1
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Waldron CJ, Kelly LA, Stan N, Kawakami Y, Abrahante JE, Magli A, Ogle BM, Singh BN. The HH-GLI2-CKS1B network regulates the proliferation-to-maturation transition of cardiomyocytes. Stem Cells Transl Med 2024; 13:678-692. [PMID: 38761090 PMCID: PMC11227970 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte (CM) proliferation and maturation are highly linked processes, however, the extent to which these processes are controlled by a single signaling axis is unclear. Here, we show the previously undescribed role of Hedgehog (HH)-GLI2-CKS1B cascade in regulation of the toggle between CM proliferation and maturation. Here we show downregulation of GLI-signaling in adult human CM, adult murine CM, and in late-stage hiPSC-CM leading to their maturation. In early-stage hiPSC-CM, inhibition of HH- or GLI-proteins enhanced CM maturation with increased maturation indices, increased calcium handling, and transcriptome. Mechanistically, we identified CKS1B, as a new effector of GLI2 in CMs. GLI2 binds the CKS1B promoter to regulate its expression. CKS1B overexpression in late-stage hiPSC-CMs led to increased proliferation with loss of maturation in CMs. Next, analysis of datasets of patients with heart disease showed a significant enrichment of GLI2-signaling in patients with ischemic heart failure (HF) or dilated-cardiomyopathy (DCM) disease, indicating operational GLI2-signaling in the stressed heart. Thus, the Hh-GLI2-CKS1B axis regulates the proliferation-maturation transition and provides targets to enhance cardiac tissue engineering and regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Waldron
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Lauren A Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Nicholas Stan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Juan E Abrahante
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Alessandro Magli
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Brenda M Ogle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Bhairab N Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
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2
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Yoshida S, Kawamura A, Aoki K, Wiriyasermkul P, Sugimoto S, Tomiyoshi J, Tajima A, Ishida Y, Katoh Y, Tsukada T, Tsuneoka Y, Yamada K, Nagamori S, Nakayama K, Yoshida K. Positive regulation of Hedgehog signaling via phosphorylation of GLI2/GLI3 by DYRK2 kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320070121. [PMID: 38968120 PMCID: PMC11252808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320070121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, an evolutionarily conserved pathway, plays an essential role in development and tumorigenesis, making it a promising drug target. Multiple negative regulators are known to govern Hh signaling; however, how activated Smoothened (SMO) participates in the activation of downstream GLI2 and GLI3 remains unclear. Herein, we identified the ciliary kinase DYRK2 as a positive regulator of the GLI2 and GLI3 transcription factors for Hh signaling. Transcriptome and interactome analyses demonstrated that DYRK2 phosphorylates GLI2 and GLI3 on evolutionarily conserved serine residues at the ciliary base, in response to activation of the Hh pathway. This phosphorylation induces the dissociation of GLI2/GLI3 from suppressor, SUFU, and their translocation into the nucleus. Loss of Dyrk2 in mice causes skeletal malformation, but neural tube development remains normal. Notably, DYRK2-mediated phosphorylation orchestrates limb development by controlling cell proliferation. Taken together, the ciliary kinase DYRK2 governs the activation of Hh signaling through the regulation of two processes: phosphorylation of GLI2 and GLI3 downstream of SMO and cilia formation. Thus, our findings of a unique regulatory mechanism of Hh signaling expand understanding of the control of Hh-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saishu Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Akira Kawamura
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Aoki
- Radioisotope Research Facilities, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Pattama Wiriyasermkul
- Center for Stable Isotope Medical Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
- Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
- Laboratory of Amyloid Regulation, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Junnosuke Tomiyoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Ayasa Tajima
- Center for Stable Isotope Medical Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Yamato Ishida
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Yohei Katoh
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Takehiro Tsukada
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Toho University, Chiba274-8510, Japan
| | - Yousuke Tsuneoka
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo143-8540, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Center for Stable Isotope Medical Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyotsugu Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
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3
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Luo Y, Wang Y, Qiu F, Hou G, Liu J, Yang H, Wu M, Dong X, Guo D, Zhong Z, Zhang X, Ge J, Meng P. Ablated Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in the Dentate Gyrus of the Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus Impairs Hippocampal-Dependent Memory Tasks and Emotion in a Rat Model of Depression. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4352-4368. [PMID: 38087166 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Specific memory processes and emotional aberrations in depression can be attributed to the different dorsal-ventral regions of the hippocampus. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the differential functions of the dorsal hippocampus (dHip) and ventral hippocampus (vHip) remain unclear. As Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is involved in the dorsal-ventral patterning of the neural tube and its signaling is dysregulated by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), we investigated its role in influencing the differential functions of the dHip and vHip. Here, CUMS downregulated the expression of Shh signaling markers, including Shh and its downstream effectors GLI family zinc finger 12 (Gli1/2), Patched (Ptch), and smoothened (Smo), in both the dHip and vHip of rats, though more so in the vHip. Additionally, Shh knockdown in the dorsal or ventral dentate gyrus (DG) resulted in restrained neurogenic activity in newborn neurons, especially in immature neurons through decreased expression of Shh signaling markers. Furthermore, Shh knockdown in the DG of the dHip led to memory impairment by inhibiting experience-dependent activation of immature neurons, whereas its knockdown in the DG of the vHip led to an emotional handicap by delaying the maturation of immature neurons. Finally, Shh knockdown in either the dDG or vDG of hippocampus abolished the corresponding cognitive enhancement and emotional recovery of fluoxetine. In conclusion, Shh is essential to maintain the functional heterogeneity of dHip and vHip in depressed rat, which was mainly mediating by local changes of dependent activation and maturity of immature neurons, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Yiyang Central Hospital, Yiyang, 413000, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Guanghan Hou
- Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Wu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Xuanqi Dong
- The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Ziyan Zhong
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.
| | - Jinwen Ge
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410300, Hunan, China.
| | - Pan Meng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China.
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4
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Mensah IK, Gowher H. Signaling Pathways Governing Cardiomyocyte Differentiation. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:798. [PMID: 38927734 PMCID: PMC11202427 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes are the largest cell type that make up the heart and confer beating activity to the heart. The proper differentiation of cardiomyocytes relies on the efficient transmission and perception of differentiation cues from several signaling pathways that influence cardiomyocyte-specific gene expression programs. Signaling pathways also mediate intercellular communications to promote proper cardiomyocyte differentiation. We have reviewed the major signaling pathways involved in cardiomyocyte differentiation, including the BMP, Notch, sonic hedgehog, Hippo, and Wnt signaling pathways. Additionally, we highlight the differences between different cardiomyocyte cell lines and the use of these signaling pathways in the differentiation of cardiomyocytes from stem cells. Finally, we conclude by discussing open questions and current gaps in knowledge about the in vitro differentiation of cardiomyocytes and propose new avenues of research to fill those gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Humaira Gowher
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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5
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Chung E, Deacon P, Hu YC, Lim HW, Park JS. Hedgehog signaling is required for the maintenance of mesenchymal nephron progenitors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.12.553098. [PMID: 37645929 PMCID: PMC10461989 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.12.553098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal nephron progenitors (mNPs) give rise to all nephron tubules in the mammalian kidney. Since premature depletion of these cells leads to low nephron numbers, high blood pressure, and various renal diseases, it is critical that we understand how mNPs are maintained. While Fgf, Bmp, and Wnt signaling pathways are known to be required for the maintenance of these cells, it is unclear if any other signaling pathways also play roles. In this report, we explored the role of Hedgehog signaling in mNPs. We found that loss of either Shh in the collecting duct or Smo from the nephron lineage resulted in premature depletion of mNPs. Transcriptional profiling of mNPs with different Smo dosages suggested that Hedgehog signaling inhibited Notch signaling and upregulated the expression of Fox transcription factors such as Foxc1 and Foxp4. Consistent with these observations, we found that ectopic expression of Jag1 caused the premature depletion of mNPs as seen in the Smo mutant kidney. We also found that Foxc1 was capable of binding to mitotic condensed chromatin, a feature of a mitotic bookmarking factor. Our study demonstrates a previously unappreciated role of Hedgehog signaling in preventing premature depletion of mNPs by repressing Notch signaling and likely by activating the expression of Fox factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunah Chung
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- The Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Patrick Deacon
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Hee-Woong Lim
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joo-Seop Park
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- The Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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6
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Pantoja MHDA, Novais FJD, Mourão GB, Mateescu RG, Poleti MD, Beline M, Monteiro CP, Fukumasu H, Titto CG. Exploring candidate genes for heat tolerance in ovine through liver gene expression. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25692. [PMID: 38370230 PMCID: PMC10869868 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermotolerance has become an essential factor in the prevention of the adverse effects of heat stress, but it varies among animals. Identifying genes related to heat adaptability traits is important for improving thermotolerance and for selecting more productive animals in hot environments. The primary objective of this research was to find candidate genes in the liver that play a crucial role in the heat stress response of Santa Ines sheep, which exhibit varying levels of heat tolerance. To achieve this goal, 80 sheep were selected based on their thermotolerance and placed in a climate chamber for 10 days, during which the average temperature was maintained at 36 °C from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. and 28 °C from 4 p.m. to 10 a.m. A subset of 14 extreme animals, with seven thermotolerant and seven non-thermotolerant animals based on heat loss (rectal temperature), were selected for liver sampling. RNA sequencing and differential gene expression analysis were performed. Thermotolerant sheep showed higher expression of genes GPx3, RGS6, GPAT3, VLDLR, LOC101108817, and EVC. These genes were mainly related to the Hedgehog signaling pathway, glutathione metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, and thyroid hormone synthesis. These enhanced pathways in thermotolerant animals could potentially mitigate the negative effects of heat stress, conferring greater heat resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Messy Hannear de Andrade Pantoja
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco José de Novais
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Gerson Barreto Mourão
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Raluca G. Mateescu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mirele Daiana Poleti
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Mariane Beline
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0002, United States
| | - Camylla Pedrosa Monteiro
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Heidge Fukumasu
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Gonçalves Titto
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
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7
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Gabriel GC, Lo CW. Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Defects in Situs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:719-738. [PMID: 38884745 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Left-right patterning is among the least well understood of the three axes defining the body plan, and yet it is no less important, with left-right patterning defects causing structural birth defects with high morbidity and mortality, such as complex congenital heart disease, biliary atresia, or intestinal malrotation. The cell signaling pathways governing left-right asymmetry are highly conserved and involve multiple components of the TGF-β superfamily of cell signaling molecules. Central to left-right patterning is the differential activation of Nodal on the left, and BMP signaling on the right. In addition, a plethora of other cell signaling pathways including Shh, FGF, and Notch also contribute to the regulation of left-right patterning. In vertebrate embryos such as the mouse, frog, or zebrafish, the specification of left-right identity requires the left-right organizer (LRO) containing cells with motile and primary cilia that mediate the left-sided propagation of Nodal signaling, followed by left-sided activation of Lefty and then Pitx2, a transcription factor that specifies visceral organ asymmetry. While this overall scheme is well conserved, there are striking species differences, including the finding that motile cilia do not play a role in left-right patterning in some vertebrates. Surprisingly, the direction of heart looping, one of the first signs of organ left-right asymmetry, was recently shown to be specified by intrinsic cell chirality, not Nodal signaling, possibly a reflection of the early origin of Nodal signaling in radially symmetric organisms. How this intrinsic chirality interacts with downstream molecular pathways regulating visceral organ asymmetry will need to be further investigated to elucidate how disturbance in left-right patterning may contribute to complex CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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8
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Shaikh Qureshi WM, Hentges KE. Functions of cilia in cardiac development and disease. Ann Hum Genet 2024; 88:4-26. [PMID: 37872827 PMCID: PMC10952336 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Errors in embryonic cardiac development are a leading cause of congenital heart defects (CHDs), including morphological abnormalities of the heart that are often detected after birth. In the past few decades, an emerging role for cilia in the pathogenesis of CHD has been identified, but this topic still largely remains an unexplored area. Mouse forward genetic screens and whole exome sequencing analysis of CHD patients have identified enrichment for de novo mutations in ciliary genes or non-ciliary genes, which regulate cilia-related pathways, linking cilia function to aberrant cardiac development. Key events in cardiac morphogenesis, including left-right asymmetric development of the heart, are dependent upon cilia function. Cilia dysfunction during left-right axis formation contributes to CHD as evidenced by the substantial proportion of heterotaxy patients displaying complex CHD. Cilia-transduced signaling also regulates later events during heart development such as cardiac valve formation, outflow tract septation, ventricle development, and atrioventricular septa formation. In this review, we summarize the role of motile and non-motile (primary cilia) in cardiac asymmetry establishment and later events during heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasay Mohiuddin Shaikh Qureshi
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Kathryn E. Hentges
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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9
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Gill E, Bamforth SD. Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of d-Transposition of the Great Arteries. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:683-696. [PMID: 38884742 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
During normal cardiovascular development, the outflow tract becomes septated and rotates so that the separate aorta and pulmonary trunk are correctly aligned with the left and right ventricles, respectively. However, when this process goes wrong, the aorta and pulmonary trunk are incorrectly positioned, resulting in oxygenated blood being directly returned to the lungs, with deoxygenated blood being delivered to the systemic circulation. This is termed transposition of the great arteries (TGA). The precise etiology of TGA is not known, but the use of animal models has elucidated that genes involved in determination of the left- embryonic body axis play key roles. Other factors such as retinoic acid levels are also crucial. This chapter reviews the animal models presenting with TGA that have been generated by genetic manipulation or with exogenous agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Gill
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, UK
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10
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Cai E, Barba MG, Ge X. Hedgehog Signaling in Cortical Development. Cells 2023; 13:21. [PMID: 38201225 PMCID: PMC10778342 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays a crucial role in embryonic development, acting both as a morphogenic signal that organizes tissue formation and a potent mitogenic signal driving cell proliferation. Dysregulated Hh signaling leads to various developmental defects in the brain. This article aims to review the roles of Hh signaling in the development of the neocortex in the mammalian brain, focusing on its regulation of neural progenitor proliferation and neuronal production. The review will summarize studies on genetic mouse models that have targeted different components of the Hh pathway, such as the ligand Shh, the receptor Ptch1, the GPCR-like transducer Smo, the intracellular transducer Sufu, and the three Gli transcription factors. As key insights into the Hh signaling transduction mechanism were obtained from mouse models displaying neural tube defects, this review will also cover some studies on Hh signaling in neural tube development. The results from these genetic mouse models suggest an intriguing hypothesis that elevated Hh signaling may play a role in the gyrification of the brain in certain species. Additionally, the distinctive production of GABAergic interneurons in the dorsal cortex in the human brain may also be linked to the extension of Hh signaling from the ventral to the dorsal brain region. Overall, these results suggest key roles of Hh signaling as both a morphogenic and mitogenic signal during the forebrain development and imply the potential involvement of Hh signaling in the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xuecai Ge
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95340, USA
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11
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Zhang Y, Beachy PA. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of Hedgehog signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:668-687. [PMID: 36932157 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog signalling pathway has crucial roles in embryonic tissue patterning, postembryonic tissue regeneration, and cancer, yet aspects of Hedgehog signal transmission and reception have until recently remained unclear. Biochemical and structural studies surprisingly reveal a central role for lipids in Hedgehog signalling. The signal - Hedgehog protein - is modified by cholesterol and palmitate during its biogenesis, thereby necessitating specialized proteins such as the transporter Dispatched and several lipid-binding carriers for cellular export and receptor engagement. Additional lipid transactions mediate response to the Hedgehog signal, including sterol activation of the transducer Smoothened. Access of sterols to Smoothened is regulated by the apparent sterol transporter and Hedgehog receptor Patched, whose activity is blocked by Hedgehog binding. Alongside these lipid-centric mechanisms and their relevance to pharmacological pathway modulation, we discuss emerging roles of Hedgehog pathway activity in stem cells or their cellular niches, with translational implications for regeneration and restoration of injured or diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Zhang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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12
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Rothschild SC, Row RH, Martin BL, Clements WK. Sclerotome is compartmentalized by parallel Shh and Bmp signaling downstream of CaMKII. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.21.550086. [PMID: 37503202 PMCID: PMC10370206 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.21.550086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The sclerotome in vertebrates comprises an embryonic population of cellular progenitors that give rise to diverse adult tissues including the axial skeleton, ribs, intervertebral discs, connective tissue, and vascular smooth muscle. In the thorax, this cell population arises in the ventromedial region of each of the segmented tissue blocks known as somites. How and when sclerotome adult tissue fates are specified and how the gene signatures that predate those fates are regulated has not been well studied. We have identified a previously unknown role for Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in regulating sclerotome patterning in zebrafish. Mechanistically, CaMKII regulates the activity of parallel signaling inputs that pattern sclerotome gene expression. In one downstream arm, CaMKII regulates distribution of the established sclerotome-inductive morphogen sonic hedgehog (Shh), and thus Shh-dependent sclerotome genes. In the second downstream arm, we show a previously unappreciated inductive requirement for Bmp signaling, where CaMKII activates expression of bmp4 and consequently Bmp activity. Bmp activates expression of a second subset of stereotypical sclerotome genes, while simultaneously repressing Shh-dependent markers. Our work demonstrates that CaMKII promotes parallel Bmp and Shh signaling as a mechanism to first promote global sclerotome specification, and that these pathways subsequently regionally activate and refine discrete compartmental genetic programs. Our work establishes how the earliest unique gene signatures that likely drive distinct cell behaviors and adult fates arise within the sclerotome.
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Abstract
Ligands of the Hedgehog (HH) pathway are paracrine signaling molecules that coordinate tissue development in metazoans. A remarkable feature of HH signaling is the repeated use of cholesterol in steps spanning ligand biogenesis, secretion, dispersal, and reception on target cells. A cholesterol molecule covalently attached to HH ligands is used as a molecular baton by transfer proteins to guide their secretion, spread, and reception. On target cells, a signaling circuit composed of a cholesterol transporter and sensor regulates transmission of HH signals across the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. The repeated use of cholesterol in signaling supports the view that the HH pathway likely evolved by coopting ancient systems to regulate the abundance or organization of sterol-like lipids in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA;
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14
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Rai S, Leydier L, Sharma S, Katwala J, Sahu A. A quest for genetic causes underlying signaling pathways associated with neural tube defects. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1126209. [PMID: 37284286 PMCID: PMC10241075 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1126209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are serious congenital deformities of the nervous system that occur owing to the failure of normal neural tube closures. Genetic and non-genetic factors contribute to the etiology of neural tube defects in humans, indicating the role of gene-gene and gene-environment interaction in the occurrence and recurrence risk of neural tube defects. Several lines of genetic studies on humans and animals demonstrated the role of aberrant genes in the developmental risk of neural tube defects and also provided an understanding of the cellular and morphological programs that occur during embryonic development. Other studies observed the effects of folate and supplementation of folic acid on neural tube defects. Hence, here we review what is known to date regarding altered genes associated with specific signaling pathways resulting in NTDs, as well as highlight the role of various genetic, and non-genetic factors and their interactions that contribute to NTDs. Additionally, we also shine a light on the role of folate and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in neural tube defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Rai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Larissa Leydier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Jigar Katwala
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Anurag Sahu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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15
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Qiu Z, Lin Z, Hu A, Liu Y, Zeng W, Zhao X, Shi X, Luo J, Song B. GRAMD1/ASTER-mediated cholesterol transport promotes Smoothened cholesterylation at the endoplasmic reticulum. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111513. [PMID: 36524353 PMCID: PMC9890235 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in embryonic development. Hh binding to Patched1 (PTCH1) derepresses Smoothened (SMO), thereby activating the downstream signal transduction. Covalent SMO modification by cholesterol in its cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is essential for SMO function. SMO cholesterylation is a calcium-accelerated autoprocessing reaction, and STIM1-ORAI1-mediated store-operated calcium entry promotes cholesterylation and activation of endosome-localized SMO. However, it is unknown whether the Hh-PTCH1 interplay regulates the activity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized SMO. Here, we found that PTCH1 inhibited the COPII-dependent export of SMO from the ER, whereas Hh promoted this process. The RRxWxR amino acid motif in the cytosolic tail of SMO was essential for COPII recognition, ciliary localization, and signal transduction activity. Hh and PTCH1 regulated cholesterol modification of the ER-localized SMO, and SMO cholesterylation accelerated its exit from ER. The GRAMD1/ASTER sterol transport proteins facilitated cholesterol transfer to ER from PM, resulting in increased SMO cholesterylation and enhanced Hh signaling. Collectively, we reveal a regulatory role of GRAMD-mediated cholesterol transport in ER-resident SMO maturation and Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Ping Qiu
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zi‐Cun Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ao Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuan‐Bin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wan‐Er Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiaolu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiong‐Jie Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Bao‐Liang Song
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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16
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Dilower I, Niloy AJ, Kumar V, Kothari A, Lee EB, Rumi MAK. Hedgehog Signaling in Gonadal Development and Function. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030358. [PMID: 36766700 PMCID: PMC9913308 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Three distinct hedgehog (HH) molecules, (sonic, desert, and indian), two HH receptors (PTCH1 and PTCH2), a membrane bound activator (SMO), and downstream three transcription factors (GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3) are the major components of the HH signaling. These signaling molecules were initially identified in Drosophila melanogaster. Later, it has been found that the HH system is highly conserved across species and essential for organogenesis. HH signaling pathways play key roles in the development of the brain, face, skeleton, musculature, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. While the sonic HH (SHH) pathway plays a major role in the development of the central nervous system, the desert HH (DHH) regulates the development of the gonads, and the indian HH (IHH) acts on the development of bones and joints. There are also overlapping roles among the HH molecules. In addition to the developmental role of HH signaling in embryonic life, the pathways possess vital physiological roles in testes and ovaries during adult life. Disruption of DHH and/or IHH signaling results in ineffective gonadal steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. While DHH regulates the male gonadal functions, ovarian functions are regulated by both DHH and IHH. This review article focuses on the roles of HH signaling in gonadal development and reproductive functions with an emphasis on ovarian functions. We have acknowledged the original research work that initially reported the findings and discussed the subsequent studies that have further analyzed the role of HH signaling in testes and ovaries.
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17
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The Role of Primary Cilia-Associated Phosphoinositide Signaling in Development. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10040051. [PMID: 36547473 PMCID: PMC9785882 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtube-based organelles that extend from the cell surface and function as biochemical and mechanical extracellular signal sensors. Primary cilia coordinate a series of signaling pathways during development. Cilia dysfunction leads to a pleiotropic group of developmental disorders, termed ciliopathy. Phosphoinositides (PIs), a group of signaling phospholipids, play a crucial role in development and tissue homeostasis by regulating membrane trafficking, cytoskeleton reorganization, and organelle identity. Accumulating evidence implicates the involvement of PI species in ciliary defects and ciliopathies. The abundance and localization of PIs in the cell are tightly regulated by the opposing actions of kinases and phosphatases, some of which are recently discovered in the context of primary cilia. Here, we review several cilium-associated PI kinases and phosphatases, including their localization along cilia, function in regulating the ciliary biology under normal conditions, as well as the connection of their disease-associated mutations with ciliopathies.
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18
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Xu J, Liu H, Lan Y, Jiang R. The transcription factors Foxf1 and Foxf2 integrate the SHH, HGF and TGFβ signaling pathways to drive tongue organogenesis. Development 2022; 149:dev200667. [PMID: 36227576 PMCID: PMC10655918 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The tongue is a highly specialized muscular organ with diverse cellular origins, which provides an excellent model for understanding mechanisms controlling tissue-tissue interactions during organogenesis. Previous studies showed that SHH signaling is required for tongue morphogenesis and tongue muscle organization, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that the Foxf1/Foxf2 transcription factors act in the cranial neural crest cell (CNCC)-derived mandibular mesenchyme to control myoblast migration into the tongue primordium during tongue initiation, and thereafter continue to regulate intrinsic tongue muscle assembly and lingual tendon formation. We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis and identified Hgf, Tgfb2 and Tgfb3 among the target genes of Foxf2 in the embryonic tongue. Through genetic analyses of mice with CNCC-specific inactivation of Smo or both Foxf1 and Foxf2, we show that Foxf1 and Foxf2 mediate hedgehog signaling-mediated regulation of myoblast migration during tongue initiation and intrinsic tongue muscle formation by regulating the activation of the HGF and TGFβ signaling pathways. These data uncover the molecular network integrating the SHH, HGF and TGFβ signaling pathways in regulating tongue organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Xu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Han Liu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yu Lan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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19
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Zhu J, Patel R, Trofka A, Harfe BD, Mackem S. Sonic hedgehog is not a limb morphogen but acts as a trigger to specify all digits in mice. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2048-2062.e4. [PMID: 35977544 PMCID: PMC9709693 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Limb patterning by Sonic hedgehog (Shh), via either graded spatial or temporal signal integration, is a paradigm for "morphogen" function, yet how Shh instructs distinct digit identities remains controversial. Here, we bypass the Shh requirement in cell survival during outgrowth and demonstrate that a transient, early Shh pulse is both necessary and sufficient for normal mouse limb development. Shh response is only short range and is limited to the Shh-expressing zone during this time window. Shh patterns digits 1-3, anterior to this zone, by an indirect mechanism rather than direct spatial or temporal signal integration. Using a genetic relay-signaling assay, we discover that Shh also specifies digit 1/thumb (thought to be exclusively Shh independent) indirectly, and this finding implicates Shh in a unique regulatory hierarchy for digit 1 evolutionary adaptations such as opposable thumbs. This study illuminates Shh as a trigger for an indirect downstream network that becomes rapidly self-sustaining, with mechanistic relevance for limb development, regeneration, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Zhu
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rashmi Patel
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Anna Trofka
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brian D Harfe
- College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA.
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20
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Tesanovic S, Krenn PW, Aberger F. Hedgehog/GLI signaling in hematopoietic development and acute myeloid leukemia—From bench to bedside. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:944760. [PMID: 35990601 PMCID: PMC9388743 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.944760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While the underlying genetic alterations and biology of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), an aggressive hematologic malignancy characterized by clonal expansion of undifferentiated myeloid cells, have been gradually unraveled in the last decades, translation into clinical treatment approaches has only just begun. High relapse rates remain a major challenge in AML therapy and are to a large extent attributed to the persistence of treatment-resistant leukemic stem cells (LSCs). The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway is crucial for the development and progression of multiple cancer stem cell driven tumors, including AML, and has therefore gained interest as a therapeutic target. In this review, we give an overview of the major components of the HH signaling pathway, dissect HH functions in normal and malignant hematopoiesis, and specifically elaborate on the role of HH signaling in AML pathogenesis and resistance. Furthermore, we summarize preclinical and clinical HH inhibitor studies, leading to the approval of the HH pathway inhibitor glasdegib, in combination with low-dose cytarabine, for AML treatment.
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21
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Hammond NL, Dixon MJ. Revisiting the embryogenesis of lip and palate development. Oral Dis 2022; 28:1306-1326. [PMID: 35226783 PMCID: PMC10234451 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clefts of the lip and palate (CLP), the major causes of congenital facial malformation globally, result from failure of fusion of the facial processes during embryogenesis. With a prevalence of 1 in 500-2500 live births, CLP causes major morbidity throughout life as a result of problems with facial appearance, feeding, speaking, obstructive apnoea, hearing and social adjustment and requires complex, multi-disciplinary care at considerable cost to healthcare systems worldwide. Long-term outcomes for affected individuals include increased mortality compared with their unaffected siblings. The frequent occurrence and major healthcare burden imposed by CLP highlight the importance of dissecting the molecular mechanisms driving facial development. Identification of the genetic mutations underlying syndromic forms of CLP, where CLP occurs in association with non-cleft clinical features, allied to developmental studies using appropriate animal models is central to our understanding of the molecular events underlying development of the lip and palate and, ultimately, how these are disturbed in CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel L. Hammond
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Michael J. Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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22
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Walker RV, Maranto A, Palicharla VR, Hwang SH, Mukhopadhyay S, Qian F. Cilia-Localized Counterregulatory Signals as Drivers of Renal Cystogenesis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:936070. [PMID: 35832738 PMCID: PMC9272769 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.936070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia play counterregulatory roles in cystogenesis—they inhibit cyst formation in the normal renal tubule but promote cyst growth when the function of polycystins is impaired. Key upstream cilia-specific signals and components involved in driving cystogenesis have remained elusive. Recent studies of the tubby family protein, Tubby-like protein 3 (TULP3), have provided new insights into the cilia-localized mechanisms that determine cyst growth. TULP3 is a key adapter of the intraflagellar transport complex A (IFT-A) in the trafficking of multiple proteins specifically into the ciliary membrane. Loss of TULP3 results in the selective exclusion of its cargoes from cilia without affecting their extraciliary pools and without disrupting cilia or IFT-A complex integrity. Epistasis analyses have indicated that TULP3 inhibits cystogenesis independently of the polycystins during kidney development but promotes cystogenesis in adults when polycystins are lacking. In this review, we discuss the current model of the cilia-dependent cyst activation (CDCA) mechanism in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and consider the possible roles of ciliary and extraciliary polycystins in regulating CDCA. We then describe the limitations of this model in not fully accounting for how cilia single knockouts cause significant cystic changes either in the presence or absence of polycystins. Based on available data from TULP3/IFT-A-mediated differential regulation of cystogenesis in kidneys with deletion of polycystins either during development or in adulthood, we hypothesize the existence of cilia-localized components of CDCA (cCDCA) and cilia-localized cyst inhibition (CLCI) signals. We develop the criteria for cCDCA/CLCI signals and discuss potential TULP3 cargoes as possible cilia-localized components that determine cystogenesis in kidneys during development and in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca V. Walker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anthony Maranto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Sun-Hee Hwang
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Feng Qian
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Feng Qian,
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23
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Fan L, Jin P, Qian Y, Shen G, Shen X, Dong M. Case Report: Prenatal Diagnosis of Postaxial Polydactyly With Bi-Allelic Variants in Smoothened (SMO). Front Genet 2022; 13:887082. [PMID: 35812756 PMCID: PMC9257524 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.887082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Postaxial polydactyly is a common congenital malformation which involves complex genetic factors. This retrospective study analyzed the cytogenetic and molecular results of a Chinese fetus diagnosed with postaxial polydactyly of all four limbs. Fetal karyotyping and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) did not find any abnormality while trio whole-exome sequencing (trio-WES) identified bi-allelic variants in smoothened (SMO) and (NM_005631.5: c.1219C > G, NP_005622.1: p. Pro407Ala, and NM_005631.5: c.1619C > T, NP_005622.1: p. Ala540Val). Sanger sequencing validated these variants. The mutations are highly conserved across multiple species. In-depth bioinformatics analysis and familial co-segregation implied the compound heterozygous variants as the likely cause of postaxial polydactyly in this fetus. Our findings provided the basis for genetic counseling and will contribute to a better understanding of the complex genetic mechanism that underlies postaxial polydactyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Fan
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Huzhou Maternity & Child Health Care Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Pengzhen Jin
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeqing Qian
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guosong Shen
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Huzhou Maternity & Child Health Care Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Xueping Shen
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Huzhou Maternity & Child Health Care Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Minyue Dong
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Minyue Dong,
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24
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Hedgehog Morphogens Act as Growth Factors Critical to Pre- and Postnatal Cardiac Development and Maturation: How Primary Cilia Mediate Their Signal Transduction. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121879. [PMID: 35741008 PMCID: PMC9221318 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are crucial for normal cardiac organogenesis via the formation of cyto-architectural, anatomical, and physiological boundaries in the developing heart and outflow tract. These tiny, plasma membrane-bound organelles function in a sensory-integrative capacity, interpreting both the intra- and extra-cellular environments and directing changes in gene expression responses to promote, prevent, and modify cellular proliferation and differentiation. One distinct feature of this organelle is its involvement in the propagation of a variety of signaling cascades, most notably, the Hedgehog cascade. Three ligands, Sonic, Indian, and Desert hedgehog, function as growth factors that are most commonly dependent on the presence of intact primary cilia, where the Hedgehog receptors Patched-1 and Smoothened localize directly within or at the base of the ciliary axoneme. Hedgehog signaling functions to mediate many cell behaviors that are critical for normal embryonic tissue/organ development. However, inappropriate activation and/or upregulation of Hedgehog signaling in postnatal and adult tissue is known to initiate oncogenesis, as well as the pathogenesis of other diseases. The focus of this review is to provide an overview describing the role of Hedgehog signaling and its dependence upon the primary cilium in the cell types that are most essential for mammalian heart development. We outline the breadth of developmental defects and the consequential pathologies resulting from inappropriate changes to Hedgehog signaling, as it pertains to congenital heart disease and general cardiac pathophysiology.
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25
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Lo M, Sharir A, Paul MD, Torosyan H, Agnew C, Li A, Neben C, Marangoni P, Xu L, Raleigh DR, Jura N, Klein OD. CNPY4 inhibits the Hedgehog pathway by modulating membrane sterol lipids. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2407. [PMID: 35504891 PMCID: PMC9065090 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) pathway is critical for development and adult tissue homeostasis. Aberrant HH signaling can lead to congenital malformations and diseases including cancer. Although cholesterol and several oxysterol lipids have been shown to play crucial roles in HH activation, the molecular mechanisms governing their regulation remain unresolved. Here, we identify Canopy4 (CNPY4), a Saposin-like protein, as a regulator of the HH pathway that modulates levels of membrane sterol lipids. Cnpy4-/- embryos exhibit multiple defects consistent with HH signaling perturbations, most notably changes in digit number. Knockdown of Cnpy4 hyperactivates the HH pathway in vitro and elevates membrane levels of accessible sterol lipids, such as cholesterol, an endogenous ligand involved in HH activation. Our data demonstrate that CNPY4 is a negative regulator that fine-tunes HH signal transduction, revealing a previously undescribed facet of HH pathway regulation that operates through control of membrane composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Lo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amnon Sharir
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael D Paul
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hayarpi Torosyan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Christopher Agnew
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cynthia Neben
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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26
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Di Minin G, Holzner M, Grison A, Dumeau CE, Chan W, Monfort A, Jerome-Majewska LA, Roelink H, Wutz A. TMED2 binding restricts SMO to the ER and Golgi compartments. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001596. [PMID: 35353806 PMCID: PMC9000059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH) signaling is important for embryonic pattering and stem cell differentiation. The G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (SMO) is the key HH signal transducer modulating both transcription-dependent and transcription-independent responses. We show that SMO protects naive mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from dissociation-induced cell death. We exploited this SMO dependency to perform a genetic screen in haploid ESCs where we identify the Golgi proteins TMED2 and TMED10 as factors for SMO regulation. Super-resolution microscopy shows that SMO is normally retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi compartments, and we demonstrate that TMED2 binds to SMO, preventing localization to the plasma membrane. Mutation of TMED2 allows SMO accumulation at the plasma membrane, recapitulating early events after HH stimulation. We demonstrate the physiologic relevance of this interaction in neural differentiation, where TMED2 functions to repress HH signal strength. Identification of TMED2 as a binder and upstream regulator of SMO opens the way for unraveling the events in the ER–Golgi leading to HH signaling activation. Hedgehog signals orchestrate tissue patterning by binding the receptor Patched and restricting the signal transducer Smoothened. A genetic screen reveals Tmed2 as a new interactor of Smoothened that is required for regulating Smoothened transport from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi to the plasma membrane and hence modulating the strength of Hedgehog signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Di Minin
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Hönggerberg, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (GDM); (AW)
| | - Markus Holzner
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Hönggerberg, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alice Grison
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charles E. Dumeau
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Hönggerberg, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wesley Chan
- Department Anatomy and Cell Biology, Human Genetics and McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Human Genetics and McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Asun Monfort
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Hönggerberg, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Loydie A. Jerome-Majewska
- Department Anatomy and Cell Biology, Human Genetics and McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Human Genetics and McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Henk Roelink
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Anton Wutz
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Hönggerberg, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (GDM); (AW)
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27
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Lamuedra A, Gratal P, Calatrava L, Ruiz-Perez VL, Palencia-Campos A, Portal-Núñez S, Mediero A, Herrero-Beaumont G, Largo R. Blocking chondrocyte hypertrophy in conditional Evc knockout mice does not modify cartilage damage in osteoarthritis. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22258. [PMID: 35334131 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101791rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage acquire a hypertrophic-like phenotype, where Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is pivotal. Hh overexpression causes OA-like cartilage lesions, whereas its downregulation prevents articular destruction in mouse models. Mutations in EVC and EVC2 genes disrupt Hh signaling, and are responsible for the Ellis-van Creveld syndrome skeletal dysplasia. Since Ellis-van Creveld syndrome protein (Evc) deletion is expected to hamper Hh target gene expression we hypothesized that it would also prevent OA progression avoiding chondrocyte hypertrophy. Our aim was to study Evc as a new therapeutic target in OA, and whether Evc deletion restrains chondrocyte hypertrophy and prevents joint damage in an Evc tamoxifen induced knockout (EvccKO ) model of OA. For this purpose, OA was induced by surgical knee destabilization in wild-type (WT) and EvccKO adult mice, and healthy WT mice were used as controls (n = 10 knees/group). Hypertrophic markers and Hh genes were measured by qRT-PCR, and metalloproteinases (MMP) levels assessed by western blot. Human OA chondrocytes and cartilage samples were obtained from patients undergoing knee joint replacement surgery. Cyclopamine (CPA) was used for Hh pharmacological inhibition and IL-1 beta as an inflammatory insult. Our results showed that tamoxifen induced inactivation of Evc inhibited Hh overexpression and partially prevented chondrocyte hypertrophy during OA, although it did not ameliorate cartilage damage in DMM-EvccKO mice. Hh pathway inhibition did not modify the expression of proinflammatory mediators induced by IL-1 beta in human OA chondrocytes in culture. We found that hypertrophic-IHH-and inflammatory-COX-2-markers co-localized in OA cartilage samples. We concluded that tamoxifen induced inactivation of Evc partially prevented chondrocyte hypertrophy in DMM-EvccKO mice, but it did not ameliorate cartilage damage. Overall, our results suggest that chondrocyte hypertrophy per se is not a pathogenic event in the progression of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lamuedra
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Service of Rheumatology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Gratal
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Service of Rheumatology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Calatrava
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Víctor Luis Ruiz-Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Spain.,Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Portal-Núñez
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Mediero
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Service of Rheumatology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Herrero-Beaumont
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Service of Rheumatology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Largo
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Service of Rheumatology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Smith AE, Sigurbjörnsdóttir ES, Steingrímsson E, Sigurbjörnsdóttir S. Hedgehog signalling in bone and osteoarthritis: the role of Smoothened and cholesterol. FEBS J 2022. [PMID: 35305060 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog signalling is essential for development, crucial for normal anatomical arrangement and activated during tissue damage repair. Dysregulation of hedgehog signalling is associated with cancer, developmental disorders and other diseases including osteoarthritis (OA). The hedgehog gene was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, and the pathway is evolutionarily conserved in most animals. Although there are several hedgehog ligands with different protein expression patterns, they share a common plasma membrane receptor, Patched1 and hedgehog signalling pathway activation is transduced through the G-protein-coupled receptor-like protein Smoothened (SMO) and downstream effectors. Functional assays revealed that activation of SMO is dependent on sterol binding, and cholesterol was observed bound to SMO in crystallography experiments. In vertebrates, hedgehog signalling coordinates endochondral ossification and balances osteoblast and osteoclast activation to maintain homeostasis. A recently discovered mutation of SMO in humans (SMOR173C ) is predicted to alter cholesterol binding and is associated with a higher risk of hip OA. Functional studies in mice and human tissue analysis provide evidence that hedgehog signalling is pathologically activated in chondrocytes of osteoarthritic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbi Elise Smith
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Elín Sóley Sigurbjörnsdóttir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eiríkur Steingrímsson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sara Sigurbjörnsdóttir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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29
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Cholesterylation of Smoothened is a calcium-accelerated autoreaction involving an intramolecular ester intermediate. Cell Res 2022; 32:288-301. [PMID: 35121857 PMCID: PMC8888579 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) is a morphogen that binds to its receptor Patched 1 and activates Smoothened (SMO), thereby governing embryonic development and postnatal tissue homeostasis. Cholesterol can bind and covalently conjugate to the luminal cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of human SMO at the D95 residue (D99 in mouse). The reaction mechanism and biological function of SMO cholesterylation have not been elucidated. Here, we show that the SMO-CRD undergoes auto-cholesterylation which is boosted by calcium and involves an intramolecular ester intermediate. In cells, Hh stimulation elevates local calcium concentration in the SMO-localized endosomes through store-operated calcium entry. In addition, we identify the signaling-incompetent SMO D95E mutation, and the D95E mutant SMO can bind cholesterol but cannot be modified or activated by cholesterol. The homozygous SmoD99E/D99E knockin mice are embryonic lethal with severe developmental delay, demonstrating that cholesterylation of CRD is required for full-length SMO activation. Our work reveals the unique autocatalytic mechanism of SMO cholesterylation and an unprecedented role of calcium in Hh signaling.
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30
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Barratt KS, Drover KA, Thomas ZM, Arkell RM. Patterning of the antero-ventral mammalian brain: Lessons from holoprosencephaly comparative biology in man and mouse. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1552. [PMID: 35137563 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adult form and function are dependent upon the activity of specialized signaling centers that act early in development at the embryonic midline. These centers instruct the surrounding cells to adopt a positional fate and to form the patterned structures of the phylotypic embryo. Abnormalities in these processes have devastating consequences for the individual, as exemplified by holoprosencephaly in which anterior midline development fails, leading to structural defects of the brain and/or face. In the 25 years since the first association between human holoprosencephaly and the sonic hedgehog gene, a combination of human and animal genetic studies have enhanced our understanding of the genetic and embryonic causation of this congenital defect. Comparative biology has extended the holoprosencephaly network via the inclusion of gene mutations from multiple signaling pathways known to be required for anterior midline formation. It has also clarified aspects of holoprosencephaly causation, showing that it arises when a deleterious variant is present within a permissive genome, and that environmental factors, as well as embryonic stochasticity, influence the phenotypic outcome of the variant. More than two decades of research can now be distilled into a framework of embryonic and genetic causation. This framework means we are poised to move beyond our current understanding of variants in signaling pathway molecules. The challenges now at the forefront of holoprosencephaly research include deciphering how the mutation of genes involved in basic cell processes can also cause holoprosencephaly, determining the important constituents of the holoprosencephaly permissive genome, and identifying environmental compounds that promote holoprosencephaly. This article is categorized under: Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Congenital Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Congenital Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Environmental Factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen S Barratt
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kyle A Drover
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Zoe M Thomas
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ruth M Arkell
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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31
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Lebensohn AM, Bazan JF, Rohatgi R. Receptor control by membrane-tethered ubiquitin ligases in development and tissue homeostasis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 150:25-89. [PMID: 35817504 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Paracrine cell-cell communication is central to all developmental processes, ranging from cell diversification to patterning and morphogenesis. Precise calibration of signaling strength is essential for the fidelity of tissue formation during embryogenesis and tissue maintenance in adults. Membrane-tethered ubiquitin ligases can control the sensitivity of target cells to secreted ligands by regulating the abundance of signaling receptors at the cell surface. We discuss two examples of this emerging concept in signaling: (1) the transmembrane ubiquitin ligases ZNRF3 and RNF43 that regulate WNT and bone morphogenetic protein receptor abundance in response to R-spondin ligands and (2) the membrane-recruited ubiquitin ligase MGRN1 that controls Hedgehog and melanocortin receptor abundance. We focus on the mechanistic logic of these systems, illustrated by structural and protein interaction models enabled by AlphaFold. We suggest that membrane-tethered ubiquitin ligases play a widespread role in remodeling the cell surface proteome to control responses to extracellular ligands in diverse biological processes.
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32
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Wang Q, Asarnow DE, Ding K, Mann RK, Hatakeyama J, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Cheng Y, Beachy PA. Dispatched uses Na + flux to power release of lipid-modified Hedgehog. Nature 2021; 599:320-324. [PMID: 34707294 PMCID: PMC8785653 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03996-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The Dispatched protein, which is related to the NPC1 and PTCH1 cholesterol transporters1,2 and to H+-driven transporters of the RND family3,4, enables tissue-patterning activity of the lipid-modified Hedgehog protein by releasing it from tightly -localized sites of embryonic expression5-10. Here we determine a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the mouse protein Dispatched homologue 1 (DISP1), revealing three Na+ ions coordinated within a channel that traverses its transmembrane domain. We find that the rate of Hedgehog export is dependent on the Na+ gradient across the plasma membrane. The transmembrane channel and Na+ binding are disrupted in DISP1-NNN, a variant with asparagine substitutions for three intramembrane aspartate residues that each coordinate and neutralize the charge of one of the three Na+ ions. DISP1-NNN and variants that disrupt single Na+ sites retain binding to, but are impaired in export of the lipid-modified Hedgehog protein to the SCUBE2 acceptor. Interaction of the amino-terminal signalling domain of the Sonic hedgehog protein (ShhN) with DISP1 occurs via an extensive buried surface area and contacts with an extended furin-cleaved DISP1 arm. Variability analysis reveals that ShhN binding is restricted to one extreme of a continuous series of DISP1 conformations. The bound and unbound DISP1 conformations display distinct Na+-site occupancies, which suggests a mechanism by which transmembrane Na+ flux may power extraction of the lipid-linked Hedgehog signal from the membrane. Na+-coordinating residues in DISP1 are conserved in PTCH1 and other metazoan RND family members, suggesting that Na+ flux powers their conformationally driven activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel E Asarnow
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ke Ding
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Randall K Mann
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason Hatakeyama
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Departments of Urology, and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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33
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Loo CKC, Pearen MA, Ramm GA. The Role of Sonic Hedgehog in Human Holoprosencephaly and Short-Rib Polydactyly Syndromes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189854. [PMID: 34576017 PMCID: PMC8468456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signalling pathway is one of the major pathways controlling cell differentiation and proliferation during human development. This pathway is complex, with HH function influenced by inhibitors, promotors, interactions with other signalling pathways, and non-genetic and cellular factors. Many aspects of this pathway are not yet clarified. The main features of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signalling are discussed in relation to its function in human development. The possible role of SHH will be considered using examples of holoprosencephaly and short-rib polydactyly (SRP) syndromes. In these syndromes, there is wide variability in phenotype even with the same genetic mutation, so that other factors must influence the outcome. SHH mutations were the first identified genetic causes of holoprosencephaly, but many other genes and environmental factors can cause malformations in the holoprosencephaly spectrum. Many patients with SRP have genetic defects affecting primary cilia, structures found on most mammalian cells which are thought to be necessary for canonical HH signal transduction. Although SHH signalling is affected in both these genetic conditions, there is little overlap in phenotype. Possible explanations will be canvassed, using data from published human and animal studies. Implications for the understanding of SHH signalling in humans will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K. C. Loo
- South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, Department of Anatomical Pathology, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-93829015
| | - Michael A. Pearen
- Hepatic Fibrosis Group, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (M.A.P.); (G.A.R.)
| | - Grant A. Ramm
- Hepatic Fibrosis Group, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (M.A.P.); (G.A.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
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34
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Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS): molecular pathogenesis and emerging drug targets for cardiac repair and regeneration. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:621-632. [PMID: 34488532 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1978069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a severe developmental defect characterized by the underdevelopment of the left ventricle along with aortic and valvular defects. Multiple palliative surgeries are required for survival. Emerging studies have identified potential mechanisms for the disease onset, including genetic and hemodynamic causes. Genetic variants associated with HLHS include transcription factors, chromatin remodelers, structural proteins, and signaling proteins necessary for normal heart development. Nonetheless, current therapies are being tested clinically and have shown promising results at improving cardiac function in patients who have undergone palliative surgeries. AREAS COVERED We searched PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov to review most of the mechanistic research and clinical trials involving HLHS. This review discusses the anatomy and pathology of HLHS hearts. We highlight some of the identified genetic variants that underly the molecular pathogenesis of HLHS. Additionally, we discuss some of the emerging therapies and their limitations for HLHS. EXPERT OPINION While HLHS etiology is largely obscure, palliative therapies remain the most viable option for the patients. It is necessary to generate animal and stem cell models to understand the underlying genetic causes directly leading to HLHS and facilitate the use of gene-based therapies to improve cardiac development and regeneration.
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35
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Wang YF, Liu C, Xu PF. Deciphering and reconstitution of positional information in the human brain development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 10:29. [PMID: 34467458 PMCID: PMC8408296 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Organoid has become a novel in vitro model to research human development and relevant disorders in recent years. With many improvements on the culture protocols, current brain organoids could self-organize into a complicated three-dimensional organization that mimics most of the features of the real human brain at the molecular, cellular, and further physiological level. However, lacking positional information, an important characteristic conveyed by gradients of signaling molecules called morphogens, leads to the deficiency of spatiotemporally regulated cell arrangements and cell–cell interactions in the brain organoid development. In this review, we will overview the role of morphogen both in the vertebrate neural development in vivo as well as the brain organoid culture in vitro, the strategies to apply morphogen concentration gradients in the organoid system and future perspectives of the brain organoid technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Wang
- Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University and University of Edinburgh, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Dr, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Cong Liu
- Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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36
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Sarvari P, Rasouli SJ, Allanki S, Stone OA, Sokol AM, Graumann J, Stainier DYR. The E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Rbx1 regulates cardiac wall morphogenesis in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2021; 480:1-12. [PMID: 34363825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac trabeculae are muscular ridge-like structures within the ventricular wall that are crucial for cardiac function. In zebrafish, these structures first form primarily through the delamination of compact wall cardiomyocytes (CMs). Although defects in proteasomal degradation have been associated with decreased cardiac function, whether they also affect cardiac development has not been extensively analyzed. Here we report a role during cardiac wall morphogenesis in zebrafish for the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Rbx1, which has been shown to regulate the degradation of key signaling molecules. Although development is largely unperturbed in zebrafish rbx1 mutant larvae, they exhibit CM multi-layering. This phenotype is not affected by blocking ErbB signaling, but fails to manifest itself in the absence of blood flow/cardiac contractility. Surprisingly, rbx1 mutants display ErbB independent Notch reporter expression in the myocardium. We generated tissue-specific rbx1 overexpression lines and found that endothelial, but not myocardial, specific rbx1 expression normalizes the cardiac wall morphogenesis phenotype. In addition, we found that pharmacological activation of Hedgehog signaling ameliorates the multi-layered myocardial wall phenotype in rbx1 mutants. Collectively, our data indicate that endocardial activity of Rbx1 is essential for cardiac wall morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Sarvari
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - S Javad Rasouli
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Srinivas Allanki
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Oliver A Stone
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Anna M Sokol
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany.
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37
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Bellchambers HM, Ware SM. Loss of Zic3 impairs planar cell polarity leading to abnormal left-right signaling, heart defects and neural tube defects. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:2402-2415. [PMID: 34274973 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function of ZIC3 causes heterotaxy (OMIM #306955), a disorder characterized by organ laterality defects including complex heart defects. Studies using Zic3 mutant mice have demonstrated that loss of Zic3 causes heterotaxy due to defects in establishment of left-right (LR) signaling, but the mechanistic basis for these defects remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate Zic3 null mice undergo cilia positioning defects at the embryonic node consistent with impaired planar cell polarity (PCP). Cell-based assays demonstrate that ZIC3 must enter the nucleus to regulate PCP and identify multiple critical ZIC3 domains required for regulation of PCP signaling. Furthermore, we show that Zic3 displays a genetic interaction with the PCP membrane protein Vangl2 and the PCP effector genes Rac1 and Daam1 resulting in increased frequency and severity of neural tube and heart defects. Gene and protein expression analyses indicate that Zic3 null embryos display disrupted expression of PCP components and reduced phosphorylation of the core PCP protein DVL2 at the time of LR axis determination. These results demonstrate that ZIC3 interacts with PCP signaling during early development, identifying a novel role for this transcription factor, and adding additional evidence about the importance of PCP function for normal LR patterning and subsequent heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie M Ware
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics.,Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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Suciu SK, Long AB, Caspary T. Smoothened and ARL13B are critical in mouse for superior cerebellar peduncle targeting. Genetics 2021; 218:6300527. [PMID: 34132778 PMCID: PMC8864748 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with the ciliopathy Joubert syndrome present with physical anomalies, intellectual disability, and a hindbrain malformation described as the "molar tooth sign" due to its appearance on an MRI. This radiological abnormality results from a combination of hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and inappropriate targeting of the white matter tracts of the superior cerebellar peduncles. ARL13B is a cilia-enriched regulatory GTPase established to regulate cell fate, cell proliferation, and axon guidance through vertebrate Hedgehog signaling. In patients, mutations in ARL13B cause Joubert syndrome. To understand the etiology of the molar tooth sign, we used mouse models to investigate the role of ARL13B during cerebellar development. We found that ARL13B regulates superior cerebellar peduncle targeting and these fiber tracts require Hedgehog signaling for proper guidance. However, in mouse, the Joubert-causing R79Q mutation in ARL13B does not disrupt Hedgehog signaling nor does it impact tract targeting. We found a small cerebellar vermis in mice lacking ARL13B function but no cerebellar vermis hypoplasia in mice expressing the Joubert-causing R79Q mutation. In addition, mice expressing a cilia-excluded variant of ARL13B that transduces Hedgehog normally showed normal tract targeting and vermis width. Taken together, our data indicate that ARL13B is critical for the control of cerebellar vermis width as well as superior cerebellar peduncle axon guidance, likely via Hedgehog signaling. Thus, our work highlights the complexity of ARL13B in molar tooth sign etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Suciu
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alyssa B Long
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA,Corresponding author: Department of Human Genetics, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta, GA 30322.
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Zhang C, Li Y, Cao J, Yu B, Zhang K, Li K, Xu X, Guo Z, Liang Y, Yang X, Yang Z, Sun Y, Kaartinen V, Ding K, Wang J. Hedgehog signalling controls sinoatrial node development and atrioventricular cushion formation. Open Biol 2021; 11:210020. [PMID: 34062094 PMCID: PMC8169207 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoothened is a key receptor of the hedgehog pathway, but the roles of Smoothened in cardiac development remain incompletely understood. In this study, we found that the conditional knockout of Smoothened from the mesoderm impaired the development of the venous pole of the heart and resulted in hypoplasia of the atrium/inflow tract (IFT) and a low heart rate. The blockage of Smoothened led to reduced expression of genes critical for sinoatrial node (SAN) development in the IFT. In a cardiac cell culture model, we identified a Gli2–Tbx5–Hcn4 pathway that controls SAN development. In the mutant embryos, the endocardial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in the atrioventricular cushion failed, and Bmp signalling was downregulated. The addition of Bmp2 rescued the EndMT in mutant explant cultures. Furthermore, we analysed Gli2+ scRNAseq and Tbx5−/− RNAseq data and explored the potential genes downstream of hedgehog signalling in posterior second heart field derivatives. In conclusion, our study reveals that Smoothened-mediated hedgehog signalling controls posterior cardiac progenitor commitment, which suggests that the mutation of Smoothened might be involved in the aetiology of congenital heart diseases related to the cardiac conduction system and heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaheng Cao
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Yu
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyue Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhui Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinming Liang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Vesa Kaartinen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Keyue Ding
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jikui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
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Gutzmer R, Schulze HJ, Hauschild A, Leiter U, Meier F, Haferkamp S, Ulrich C, Wahl RU, Berking C, Herbst R, Häckl M, Schadendorf D. Effectiveness, safety and utilization of vismodegib in locally advanced basal cell carcinoma under real-world conditions in Germany - The non-interventional study NIELS. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:1678-1685. [PMID: 33931910 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) can arise by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells from multiple epidermal compartments due to aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway. Vismodegib, a small-molecule inhibitor of this pathway, is approved for treatment of patients with locally advanced (la) BCC inappropriate for surgery or radiotherapy or patients with symptomatic metastatic (m) BCC. OBJECTIVES The aim of this non-interventional study was to assess effectiveness with a special focus on duration of response (DOR), safety and utilization of vismodegib for treatment of laBCC in daily practice in Germany. METHODS This non-interventional study (NIS) observed treatment of laBCC with vismodegib according to the German label in clinical practice. All available patients who had received at least one dose of vismodegib between commercial availability of vismodegib in Germany (02 August 2013) and 3 years before end of study (31 March 2016) could be included and were documented retrospectively and/or prospectively for up to 3 years. Primary effectiveness variable was DOR. Assessment of tumour response was carried out by the treating physicians. Exploratory variables included utilization of vismodegib, decision makers for therapy and method of tumour response evaluation. All statistical analyses were descriptive. RESULTS Between September 2015 and March 2019, 66 patients were observed at 26 German centres. The objective response rate (ORR) was 74.2% and the disease control rate (DCR) was 90.9%. The median DOR was 15.9 months (95% CI: 9.2; 25.7; n = 49 patients with response). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 19.1 months and the median time to response (TTR) 2.7 months. A total of 340 adverse events were reported in 63 (95.5%) patients; no new safety signals were identified. CONCLUSIONS The NIS NIELS shows effectiveness and safety of vismodegib in patients with laBCC. It confirms the transferability of the results of the pivotal trial into routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gutzmer
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Mühlenkreiskliniken Minden, Akademisches der Universität Bochum, Minden, Germany
| | - H-J Schulze
- Hauttumorzentrum Hornheide-Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - A Hauschild
- Klinik für Dermatologie, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - U Leiter
- Zentrum für Dermatoonkologie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Meier
- Hautkrebszentrum am Universitäts-Krebscentrum Dresden und Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen, Dresden, Germany.,Abteilung für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Haferkamp
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Ulrich
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie u. Allergologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - R U Wahl
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum der RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - C Berking
- Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), CCC Erlangen EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - R Herbst
- Hauttumorzentrum, Erfurt, Germany
| | - M Häckl
- Roche Pharma AG, Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany
| | - D Schadendorf
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site, Essen, Germany
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41
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Chen J, Tang W, Lin C, Hong Y, Mao C, Lai Y, Liao C, Lin M, Chen W. Defining the critical period of hedgehog pathway inhibitor-induced cranial base dysplasia in mice. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:527-541. [PMID: 33165989 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hedgehog signaling pathway is critical for developmental patterning of the limb, craniofacial and axial skeleton. Disruption of this pathway in mice leads to a series of structural malformations, but the exact role and critical period of the Hh pathway in the early development of the cranial base have been rarely described. RESULTS Embryos exposed to vismodegib from E7.5, E9.5, and E10.5 had a higher percentage of cranial base fenestra. The peak incidence of hypoplasia in sphenoid winglets and severe craniosynostosis in cranial base synchondroses was observed when vismodegib was administered between E9.5 and E10.5. Cranial base craniosynostosis results from accelerating terminal differentiation of chondrocytes and premature osteogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We define the critical periods for the induction of cranial base deformity by vismodegib administration at a meticulous temporal resolution. Our findings suggest that the Hh pathway may play a vital role in the early development of the cranial base. This research also establishes a novel and easy-to-establish mouse model of synostosis in the cranial base using a commercially available pathway-selective inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wenbing Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Central Hospital of Guangdong Nongken, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengquan Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuhang Hong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chuanqing Mao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yongzhen Lai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Caiyu Liao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Minkui Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Weihui Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Biological Materials Engineering and Technology Center of Stomatology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Arveseth CD, Happ JT, Hedeen DS, Zhu JF, Capener JL, Klatt Shaw D, Deshpande I, Liang J, Xu J, Stubben SL, Nelson IB, Walker MF, Kawakami K, Inoue A, Krogan NJ, Grunwald DJ, Hüttenhain R, Manglik A, Myers BR. Smoothened transduces Hedgehog signals via activity-dependent sequestration of PKA catalytic subunits. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001191. [PMID: 33886552 PMCID: PMC8096101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is essential for organ development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Dysfunction of this cascade drives several cancers. To control expression of pathway target genes, the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (SMO) activates glioma-associated (GLI) transcription factors via an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that, rather than conforming to traditional GPCR signaling paradigms, SMO activates GLI by binding and sequestering protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunits at the membrane. This sequestration, triggered by GPCR kinase (GRK)-mediated phosphorylation of SMO intracellular domains, prevents PKA from phosphorylating soluble substrates, releasing GLI from PKA-mediated inhibition. Our work provides a mechanism directly linking Hh signal transduction at the membrane to GLI transcription in the nucleus. This process is more fundamentally similar between species than prevailing hypotheses suggest. The mechanism described here may apply broadly to other GPCR- and PKA-containing cascades in diverse areas of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corvin D. Arveseth
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - John T. Happ
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Danielle S. Hedeen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ju-Fen Zhu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jacob L. Capener
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Dana Klatt Shaw
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ishan Deshpande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jiahao Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jiewei Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sara L. Stubben
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Isaac B. Nelson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Madison F. Walker
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kouki Kawakami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Grunwald
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ruth Hüttenhain
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin R. Myers
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Miyamoto M, Gangrade H, Tampakakis E. Understanding Heart Field Progenitor Cells for Modeling Congenital Heart Diseases. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:38. [PMID: 33694131 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Heart development is a meticulously coordinated process that involves the specification of two distinct populations of cardiac progenitor cells, namely the first and the second heart field. Disruption of heart field progenitors can result in congenital heart defects. In this review, we aim to describe the signaling pathways and transcription factors that link heart field development and congenital heart disease. RECENT FINDINGS Single-cell transcriptomics, lineage-tracing mouse models, and stem cell-based in vitro modeling of cardiogenesis have significantly improved the spatiotemporal characterization of cardiac progenitors. Additionally, novel functional genomic studies have now linked more genetic variants with congenital heart disease. Dysregulation of cardiac progenitor cells causes malformations that can be lethal. Ongoing research will continue to shed light on cardiac morphogenesis and help us better understand and treat patients with congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 835, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Harshi Gangrade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 835, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Emmanouil Tampakakis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 835, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Baker EA, Gilbert SPR, Shimeld SM, Woollard A. Extensive non-redundancy in a recently duplicated developmental gene family. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:33. [PMID: 33648446 PMCID: PMC7919330 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been proposed that recently duplicated genes are more likely to be redundant with one another compared to ancient paralogues. The evolutionary logic underpinning this idea is simple, as the assumption is that recently derived paralogous genes are more similar in sequence compared to members of ancient gene families. We set out to test this idea by using molecular phylogenetics and exploiting the genetic tractability of the model nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, in studying the nematode-specific family of Hedgehog-related genes, the Warthogs. Hedgehog is one of a handful of signal transduction pathways that underpins the development of bilaterian animals. While having lost a bona fide Hedgehog gene, most nematodes have evolved an expanded repertoire of Hedgehog-related genes, ten of which reside within the Warthog family. RESULTS We have characterised their evolutionary origin and their roles in C. elegans and found that these genes have adopted new functions in aspects of post-embryonic development, including left-right asymmetry and cell fate determination, akin to the functions of their vertebrate counterparts. Analysis of various double and triple mutants of the Warthog family reveals that more recently derived paralogues are not redundant with one another, while a pair of divergent Warthogs do display redundancy with respect to their function in cuticle biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that newer members of taxon-restricted gene families are not always functionally redundant despite their recent inception, whereas much older paralogues can be, which is considered paradoxical according to the current framework in gene evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - S P R Gilbert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - S M Shimeld
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - A Woollard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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45
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Kopinke D, Norris AM, Mukhopadhyay S. Developmental and regenerative paradigms of cilia regulated hedgehog signaling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 110:89-103. [PMID: 32540122 PMCID: PMC7736055 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are immotile appendages that have evolved to receive and interpret a variety of different extracellular cues. Cilia play crucial roles in intercellular communication during development and defects in cilia affect multiple tissues accounting for a heterogeneous group of human diseases called ciliopathies. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is one of these cues and displays a unique and symbiotic relationship with cilia. Not only does Hh signaling require cilia for its function but the majority of the Hh signaling machinery is physically located within the cilium-centrosome complex. More specifically, cilia are required for both repressing and activating Hh signaling by modifying bifunctional Gli transcription factors into repressors or activators. Defects in balancing, interpreting or establishing these repressor/activator gradients in Hh signaling either require cilia or phenocopy disruption of cilia. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge on how spatiotemporal control of the molecular machinery of the cilium allows for a tight control of basal repression and activation states of the Hh pathway. We will then discuss several paradigms on how cilia influence Hh pathway activity in tissue morphogenesis during development. Last, we will touch on how cilia and Hh signaling are being reactivated and repurposed during adult tissue regeneration. More specifically, we will focus on mesenchymal stem cells within the connective tissue and discuss the similarities and differences of how cilia and ciliary Hh signaling control the formation of fibrotic scar and adipose tissue during fatty fibrosis of several tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kopinke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Alessandra M Norris
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Jiang Z, Derrick-Roberts AL, Byers S. Altered IHH signaling contributes to reduced chondrocyte proliferation in the growth plate of MPS VII mice. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 25:100668. [PMID: 33117654 PMCID: PMC7582094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone elongation is driven by chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy in the growth plate. Both processes are modulated by multiple signaling pathways including the Indian Hedgehog (IHH) signaling pathway. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of lysosomal storage disorders characterized by accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in multiple tissues and organs, leading to a range of clinical symptoms including bone shortening through mechanisms that are not fully understood. Using MPS VII mice, we previously observed a reduction in the number of proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes and a reduced gene expression of Ihh in the tibial growth plate. We further demonstrate here that IHH secretion by MPS VII chondrocytes was reduced both in vitro and in vivo. While normal chondrocytes showed no response to exogenous IHH, proliferation of MPS VII chondrocytes was stimulated in response to exogenous IHH in vitro. This was accompanied by an elevated gene expression of patched receptor (Ptch1). The results from this study suggested that reduced proliferation in MPS VII growth plate may be partially due to dysfunction of the IHH signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Jiang
- Genetics and Evolution, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ainslie L.K. Derrick-Roberts
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sharon Byers
- Genetics and Evolution, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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47
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Delmotte Q, Hamze M, Medina I, Buhler E, Zhang J, Belgacem YH, Porcher C. Smoothened receptor signaling regulates the developmental shift of GABA polarity in rat somatosensory cortex. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs247700. [PMID: 32989040 PMCID: PMC7595691 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.247700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and its patched-smoothened receptor complex control a variety of functions in the developing central nervous system, such as neural cell proliferation and differentiation. Recently, Shh signaling components have been found to be expressed at the synaptic level in the postnatal brain, suggesting a potential role in the regulation of synaptic transmission. Using in utero electroporation of constitutively active and negative-phenotype forms of the Shh signal transducer smoothened (Smo), we studied the role of Smo signaling in the development and maturation of GABAergic transmission in the somatosensory cortex. Our results show that enhancing Smo activity during development accelerates the shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing GABA in a manner dependent on functional expression of potassium-chloride cotransporter type 2 (KCC2, also known as SLC12A5). On the other hand, blocking Smo activity maintains the GABA response in a depolarizing state in mature cortical neurons, resulting in altered chloride homeostasis and increased seizure susceptibility. This study reveals unexpected functions of Smo signaling in the regulation of chloride homeostasis, through control of KCC2 cell-surface stability, and the timing of the GABA excitatory-to-inhibitory shift in brain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Delmotte
- Aix-Marseille University, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273, Marseille, France
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, Marseille, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Mira Hamze
- Aix-Marseille University, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273, Marseille, France
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, Marseille, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Igor Medina
- Aix-Marseille University, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273, Marseille, France
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, Marseille, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Buhler
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, Marseille, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- Plateforme Post-Génomique, INMED, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Yesser H Belgacem
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, Marseille, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Porcher
- Aix-Marseille University, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273, Marseille, France
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, Marseille, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
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48
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Fang M, Yu Q, Ou B, Huang H, Yi M, Xie B, Yang A, Qiu M, Xu X. Genetic Evidence that Dorsal Spinal Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells are Capable of Myelinating Ventral Axons Effectively in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1474-1483. [PMID: 33051817 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing spinal cord, the majority of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are induced in the ventral neuroepithelium under the control of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, whereas a small subset of OPCs are generated from the dorsal neuroepithelial cells independent of the Shh pathway. Although dorsally-derived OPCs (dOPCs) have been shown to participate in local axonal myelination in the dorsolateral regions during development, it is not known whether they are capable of migrating into the ventral region and myelinating ventral axons. In this study, we confirmed and extended the previous study on the developmental potential of dOPCs in the absence of ventrally-derived OPCs (vOPCs). In Nestin-Smo conditional knockout (cKO) mice, when ventral oligodendrogenesis was blocked, dOPCs were found to undergo rapid amplification, spread to ventral spinal tissue, and eventually differentiated into myelinating OLs in the ventral white matter with a temporal delay, providing genetic evidence that dOPCs are capable of myelinating ventral axons in the mouse spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxi Fang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Baiyan Ou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Min Yi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Binghua Xie
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Aifen Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China.
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Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays several diverse regulatory and patterning roles during organogenesis of the intestine and in the regulation of adult intestinal homeostasis. In the embryo, fetus, and adult, intestinal Hh signaling is paracrine: Hh ligands are expressed in the endodermally derived epithelium, while signal transduction is confined to the mesenchymal compartment, where at least a dozen distinct cell types are capable of responding to Hh signals. Epithelial Hh ligands not only regulate a variety of mesenchymal cell behaviors, but they also direct these mesenchymal cells to secrete additional soluble factors (e.g., Wnts, Bmps, inflammatory mediators) that feed back to regulate the epithelial cells themselves. Evolutionary conservation of the core Hh signaling pathway, as well as conservation of epithelial/mesenchymal cross talk in the intestine, has meant that work in many diverse model systems has contributed to our current understanding of the role of this pathway in intestinal organogenesis, which is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Walton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; , .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; ,
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50
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Somatilaka BN, Hwang SH, Palicharla VR, White KA, Badgandi H, Shelton JM, Mukhopadhyay S. Ankmy2 Prevents Smoothened-Independent Hyperactivation of the Hedgehog Pathway via Cilia-Regulated Adenylyl Cyclase Signaling. Dev Cell 2020; 54:710-726.e8. [PMID: 32702291 PMCID: PMC9042708 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying subcellular targeting of cAMP-generating adenylyl cyclases and processes regulated by their compartmentalization are poorly understood. Here, we identify Ankmy2 as a repressor of the Hedgehog pathway via adenylyl cyclase targeting. Ankmy2 binds to multiple adenylyl cyclases, determining their maturation and trafficking to primary cilia. Mice lacking Ankmy2 are mid-embryonic lethal. Knockout embryos have increased Hedgehog signaling and completely open neural tubes showing co-expansion of all ventral neuroprogenitor markers, comparable to the loss of the Hedgehog receptor Patched1. Ventralization in Ankmy2 knockout is completely independent of the Hedgehog pathway transducer Smoothened. Instead, ventralization results from the reduced formation of Gli2 and Gli3 repressors and early depletion of adenylyl cyclase III in neuroepithelial cilia, implicating deficient pathway repression. Ventralization in Ankmy2 knockout requires both cilia and Gli2 activation. These findings indicate that cilia-dependent adenylyl cyclase signaling represses the Hedgehog pathway and promotes morphogenetic patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sun-Hee Hwang
- Department of Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vivek Reddy Palicharla
- Department of Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kevin Andrew White
- Department of Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hemant Badgandi
- Department of Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John Michael Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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