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Fisher J, Housand C, Mattie D, Nong A, Moreau M, Gilbert M. Towards translating in vitro measures of thyroid hormone system disruption to in vivo responses in the pregnant rat via a biologically based dose response (BBDR) model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 479:116733. [PMID: 37866708 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the number of in vitro assays that have been recently developed to identify chemicals that interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT), the translation of those in vitro results into in vivo responses (in vitro to in vivo extrapolation, IVIVE) has received limited attention from the modeling community. To help advance this field a steady state biologically based dose response (BBDR) model for the HPT axis was constructed for the pregnant rat on gestation day (GD) 20. The BBDR HPT axis model predicts plasma levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid hormones are important for normal growth and development of the fetus. Perchlorate, a potent inhibitor of thyroidal uptake of iodide by the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) protein, was used as a case study for the BBDR HPT axis model. The inhibitory blocking of the NIS by perchlorate was associated with dose-dependent steady state decreases in thyroid hormone production in the thyroid gland. The BBDR HPT axis model predictions for TSH, T3, and T4 plasma concentrations in pregnant Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were within 2-fold of observations for drinking water perchlorate exposures ranging from 10 to 30,000 μg/kg/d. In Long Evans (LE) pregnant rats, for both control and perchlorate drinking water exposures, ranging from 85 to 82,000 μg/kg/d, plasma thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations were predicted within 2 to 3.4- fold of observations. This BBDR HPT axis model provides a successful IVIVE template for thyroid hormone disruption in pregnant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conrad Housand
- Magnolia Sciences, Winter Springs, FL, United States of America
| | - David Mattie
- AFRL/711 HPW/RHBAF, WPAFB, OH, United States of America
| | - Andy Nong
- ScitoVation LLC, RTP, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Mary Gilbert
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US EPA, RTP, NC, United States of America
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Goncharova ND, Ermolaeva AM, Chigarova OA, Oganyan TE, Ivanova LG, Timoshenko NV. Individual Features of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Functioning during Aging in Non-Human Primates. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 175:497-502. [PMID: 37768463 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Individual features of age-related changes in the function of the neuroendocrine systems are an important problem as the basic component of a personalized approach to predicting and treating age-related pathologies. We studied the age-related features of the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in laboratory primates with depression- and anxiety-like behavior (DAB). It was found that in young female rhesus monkeys with DAB, the basal and thyrotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone were significantly lower than in young animals with standard behavior (control). During aging, the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone increased in DAB animals and free thyroxine concentrations decreased both at baseline (fasting) and in response to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone test, while in animals with standard behavior, only a trend towards similar hormonal changes was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Goncharova
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi, Russia.
| | - A M Ermolaeva
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi, Russia
| | - O A Chigarova
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi, Russia
| | - T E Oganyan
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi, Russia
| | - L G Ivanova
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi, Russia
| | - N V Timoshenko
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi, Russia
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Vieira IH, Rodrigues D, Paiva I. The Mysterious Universe of the TSH Receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:944715. [PMID: 35903283 PMCID: PMC9315062 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.944715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R) is predominantly expressed in the basolateral membrane of thyrocytes, where it stimulates almost every aspect of their metabolism. Several extrathyroidal locations of the receptor have been found including: the pituitary, the hypothalamus, and other areas of the central nervous system; the periorbital tissue; the skin; the kidney; the adrenal; the liver; the immune system cells; blood cells and vascular tissues; the adipose tissue; the cardiac and skeletal muscles, and the bone. Although the functionality of the receptor has been demonstrated in most of these tissues, its physiological importance is still a matter of debate. A contribution to several pathological processes is evident in some cases, as is the case of Grave's disease in its multiple presentations. Conversely, in the context of other thyroid abnormalities, the contribution of the TSH-R and its ligand is still a matter of debate. This article reviews the several different sites of expression of the TSH-R and its potential role in both physiological and pathological processes.
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Passos L, Barbosa AM. Nonthyroidal illness syndrome as marker of severity in pediatric high dependency units: A single-center prospective cross-sectional observation study from Brazil. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jpcc.jpcc_32_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Zhao Y, Wang W, Zhang K, Tang YD. Association Between Low T3 Syndrome and Poor Prognosis in Adult Patients With Acute Myocarditis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:571765. [PMID: 33763025 PMCID: PMC7984427 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.571765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate the role of free triiodothyronine (fT3) in predicting poor prognosis of adult patients with acute myocarditis. METHODS A total of 173 consecutive adult patients with acute myocarditis completed thyroid function evaluations. They were divided into two groups according to fT3 levels: low fT3 group (n = 54, fT3 < 3.54 pmol/liter) and normal fT3 group (n = 119, fT3 ≥ 3.54 pmol/liter). The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE). RESULTS During the 3.5 ± 2.8 years follow-up, the rate of MACE was 29.6% versus 3.5% in low fT3 group versus normal fT3 group, respectively (P < 0.0001). Long-term at 8 years MACE-free survival were lower in low fT3 group versus normal fT3 group (52.9% versus 92.3%, log-rank P < 0.0001), respectively. Univariate Cox analysis showed that left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 50% [hazard ratio (HR) 10.231, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.418-30.624, P < 0.0001) and low fT3 level (HR 0.360, 95% CI: 0.223-0.582, P < 0.0001) were strongest two predictors of MACE. After adjustment for traditional risk predictors, the prognostic value of fT3 status was still significant (HR 0.540, 95% CI: 0.316-0.922, P = 0.024). Compared with normal fT3 group, those in low fT3 group were at a much higher risk of MACE (HR 5.074, 95% CI: 1.518-16.964, P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Low T3 syndrome was a strong predictor of poor prognosis in adult patients with acute myocarditis. These findings suggest that fT3 level could serve as a biomarker for risk stratification in acute myocarditis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Da Tang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yi-Da Tang,
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van Geest FS, Gunhanlar N, Groeneweg S, Visser WE. Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 Deficiency: From Pathophysiological Understanding to Therapy Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:723750. [PMID: 34539576 PMCID: PMC8440930 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.723750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic defects in the thyroid hormone transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) result in MCT8 deficiency. This disorder is characterized by a combination of severe intellectual and motor disability, caused by decreased cerebral thyroid hormone signalling, and a chronic thyrotoxic state in peripheral tissues, caused by exposure to elevated serum T3 concentrations. In particular, MCT8 plays a crucial role in the transport of thyroid hormone across the blood-brain-barrier. The life expectancy of patients with MCT8 deficiency is strongly impaired. Absence of head control and being underweight at a young age, which are considered proxies of the severity of the neurocognitive and peripheral phenotype, respectively, are associated with higher mortality rate. The thyroid hormone analogue triiodothyroacetic acid is able to effectively and safely ameliorate the peripheral thyrotoxicosis; its effect on the neurocognitive phenotype is currently under investigation. Other possible therapies are at a pre-clinical stage. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the physiological role of MCT8 and the pathophysiology, key clinical characteristics and developing treatment options for MCT8 deficiency.
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Bianco AC, Dumitrescu A, Gereben B, Ribeiro MO, Fonseca TL, Fernandes GW, Bocco BMLC. Paradigms of Dynamic Control of Thyroid Hormone Signaling. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1000-1047. [PMID: 31033998 PMCID: PMC6596318 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on the cell type, can be activated (i.e., T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (i.e., T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-l-thyronine or T4 to reverse T3 conversion). These reactions are catalyzed by the deiodinases. The biologically active hormone, T3, eventually binds to intracellular TH receptors (TRs), TRα and TRβ, and initiate TH signaling, that is, regulation of target genes and other metabolic pathways. At least three families of transmembrane transporters, MCT, OATP, and LAT, facilitate the entry of TH into cells, which follow the gradient of free hormone between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm. Inactivation or marked downregulation of TH transporters can dampen TH signaling. At the same time, dynamic modifications in the expression or activity of TRs and transcriptional coregulators can affect positively or negatively the intensity of TH signaling. However, the deiodinases are the element that provides greatest amplitude in dynamic control of TH signaling. Cells that express the activating deiodinase DIO2 can rapidly enhance TH signaling due to intracellular buildup of T3. In contrast, TH signaling is dampened in cells that express the inactivating deiodinase DIO3. This explains how THs can regulate pathways in development, metabolism, and growth, despite rather stable levels in the circulation. As a consequence, TH signaling is unique for each cell (tissue or organ), depending on circulating TH levels and on the exclusive blend of transporters, deiodinases, and TRs present in each cell. In this review we explore the key mechanisms underlying customization of TH signaling during development, in health and in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexandra Dumitrescu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biologic Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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López-Espíndola D, García-Aldea Á, Gómez de la Riva I, Rodríguez-García AM, Salvatore D, Visser TJ, Bernal J, Guadaño-Ferraz A. Thyroid hormone availability in the human fetal brain: novel entry pathways and role of radial glia. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2103-2119. [PMID: 31165302 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are crucial for brain development; their deficiency during neurodevelopment impairs neural cell differentiation and causes irreversible neurological alterations. Understanding TH action, and in particular the mechanisms regulating TH availability in the prenatal human brain is essential to design therapeutic strategies for neurological diseases due to impaired TH signaling during neurodevelopment. We aimed at the identification of cells involved in the regulation of TH availability in the human brain at fetal stages. To this end, we studied the distribution of the TH transporters monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1), as well as the TH-metabolizing enzymes types 2 and 3 deiodinases (DIO2 and DIO3). Paraffin-embedded human brain sections obtained from necropsies of thirteen fetuses from 14 to 38 gestational weeks were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. We found these proteins localized along radial glial cells, in brain barriers, in Cajal-Retzius cells, in migrating fibers of the brainstem and in some neurons and glial cells with particular and complex spatiotemporal patterns. Our findings point to an important role of radial glia in controlling TH delivery and metabolism and suggest two additional novel pathways for TH availability in the prenatal human brain: the outer, and the inner cerebrospinal fluid-brain barriers. Based on our data we propose a model of TH availability for neural cells in the human prenatal brain in which several cell types have the ability to autonomously control the required TH content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela López-Espíndola
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Universidad de Valparaíso, Angamos 655, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ángel García-Aldea
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", 80133, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Bernal
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U708, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U708, Madrid, Spain.
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von Hafe M, Neves JS, Vale C, Borges-Canha M, Leite-Moreira A. The impact of thyroid hormone dysfunction on ischemic heart disease. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:R76-R90. [PMID: 30959486 PMCID: PMC6499922 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones have a central role in cardiovascular homeostasis. In myocardium, these hormones stimulate both diastolic myocardial relaxation and systolic myocardial contraction, have a pro-angiogenic effect and an important role in extracellular matrix maintenance. Thyroid hormones modulate cardiac mitochondrial function. Dysfunction of thyroid axis impairs myocardial bioenergetic status. Both overt and subclinical hypothyroidism are associated with a higher incidence of coronary events and an increased risk of heart failure progression. Endothelial function is also impaired in hypothyroid state, with decreased nitric oxide-mediated vascular relaxation. In heart disease, particularly in ischemic heart disease, abnormalities in thyroid hormone levels are common and are an important factor to be considered. In fact, low thyroid hormone levels should be interpreted as a cardiovascular risk factor. Regarding ischemic heart disease, during the late post-myocardial infarction period, thyroid hormones modulate left ventricular structure, function and geometry. Dysfunction of thyroid axis might even be more prevalent in the referred condition since there is an upregulation of type 3 deiodinase in myocardium, producing a state of local cardiac hypothyroidism. In this focused review, we summarize the central pathophysiological and clinical links between altered thyroid function and ischemic heart disease. Finally, we highlight the potential benefits of thyroid hormone supplementation as a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena von Hafe
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Sergio Neves
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence should be addressed to J S Neves:
| | - Catarina Vale
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Borges-Canha
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Bräunig J, Mergler S, Jyrch S, Hoefig CS, Rosowski M, Mittag J, Biebermann H, Khajavi N. 3-Iodothyronamine Activates a Set of Membrane Proteins in Murine Hypothalamic Cell Lines. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:523. [PMID: 30298050 PMCID: PMC6161562 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Iodothyronamine (3-T1AM) is an endogenous thyroid hormone metabolite. The profound pharmacological effects of 3-T1AM on energy metabolism and thermal homeostasis have raised interest to elucidate its signaling properties in tissues that pertain to metabolic regulation and thermogenesis. Previous studies identified G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and transient receptor potential channels (TRPs) as targets of 3-T1AM in different cell types. These two superfamilies of membrane proteins are largely expressed in tissue which influences energy balance and metabolism. As the first indication that 3-T1AM virtually modulates the function of the neurons in hypothalamus, we observed that intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg bodyweight of 3-T1AM significantly increased the c-FOS activation in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of C57BL/6 mice. To elucidate the underlying mechanism behind this 3-T1AM-induced signalosome, we used three different murine hypothalamic cell lines, which are all known to express PVN markers, GT1-7, mHypoE-N39 (N39) and mHypoE-N41 (N41). Various aminergic GPCRs, which are the known targets of 3-T1AM, as well as numerous members of TRP channel superfamily, are expressed in these cell lines. Effects of 3-T1AM on activation of GPCRs were tested for the two major signaling pathways, the action of Gαs/adenylyl cyclase and Gi/o. Here, we demonstrated that this thyroid hormone metabolite has no significant effect on Gi/o signaling and only a minor effect on the Gαs/adenylyl cyclase pathway, despite the expression of known GPCR targets of 3-T1AM. Next, to test for other potential mechanisms involved in 3-T1AM-induced c-FOS activation in PVN, we evaluated the effect of 3-T1AM on the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and whole-cell currents. The fluorescence-optic measurements showed a significant increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the three cell lines in the presence of 10 μM 3-T1AM. Furthermore, this thyroid hormone metabolite led to an increase of whole-cell currents in N41 cells. Interestingly, the TRPM8 selective inhibitor (10 μM AMTB) reduced the 3-T1AM stimulatory effects on cytosolic Ca2+ and whole-cell currents. Our results suggest that the profound pharmacological effects of 3-T1AM on selected brain nuclei of murine hypothalamus, which are known to be involved in energy metabolism and thermoregulation, might be partially attributable to TRP channel activation in hypothalamic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bräunig
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mergler
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Jyrch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin S. Hoefig
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Karolinska Instituet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Rosowski
- Department Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Karolinska Instituet, Stockholm, Sweden
- University of Lübeck – Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noushafarin Khajavi
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
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Integrating Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Hypothalamic Control of Metabolism: Crosstalk Between Nuclear Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072017. [PMID: 29997323 PMCID: PMC6073315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic is well recognized as a significant global health issue. A better understanding of the energy homeostasis mechanisms could help to identify promising anti-obesity therapeutic strategies. It is well established that the hypothalamus plays a pivotal role governing energy balance. The hypothalamus consists of tightly interconnected and specialized neurons that permit the sensing and integration of several peripheral inputs, including metabolic and hormonal signals for an appropriate physiological response. Current evidence shows that thyroid hormones (THs) constitute one of the key endocrine factors governing the regulation and the integration of metabolic homeostasis at the hypothalamic level. THs modulate numerous genes involved in the central control of metabolism, as TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone) and MC4R (Melanocortin 4 Receptor). THs act through their interaction with thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). Interestingly, TH signaling, especially regarding metabolic regulations, involves TRs crosstalk with other metabolically linked nuclear receptors (NRs) including PPAR (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) and LXR (Liver X receptor). In this review, we will summarize current knowledge on the important role of THs integration of metabolic pathways in the central regulation of metabolism. Particularly, we will shed light on the crosstalk between TRs and other NRs in controlling energy homeostasis. This could be an important track for the development of attractive therapeutic compounds.
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12
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The hypothalamus and neuropsychiatric disorders: psychiatry meets microscopy. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:243-258. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Duval F, Mokrani MC, Erb A, Gonzalez Opera F, Calleja C, Paris V. Relationship between chronobiological thyrotropin and prolactin responses to protirelin (TRH) and suicidal behavior in depressed patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 85:100-109. [PMID: 28843902 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND So far, investigations of the relationships between suicidality and the activity of the thyrotropic and lactotropic axes are scarce and have yielded conflicting results. METHODS We studied the thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) responses to 0800h and 2300h protirelin (TRH) stimulation tests, carried out on the same day, in 122 euthyroid DSM-5 major depressed inpatients with suicidal behavior disorder (SBD) (either current [n=71], or in early remission [n=51]); and 50 healthy hospitalized controls. RESULTS Baseline TSH and PRL measurements did not differ across the 3 groups. In SBDs in early remission, the TSH and PRL responses to TRH tests (expressed as the maximum increment above baseline value after TRH [Δ]) were indistinguishable from controls. Current SBDs showed (1) lower 2300h-ΔTSH and lower ΔΔTSH values (differences between 2300h-ΔTSH and 0800h-ΔTSH) than controls and SBDs in early remission; and (2) lower baseline free thyroxine (FT4B) levels than controls. In the current SBD group, ΔΔPRL values (differences between 2300h-ΔPRL and 0800h-ΔPRL) were correlated negatively with lethality. Moreover, in current SBDs (1) violent suicide attempters (n=15) showed lower FT4B levels, lower TSH-TRH responses (both at 0800h and 2300h), and lower ΔΔTSH and ΔΔPRL values than controls, while (2) non-violent suicide attempters (n=56) showed lower ΔΔTSH values than controls and higher TSH-TRH responses (both at 0800h and 2300h) than violent suicide attempters. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that central TRH secretion is not altered in depressed patients with SBD in early remission. The findings that current SBDs exhibit both decreased FT4B levels and decreased evening TSH responses (and consequently, decreased ΔΔTSH values) support the hypothesis that hypothalamic TRH drive is reduced-leading to an impaired TSH resynthesis in the pituitary during the day after the morning TRH challenge. In violent suicide attempters, the marked abnormalities of TRH test responses might indicate a greatest reduction in hypothalamic TRH drive. These results further strengthen the possibility that a deficit in central TRH function may play a key role in the pathogenesis of suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Duval
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France.
| | | | - Alexis Erb
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France
| | | | - Cécile Calleja
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France
| | - Véronique Paris
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France
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Roelfsema F, Boelen A, Kalsbeek A, Fliers E. Regulatory aspects of the human hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 31:487-503. [PMID: 29223283 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are essential for growth, differentiation and metabolism during prenatal and postnatal life. The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT)-axis is optimized for these actions. Knowledge of this hormonal axis is derived from decades of experiments in animals and man, and more recently from spontaneous mutations in man and constructed mutations in mice. This review examines the HPT-axis in relation to 24 h TSH profiles in men in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including obesity, age, longevity, and primary as well as central hypothyroidism. Hormone rhythms can be analyzed by quantitative methods, e.g. operator-independent deconvolution, approximate entropy and fitting the 24-h component by Cosinor analysis or related procedures. These approaches have identified some of the regulatory components in (patho)physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. e,
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15
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Neal BH, Bus J, Marty MS, Coady K, Williams A, Staveley J, Lamb JC. Weight-of-the-evidence evaluation of 2,4-D potential for interactions with the estrogen, androgen and thyroid pathways and steroidogenesis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:345-401. [PMID: 28303741 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1272094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive weight-of-the-evidence evaluation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was conducted for potential interactions with the estrogen, androgen and thyroid pathways and with steroidogenesis. This assessment was based on an extensive database of high quality in vitro, in vivo ecotoxicological and in vivo mammalian toxicological studies. Epidemiological studies were also considered. Toxicokinetic data provided the basis for determining rational cutoffs above which exposures were considered irrelevant to humans based on exceeding thresholds for saturation of renal clearance (TSRC); extensive human exposure and biomonitoring data support that these boundaries far exceed human exposures and provide ample margins of exposure. 2,4-D showed no evidence of interacting with the estrogen or androgen pathways. 2,4-D interacts with the thyroid axis in rats through displacement of thyroxine from plasma binding sites only at high doses exceeding the TSRC in mammals. 2,4-D effects on steroidogenesis parameters are likely related to high-dose specific systemic toxicity at doses exceeding the TSRC and are not likely to be endocrine mediated. No studies, including high quality studies in the published literature, predict significant endocrine-related toxicity or functional decrements in any species at environmentally relevant concentrations, or, in mammals, at doses below the TSRC that are relevant for human hazard and risk assessment. Overall, there is no basis for concern regarding potential interactions of 2,4-D with endocrine pathways or axes (estrogen, androgen, steroidogenesis or thyroid), and thus 2,4-D is unlikely to pose a threat from endocrine disruption to wildlife or humans under conditions of real-world exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Neal
- a Exponent® , Alexandria , VA , USA
| | - J Bus
- a Exponent® , Alexandria , VA , USA
| | - M S Marty
- b Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
| | - K Coady
- b Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
| | | | | | - J C Lamb
- a Exponent® , Alexandria , VA , USA
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16
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de Koning PP, Figee M, Endert E, van den Munckhof P, Schuurman PR, Storosum JG, Denys D, Fliers E. Rapid effects of deep brain stimulation reactivation on symptoms and neuroendocrine parameters in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e722. [PMID: 26812043 PMCID: PMC5068888 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvement of obsessions and compulsions by deep brain stimulation (DBS) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is often preceded by a rapid and transient mood elevation (hypomania). In a previous study we showed that improvement of mood by DBS for OCD is associated with a decreased activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal axis. The aim of our present study was to evaluate the time course of rapid clinical changes following DBS reactivation in more detail and to assess their association with additional neuroendocrine parameters. We included therapy-refractory OCD patients treated with DBS (>1 year) and performed a baseline assessment of symptoms, as well as plasma concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, growth hormone, copeptin and homovanillic acid. This was repeated after a 1-week DBS OFF condition. Next, we assessed the rapid effects of DBS reactivation by measuring psychiatric symptom changes using visual analog scales as well as repeated neuroendocrine measures after 30 min, 2 h and 6 h. OCD, anxiety and depressive symptoms markedly increased during the 1-week OFF condition and decreased again to a similar extent already 2 h after DBS reactivation. We found lower plasma prolactin (41% decrease, P=0.003) and TSH (39% decrease, P=0.003) levels during DBS OFF, which increased significantly already 30 min after DBS reactivation. The rapid and simultaneous increase in TSH and prolactin is likely to result from stimulation of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which may underlie the commonly observed transient mood elevation following DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P de Koning
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, PA.0-152, PO Box 22660, Amsterdam 1100 DD, The Netherlands. E-mail:
| | - M Figee
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Endert
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P van den Munckhof
- Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P R Schuurman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J G Storosum
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Gereben B, McAninch EA, Ribeiro MO, Bianco AC. Scope and limitations of iodothyronine deiodinases in hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:642-652. [PMID: 26416219 PMCID: PMC5003781 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The coordinated expression and activity of the iodothyronine deiodinases regulate thyroid hormone levels in hypothyroidism. Once heralded as the pathway underpinning adequate thyroid-hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine, the role of these enzymes has come into question as they have been implicated in both an inability to normalize serum levels of tri-iodothyronine (T3) and the incomplete resolution of hypothyroid symptoms. These observations, some of which were validated in animal models of levothyroxine monotherapy, challenge the paradigm that tissue levels of T3 and thyroid-hormone signalling can be fully restored by administration of levothyroxine alone. The low serum levels of T3 observed among patients receiving levothyroxine monotherapy occur as a consequence of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO2) in the hypothalamus being fairly insensitive to ubiquitination. In addition, residual symptoms of hypothyroidism have been linked to a prevalent polymorphism in the DIO2 gene that might be a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. Here, we discuss how these novel findings underscore the clinical importance of iodothyronine deiodinases in hypothyroidism and how an improved understanding of these enzymes might translate to therapeutic advances in the care of millions of patients with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony Street 43, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
| | - Elizabeth A McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, 212 Cohn Building, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Biological and Health Science, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação 930, Building 16, São Paulo, SP 01302, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, 212 Cohn Building, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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18
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Fliers E, Bianco AC, Langouche L, Boelen A. Thyroid function in critically ill patients. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3:816-25. [PMID: 26071885 PMCID: PMC4979220 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) typically present with decreased concentrations of plasma tri-iodothyronine, low thyroxine, and normal range or slightly decreased concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone. This ensemble of changes is collectively known as non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS). The extent of NTIS is associated with prognosis, but no proof exists for causality of this association. Initially, NTIS is a consequence of the acute phase response to systemic illness and macronutrient restriction, which might be beneficial. Pathogenesis of NTIS in long-term critical illness is more complex and includes suppression of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone, accounting for persistently reduced secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone despite low plasma thyroid hormone. In some cases distinguishing between NTIS and severe hypothyroidism, which is a rare primary cause for admission to the ICU, can be difficult. Infusion of hypothalamic-releasing factors can reactivate the thyroid axis in patients with NTIS, inducing an anabolic response. Whether this approach has a clinical benefit in terms of outcome is unknown. In this Series paper, we discuss diagnostic aspects, pathogenesis, and implications of NTIS as well as its distinction from severe, primary thyroid disorders in patients in the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lies Langouche
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Intranasal and Intramuscular Administration of Lysine-Palmitoylated Peptide 612–627 of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Increases the Level of Thyroid Hormones in Rats. Int J Pept Res Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-014-9452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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20
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Lee MR, Schwandt ML, Bollinger JW, Dias AA, Oot EN, Goldman D, Hodgkinson CA, Leggio L. Effect of Functionally Significant Deiodinase Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Drinking Behavior in Alcohol Dependence: An Exploratory Investigation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015. [PMID: 26207529 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis have been reported in alcoholism; however, there is no definitive agreement on the specific thyroid abnormalities and their underlying mechanisms in alcohol dependence. The biological activity of thyroid hormones or the availability of T3 is regulated by the three deiodinase enzymes: D1, D2, and D3. In the context of alcohol use, functionally significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of these deiodinase genes may play a role in HPT dysfunction. METHODS This study explored the effect of three functionally significant SNPs (D1: rs2235544, D2: rs225014, and rs12885300) of deiodinase genes on drinking behavior and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in alcohol-dependent (N = 521) and control subjects (N = 288). RESULTS Rs225014 was associated with significant differences in the amount of naturalistic alcohol drinking assessed by Timeline Follow Back. Alcohol-dependent subjects had significantly higher TSH levels compared to controls; however, there was no effect of genotype on TSH levels for either group. CONCLUSIONS These findings extend previous studies on thyroid dysfunction in alcoholism and provide novel, albeit preliminary, information by linking functionally significant genetic polymorphisms of the deiodinase enzymes with alcohol-drinking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Melanie L Schwandt
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jared W Bollinger
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alexandra A Dias
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emily N Oot
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Colin A Hodgkinson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies , Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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21
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Fliers E, Kalsbeek A, Boelen A. Beyond the fixed setpoint of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 171:R197-208. [PMID: 25005935 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis represents a classical example of an endocrine feedback loop. This review discusses dynamic changes in HPT axis setpoint regulation, identifying their molecular and cellular determinants, and speculates about their functional role. Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons were identified as key components of thyroid hormone (TH) setpoint regulation already in the 1980s, and this was followed by the demonstration of a pivotal role for the thyroid hormone receptor beta in negative feedback of TH on the hypothalamic and pituitary level. Gradually, the concept emerged of the HPT axis setpoint as a fixed entity, aiming at a particular TH serum concentration. However, TH serum concentrations appear to be variable and highly responsive to physiological and pathophysiological environmental factors, including the availability or absence of food, inflammation and clock time. During food deprivation and inflammation, TH serum concentrations decrease without a concomitant rise in serum TSH, reflecting a deviation from negative feedback regulation in the HPT axis. Surprisingly, TH action in peripheral organs in these conditions cannot be simply predicted by decreased serum TH concentrations. Instead, diverse environmental stimuli have differential effects on local TH metabolism, e.g. in liver and muscle, occurring quite independently from decreased TH serum concentrations. The net effect of these differential local changes is probably a major determinant of TH action at the tissue level. In sum, hypothalamic HPT axis setpoint regulation as well as TH metabolism at the peripheral organ level is flexible and dynamic, and may adapt the organism in an optimal way to a range of environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The NetherlandsHypothalamic Integration MechanismsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The NetherlandsHypothalamic Integration MechanismsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The NetherlandsHypothalamic Integration MechanismsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The NetherlandsHypothalamic Integration MechanismsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Acute critically ill patients experience a rapid decline in plasma free thyroid hormone levels (free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free levothyroxine (FT4)), with a marked elevation of reverse T3, recognized as the euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) or low-T3 syndrome. The ESS is also often associated with depressed myocardial function, sometimes referred to as the 'stunned myocardium'. Its clinical effects may vary from minimal hemodynamic impairment to cardiogenic shock. Medical management may range from aspirin alone to placement of a left ventricular assist device. With adequate supportive therapy, recovery usually occurs within days or weeks. The effect of T3/T4 therapy has been studied in three conditions in which the ESS and myocardial functional depression have been documented - i) transient regional myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, ii) transient global myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass, and iii) transient inadequate global myocardial perfusion in brain-dead potential organ donors. Under all three conditions, myocardial ischemia leads to rapid loss of high-energy phosphates, accumulation of myocardial tissue lactate, and probably loss of homeostasis of cytosolic calcium, which may further increase cell injury. There is an inability to generate ATP through the Krebs cycle, which reduces the high-energy phosphate pool essential for all cell ATPases. Under all three conditions, following administration of T3/T4, the myocardial dysfunction was rapidly reversed. We, therefore, cautiously advocate the use of thyroid hormonal therapy to any patient with the ESS and/or a stunned myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Novitzky
- Formerly Professor of Cardiothoracic SurgeryUniversity of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USAThomas E. Starzl Transplantation InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, W1543, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - David K C Cooper
- Formerly Professor of Cardiothoracic SurgeryUniversity of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USAThomas E. Starzl Transplantation InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, W1543, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Akbarian A, Kazerani H, Mohri M, Raji A, Jamshidi A, Golian A. Exogenous melatonin improves growth performance, intestinal microbiota, and morphology in temporarily feed restricted broilers. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Structural and functional MRI study of the brain, cognition and mood in long-term adequately treated Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 42:188-98. [PMID: 24636515 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated neuropsychological and underlying structural and functional brain alterations in long-term adequately treated patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in order to examine much discussed residual complaints in patients in relation to possible long-term neural alterations with a specific interest in the underlying autoimmune process. Eighteen patients with treated hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis (mean age 32, range 18-54 years; two males; mean treatment duration 4.4 years) and 18 healthy matched control subjects underwent 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Voxel-based morphometry was used to investigate grey matter density, resting-state functional MRI to analyse the brain connectivity of areas known to be altered in hypothyroidism and event-related functional MRI to examine brain activity during associative memory encoding. Neuropsychological assessment included memory, working memory, psychomotor speed and attention. We previously reported subclinically reduced mood in this study population and investigated its neural correlates here. Thyroid stimulating hormone, free triiodthyronine, free thyroxine and thyroid peroxidase antibodies were measured in serum. We did not find cognitive deficits or alterations in grey matter density, functional connectivity or associative memory-related brain activity in comparison to the control group and cognition was unrelated to thyroid serum measures in the patient group. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies in the patient group correlated with increased grey matter density in right amygdala and enhanced connectivity between subcallosal and parahippocampal areas. Treatment duration was associated with brain structure in frontal and occipital cortex and connectivity between left amygdala and frontal cortex. Mood correlated with brain areas associated with distinct functional networks, but not with those most prominently affected in depression. In conclusion, no cognitive or neural alterations were detected in this young and otherwise healthy cohort of patients in comparison to a healthy control group and current mood status could not be related to depression-related networks. However, autoimmune activity and treatment duration showed a relationship with depression and hypothyroidism-related brain structure and function. They are thus promising factors to further investigate residual complaints despite biochemically adequate treatment in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Given the small sample size, all findings require replication.
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Jeong JH, Kim TK, Oh SW, Choi EY. Fluorescence immunochip assay for thyroid stimulating hormone in whole blood. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-013-7413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones are extremely important for metabolism, development, and growth during the lifetime. The hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis is precisely regulated for these purposes. Much of our knowledge of this hormonal axis is derived from experiments in animals and mutations in man. This review examines the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis particularly in relation to the regulated 24-hour serum TSH concentration profiles in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including obesity, primary hypothyroidism, pituitary diseases, psychiatric disorders, and selected neurological diseases. Diurnal TSH rhythms can be analyzed with novel and precise techniques, eg, operator-independent deconvolution and approximate entropy. These approaches provide indirect insight in the regulatory components in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Alterations in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/thyroid axes and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the patients with primary insomnia: a clinical research. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71065. [PMID: 23951080 PMCID: PMC3739817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-target gland axis is thought to be linked with insomnia, yet there has been a lack of further systematic studies to prove this. This study included 30 patients with primary insomnia (PI), 30 patients with depression-comorbid insomnia (DCI), and 30 healthy controls for exploring the alterations in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/thyroid axes’ hormones and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to evaluate sleep quality in all subjects. The serum concentrations of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH), GnRH, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), cortisol, total triiodothyronine (TT3), and total thyroxine (TT4) in the morning (between 0730 h and 0800 h) were detected. Compared to the controls, all hormonal levels were elevated in the insomniacs, except ACTH and TSH in the PI group. Compared to the DCI patients, the PI patients had higher levels of CRH, cortisol, TT3, and TT4 but lower levels of TRH, GnRH, and ACTH. Spearman’s correlation analysis indicated that CRH, TRH, GnRH, TSH, cortisol, TT4, and TT3 were positively correlated with the severity of insomnia. The linear regression analysis showed that only CRH, GnRH, cortisol, and TT3 were affected by the PSQI scores among all subjects, and only CRH was included in the regression model by the “stepwise” method in the insomnia patients. Our results indicated that PI patients may have over-activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/thyroid axes and an elevated level of GnRH in the morning.
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Aloisi AM, Vodo S, Buonocore M. Pain and thyroid hormones. Neurol Sci 2013; 34:1501-8. [PMID: 23609461 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of endocrine systems in chronic pain mechanisms is slowly getting increasing experimental and clinical consideration. Many painful conditions appear to be directly and/or indirectly induced, reduced or, in some cases, modulated by hormones. We have done much work in trying to understand the relationship between hormones and pain, with particular attention to the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. To expand our knowledge of this field, we have directed our attention to another axis, the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT). The literature on thyroid functions is vast but very few studies have focused on the HPT axis and pain. The few available data are considered in the present review to stimulate interest in the possible interactions between the HPT axis and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Aloisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy,
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Ekerot P, Ferguson D, Glämsta EL, Nilsson LB, Andersson H, Rosqvist S, Visser SAG. Systems pharmacology modeling of drug-induced modulation of thyroid hormones in dogs and translation to human. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1513-24. [PMID: 23568527 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-0989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a systems pharmacology model based on hormone physiology and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic concepts describing the impact of thyroperoxidase (TPO) inhibition on thyroid hormone homeostasis in the dog and to predict drug-induced changes in thyroid hormones in humans. METHODS A population model was developed based on a simultaneous analysis of concentration-time data of T₄, T₃ and TSH in dogs following once daily oral dosing for up to 6-months of a myeloperoxidase inhibitor (MPO-IN1) with TPO inhibiting properties. The model consisted of linked turnover compartments for T₄, T₃ and TSH including a negative feedback from T₄ on TSH concentrations. RESULTS The model could well describe the concentration-time profiles of thyroid hormones in dog. Successful model validation was performed by predicting the hormone concentrations during 1-month administration of MPO-IN2 based on its in vitro dog TPO inhibition potency. Using human thyroid hormone turnover rates and TPO inhibitory potency, the human T₄ and TSH concentrations upon MPO-IN1 treatment were predicted well. CONCLUSIONS The model provides a scientific framework for the prediction of drug induced effects on plasma thyroid hormones concentrations in humans via TPO inhibition based on results obtained in in vitro and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Ekerot
- Modeling & Simulation, DMPK CNSP, AstraZeneca R&D, 15185 Södertälje, Sweden
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Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction is common in the general population, and mild or subclinical forms can be present in more than 10% of individuals aged >80 years. The diagnosis of abnormal thyroid hormone concentrations in people aged >60 years poses a challenge, as the clinical presentation of thyroid dysfunction is usually nonspecific, and ageing is associated with a number of physiological changes that can affect thyroid function test results. Furthermore, the presence of acute or chronic nonthyroidal illnesses and the use of medications that interfere with thyroid function tests are common confounders in the determination of thyroid status in the elderly. Early diagnosis and treatment of overt thyroid dysfunction is crucial in this population in view of the marked effects of abnormal circulating thyroid hormone levels on a number of organ systems, including the heart, the skeleton and the neurological system. The clinical significance of mild thyroid overactivity and underactivity remains uncertain, and the need for treatment of subclinical thyroid dysfunction is much debated. A number of large epidemiological studies have identified associations between mild thyroid dysfunction and short-term as well as long-term adverse outcomes, and a small but increasing number of randomized controlled intervention studies have been reported. Guidelines recommend treatment of thyroid dysfunction on the basis of the degree of abnormal serum TSH concentrations, patient age and associated comorbidities. This Review describes the current evidence on the prevalence, diagnosis, management and long-term consequences of thyroid dysfunction in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Boelaert
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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31
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Meyerovitch J, Antebi F, Greenberg-Dotan S, Bar-Tal O, Hochberg Z. Hyperthyrotropinaemia in untreated subjects with Down's syndrome aged 6 months to 64 years: a comparative analysis. Arch Dis Child 2012; 97:595-8. [PMID: 22535238 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2011-300806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether an altered hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is inherent to Down's syndrome or if a high level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a feature in a subset of patients with Down's syndrome. DESIGN Comparative analysis. SETTING Major health maintenance organisation (3.8 million insured). PATIENTS A data warehouse search identified all subjects with Down's syndrome who attended Clalit Health Services in 2006 and were tested for TSH and free thyroxine (T4) level on the day of diagnosis (intention-to-treat population). The study group consisted of patients who were not diagnosed with thyroid disease or did not receive thyroid-modulating medication (n=428). Their findings were compared with a control group of healthy age- and sex-matched subjects who were randomly selected from the general population. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Distribution of free T4, TSH and total T3 levels. RESULTS The distribution plot for TSH showed a significant shift of the curve to higher values in the study group compared with the controls (p≤0.0001). This finding held true on further analysis of the whole intention-to-treat population (p<0.006). The free T4 distribution curve also shifted significantly to higher levels in patients with Down's syndrome (p≤0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Down's syndrome is associated with higher TSH levels. The results suggest that hyperthyrotropinaemia is an innate attribute of chromosome 21 trisomy. Therefore, T4 treatment should not be contemplated in Down's Syndrome unless the TSH is >95th centile in the presence of normal-range free T4 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Meyerovitch
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva 49202, Israel.
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Müller J, Heuer H. Understanding the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in mct8 deficiency. Eur Thyroid J 2012; 1:72-9. [PMID: 24783000 PMCID: PMC3821472 DOI: 10.1159/000339474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism and action via binding to nuclear receptors are intracellular events that require the passage of TH across the plasma membrane. This process is mediated by specific TH transporters of which the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (Mct8) has received major attention. Mct8 is highly expressed in different tissues such as liver, kidney, thyroid, pituitary and brain. In humans, inactivating mutations of the MCT8 gene (SLC16A2) are associated with severe forms of psychomotor retardation and abnormal TH serum levels (Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome). Surprisingly, Mct8 knockout (ko) mice do not exhibit overt neurological symptoms but fully replicate the unusual serum TH profile with highly increased serum T3 in the presence of low serum T4. In order to evaluate the underlying mechanisms for these abnormalities, TH transport and metabolism have been intensively studied in different tissues of Mct8 ko mice. Here, we summarize the observed changes within the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis that result in altered TH production and secretion. Although analysis of Mct8 ko mice has greatly expanded our knowledge, many open questions still remain to be addressed in order to define the tissue- and cell-specific role of this important TH transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heike Heuer
- *Heike Heuer, PhD, Leibniz Institute for Age Research/Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V., Beutenbergstrasse 11, DE–07745 Jena (Germany), Tel. +49 3641 65 6021, E-Mail
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Perez-Castro C, Renner U, Haedo MR, Stalla GK, Arzt E. Cellular and molecular specificity of pituitary gland physiology. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1-38. [PMID: 22298650 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The anterior pituitary gland has the ability to respond to complex signals derived from central and peripheral systems. Perception of these signals and their integration are mediated by cell interactions and cross-talk of multiple signaling transduction pathways and transcriptional regulatory networks that cooperate for hormone secretion, cell plasticity, and ultimately specific pituitary responses that are essential for an appropriate physiological response. We discuss the physiopathological and molecular mechanisms related to this integrative regulatory system of the anterior pituitary gland and how it contributes to modulate the gland functions and impacts on body homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Perez-Castro
- Laboratorio de Regulación de la Expresión Génica en el Crecimiento, Supervivencia y Diferenciación Celular,Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wajner SM, Maia AL. New Insights toward the Acute Non-Thyroidal Illness Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:8. [PMID: 22654851 PMCID: PMC3356062 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) refers to changes in serum thyroid hormone levels observed in critically ill patients in the absence of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid primary dysfunction. Affected individuals have low T3, elevated rT3, and inappropriately normal TSH levels. The pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood but the acute and chronic changes in pituitary-thyroid function are probably the consequence of the action of multiple factors. The early phase seems to reflect changes occurring primarily in the peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism, best seen in humans since 80-90% of the circulating T3 are derived from the pro-hormone T4. The conversion of T4 to T3 is catalyzed by type 1 (D1) and type 2 (D2) deiodinases via outer-ring deiodination. In contrast, type 3 deiodinase (D3) catalyzes the inactivation of both T4 and T3. Over the last decades, several studies have attempted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the changes on circulating thyroid hormones in NTIS. Increased inflammatory cytokines, which occurs in response to virtually any illness, has long been speculated to play a role in derangements of deiodinase expression. On the other hand, oxidative stress due to augmented reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is characteristic of many diseases that are associated with NTIS. Changes in the intracellular redox state may disrupt deiodinase function by independent mechanisms, which might include depletion of the as yet unidentified endogenous thiol cofactor. Here we aim to present an updated picture of the advances in understanding the mechanisms that result in the fall of thyroid hormone levels in the acute phase of NTIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Magagnin Wajner
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Ana Luiza Maia
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brasil
- *Correspondence: Ana Luiza Maia, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Brasil. e-mail:
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Larsen PR, Zavacki AM. The role of the iodothyronine deiodinases in the physiology and pathophysiology of thyroid hormone action. Eur Thyroid J 2012; 1:232-242. [PMID: 23750337 PMCID: PMC3673746 DOI: 10.1159/000343922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroxine (T4) is a prohormone and must be activated to 3,5,3' triodothyronine (T3) by either the type 1 (D1) or 2 (D2) selenodeiodinase. A third deiodinase (D3) inactivates T3 or T4 by removal of an inner ring iodine. These reactions require both a deiodinase enzyme and a cofactor, probably a thiol, to reduce the oxidized selenolyl group in the active center of each deiodinase. Thus, deiodination rates depend on both the enzyme and cofactor. The source of most of the circulating T3 is D1-mediated, while D2 provides nuclear receptor-bound hormone. Using sensitive and specific assays, it has become apparent that both D2 and D3 are widespread throughout vertebrate tissues. The complex interactions between the activating D2 and the inactivating D3 in tissues expressing these two enzymes determine the intracellular T3 concentration. This provides enormous flexibility for both developmental and tissue regeneration processes, allowing exquisite control of intracellular T3 concentrations. The endogenous factors regulating the activity of these enzymes, such as the hedgehog proteins, FoxO3, or the wnt/β catenin pathway together with the actions of thyroid hormone transporters, direct adjustments of nuclear receptor bound T3 which in turn can control the balance between cellular proliferation and differentiation. Their actions provide dynamic flexibility to what appears on the surface to be a very static hormonal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Reed Larsen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, Mass., USA
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Boelen A, Kwakkel J, Fliers E. Beyond low plasma T3: local thyroid hormone metabolism during inflammation and infection. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:670-93. [PMID: 21791567 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Decreased serum thyroid hormone concentrations in severely ill patients were first reported in the 1970s, but the functional meaning of the observed changes in thyroid hormone levels, together known as nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS), remains enigmatic. Although the common view was that NTIS results in overall down-regulation of metabolism in order to save energy, recent work has shown a more complex picture. NTIS comprises marked variation in transcriptional and translational activity of genes involved in thyroid hormone metabolism, ranging from inhibition to activation, dependent on the organ or tissue studied. Illness-induced changes in each of these organs appear to be very different during acute or chronic inflammation, adding an additional level of complexity. Organ- and timing-specific changes in the activity of thyroid hormone deiodinating enzymes (deiodinase types 1, 2, and 3) highlight deiodinases as proactive players in the response to illness, whereas the granulocyte is a novel and potentially important cell type involved in NTIS during bacterial infection. Although acute NTIS can be seen as an adaptive response to support the immune response, NTIS may turn disadvantageous when critical illness enters a chronic phase necessitating prolonged life support. For instance, changes in thyroid hormone metabolism in muscle during critical illness may be relevant for the pathogenesis of myopathy associated with prolonged ventilator dependence. This review focuses on NTIS as a timing-related and organ-specific response to illness, occurring independently from the decrease in serum thyroid hormone levels and potentially relevant for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, F5-165, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ozpinar A, Golub MS, Poppenga RH, Blount BC, Gillespie JR. Thyroid status of female rhesus monkeys and preliminary information on impact of perchlorate administration. Lab Anim 2011; 45:209-14. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2011.010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid status was assessed in adult female rhesus monkey breeders at the California National Primate Research Center at the beginning of the breeding season. The 95% confidence intervals for thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) ( n = 66–80) were similar to those previously reported in smaller samples of macaque monkeys. Based on human criteria, 10 of 80 monkeys (12%) were hypothyroid (TSH > 2.0 µIU/mL). Because hypothyroxinaemia can be a risk factor in pregnancy, T4 status was compared with past breeding history, breeding outcome for that season and general health records in a subset of 42 breeders. Age, weight and parity did not differ between monkeys in the lowest T4 quartile as compared with those in the upper three quartiles. However, T4 concentrations were significantly associated with the number of missed menstrual cycles during the previous breeding season. In additional work, three healthy lactating rhesus monkeys were given three different doses of environmental contaminant and thyroid iodine uptake inhibitor, ammonium perchlorate (0.006, 0.34, 12.8 mg/kg/day, respectively) in food for two weeks. Thyroid status variables (TSH, T4, T3, thyroid radioactive iodine uptake) were then measured. In the monkey receiving the highest perchlorate dose, iodine uptake was suppressed relative to baseline. The study shows the availability of tools to study thyroid status in rhesus monkeys, the variability of thyroid status in the breeder colony and the potential ability of environmental factors to influence thyroid status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysel Ozpinar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mari S Golub
- CNPRC, BMB, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Robert H Poppenga
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory (CAHFS), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Mail Stop F47, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Jerry R Gillespie
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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38
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Langford D, Baron D, Joy J, Del Valle L, Shack J. Contributions of HIV infection in the hypothalamus and substance abuse/use to HPT dysregulation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:710-9. [PMID: 21115295 PMCID: PMC3090485 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, consequences of HIV infection of the CNS on disease severity and clinical neuropsychiatric manifestations have changed. These changes are due, in part, to improved control of peripheral infection by new anti-retroviral medications and more efficient CNS penetration of combination anti-retroviral therapies (cART). While the life spans of HIV-infected patients have been prolonged with successful cART, the spectrum of cognitive alterations observed in these patients has broadened. Recent studies report that there does not appear to be a single prototypical pattern of neuropsychological impairment associated with HIV, but includes diverse manifestations. Some co-morbidities, such as substance abuse or depression likely play significant roles in the neuropsychiatric profiles of some HIV-infected patients. Newly recognized factors contributing to neurocognitive impairments include aging and unanticipated side effects from cART. Likewise, disturbances in neuroendocrine functioning are emerging as potentially important contributors to HIV-associated neurocognitive alterations. A retrospective review of clinical data from a small cohort of HIV-infected patients admitted to the psychiatric unit of an inner city hospital indicates that thyroid stimulating hormone levels were abnormal in 27% of the patients. Our data from analyses of post-mortem tissues from HIV patients show for the first time HIV infection of the hypothalamus and altered levels of thyroid hormone processing enzymes. Decreased vasopressin and oxytocin immunoreactivity in hypothalamic neurons was also observed. Thus, HIV infection of the CNS may contribute to changes in hypothalamic thyroid hormone signaling, thereby resulting in abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis feedback and neuropsychiatric dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Langford
- Temple University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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Graves TK. When Normal Is Abnormal: Keys to Laboratory Diagnosis of Hidden Endocrine Disease. Top Companion Anim Med 2011; 26:45-51. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tryfonidou MA, Hazewinkel HAW, Riemers FM, Brinkhof B, Penning LC, Karperien M. Intraspecies disparity in growth rate is associated with differences in expression of local growth plate regulators. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E1044-52. [PMID: 20858751 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00170.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Disparities in longitudinal growth within a species can be partly explained by endocrinological differences. We hypothesized that regulatory networks acting locally in the growth plate may also be important. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating the IGF/IGFBP expression, the vitamin D pathway, and the PTHrP-Indian hedgehog (IHH) feedback loop in rib growth plates from 10- and 21-wk-old small- (Miniature Poodles, MP) and large-breed dogs (Great Danes, GD) using immunohistochemistry and quantitative (q)PCR. The rib growth plates of GD were 1.7 times thicker compared with those of MP, with larger proliferative (in absolute terms) and larger hypertrophic (in absolute and relative terms) zones. IGF/IGFBP gene expression profiling of the growth plates revealed decreased gene expression of igfbp2, -4, and -6 and an unaltered expression of igf-I and igf-II and their respective receptors in GD vs. MP. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR findings showed that the vitamin D pathway was more active in GD than in MP. Staining for 1α- and 24-hydroxylase was more abundant and intense in GD and the gene expressions of 1α-hydroxylase and the vitamin D receptor-driven 24-hydroxylase were six- and eightfold higher in GD vs. MP, respectively. Consistent with the immunohistochemistry findings, the expression of mRNA for components of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP)-IHH loop was different in GD compared with MP, with there being a relative threefold downregulation of Pthrp and a tenfold upregulation of Ihh in GD vs MP. These differences suggest that the effects of IHH in the regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy, both independently of PTHrP, can become more dominant during rapid growth rates. In conclusion, our data suggest that, in addition to modest endocrine differences, more pronounced changes in the expression of locally acting regulatory networks, such as the IGF system, vitamin D pathway, and PTHrP-IHH feedback loop are important contributors to within-species disparities in growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Mittag J, Behrends T, Hoefig CS, Vennström B, Schomburg L. Thyroid hormones regulate selenoprotein expression and selenium status in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12931. [PMID: 20877559 PMCID: PMC2943913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired expression of selenium-containing proteins leads to perturbed thyroid hormone (TH) levels, indicating the central importance of selenium for TH homeostasis. Moreover, critically ill patients with declining serum selenium develop a syndrome of low circulating TH and a central downregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. This prompted us to test the reciprocal effect, i.e., if TH status would also regulate selenoprotein expression and selenium levels. To investigate the TH dependency of selenium metabolism, we analyzed mice expressing a mutant TH receptor α1 (TRα1+m) that confers a receptor-mediated hypothyroidism. Serum selenium was reduced in these animals, which was a direct consequence of the mutant TRα1 and not related to their metabolic alterations. Accordingly, hyperthyroidism, genetically caused by the inactivation of TRβ or by oral TH treatment of adult mice, increased serum selenium levels in TRα1+m and controls, thus demonstrating a novel and specific role for TRα1 in selenium metabolism. Furthermore, TH affected the mRNA levels for several enzymes involved in selenoprotein biosynthesis as well as serum selenoprotein P concentrations and the expression of other antioxidative selenoproteins. Taken together, our results show that TH positively affects the serum selenium status and regulates the expression of several selenoproteins. This demonstrates that selenium and TH metabolism are interconnected through a feed-forward regulation, which can in part explain the rapid parallel downregulation of both systems in critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Mittag
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Behrends
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin S. Hoefig
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Vennström
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (BV); (LS)
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (BV); (LS)
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Gompf HS, Greenberg JH, Aston-Jones G, Ianculescu AG, Scanlan TS, Dratman MB. 3-Monoiodothyronamine: the rationale for its action as an endogenous adrenergic-blocking neuromodulator. Brain Res 2010; 1351:130-140. [PMID: 20615397 PMCID: PMC2926234 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The investigations reported here were designed to gain insights into the role of 3-monoiodothyronamine (T1AM) in the brain, where the amine was originally identified and characterized. Extensive deiodinase studies indicated that T1AM was derived from the T4 metabolite, reverse triiodothyronine (revT3), while functional studies provided well-confirmed evidence that T1AM has strong adrenergic-blocking effects. Because a state of adrenergic overactivity prevails when triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations become excessive, the possibility that T3's metabolic partner, revT3, might give rise to an antagonist of those T3 actions was thought to be reasonable. All T1AM studies thus far have required use of pharmacological doses. Therefore we considered that choosing a physiological site of action was a priority and focused on the locus coeruleus (LC), the major noradrenergic control center in the brain. Site-directed injections of T1AM into the LC elicited a significant, dose-dependent neuronal firing rate change in a subset of adrenergic neurons with an EC(50)=2.7 microM, a dose well within the physiological range. Further evidence for its physiological actions came from autoradiographic images obtained following intravenous carrier-free (125)I-labeled T1AM injection. These showed that the amine bound with high affinity to the LC and to other selected brain nuclei, each of which is both an LC target and a known T3 binding site. This new evidence points to a physiological role for T1AM as an endogenous adrenergic-blocking neuromodulator in the central noradrenergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich S Gompf
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Joel H Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Alexandra G Ianculescu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tom S Scanlan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mary B Dratman
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Luca F, Goichot B, Brue T. Les dyshormonémies des affections non thyroïdiennes. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2010; 71 Suppl 1:S13-24. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4266(10)70003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Duval F, Mokrani MC, Lopera FG, Diep TS, Rabia H, Fattah S. Thyroid axis activity and suicidal behavior in depressed patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35:1045-54. [PMID: 20129737 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between suicidal behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid (HPT) axis activity in depressed patients. The serum levels of thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) were evaluated before and after 0800 and 2300 h thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) challenges, on the same day, in 95 medication-free DSM-IV euthyroid major depressed inpatients and 44 healthy hospitalized controls. Compared to controls: (1) patients with a positive suicide history (PSH; n=53) showed lower basal FT4 (at 0800 h: p<0.005; at 2300 h: p<0.03), but normal FT3 levels, while patients with a negative suicide history (NSH; n=42) showed normal FT4 and FT3 levels; (2) TSH responses to TRH (DeltaTSH) were blunted in NSHs (at 0800 h: p<0.03; at 2300 h: p<0.00001), but not in PSHs; (3) both NSHs and PSHs showed lower DeltaDeltaTSH values (differences between 2300 h-DeltaTSH and 0800 h-DeltaTSH) (p<0.000001 and p<0.003, respectively). Compared to NSHs, basal FT4 levels were reduced in PSHs (at 0800 h: p<0.002; at 2300h: p<0.006). HPT parameters were not significantly different between recent suicide attempters (n=32) and past suicide attempters (n=21). However, compared to controls, recent suicide attempters showed lower 2300 h-DeltaTSH (p<0.04) and DeltaDeltaTSH (p<0.002) values, and lower basal FT4 values (at 0800 h: p<0.006; at 2300 h: p<0.02). Our results, obtained in a large sample of depressed inpatients, indicate that various degrees of HPT axis dysregulation are associated with the history of suicide.
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Sánchez E, Singru PS, Wittmann G, Nouriel SS, Barrett P, Fekete C, Lechan RM. Contribution of TNF-alpha and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling to type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase activation in the mediobasal hypothalamus after lipopolysaccharide administration. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3827-35. [PMID: 20501675 PMCID: PMC2940536 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether signaling through TNF and/or nuclear factor-kappaB contributes to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) in tanycytes lining the floor and infralateral walls of the third ventricle, the effect of a TNF antagonist on D2 gene expression and LPS-induced Ikappa-Balpha expression in tanycytes were studied. Animals treated with soluble, rat, polyethylene glycol-conjugated TNF receptor type 1 (4 mg/kg body weight) before a single ip injection of LPS showed a significant reduction in circulating IL-6 levels but no effect on LPS-induced D2 mRNA in the majority of tanycytes with the exception of a subpopulation of alpha tanycytes in the wall of the third ventricle. LPS induced a rapid increase in Ikappa-Balpha mRNA in the pars tuberalis and a delayed response in alpha tanycytes but absent in all other tanycyte subsets. The LPS-induced increase in Ikappa-Balpha in the pars tuberalis was associated with increased TSHbeta gene expression in this tissue, but cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation was observed only in a subset of alpha tanycytes. These data suggest that TNF and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling are not the primary, initiating mechanisms mediating the LPS-induced D2 response in tanycytes, but may contribute in part to sustaining the LPS-induced D2 response in a subset of alpha tanycytes. We hypothesize that in addition to TSH, other factors derived from the pars tuberalis may contribute to LPS-induced D2 activation in tanycytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Sánchez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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Freitas BC, Gereben B, Castillo M, Kalló I, Zeöld A, Egri P, Liposits Z, Zavacki AM, Maciel RM, Jo S, Singru P, Sanchez E, Lechan RM, Bianco AC. Paracrine signaling by glial cell-derived triiodothyronine activates neuronal gene expression in the rodent brain and human cells. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2206-17. [PMID: 20458138 PMCID: PMC2877954 DOI: 10.1172/jci41977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism in humans is characterized by severe neurological consequences that are often irreversible, highlighting the critical role of thyroid hormone (TH) in the brain. Despite this, not much is known about the signaling pathways that control TH action in the brain. What is known is that the prohormone thyroxine (T4) is converted to the active hormone triiodothyronine (T3) by type 2 deiodinase (D2) and that this occurs in astrocytes, while TH receptors and type 3 deiodinase (D3), which inactivates T3, are found in adjacent neurons. Here, we modeled TH action in the brain using an in vitro coculture system of D2-expressing H4 human glioma cells and D3-expressing SK-N-AS human neuroblastoma cells. We found that glial cell D2 activity resulted in increased T3 production, which acted in a paracrine fashion to induce T3-responsive genes, including ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2), in the cocultured neurons. D3 activity in the neurons modulated these effects. Furthermore, this paracrine pathway was regulated by signals such as hypoxia, hedgehog signaling, and LPS-induced inflammation, as evidenced both in the in vitro coculture system and in in vivo rat models of brain ischemia and mouse models of inflammation. This study therefore presents what we believe to be the first direct evidence for a paracrine loop linking glial D2 activity to TH receptors in neurons, thereby identifying deiodinases as potential control points for the regulation of TH signaling in the brain during health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz C.G. Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melany Castillo
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Imre Kalló
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anikó Zeöld
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Péter Egri
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann Marie Zavacki
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rui M.B. Maciel
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sungro Jo
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Praful Singru
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edith Sanchez
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald M. Lechan
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Antonio C. Bianco
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Bodó E, Kany B, Gáspár E, Knüver J, Kromminga A, Ramot Y, Bíró T, Tiede S, van Beek N, Poeggeler B, Meyer KC, Wenzel BE, Paus R. Thyroid-stimulating hormone, a novel, locally produced modulator of human epidermal functions, is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid hormones. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1633-42. [PMID: 20176727 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several elements of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT) reportedly are transcribed by human skin cell populations, and human hair follicles express functional receptors for TSH. Therefore, we asked whether the epidermis of normal human skin is yet another extrathyroidal target of TSH and whether epidermis even produces TSH. If so, we wanted to clarify whether intraepidermal TSH expression is regulated by TRH and/or thyroid hormones and whether TSH alters selected functions of normal human epidermis in situ. TSH and TSH receptor (TSH-R) expression were analyzed in the epidermis of normal human scalp skin by immunohistochemistry and PCR. In addition, full-thickness scalp skin was organ cultured and treated with TSH, TRH, or thyroid hormones, and the effect of TSH treatment on the expression of selected genes was measured by quantitative PCR and/or quantitative immunohistochemistry. Here we show that normal human epidermis expresses TSH at the mRNA and protein levels in situ and transcribes TSH-R. It also contains thyrostimulin transcripts. Intraepidermal TSH immunoreactivity is up-regulated by TRH and down-regulated by thyroid hormones. Although TSH-R immunoreactivity in situ could not be documented within the epidermis, but in the immediately adjacent dermis, TSH treatment of organ-cultured human skin strongly up-regulated epidermal expression of involucrin, loricrin, and keratins 5 and 14. Thus, normal human epidermis in situ is both an extrapituitary source and (possibly an indirect) target of TSH signaling, which regulates defined epidermal parameters. Intraepidermal TSH expression appears to be regulated by the classical endocrine controls that determine the systemic HPT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Bodó
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Fliers E, Klieverik LP, Kalsbeek A. Novel neural pathways for metabolic effects of thyroid hormone. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:230-6. [PMID: 20005733 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The relation between thyrotoxicosis, the clinical syndrome resulting from exposure to excessive thyroid hormone concentrations, and the sympathetic nervous system remains enigmatic. Nevertheless, beta-adrenergic blockers are widely used to manage severe thyrotoxicosis. Recent experiments show that the effects of thyrotoxicosis on hepatic glucose production and insulin sensitivity can be modulated by selective hepatic sympathetic and parasympathetic denervation. Indeed, thyroid hormone stimulates hepatic glucose production via a sympathetic pathway, a novel central pathway for thyroid hormone action. Rodent studies suggest that similar neural routes exist for thyroid hormone analogues (e.g. thyronamines). Further elucidation of central effects of thyroid hormone on autonomic outflow to metabolic organs, including the thyroid and brown adipose tissue, will add to our understanding of hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Regulation of the hypothalamic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neuron by neuronal and peripheral inputs. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:134-56. [PMID: 20074584 PMCID: PMC2849853 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis plays a critical role in mediating changes in metabolism and thermogenesis. Thus, the central regulation of the thyroid axis by Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) is of key importance for the normal function of the axis under different physiological conditions including cold stress and changes in nutritional status. Before the TRH peptide becomes biologically active, a series of tightly regulated processes occur including the proper folding of the prohormone for targeting to the secretory pathway, its post-translational processing, and targeting of the processed peptides to the secretory granules near the plasma membrane of the cell ready for secretion. Multiple inputs coming from the periphery or from neurons present in different areas of the brain including the hypothalamus are responsible for the activation or inhibition of the TRH neuron and in turn affect the output of TRH and the set point of the axis.
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Jonklaas J, Kahric-Janicic N, Soldin OP, Soldin SJ. Correlations of free thyroid hormones measured by tandem mass spectrometry and immunoassay with thyroid-stimulating hormone across 4 patient populations. Clin Chem 2009; 55:1380-8. [PMID: 19460839 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.118752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate measurement of free thyroid hormones is important for managing thyroid disorders. Ultrafiltration liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) can reliably measure the concentrations of small molecules, including thyroid hormones. Our study was designed to compare free thyroid hormone measurements performed with immunoassay and LC-MS/MS. METHODS We studied the performance of LC-MS/MS in 4 different populations comprising pediatric patients, euthyroid adults, and healthy nonpregnant and pregnant women. The samples obtained from each population numbered 38, 200, 28, and 128, respectively. Free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations were documented. RESULTS LC-MS/MS measurement of free thyroid hormones provided better correlation with log-transformed serum TSH in each population and also the populations combined. The correlations between free thyroxine measured by LC-MS/MS and log TSH in the pediatric outpatients and healthy adults were -0.90 and -0.77, respectively. The correlations for immunoassay were -0.82 and -0.48. The correlations between free triiodothyronine measured by LC-MS/MS and TSH for both pediatric and healthy adult populations were -0.72 and -0.68, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Free thyroid hormone concentrations measured by LC-MS/MS correlate to a greater degree with log TSH values compared to concentrations measured by immunoassay. This correlation was maintained across the patient populations we studied and may reflect the accuracy and specificity of LC-MS/MS. The superior ability of LC-MS/MS to enable documentation of the well-known thyroid hormone-TSH relationship supports the use of this measurement technique in a variety of clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Jonklaas
- Division of Endocrinology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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