PMCID: PMC8134284 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-01964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are immune cells that produce a variety of mediators, such as proteases, that are important in the body's immune responses. MC proteases have pronounced multifunctionality and in many respects determine the biological characteristics of the organ-specific MC population. Although, increased numbers of MC are one of the objective mastocytosis signs, a detailed assessment of the proteases biogenesis and excretion mechanisms in the bone marrow (BM) has not yet been carried out. Here, we performed an analysis of the expression of proteases in patients with various forms of systemic mastocytosis. We presented data on intracellular protease co-localization in human BM MCs and discussed their implication in secretory pathways of MCs in the development of the disease. Systemic mastocytosis, depending on the course, is featured by the formation of definite profiles of specific proteases in various forms of atypical mast cells. Intragranular accumulation of tryptase, chymase and carboxypeptidases in the hypochromic phenotype of atypical mast cells is characterized. Characterization of MC proteases expression during mastocytosis can be used to refine the MC classification, help in a prognosis, and increase the effectiveness of targeted therapy.
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Yamani A, Wu D, Ahrens R, Waggoner L, Noah TK, Garcia-Hernandez V, Ptaschinski C, Parkos CA, Lukacs NW, Nusrat A, Hogan SP. Dysregulation of intestinal epithelial CFTR-dependent Cl - ion transport and paracellular barrier function drives gastrointestinal symptoms of food-induced anaphylaxis in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:135-143. [PMID: 32576925 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Food-triggered anaphylaxis can encompass a variety of systemic and intestinal symptoms. Murine-based and clinical studies have revealed a role for histamine and H1R and H2R-pathway in the systemic response; however, the molecular processes that regulate the gastrointestinal (GI) response are not as well defined. In the present study, by utilizing an IgE-mast cell (MC)-dependent experimental model of oral antigen-induced anaphylaxis, we define the intestinal epithelial response during a food-induced anaphylactic reaction. We show that oral allergen-challenge stimulates a rapid dysregulation of intestinal epithelial transcellular and paracellular transport that was associated with the development of secretory diarrhea. Allergen-challenge induced (1) a rapid intestinal epithelial Cftr-dependent Cl- secretory response and (2) paracellular macromolecular leak that was associated with modification in epithelial intercellular junction proteins claudin-1, 2, 3 and 5, E-cadherin and desmosomal cadherins. OVA-induced Cftr-dependent Cl- secretion and junctional protein degradation was rapid occurring and was sustained for 72 h following allergen-challenge. Blockade of both the proteolytic activity and Cl- secretory response was required to alleviate intestinal symptoms of food-induced anaphylaxis. Collectively, these data suggest that the GI symptom of food-induced anaphylactic reaction, secretory diarrhea, is a consequence of CFTR-dependent Cl- secretion and proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnah Yamani
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - David Wu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Richard Ahrens
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Lisa Waggoner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Taeko K Noah
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Vicky Garcia-Hernandez
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Catherine Ptaschinski
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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Mast Cell Chymase and Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010302. [PMID: 33396702 PMCID: PMC7795820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A sizable part (~2%) of the human genome encodes for proteases. They are involved in many physiological processes, such as development, reproduction and inflammation, but also play a role in pathology. Mast cells (MC) contain a variety of MC specific proteases, the expression of which may differ between various MC subtypes. Amongst these proteases, chymase represents up to 25% of the total proteins in the MC and is released from cytoplasmic granules upon activation. Once secreted, it cleaves the targets in the local tissue environment, but may also act in lymph nodes infiltrated by MC, or systemically, when reaching the circulation during an inflammatory response. MC have been recognized as important components in the development of kidney disease. Based on this observation, MC chymase has gained interest following the discovery that it contributes to the angiotensin-converting enzyme’s independent generation of angiotensin II, an important inflammatory mediator in the development of kidney disease. Hence, progress regarding its role has been made based on studies using inhibitors but also on mice deficient in MC protease 4 (mMCP-4), the functional murine counterpart of human chymase. In this review, we discuss the role and actions of chymase in kidney disease. While initially believed to contribute to pathogenesis, the accumulated data favor a more subtle view, indicating that chymase may also have beneficial actions.
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Korakas E, Ikonomidis I, Markakis K, Raptis A, Dimitriadis G, Lambadiari V. The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Key Mediator of Albumin Handling and the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:619-631. [PMID: 31889495 DOI: 10.2174/1570161118666191224120242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a complex mesh of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and other soluble components, which cover the vascular endothelium. It plays an important role in many physiological processes including vascular permeability, transduction of shear stress and interaction of blood cells and other molecules with the vascular wall. Its complex structure makes its precise assessment challenging, and many different visualization techniques have been used with varying results. Diabetes, one of the main disease models where disorders of the glycocalyx are present, causes degradation of the glycocalyx through a variety of molecular pathways and especially through oxidative stress due to the action of reactive oxygen species. As the glycocalyx has been primarily studied in the glomerular endothelium, more evidence points towards a vital role in albumin handling and, consequently, in diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, the maintenance or restoration of the integrity of the glycocalyx seems a promising therapeutic target. In this review, we consider the structural and functional capacities of the endothelial glycocalyx, the available methods for its evaluation, the mechanisms through which diabetes leads to glycocalyx degradation and albuminuria, and possible treatment options targeting the glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Korakas
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ignatios Ikonomidis
- Second Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Markakis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Raptis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Dimitriadis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Syenina A, Saron WAA, Jagaraj CJ, Bibi S, Arock M, Gubler DJ, Rathore APS, Abraham SN, St. John AL. Th1-Polarized, Dengue Virus-Activated Human Mast Cells Induce Endothelial Transcriptional Activation and Permeability. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121379. [PMID: 33276578 PMCID: PMC7761533 DOI: 10.3390/v12121379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), an arbovirus, strongly activates mast cells (MCs), which are key immune cells for pathogen immune surveillance. In animal models, MCs promote clearance of local peripheral DENV infections but, conversely, also promote pathological vascular leakage when widely activated during systemic DENV infection. Since DENV is a human pathogen, we sought to ascertain whether a similar phenomenon could occur in humans by characterizing the products released by human MCs (huMCs) upon direct (antibody-independent) DENV exposure, using the phenotypically mature huMC line, ROSA. DENV did not productively infect huMCs but prompted huMC release of proteases and eicosanoids and induced a Th1-polarized transcriptional profile. In co-culture and trans-well systems, huMC products activated human microvascular endothelial cells, involving transcription of vasoactive mediators and increased monolayer permeability. This permeability was blocked by MC-stabilizing drugs, or limited by drugs targeting certain MC products. Thus, MC stabilizers are a viable strategy to limit MC-promoted vascular leakage during DENV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesa Syenina
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (A.S.); (W.A.A.S.); (C.J.J.); (D.J.G.); (S.N.A.)
| | - Wilfried A. A. Saron
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (A.S.); (W.A.A.S.); (C.J.J.); (D.J.G.); (S.N.A.)
| | - Cyril J. Jagaraj
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (A.S.); (W.A.A.S.); (C.J.J.); (D.J.G.); (S.N.A.)
| | - Siham Bibi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, LBPA CNRS UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 94235 Cachan, France; (S.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Michel Arock
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, LBPA CNRS UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 94235 Cachan, France; (S.B.); (M.A.)
- Laboratory of Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Pierre et Marie Curie University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Duane J. Gubler
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (A.S.); (W.A.A.S.); (C.J.J.); (D.J.G.); (S.N.A.)
| | - Abhay P. S. Rathore
- Pathology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Soman N. Abraham
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (A.S.); (W.A.A.S.); (C.J.J.); (D.J.G.); (S.N.A.)
- Pathology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- Immunology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Departments, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ashley L. St. John
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (A.S.); (W.A.A.S.); (C.J.J.); (D.J.G.); (S.N.A.)
- Pathology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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Berglund P, Akula S, Fu Z, Thorpe M, Hellman L. Extended Cleavage Specificity of the Rat Vascular Chymase, a Potential Blood Pressure Regulating Enzyme Expressed by Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228546. [PMID: 33198413 PMCID: PMC7697883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases constitute the major protein content of the cytoplasmic granules of several hematopoietic cell lineages. These proteases are encoded from four different loci in mammals. One of these loci, the chymase locus, has in rats experienced a massive expansion in the number of functional genes. The human chymase locus encodes 4 proteases, whereas the corresponding locus in rats contains 28 such genes. One of these new genes has changed tissue specificity and has been found to be expressed primarily in vascular smooth muscle cells, and therefore been named rat vascular chymase (RVC). This β-chymase has been claimed to be a potent angiotensin-converting enzyme by cleaving angiotensin (Ang) I into Ang II and thereby having the potential to regulate blood pressure. To further characterize this enzyme, we have used substrate phage display and a panel of recombinant substrates to obtain a detailed quantitative view of its extended cleavage specificity. RVC was found to show a strong preference for Phe and Tyr in the P1 position, but also to accept Leu and Trp in this position. A strong preference for Ser or Arg in the P1’ position, just C-terminally of the cleavage site, and a preference for aliphatic amino acids in most other positions surrounding the cleavage site was also seen. Interesting also was a relatively strict preference for Gly in positions P3’ and P4’. RVC thereby shares similarity in its specificity to the mouse mucosal mast cell chymase mMCP-1, which efficiently converts Ang I to Ang II. This similarity adds support for the role of β-chymases as potent angiotensin converters in rodents, as their α-chymases, which have the capacity to efficiently convert Ang I into Ang II in other mammalian lineages, have become elastases. However, interestingly we found that RVC cleaved both after Arg2 and Phe8 in Ang I. Furthermore this cleavage was more than two hundred times less efficient than the consensus site obtained from the phage display analysis, indicating that RVC has a very low ability to cleave Ang I, raising serious doubts about its role in Ang I conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lars Hellman
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-(0)18-471-4532; Fax: +46-(0)18-471-4862
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Seth S, Batra J, Srinivasan S. COVID-19: Targeting Proteases in Viral Invasion and Host Immune Response. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:215. [PMID: 33195400 PMCID: PMC7581869 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An acute respiratory disorder (COVID-19) that accelerated across the globe has been found to be caused by a novel strain of coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2). The absence of a specific antiviral drug or vaccination has promoted the development of immediate therapeutic responses against SARS-CoV-2. As increased levels of plasma chemokines and, cytokines and an uncontrolled influx of inflammatory cells were observed in lethal cases, it was concluded that the severity of the infection corresponded with the imbalanced host immunity against the virus. Tracing back the knowledge acquired from SERS and MERS infections, clinical evidence suggested similar host immune reactions and host ACE2 receptor-derived invasion by SARS-CoV-2. Further studies revealed the integral role of proteases (TMPRSS2, cathepsins, plasmin, etc.) in viral entry and the immune system. This review aims to provide a brief review on the latest research progress in identifying the potential role of proteases in SARS-CoV-2 viral spread and infection and combines it with already known information on the role of different proteases in providing an immune response. It further proposes a multidisciplinary clinical approach to target proteases specifically, through a combinatorial administration of protease inhibitors. This predictive review may help in providing a perspective to gain deeper insights of the proteolytic web involved in SARS-CoV-2 viral invasion and host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchit Seth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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