Cell death: critical control points

Dingxian pill alleviates hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in epileptic mice through TNF-α/TNFR1 signaling pathway inhibition

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Dingxian Pill (DXP), a famous traditional Chinese medicine prescription, and has been widely proven to have positive therapeutic effects on "Xianzheng" (the name of epilepsy in ancient China). However, the anti-epileptic molecular mechanisms of DXP are not yet fully understood and remain to be further investigated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To elucidate the molecular mechanism of DXP's improvement in epileptic neuronal loss, damage and apoptosis by regulating TNF-α/TNFR1 signaling pathway.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided in 6 groups: control group (equal volume of normal saline), model group (180 mg kg-1 pilocarpine hydrochloride - used to establish the epilepsy animal model), carbamazepine group (30 mg kg-1), and low, medium, and high-dose Dingxian Pill groups (4.08, 8.16, and 16.32 g kg-1, respectively - oral administration once daily for 2 weeks). Successful establishment of the epileptic mouse model was monitored with electroencephalography. Pathological changes in hippocampal tissue were analyzed with hematoxylin-eosin staining. Hippocampal neuronal apoptosis was analyzed with TUNEL staining. TNF-α, TNFR1, TRADD, FADD, and caspase-8 mRNA and protein expression levels in hippocampal tissue were analyzed with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot, respectively. Cleaved caspase-8 protein levels in hippocampal tissue were measured with immunohistochemistry and Western blot.

RESULTS

Compared to control, the model group showed an increase in continuous epileptic discharge waves on EEG, a damaged hippocampal neuron morphological structure, increased hippocampal neuronal apoptosis, and significantly increased TNF-α, TNFR1, TRADD, FADD, and caspase-8 mRNA and protein levels, and increased caspase-8 cleavage (P < 0.05). Compared to the model group, the carbamazepine group as well as the low-, medium-, and high-dose Dingxian Pill groups showed decreased epileptic discharges on EEG, an obvious hippocampal neuron morphological structure restoration, varying degrees of attenuated hippocampal neuronal apoptosis, and significantly decreased TNF-α, TNFR1, TRADD, FADD, and caspase-8 mRNA and protein levels as well as decreased caspase-8 cleavage (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Dingxian Pill exerts an anti-epileptic effect through inhibition of TNF-α/TNFR1 signaling pathway-mediated apoptosis in hippocampal neurons.

A literature review on signaling pathways of cervical cancer cell death-apoptosis induced by Traditional Chinese Medicine

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cervical cancer (CC) is a potentially lethal disorder that can have serious consequences for a woman's health. Because early symptoms are typically only present in the middle to late stages of the disease, clinical diagnosis and treatment can be challenging. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been shown to have unique benefits in terms of alleviating cancer clinical symptoms, lowering the risk of recurrence after surgery, and reducing toxic side effects and medication resistance after radiation therapy. It has also been shown to improve the quality of life for patients. Because of its improved anti-tumor effectiveness and biosafety, it could be considered an alternative therapy option. This study examines how TCM causes apoptosis in CC cells via signal transduction, including the active components and medicinal tonics. It also intends to provide a reliable clinical basis and protocol selection for the TCM therapy of CC.

METHODS

The following search terms were employed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, and other scientific databases to retrieve pertinent literature on "cervical cancer," "apoptosis," "signaling pathway," "traditional Chinese medicine," "herbal monomers," "herbal components," "herbal extracts," and "herbal formulas."

RESULTS

It has been demonstrated that herbal medicines can induce apoptosis in cells of the cervix, a type of cancer, by influencing the signaling pathways involved.

CONCLUSION

A comprehensive literature search was conducted, and 148 papers from the period between January 2017 and December 2023 were identified as eligible for inclusion. After a meticulous process of screening, elimination and summary, generalization, and analysis, it was found that TCM can regulate multiple intracellular signaling pathways and related molecular targets, such as STAT3, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, NF-κB, p53, HIF-1α, Fas/FasL and so forth. This regulatory capacity was observed to induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. The study of the mechanism of TCM against cervical cancer and the screening of new drug targets is of great significance for future research in this field. The results of this study will provide ideas and references for the future development of Chinese medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer.

Unveiling an anoikis-related risk model and the role of RAD9A in colon cancer

OBJECTIVE

Colorectal cancer (CRC), specifically colon adenocarcinoma, is the third most prevalent and the second most lethal form of cancer. Anoikis is found to be specialized form of programmed cell death (PCD), which plays a pivotal role in tumor progression. This study aimed to investigate the role of the anoikis related genes (ARGs) in colon cancer.

METHODS

Consensus unsupervised clustering, differential expression analysis, tumor mutational burden analysis, and analysis of immune cell infiltration were utilized in the study. For the analysis of RNA sequences and clinical data of COAD patients, data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were obtained. A prognostic scoring system for overall survival (OS) prediction was developed using Cox regression and LASSO regression analysis. Furthermore, loss-of-function assay was utilized to explore the role of RAD9A played in the progression of colon cancer.

RESULTS

The prognostic value of a risk score composed of NTRK2, EPHA2, RAD9A, CDC25C, and SNAI1 genes was significant. Furthermore, these findings suggested potential mechanisms that may influence prognosis, supporting the development of individualized treatment plans and management of patient outcomes. Further experiments confirmed that RAD9A could promote proliferation and metastasis of colon cancer cells. These effects may be achieved by affecting the phosphorylation of AKT.

CONCLUSION

Differences in survival time and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) were observed between two gene clusters associated with ARGs. In addition, a prognostic risk model was established and confirmed as an independent risk factor. Furthermore, our data indicated that RAD9A promoted tumorigenicityby activating AKT in colon cancer.

Discovery of a Myeloid Cell Leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) Inhibitor That Demonstrates Potent In Vivo Activities in Mouse Models of Hematological and Solid Tumors

Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) is a key regulator of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Overexpression of Mcl-1 is correlated with high tumor grade, poor survival, and both intrinsic and acquired resistance to cancer therapies. Herein, we disclose the structure-guided design of a small molecule Mcl-1 inhibitor, compound 26, that binds to Mcl-1 with subnanomolar affinity, inhibits growth in cell culture assays, and possesses low clearance in mouse and dog pharmacokinetic (PK) experiments. Evaluation of 26 as a single agent in Mcl-1 sensitive hematological and solid tumor xenograft models resulted in regressions. Co-treatment of Mcl-1-sensitive and Mcl-1 insensitive lung cancer derived xenografts with 26 and docetaxel or topotecan, respectively, resulted in an enhanced tumor response. These findings support the premise that pro-apoptotic priming of tumor cells by other therapies in combination with Mcl-1 inhibition may significantly expand the subset of cancers in which Mcl-1 inhibitors may prove beneficial.

Axonopathy Underlying Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Unraveling Complex Pathways and Therapeutic Insights

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive axonopathy, jointly leading to the dying back of the motor neuron, disrupting both nerve signaling and motor control. In this review, we highlight the roles of axonopathy in ALS progression, driven by the interplay of multiple factors including defective trafficking machinery, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Dysfunctional intracellular transport, caused by disruptions in microtubules, molecular motors, and adaptors, has been identified as a key contributor to disease progression. Aberrant protein aggregation involving TDP-43, FUS, SOD1, and dipeptide repeat proteins further amplifies neuronal toxicity. Mitochondrial defects lead to ATP depletion, oxidative stress, and Ca2+ imbalance, which are regarded as key factors underlying the loss of neuromuscular junctions and axonopathy. Mitigating these defects through interventions including neurotrophic treatments offers therapeutic potential. Collaborative research efforts aim to unravel ALS complexities, opening avenues for holistic interventions that target diverse pathological mechanisms.

In-vitro safety assessment of meropenem on human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)

Purpose

Endophthalmitis is a severe infection accompanied by inflammation that affects the anterior and posterior parts of the eye. It is typically treated with a combination of antibiotics that cover various microorganisms. However, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are highly susceptible to damage from intravitreal injection therapy. This study aimed to investigate the impact of clinically relevant concentrations of meropenem (alone or in combination with vancomycin) on the viability and inflammation of RPE cells.

Design

In-vitro Study.

Methods

RPE cells from passages 5-7 were treated with different concentrations of meropenem (1/4x, x, and 4x; [x = 16 mg/L]), vancomycin (30 mg/L), and meropenem (x) plus vancomycin for 24 h. The morphology assessment and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay were performed to evaluate cytotoxicity due to drug treatment. Real-time PCR was used to measure the relative expression of apoptotic genes (BCL-2 and BAX) and inflammation biomarkers (IL-1b and IL-6).

Results

Meropenem (alone or in combination with vancomycin) did not have any significant effect on RPE cell morphology, density, and viability. Gene expression analysis confirmed these results, showing no significant changes in the BCL-2/BAX ratio in drug-treated RPE cells compared to controls. Treatment with meropenem significantly induced the expression of IL-1b at all studied concentrations. Additionally, at concentrations of x and 4x, it also significantly increased the expression of IL-6, which was dose-dependent. However, this effect was not observed with vancomycin alone or in combination with meropenem.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that meropenem, either alone or in combination with vancomycin, does not induce RPE cytotoxicity. There was an upregulation of IL-1b and IL-6 in meropenem monotherapy, the clinical implication of which should be elucidated in future in-vivo or clinical studies.

Visualizing mitochondrial ATP fluctuations in single cells during photodynamic therapy by In-Situ SERS three-dimensional imaging

An ultrasensitive strategy for in-situ visual monitoring of ATP in a single living tumor cell during mitochondria-targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) process with high spatiotemporal resolution was proposed using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) 3D imaging technique. The nanostructures consisting of Au-Ag2S Janus nanoparticles functionalized with both Au nanoparticles linked by a DNA chain and a mitochondrial-targeting peptide (JMDA NPs) were deliberately employed to target mitochondria. The JMDA NPs exhibit excellent SERS activity and remarkable antitumor activity. The quantization of ATP relies on the intensity of the SERS probes bonded to the DNA, which shows a strong correlation with the generated hot spot between the Janus and the Au. Consequently, spatiotemporally controlled monitoring of ATP in the mitochondria of single living cells during the PDT process was achieved. Additionally, the JMDA NPs demonstrated remarkable capability for mitochondria-targeted PDT, providing significant antitumor effects and superior therapeutic safety both in vitro and in vivo. Our work presents an effective JMDA NPs-based SERS imaging strategy for in-situ and real-time 3D visualization of intracellular ATP in living tumor cells during the mitochondria-targeted PDT process, which enables significant information on the time point of PDT treatment and is beneficial to precious PDT applications in tumor therapy.

Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity in Six Classes of Ionic Liquids: Evaluating Cell Cycle Impact and Genotoxic and Apoptotic Effects

Ionic liquids (ILs), earlier praised for their eco-friendliness, have emerged as key chemicals in advancing green chemistry, catalysis, solvent development, and more. However, the discovery of their notable toxicity has led to a controversial reputation of ILs and has shifted the research landscape towards understanding their biological impacts. The present study examines the mechanism of cytotoxicity of 32 ILs across six classes, highlighting their effects on the cell cycle of the Jurkat cell line. Focusing on five ILs with pronounced cytotoxicity, we uncover their genotoxic effects and their role in inducing apoptosis. Our findings suggest intricate interplay between the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways at different time points after exposure to ILs. Moreover, the ILs studied displayed marked genotoxicity, likely stemming from the accumulation of double-strand DNA breaks in the Jurkat cells. This investigation offers a comprehensive view on interactions of ILs with eukaryotic cells, thereby providing new guidelines for developing safer pharmaceutical and industrial applications of these chemicals. The results not only broaden and enhance the previous perceptions but also open new avenues in research, emphasizing the dual potential of ILs in innovation and safety, and marking a significant step towards integrating chemical innovations with biological safety.

Comparative transcriptomics identifies genes underlying growth performance of the Pacific black-lipped pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera

BACKGROUND

In bivalves, the rate at which organisms grow is a major functional trait underlying many aspects of their commercial production. Growth is a highly polygenic trait, which is typically regulated by many genes with small to moderate effects. Due to its complexity, growth variability in such shellfish remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate differential gene expression among spat of the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera with distinct growth phenotypes.

RESULTS

We selected two groups of P. margaritifera spat belonging to the same F2 cohort based on their growth performance at 5.5 months old. Transcriptome profile analysis identified a total of 394 differentially expressed genes between these Fast-growing (F) and Slow-growing (S) phenotypes. According to functional enrichment analysis, S oysters overexpressed genes associated with stress-pathways and regulation of innate immune responses. In contrast, F oysters up-regulated genes associated with cytoskeleton activity, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Analysis of genome polymorphism identified 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with the growth phenotypes. SNP effect categorization revealed one SNP identified for high effect and annotated for a stop codon gained mutation. Interestingly, this SNP is located within a gene annotated for scavenger receptor class F member 1 (SRF1), which is known to modulate apoptosis. Our analyses also revealed that all F oysters showed up-regulation for this gene and were homozygous for the stop-codon mutation. Conversely, S oysters had a heterozygous genotype and a reduced expression of this gene.

CONCLUSIONS

Altogether, our findings suggest that differences in growth among the same oyster cohort may be explained by contrasted metabolic allocation between regulatory pathways for growth and the immune system. This study provides a valuable contribution towards our understanding of the molecular components associated with growth performance in the pearl oyster P. margaritifera and bivalves in general.

Application of quantum dots in brain diseases and their neurotoxic mechanism

The early-stage diagnosis and therapy of brain diseases pose a persistent challenge in the field of biomedicine. Quantum dots (QDs), nano-luminescent materials known for their small size and fluorescence imaging capabilities, present promising capabilities for diagnosing, monitoring, and treating brain diseases. Although some investigations about QDs have been conducted in clinical trials, the concerns about the toxicity of QDs have continued. In addition, the lack of effective toxicity evaluation methods and systems and the difference between in vivo and in vitro toxicity evaluation hinder QDs application. The primary objective of this paper is to introduce the neurotoxic effects and mechanisms attributable to QDs. First, we elucidate the utilization of QDs in brain disorders. Second, we sketch out three pathways through which QDs traverse into brain tissue. Ultimately, expound upon the adverse consequences of QDs on the brain and the mechanism of neurotoxicity in depth. Finally, we provide a comprehensive summary and outlook on the potential development of quantum dots in neurotoxicity and the difficulties to be overcome.

A Multi-Omics Analysis of an Exhausted T Cells' Molecular Signature in Pan-Cancer

T cells are essential tumor suppressors in cancer immunology, but their dysfunction induced by cancer cells can result in T cell exhaustion. Exhausted T cells (Tex) significantly influence the tumor immune environment, and thus, there is a need for their thorough investigation across different types of cancer. Here, we address the role of Tex cells in pan-cancer, focusing on the expression, mutations, methylation, immune infiltration, and drug sensitivity of a molecular signature comprising of the genes HAVCR2, CXCL13, LAG3, LAYN, TIGIT, and PDCD1across multiple cancer types, using bioinformatics analysis of TCGA data. Our analysis revealed that the Tex signature genes are differentially expressed across 14 cancer types, being correlated with patient survival outcomes, with distinct survival trends. Pathway analysis indicated that the Tex genes influence key cancer-related pathways, such as apoptosis, EMT, and DNA damage pathways. Immune infiltration analysis highlighted a positive correlation between Tex gene expression and immune cell infiltration in bladder cancer, while mutations in these genes were associated with specific immune cell enrichments in UCEC and SKCM. CNVs in Tex genes were widespread across cancers. We also highlight high LAYN methylation in most tumors and a negative correlation between methylation levels and immune cell infiltration in various cancers. Drug sensitivity analysis identified numerous correlations, with CXCL13 and HAVCR2 expressions influencing sensitivity to several drugs, including Apitolisib, Belinostat, and Docetaxel. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of reviving exhausted T cells to enhance the treatment efficacy to significantly boost anti-tumor immunity and achieve better clinical outcomes.

Dissecting the neuroprotective interaction between the BH4 domain of BCL-w and the IP3 receptor

BCL-w is a BCL-2 family protein that promotes cell survival in tissue- and disease-specific contexts. The canonical anti-apoptotic functionality of BCL-w is mediated by a surface groove that traps the BCL-2 homology 3 (BH3) α-helices of pro-apoptotic members, blocking cell death. A distinct N-terminal portion of BCL-w, termed the BCL-2 homology 4 (BH4) domain, selectively protects axons from paclitaxel-induced degeneration by modulating IP3 receptors, a noncanonical BCL-2 family target. Given the potential of BCL-w BH4 mimetics to prevent or mitigate chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, we sought to characterize the interaction between BCL-w BH4 and the IP3 receptor, combining "staple" and alanine scanning approaches with molecular dynamics simulations. We generated and identified stapled BCL-w BH4 peptides with optimized IP3 receptor binding and neuroprotective activities. Point mutagenesis further revealed the sequence determinants for BCL-w BH4 specificity, providing a blueprint for therapeutic targeting of IP3 receptors to achieve neuroprotection.

Curcumin and its anti-colorectal cancer potential: From mechanisms of action to autophagy

Colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression, one of the most common cancers globally, is supported by specific mechanisms to escape cell death despite chemotherapy, including cellular autophagy. Autophagy is an evolutionarily highly conserved degradation pathway involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and clearance of foreign bodies, and its imbalance is associated with many diseases. However, the role of autophagy in CRC progression remains controversial, as it has a dual function, affecting either cell death or survival, and is associated with cellular senescence in tumor therapy. Indeed, numerous data have been presented that autophagy in cancers serves as an alternative to cell apoptosis when the latter is ineffective or in apoptosis-resistant cells, which is why it is also referred to as programmed cell death type II. Curcumin, one of the active constituents of Curcuma longa, has great potential to combat CRC by influencing various cellular signaling pathways and epigenetic regulation in a safe and cost-effective approach. This review discusses the efficacy of curcumin against CRC in vitro and in vivo, particularly its modulation of autophagy and apoptosis in various cellular pathways. While clinical studies have assessed the potential of curcumin in cancer prevention and treatment, none have specifically examined its role in autophagy. Nonetheless, we offer an overview of potential correlations to support the use of this polyphenol as a prophylactic or co-therapeutic agent in CRC.

Isolation, identification, and characterization of α- asarone, from hydromethanolic leaf extract of Acorus calamus L. and its apoptosis-inducing mechanism in A549 cells

Due to the presence of several active secondary metabolites, the traditional Indian and Chinese medicinal herb Acorus calamus L. has been utilized for both medical and culinary purposes since ancient times. A recent report has underscored the promising cytotoxic effect of A. calamus leaves extract against non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Thus, we want to separate the bioactive substance from the hydromethanolic extract of A. calamus leaves in the current investigation. Thin-layer chromatography was used to separate the compounds and different spectroscopic methods (UV, FTIR, NMR, and LCMS/MS) were used for the structure prediction. α-asarone was found to be the main bioactive compound present and it was isolated from A. calamus leaves extract. It exerted a good cytotoxic effect with an IC50 value of 21.43 ± 1.27 μM against A549 cells and IC50 value of 324.12 ± 1.32 μM against WI-38 cells. The induction of apoptosis in A549 cells by α-asarone was reaffirmed by the diverse differential staining methods including DAPI, Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide, and Giemsa staining. Additionally, α-asarone induced mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) dissipation with a concomitant increase in the production of ROS. Furthermore, it also increased expressions of caspase-3, caspase-9, caspase-8, DR4, and DR5 genes in A549 cells. In conclusion, α-asarone-induced apoptotic cell death in non-small lung cancer cells (A549) as a result of loss of mitochondrial function, increased ROS production, subsequent activation of an internal and extrinsic caspase pathway, and altered expression of genes controlling apoptosis. As a whole, α-asarone is a plausible therapeutic agent for managing lung cancer. HIGHLIGHTSIsolation of bioactive compound from hydromethanolic leaves extract of Acorus calamus L. by thin layer chromatography.Structural elucidation of the bioactive compound was carried out using different methods like UV analysis, FTIR, NMR, and LC-MS/MS analysis.A plausible mode of action revealed that α-asarone can induce apoptosis in lung cancer cells (A549).Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial

Retatrutide is a novel triple agonist of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucagon receptors. A 48-week phase 2 obesity study demonstrated weight reductions of 22.8% and 24.2% with retatrutide 8 and 12 mg, respectively. The primary objective of this substudy was to assess mean relative change from baseline in liver fat (LF) at 24 weeks in participants from that study with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and ≥10% of LF. Here, in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, participants (n = 98) were randomly assigned to 48 weeks of once-weekly subcutaneous retatrutide (1, 4, 8 or 12 mg dose) or placebo. The mean relative change from baseline in LF at 24 weeks was -42.9% (1 mg), -57.0% (4 mg), -81.4% (8 mg), -82.4% (12 mg) and +0.3% (placebo) (all P < 0.001 versus placebo). At 24 weeks, normal LF (<5%) was achieved by 27% (1 mg), 52% (4 mg), 79% (8 mg), 86% (12 mg) and 0% (placebo) of participants. LF reductions were significantly related to changes in body weight, abdominal fat and metabolic measures associated with improved insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism. The ClinicalTrials.gov registration is NCT04881760 .

Anthocyanins from blueberry ameliorated arsenic-induced memory impairment, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial-biosynthesis imbalance in rat hippocampal neurons

In this study, blueberry anthocyanins extract (BAE) was used to investigate its protective effect on arsenic-induced rat hippocampal neurons damage. Arsenic exposure resulted in elevated levels of oxidative stress, decreased antioxidant capacity and increased apoptosis in rat hippocampal brain tissue and mitochondria. Immunohistochemical results showed that arsenic exposure also significantly decreased the expression of mitochondrial biosynthesis-related factors PGC-1α and TFAM. Treatment with BAE alleviated the decrease in antioxidant capacity, mitochondrial biogenesis related protein PGC-1α/NRF2/TFAM expression, and ATP production of arsenic induced hippocampal neurons in rats, and improved cognitive function in arsenic damaged rats. This study provides new insights into the detoxification effect of anthocyanins on the nervous system toxicity caused by metal exposure in the environment, indicating that anthocyanins may be a natural antioxidant against the nervous system toxicity caused by environmental metal exposure.

Ameliorative potential of eriocitrin against cadmium instigated hepatotoxicity in rats via regulating Nrf2/keap1 pathway

BACKGROUND

Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous heavy metal that adversely affects the vital body organs particularly liver. Eriocitrin (ERCN) is a plant-based flavonoid that is well-known for its wide range of pharmacological potential. This research trial was aimed to determine the ameliorative potential of ERCN against Cd provoked hepatotoxicity in rats.

METHODOLOGY

Twenty-four rats (Rattus norvegicus) were apportioned into control, Cd treated (5 mg/kg), Cd (5 mg/kg) + ERCN (25 mg/kg) and only ERCN (25 mg/kg) administrated group. Expressions of Nrf2/Keap1 pathway and apoptotic markers were assessed through qRT-PCR. The levels of inflammatory and liver function markers were evaluated by using standard ELISA kits.

KEY FINDINGS

Cd exposure reduced the expression of Nrf2 and anti-oxidant genes as well as the activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GSR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione (GSH) contents while escalating the expression of Keap1. Furthermore, Cd intoxication augmented malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in hepatic tissues. Exposure to Cd resulted in a notable elevation in the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Cd administration upregulated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity. Furthermore, Cd administration upsurged Bax and Caspase-3 expression while reducing the expression of Bcl-2. Moreover, Cd intoxication disrupted the normal architecture of hepatic tissues. However, supplementation of ERCN significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated the aforementioned disruptions induced by Cd intoxication.

CONCLUSION

ERCN treatment remarkably ameliorated the hepatic tissues owing to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic potentials. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of ERCN to counteract the adverse effects of environmental pollutants on hepatic tissues.

Discovery of Phenylpyrazole Derivatives as a New Class of Selective Inhibitors of MCL-1 with Antitumor Activity

MCL-1, an antiapoptotic member of the BCL-2 family, is dysregulated and overexpressed in various tumors. In tumors with MCL-1 overexpression, selective inhibitors of MCL-1 are expected to overcome the drug resistance caused by BCL-2 inhibitors currently used in clinical treatment. Here, we employed docking-based virtual screening to identify an active hit, LC126, with binding affinity around 10 μM for MCL-1 and BCL-2. Under the guidance of structure-based design, we obtained a few selective inhibitors of MCL-1 after three rounds of structural optimization. The representative compound GQN-B37-E exhibited binding affinity for MCL-1 at the submicromolar range (K i = 0.6 μM) without apparent binding to BCL-2 or BCL-XL. 15N-heteronuclear single-quantum coherence NMR spectra suggested that this compound binds to the BH3-domain-binding pocket in the MCL-1 surface. Cellular assays revealed that GQN-B37-Me, the precursor of GQN-B37-E, is effective particularly on leukemia cells (such as H929 and MV-4-11) to induce caspase-dependent apoptosis. Its interaction with MCL-1 in cells was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. Administration of GQN-B37-Me to MV-4-11 xenograft mice at 50 mg/kg every 2 days for 20 days led to 43% tumor growth inhibition. GQN-B37-Me also exhibited reasonable in vitro stability in GSH and liver microsomes from several species. This new class of MCL-1 inhibitor may have potential to be further developed into a preclinical candidate for treating leukemia.

Underlying Mechanism of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization in CNS Injury: A Literature Review

Lysosomes play a crucial role in various intracellular pathways as their final destination. Various stressors, whether mild or severe, can induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), resulting in the release of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm. LMP not only plays a pivotal role in various cellular events but also significantly contributes to programmed cell death (PCD). Previous research has demonstrated the participation of LMP in central nervous system (CNS) injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). However, the mechanisms underlying LMP in CNS injuries are poorly understood. The occurrence of LMP leads to the activation of inflammatory pathways, increased levels of oxidative stress, and PCD. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of the latest findings regarding LMP and highlight its functions in cellular events and PCDs (lysosome-dependent cell death, apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy). In addition, we consolidate the most recent insights into LMP in CNS injury by summarizing and exploring the latest advances. We also review potential therapeutic strategies that aim to preserve LMP or inhibit the release of enzymes from lysosomes to alleviate the consequences of LMP in CNS injury. A better understanding of the role that LMP plays in CNS injury may facilitate the development of strategic treatment options for CNS injury.

Fabrication and characterization of unique sustain modified chitosan nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Chitosan (CS) is a biopolymer that offers a wide range in biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity and antimicrobial activity. Syringaldehyde (1) is a naturally occurring organic compound characterized by its use in multiple fields such as pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, textiles and biological applications. Herein, development of chitosan derivative with physicochemical and anticancer properties via Schiff base formation from the reaction of chitosan with sustainable eco-friendly syringaldehyde yielded the (CS-1) derivative. Moreover, in the presence of polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE) or sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as crosslinkers gave chitosan derivatives (CS-2) and (CS-3NPs) respectively. The chemical structures of the new chitosan derivatives were confirmed using different tools. (CS-3NPs) nanoparticle showed improvement in crystallinity, and (CS-2) derivative revealed the highest thermal stability compared to virgin chitosan. The cytotoxicity activity of chitosan and its derivatives were evaluated against HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) and HEp-2 (Human Larynx carcinoma) cell lines. The highest cytotoxicity activity was exhibited by (CS-3NPs) compared to virgin chitosan against HeLa cell growth inhibition and apoptosis of 90.38 ± 1.46% and 30.3% respectively and IC50 of 108.01 ± 3.94 µg/ml. From the above results, it can be concluded that chitosan nanoparticle (CS-3NPs) has good therapeutic value as a potential antitumor agent against the HeLa cancer cell line.

The toxic effects of tetracycline exposure on the physiological homeostasis of the gut-liver axis in grouper

Antibiotic residues, such as tetracycline (TET), in aquatic environments have become a global concern. The liver and gut are important for immunity and metabolism in aquatic organisms. In this study, juvenile groupers were subjected to 1 and 100 μg/L TET for 14 days, and the physiological changes of these fish were evaluated from the perspective of gut-liver axis. After TET exposure, the liver showed histopathology, lipid accumulation, and the elevated ALT activity. An oxidative stress response was induced in the liver and the metabolic pattern was disturbed, especially pyrimidine metabolism. Further, intestinal health was also affected, including the damaged intestinal mucosa, the decreased mRNA expression levels of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-3), along with the increased gene expression levels of inflammation (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α) and apoptosis (Casp-3 and p53). The diversity of intestinal microbes increased and the community composition was altered, and several beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bacteroidales S24-7 group, and Romboutsia) and harmful (Aeromonas, Flavobacterium, and Nautella) exhibited notable correlations with hepatic physiological indicators and metabolites. These results suggested that TET exposure can adversely affect the physiological homeostasis of groupers through the gut-liver axis.

Application of molecular dynamics-based pharmacophore and machine learning approaches to identify novel Mcl1 inhibitors through drug repurposing and mechanics research

Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl1), a critical protein that regulates apoptosis, has been considered as a promising target for antitumor drugs. The conventional pharmacophore screening approach has limitations in conformation sampling and data mining. Here, we offered an innovative solution to identify Mcl1 inhibitors with molecular dynamics-refined pharmacophore and machine learning methods. Considering the safety and druggability of FDA-approved drugs, virtual screening of the database was performed to discover Mcl1 inhibitors, and the hit was subsequently validated via TR-FRET, cytotoxicity, and flow cytometry assays. To reveal the binding characteristics shared by the hit and a typical Mcl1 selective inhibitor, we employed quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations, umbrella sampling, and metadynamics in this work. The combined studies suggested that fluvastatin had promising cell inhibitory potency and was suitable for further investigation. We believe that this research will shed light on the discovery of novel Mcl1 inhibitors that can be used as a supplemental treatment against leukemia and provide a possible method to improve the accuracy of drug repurposing with limited computational resources while balancing the costs of experimentation well.

Long noncoding RNA MALAT-1: A versatile regulator in cancer progression, metastasis, immunity, and therapeutic resistance

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that do not code for proteins but have been linked to cancer development and metastasis. Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT-1) influences crucial cancer hallmarks through intricate molecular mechanisms, including proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The current article highlights the involvement of MALAT-1 in drug resistance, making it a potential target to overcome chemotherapy refractoriness. It discusses the impact of MALAT-1 on immunomodulatory molecules, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins and PD-L1, leading to immune evasion and hindering anti-tumor immune responses. MALAT-1 also plays a significant role in cancer immunology by regulating diverse immune cell populations. In summary, MALAT-1 is a versatile cancer regulator, influencing tumorigenesis, chemoresistance, and immunotherapy responses. Understanding its precise molecular mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapies, and therapeutic strategies targeting MALAT-1 show promise for improving cancer treatment outcomes. However, further research is needed to fully uncover the role of MALAT-1 in cancer biology and translate these findings into clinical applications.

Emerging anticancer potential and mechanisms of snake venom toxins: A review

Animal-derived venom, like snake venom, has been proven to be valuable natural resources for the drug development. Previously, snake venom was mainly investigated in its pharmacological activities in regulating coagulation, vasodilation, and cardiovascular function, and several marketed cardiovascular drugs were successfully developed from snake venom. In recent years, snake venom fractions have been demonstrated with anticancer properties of inducing apoptotic and autophagic cell death, restraining proliferation, suppressing angiogenesis, inhibiting cell adhesion and migration, improving immunity, and so on. A number of active anticancer enzymes and peptides have been identified from snake venom toxins, such as L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), metalloproteinases (MPs), three-finger toxins (3FTxs), serine proteinases (SPs), disintegrins, C-type lectin-like proteins (CTLPs), cell-penetrating peptides, cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs). In this review, we focus on summarizing these snake venom-derived anticancer components on their anticancer activities and underlying mechanisms. We will also discuss their potential to be developed as anticancer drugs in the future.

Modulating responses of indicator genes in cellular homeostasis, immune defense and apoptotic process in the Macrophthalmus japonicus exposed to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate as a plastic additive

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), have been increasingly used as plasticizers to manufacture soft and flexible materials and ubiquitously found in water and sediments in the aquatic ecosystem. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of DEHP exposure on cellular homeostasis (HSF1 and seven HSPs), immune responses (ILF), and apoptotic responses (p53, BAX, Bcl-2). DEHP exposure upregulated the expression of HSF1 and ILF. Moreover, it altered the expression levels of HSPs (upregulation of HSP70, HSP90, HSP40, HSP83, and HSP67B2 and downregulation of HSP60 and HSP21) in conjunction with HSF1 and ILF in the gills and hepatopancreas of M. japonicus exposed to DEHP. At the protein level, DEHP exposure changed apoptotic signals in both tissues of M. japonicus. These findings indicate that chronic exposures to several DEHP concentrations could disturb cellular balance, damage the inflammatory and immune systems, and induce apoptotic cell death, thereby affecting the survival of M. japonicus.

Toxicity of three microcystin variants on the histology, physiological and metabolism of hepatopancreas and intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei

Microcystins (MCs) are prevalent harmful contaminants within shrimp aquaculture systems, exhibiting a diverse array of variants. Gut microbiota can engage in mutual interactions with the host through the gut-liver axis. In this study, the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were subjected to three different variants of MCs (LR, YR, RR) at a concentration of 1 μg/L each, and elucidated the alterations in both intestinal microbiota and hepatopancreas physiological homeostasis. The results showed that all three variants of MCs prompted histological alterations in the hepatopancreas, induced elevated levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (H2O2, T-SOD, and CAT), disturbed the transcription levels of immune-related genes (Crus, ALF, and Lys), along with an increase in apoptotic genes (Casp-3 and P53). Furthermore, the metabolic profiles of the hepatopancreas were perturbed, particularly in amino acid metabolism such as "lysine degradation" and "β-alanine metabolism"; the mTOR and FoxO signaling were also influenced, encompassing alterations in the transcription levels of related genes. Additionally, the alterations were observed in the intestinal microbiota's diversity and composition, particularly potential beneficial bacteria (Alloprevotella, Bacteroides, Collinsella, Faecalibacterium, and Prevotellaceae UCG-001), which exhibited a positive correlation with the metabolite berberine. These findings reveal that the three MCs variants can impact the health of the shrimp by interfering with the homeostasis of intestinal microbial and hepatopancreas physiology.

Mechanisms of intestinal epithelial cell damage by Clostridiumperfringens

Clostridium perfringens, a Gram-positive bacterium, causes intestinal diseases in humans and livestock through its toxins, related to alpha toxin (CPA), beta toxin (CPB), C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), epsilon toxin (ETX), Iota toxin (ITX), and necrotic enteritis B-like toxin (NetB). These toxins disrupt intestinal barrier, leading to various cell death mechanisms such as necrosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Additionally, non-toxin factors like adhesins and degradative enzymes contribute to virulence by enhancing colonization and survival of C. perfringens. A vicious cycle of intestinal barrier breach, misregulated cell death, and subsequent inflammation is at the heart of chronic inflammatory and infectious gastrointestinal diseases. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapies against C. perfringens-associated intestinal diseases.

Mitochondria-lysosome-extracellular vesicles axis and nanotheranostics in neurodegenerative diseases

The intricate functional interactions between mitochondria and lysosomes play a pivotal role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and proper cellular functions. This dynamic interplay involves the exchange of molecules and signaling, impacting cellular metabolism, mitophagy, organellar dynamics, and cellular responses to stress. Dysregulation of these processes has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, mitochondrial-lysosomal crosstalk regulates the exosome release in neurons and glial cells. Under stress conditions, neurons and glial cells exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction and a fragmented network, which further leads to lysosomal dysfunction, thereby inhibiting autophagic flux and enhancing exosome release. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on mitochondrial regulation of cell death, organelle dynamics, and vesicle trafficking, emphasizing their significant contributions to neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we explore the emerging field of nanomedicine in the management of neurodegenerative diseases. The review provides readers with an insightful overview of nano strategies that are currently advancing the mitochondrial-lysosome-extracellular vesicle axis as a therapeutic approach for mitigating neurodegenerative diseases.

The regulation of the apoptotic pore-An immunological tightrope walk

Apoptotic pore formation in mitochondria is the pivotal point for cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis. It is regulated by BCL-2 family proteins in response to various cellular stress triggers and mediates mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). This allows the release of mitochondrial contents into the cytosol, which triggers rapid cell death and clearance through the activation of caspases. However, under conditions of low caspase activity, the mitochondrial contents released into the cytosol through apoptotic pores serve as inflammatory signals and activate various inflammatory responses. In this chapter, we discuss how the formation of the apoptotic pore is regulated by BCL-2 proteins as well as other cellular or mitochondrial proteins and membrane lipids. Moreover, we highlight the importance of sublethal MOMP in the regulation of mitochondrial-activated inflammation and discuss its physiological consequences in the context of pathogen infection and disease and how it can potentially be exploited therapeutically, for example to improve cancer treatment.

The role of programmed cell death in osteosarcoma: From pathogenesis to therapy

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a prevalent bone solid malignancy that primarily affects adolescents, particularly boys aged 14-19. This aggressive form of cancer often leads to deadly lung cancer due to its high migration ability. Experimental evidence suggests that programmed cell death (PCD) plays a crucial role in the development of osteosarcoma. Various forms of PCD, including apoptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, contribute significantly to the progression of osteosarcoma. Additionally, different signaling pathways such as STAT3/c-Myc signal pathway, JNK signl pathway, PI3k/AKT/mTOR signal pathway, WNT/β-catenin signal pathway, and RhoA signal pathway can influence the development of osteosarcoma by regulating PCD in osteosarcoma cell. Therefore, targeting PCD and the associated signaling pathways could offer a promising therapeutic approach for treating osteosarcoma.

Effect of adalimumab as an anti-inflammatory agent on gene expression of retinal pigment epithelial cells

Adalimumab (ADA) is an anti-inflammatory antibody that has FDA approval as a systemic medication for treating noninfectious uveitis. It is also provisionally being investigated as an intravitreal injection for various retinal conditions. This study aimed to assess the effect of ADA on apoptotic, inflammatory, and fibrogenesis gene expression at mRNA and protein levels in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. RPEs were treated with serial concentrations of ADA (0.5x, x, 2x, and 4x; [x = 250 µg/mL]) for 24 hours. MTT assay was done and the mRNA and protein expressions were quantified using real-time PCR and ELISA assay, respectively. The mRNA levels of IL-1b and IL-6 were significantly increased in ADA-treated RPEs at 0.5x and x concentrations. However, the increase in cytokine secretion was observed only in IL-1b at x concentration. TGF-β was significantly upregulated in the 0.5x and 4x doses of ADA both at mRNA and protein levels. MTT assay, along with an unchanged BCL-2/BAX ratio confirmed the safety of ADA on RPEs at all studied concentrations. In conclusion, despite its safety, the 2x concentration of ADA was the only dose that did not ignite the expression of any of the studied inflammatory and fibrogenesis genes. This dosage, which is roughly equal to 2 mg intravitreal dose in a clinical setting, might be referred to as a reference starting point for future in-vivo studies in ocular conditions.

Meta-analysis of endometrial transcriptome data reveals novel molecular targets for recurrent implantation failure

PURPOSE

Gene expression analysis of the endometrium has been shown to be a useful approach for identifying the molecular signatures and pathways involved in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). Nevertheless, individual studies have limitations in terms of study design, methodology and analysis to detect minor changes in expression levels or identify novel gene signatures associated with RIF.

METHOD

To overcome this, we conducted an in silico meta-analysis of nine studies, the systematic collection and integration of gene expression data, utilizing rigorous selection criteria and statistical techniques to ensure the robustness of our findings.

RESULTS

Our meta-analysis successfully unveiled a meta-signature of 49 genes closely associated with RIF. Of these genes, 38 were upregulated and 11 downregulated in RIF patients' endometrium and believed to participate in key processes like cell differentiation, communication, and adhesion. GADD45A, IGF2, and LIF, known for their roles in implantation, were identified, along with lesser-studied genes like OPRK1, PSIP1, SMCHD1, and SOD2 related to female infertility. Many of these genes are involved in MAPK and PI3K-Akt pathways, indicating their role in inflammation. We also investigated to look for key miRNAs regulating these 49 dysregulated mRNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers. Along with this, we went to associate protein-protein interactions of 49 genes, and we could recognize one cluster consisting of 11 genes (consisted of 22 nodes and 11 edges) with the highest score (p = 0.001). Finally, we validated some of the genes by qRT-PCR in our samples.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the meta-signature genes hold promise for improving RIF patient identification and facilitating the development of personalized treatment strategies, illuminating the multifaceted nature of this complex condition.

Mechanisms of Biological Effects of Ionic Liquids: From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms

The review presents a detailed discussion of the evolving field studying interactions between ionic liquids (ILs) and biological systems. Originating from molten salt electrolytes to present multiapplication substances, ILs have found usage across various fields due to their exceptional physicochemical properties, including excellent tunability. However, their interactions with biological systems and potential influence on living organisms remain largely unexplored. This review examines the cytotoxic effects of ILs on cell cultures, biomolecules, and vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Our understanding of IL toxicity, while growing in recent years, is yet nascent. The established findings include correlations between harmful effects of ILs and their ability to disturb cellular membranes, their potential to trigger oxidative stress in cells, and their ability to cause cell death via apoptosis. Future research directions proposed in the review include studying the distribution of various ILs within cellular compartments and organelles, investigating metabolic transformations of ILs in cells and organisms, detailed analysis of IL effects on proteins involved in oxidative stress and apoptosis, correlation studies between IL doses, exposure times and resulting adverse effects, and examination of effects of subtoxic concentrations of ILs on various biological objects. This review aims to serve as a critical analysis of the current body of knowledge on IL-related toxicity mechanisms. Furthermore, it can guide researchers toward the design of less toxic ILs and the informed use of ILs in drug development and medicine.

The Role of Cdo1 in Ferroptosis and Apoptosis in Cancer

Cysteine dioxygenase type 1 (Cdo1) is a tumor suppressor gene. It regulates the metabolism of cysteine, thereby influencing the cellular antioxidative capacity. This function puts Cdo1 in a prominent position to promote ferroptosis and apoptosis. Cdo1 promotes ferroptosis mainly by decreasing the amounts of antioxidants, leading to autoperoxidation of the cell membrane through Fenton reaction. Cdo1 promotes apoptosis mainly through the product of cysteine metabolism, taurine, and low level of antioxidants. Many cancers exhibit altered function of Cdo1, underscoring its crucial role in cancer cell survival. Genetic and epigenetic alterations have been found, with methylation of Cdo1 promoter as the most common mutation. The fact that no cancer was found to be caused by altered Cdo1 function alone indicates that the tumor suppressor role of Cdo1 is mild. By compiling the current knowledge about apoptosis, ferroptosis, and the role of Cdo1, this review suggests possibilities for how the mild anticancer role of Cdo1 could be harnessed in new cancer therapies. Here, developing drugs targeting Cdo1 is considered meaningful in neoadjuvant therapies, for example, helping against the development of anti-cancer drug resistance in tumor cells.

Orexins in apoptosis: a dual regulatory role

The orexins, also referred to as hypocretins, are neuropeptides that originate from the lateral hypothalamus (LH) region of the brain. They are composed of two small peptides, orexin-A, and orexin-B, which are broadly distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Orexins are recognized to regulate diverse functions, involving energy homeostasis, the sleep-wake cycle, stress responses, and reward-seeking behaviors. Additionally, it is suggested that orexin-A deficiency is linked to sleepiness and narcolepsy. The orexins bind to their respective receptors, the orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R), and activate different signaling pathways, which results in the mediation of various physiological functions. Orexin receptors are widely expressed in different parts of the body, including the skin, muscles, lungs, and bone marrow. The expression levels of orexins and their receptors play a crucial role in apoptosis, which makes them a potential target for clinical treatment of various disorders. This article delves into the significance of orexins and orexin receptors in the process of apoptosis, highlighting their expression levels and their potential contributions to different diseases. The article offers an overview of the existing understanding of the orexin/receptor system and how it influences the regulation of apoptosis.

The broad impact of cell death genes on the human disease phenome

Cell death mediated by genetically defined signaling pathways influences the health and dynamics of all tissues, however the tissue specificity of cell death pathways and the relationships between these pathways and human disease are not well understood. We analyzed the expression profiles of an array of 44 cell death genes involved in apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis cell death pathways across 49 human tissues from GTEx, to elucidate the landscape of cell death gene expression across human tissues, and the relationship between tissue-specific genetically determined expression and the human phenome. We uncovered unique cell death gene expression profiles across tissue types, suggesting there are physiologically distinct cell death programs in different tissues. Using summary statistics-based transcriptome wide association studies (TWAS) on human traits in the UK Biobank (n ~ 500,000), we evaluated 513 traits encompassing ICD-10 defined diagnoses and laboratory-derived traits. Our analysis revealed hundreds of significant (FDR < 0.05) associations between genetically regulated cell death gene expression and an array of human phenotypes encompassing both clinical diagnoses and hematologic parameters, which were independently validated in another large-scale DNA biobank (BioVU) at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (n = 94,474) with matching phenotypes. Cell death genes were highly enriched for significant associations with blood traits versus non-cell-death genes, with apoptosis-associated genes enriched for leukocyte and platelet traits. Our findings are also concordant with independently published studies (e.g. associations between BCL2L11/BIM expression and platelet & lymphocyte counts). Overall, these results suggest that cell death genes play distinct roles in their contribution to human phenotypes, and that cell death genes influence a diverse array of human traits.

Nucleolar protein TAAP1/C22orf46 confers pro-survival signaling in non-small cell lung cancer

Tumor cells subvert immune surveillance or lytic stress by harnessing inhibitory signals. Hence, bispecific antibodies have been developed to direct CTLs to the tumor site and foster immune-dependent cytotoxicity. Although applied with success, T cell-based immunotherapies are not universally effective partially because of the expression of pro-survival factors by tumor cells protecting them from apoptosis. Here, we report a CRISPR/Cas9 screen in human non-small cell lung cancer cells designed to identify genes that confer tumors with the ability to evade the cytotoxic effects of CD8+ T lymphocytes engaged by bispecific antibodies. We show that the gene C22orf46 facilitates pro-survival signals and that tumor cells devoid of C22orf46 expression exhibit increased susceptibility to T cell-induced apoptosis and stress by genotoxic agents. Although annotated as a non-coding gene, we demonstrate that C22orf46 encodes a nucleolar protein, hereafter referred to as "Tumor Apoptosis Associated Protein 1," up-regulated in lung cancer, which displays remote homologies to the BH domain containing Bcl-2 family of apoptosis regulators. Collectively, the findings establish TAAP1/C22orf46 as a pro-survival oncogene with implications to therapy.

Anticancer Effects of α-Pinene in AGS Gastric Cancer Cells

Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer globally and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Existing treatment strategies for gastric cancer often present numerous side effects. Consequently, recent studies have shifted toward devising new treatments grounded in safer natural substances. α-Pinene, a natural terpene found in the essential oils of various plants, such as Lavender angustifolia and Satureja myrtifolia, displays antioxidant, antibiotic, and anticancer properties. Yet, its impact on gastric cancer remains unexplored. This research assessed the effects of α-pinene in vitro using a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell-line (AGS) human gastric cancer cells and in vivo via a xenograft mouse model. The survival rate of AGS cells treated with α-pinene was notably lower than that of the control group, as revealed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. This decline in cell viability was linked to apoptosis, as verified by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and annexin V/propidium iodide staining. The α-pinene-treated group exhibited elevated cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X (Bax) levels and reduced Bcl-2 levels compared with the control levels. Moreover, α-pinene triggered the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. In the xenograft mouse model, α-pinene induced apoptosis through the MAPK pathway, devoid of toxicity. These findings position α-pinene as a promising natural therapeutic for gastric cancer.

CyHV-2 infection triggers mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in GiCF cells by upregulating the pro-apoptotic gene ccBAX

Apoptosis is a physiological cell death phenomenon, representing one of the fundamental physiological mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Previous studies have observed typical apoptotic features in Carassius auratus gibelio caudal fin cell (GiCF) infected with Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), and found a significant up-regulation of ccBAX expression in these infected cells. However, the specific apoptotic mechanism involved remains unclear. In this study, we utilized the GiCF cell line to investigate the apoptotic mechanism during CyHV-2 infection. Immunofluorescence staining revealed translocation of ccBAX into mitochondria upon CyHV-2 infection. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that overexpression of ccBAX expedited virus-induced apoptosis, characterized by heightened mitochondrial depolarization, increased transcriptional levels of Cytochrome c (Cyto c) in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria, and augmented Caspase 3/7 enzyme activity. Bax inhibitor peptide V5 (BIP-V5), an inhibitor interfering with the function of Bax proteins, inhibited Bax-mediated apoptotic events through the mitochondrial pathway and attenuated apoptosis induced by CyHV-2. In this study, it was identified for the first time that CyHV-2 induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in GiCF cells, bridging an important gap in our understanding regarding cell death mechanisms induced by herpesvirus infections in fish species. These findings provide a theoretical basis for comprehending viral apoptotic regulation mechanisms and the prevention and control of cellular pathologies caused by CyHV-2 infection.

Artesunate improves glucose and lipid metabolism in db/db mice by regulating the metabolic profile and the MAPK/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway

BACKGROUND

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia. Chronic metabolic abnormalities and long-term hyperglycaemia may result in a wide range of acute and chronic consequences. Previous studies have demonstrated that artesunate(ART) has antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiatherosclerotic, and other beneficial effects, but the specific regulatory mechanism is not completely clear.

AIM

This study investigated the effects of ART on metabolic disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model db/db mice and explored the underlying mechanisms involved.

METHODS

C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice were used to identify the targets and molecular mechanism of ART. Metabolomic methods were used to evaluate the efficacy of ART in improving T2DM-related metabolic disorders. Network pharmacology and transcriptomic sequencing were used to analyse the targets and pathways of ART in T2DM. Finally, molecular biology experiments were performed to verify the key targets and pathways selected by network pharmacology and transcriptomic analyses.

RESULTS

After a 7-week ART intervention (160 mg/kg), the glucose and lipid metabolism levels of the db/db mice improved. Additionally, the oxidative stress indices, namely, the MDA and SOD levels, significantly improved (p<0.01). Linoleic acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, bile acid synthesis, and purine metabolism disorders in db/db mice were partially corrected after ART treatment. Network pharmacology analysis identified important targets of ART for the treatment of metabolic disorders in T2DM . These targets are involved in key signalling pathways, including the highest scores observed for the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that ART could activate the MAPK signalling pathway and two key gene targets, HGK and GADD45. Immunoblotting revealed that ART increases p-PI3K, p-AKT, Glut2, and IRS1 protein expression and suppresses the phosphorylation of p38, ERK1/2, and JNK, returning HGK and GADD45 to their preartesunate levels.

CONCLUSION

Treatment of db/db mice with 160 mg/kg ART for 7 weeks significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and lipid levels. It also improved metabolic imbalances in amino acids, lipids, purines, and bile acids, thereby improving metabolic disorders. These effects are achieved by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway and inhibiting the MAPK pathway, thus demonstrating the efficacy of the drug.

SIRT2 regulates apoptosis by inducing mitophagy in sheep cumulus cells

Cumulus cells surrounding oocytes furnish nutritional support crucial for oocyte maturation in vitro, and thereby enhance oocyte quality significantly. Our previous studies affirmed the role of SIRT2 in regulation of mitochondrial function in sheep granulosa cells. However, the effect of SIRT2 action on mitophagy in these cells remain unclear. Here, RNA-seq was used to scrutinize pathways where differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are enriched following SIRT2 knockdown in cumulus cells. Prior to SIRT2 knock down, cumulus cells were treated with the mitophagy inhibitor Mdivi-1. Potential mechanisms by which SIRT2 affects apoptosis via mitophagy were explored. Results indicated that DEGs after SIRT2 knockdown were enriched in various pathways including mitochondria, mitophagy, and apoptosis. The expression levels of CASP3/CASP9 were significantly increased after mitophagy activation (P < 0.01), whereas inhibition of mitophagy had no effect on apoptosis (P > 0.05). Pretreatment of cumulus cells with Mdivi-1 prior to SIRT2 knockdown significantly reduced the expression of mitophagy-related genes, the number of autolysosomes, the expression of CASP3/CASP9, and the levels of Ca2+ and cytochrome C (P < 0.05). In addition, an improvement in mitochondrial morphology and increases in ATP levels and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy numbers were observed. Interestingly, double knockdown of SIRT2 and MAPK15 was found to reverse increased mitophagy and apoptosis activity caused by SIRT2 knockdown. Our findings indicate that SIRT2 modulate apoptosis in cumulus cells by regulating mitophagy, with MAPK15 likely playing a pivotal role in this process.

Diverse functions of cytochrome c in cell death and disease

The redox-active protein cytochrome c is a highly positively charged hemoglobin that regulates cell fate decisions of life and death. Under normal physiological conditions, cytochrome c is localized in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, and its distribution can extend to the cytosol, nucleus, and extracellular space under specific pathological or stress-induced conditions. In the mitochondria, cytochrome c acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain, facilitating adenosine triphosphate synthesis, regulating cardiolipin peroxidation, and influencing reactive oxygen species dynamics. Upon cellular stress, it can be released into the cytosol, where it interacts with apoptotic peptidase activator 1 (APAF1) to form the apoptosome, initiating caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death. Additionally, following exposure to pro-apoptotic compounds, cytochrome c contributes to the survival of drug-tolerant persister cells. When translocated to the nucleus, it can induce chromatin condensation and disrupt nucleosome assembly. Upon its release into the extracellular space, cytochrome c may act as an immune mediator during cell death processes, highlighting its multifaceted role in cellular biology. In this review, we explore the diverse structural and functional aspects of cytochrome c in physiological and pathological responses. We summarize how posttranslational modifications of cytochrome c (e.g., phosphorylation, acetylation, tyrosine nitration, and oxidation), binding proteins (e.g., HIGD1A, CHCHD2, ITPR1, and nucleophosmin), and mutations (e.g., G41S, Y48H, and A51V) affect its function. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the latest advanced technologies utilized for detecting cytochrome c, along with potential therapeutic approaches related to this protein. These strategies hold tremendous promise in personalized health care, presenting opportunities for targeted interventions in a wide range of conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.

Identification of Anoikis-Related Genes in Spinal Cord Injury: Bioinformatics and Experimental Validation

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious disease without effective therapeutic strategies. To identify the potential treatments for SCI, it is extremely important to explore the underlying mechanism. Current studies demonstrate that anoikis might play an important role in SCI. In this study, we aimed to identify the key anoikis-related genes (ARGs) providing therapeutic targets for SCI. The mRNA expression matrix of GSE45006 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and the ARGs were downloaded from the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB database). Then, the potential differentially expressed ARGs were identified. Next, correlation analysis, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis were employed for the differentially expressed ARGs. Moreover, miRNA-gene networks were constructed by the hub ARGs. Finally, RNA expression of the top ten hub ARGs was validated in the SCI cell model and rat SCI model. A total of 27 common differentially expressed ARGs were identified at different time points (1, 3, 7, and 14 days) following SCI. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of these ARGs indicated several enriched terms related to proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptotic process. The PPI results revealed that most of the ARGs interacted with each other. Ten hub ARGs were further screened, and all the 10 genes were validated in the SCI cell model. In the rat model, only seven genes were validated eventually. We identified 27 differentially expressed ARGs of the SCI through bioinformatic analysis. Seven real hub ARGs (CCND1, FN1, IGF1, MYC, STAT3, TGFB1, and TP53) were identified eventually. These results may expand our understanding of SCI and contribute to the exploration of potential SCI targets.

B-cell lymphoma-2 family proteins in the crosshairs: Small molecule inhibitors and activators for cancer therapy

The B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family of proteins plays a crucial role in the regulation of apoptosis, offering a dual mechanism for its control. Numerous studies have established a strong association between gene disorders of these proteins and the proliferation of diverse cancer cell types. Consequently, the identification and development of drugs targeting BCL-2 family proteins have emerged as a prominent area in antitumor therapy. Over the last two decades, several small-molecules have been designed to modulate the protein-protein interactions between anti- and proapoptotic BCL-2 proteins, effectively suppressing tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. The primary focus of research has been on developing BCL-2 homology 3 (BH3) mimetics to target antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins, thereby competitively releasing proapoptotic BCL-2 proteins and restoring the blocked intrinsic apoptotic program. Additionally, for proapoptotic BCL-2 proteins, exogenous small molecules have been explored to activate cell apoptosis by directly interacting with executioner proteins such as BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) or BCL-2 homologous antagonist/killer protein (BAK). In this comprehensive review, we summarize the inhibitors and activators (sensitizers) of BCL-2 family proteins developed over the past decades, highlighting their discovery, optimization, preclinical and clinical status, and providing an overall landscape of drug development targeting these proteins for therapeutic purposes.

Fluoride-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Approaches for Its Intervention

Fluoride is present everywhere in nature. The primary way that individuals are exposed to fluoride is by drinking water. It's interesting to note that while low fluoride levels are good for bone and tooth growth, prolonged fluoride exposure is bad for human health. Additionally, preclinical studies link oxidative stress, inflammation, and programmed cell death to fluoride toxicity. Moreover, mitochondria play a crucial role in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). On the other hand, little is known about fluoride's impact on mitophagy, biogenesis, and mitochondrial dynamics. These actions control the growth, composition, and organisation of mitochondria, and the purification of mitochondrial DNA helps to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species and the release of cytochrome c, which enables cells to survive the effects of fluoride poisoning. In this review, we discuss the different pathways involved in mitochondrial toxicity and dysfunction induced by fluoride. For therapeutic approaches, we discussed different phytochemical and pharmacological agents which reduce the toxicity of fluoride via maintained by imbalanced cellular processes, mitochondrial dynamics, and scavenging the ROS.

Dihydroartemisinin abolishes cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in vivo

Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a derivative of artemisinin which is primarily used to treat malaria in clinic, also confers protective effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced nephrotoxicity. While, the activities of DHA in cisplatin (CDDP)-caused nephrotoxicity are elusive. To investigate the role and underlying mechanism of DHA in CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity. Mice were randomly separated into four groups: normal, CDDP, and DHA (25 and 50 mg/kg were orally injected 1 h before CDDP for consecutive 10 days). All mice except the normal were single injected intraperitoneally with CDDP (22 mg/kg) for once on the 7th day. Combined with quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analysis, the impact of DHA on renal cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, biochemical indexes, and inflammation in mice were investigated. Moreover, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cells xenograft model was established to elucidate the impact of DHA on tumor-related effects of CDDP. DHA reduced the levels of creatinine (CREA) (p < 0.01) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (p < 0.01), reversed CDDP-induced oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptosis indexes (p < 0.01). Mechanistically, DHA attenuated CDDP-induced inflammation by inhibiting nuclear factor κB p65 (NFκB p65) expression, and suppressed CDDP-induced renal cell apoptosis by inhibiting p63-mediated endogenous and exogenous apoptosis pathways. Additionally, DHA alone significantly decreased the tumor weight and did not destroy the antitumor effect of CDDP, and did not impact AST and ALT. In conclusion, DHA prevents CDDP-triggered nephrotoxicity via reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The mechanisms refer to inhibiting NFκB p65-regulated inflammation and alleviating p63-mediated mitochondrial endogenous and Fas death receptor exogenous apoptosis pathway.

Platycodin D induces apoptosis via regulating MAPK pathway and promotes autophagy in colon cancer cell

Platycodin D (PD) is the main component of triterpene saponins found in Platycodi radix. In this study, we observed a decrease in cell viability, an increase in apoptotic bodies, and an increase in the rate of apoptosis. Also, we observed an increase in cleaved PARP and Bax, a decrease in Bcl-2, and p-ERK, and an increase in p-p38 and p-JNK. Furthermore, a change in cell viability and the expression of p-p38, Bax, and Bcl-2 using the p38 inhibitor revealed a decrease in p-p38 and Bax and an increase in Bcl-2 in the inhibitor treatment group. In addition, we observed an increase in vacuole formation through morphological changes and an increase in acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs). We also observed an increase in the expression of beclin 1, LC 3-I, and -II. There was no significant decrease in cell viability in the group treated with 3-MA, but a decrease in cell viability was noted in the group treated with HCQ. HCQ treatment resulted in an increase in Bax and a decrease in Bcl-2. These findings reveal that in HT-29 colon cancer cells, PD induces apoptosis through the MAPK pathway, thereby exerting anticancer effects. Moreover, autophagy caused by PD inhibits apoptosis by protecting the cells.

Regulator-carrying dual-responsive integrated AuNP composite fluorescence probe for in situ real time monitoring apoptosis progression

Apoptosis is a typical programmed death mode with complex molecular regulation mechanisms. Developing advanced strategies to monitor apoptosis progression is conducive to disease treatment related with apoptosis. Herein, we developed a regulator-carrying dual-responsive integrated AuNP composite fluorescence probe for in situ real time monitoring apoptosis progression. The nanoprobe is constructed by modifying specially designed double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and caspase 3-specific cleavable peptides (pep) to the surface of AuNP. After uptake by cells, the nanoprobe recognizes miRNA 21 and triggers fluorescence recovery, enabling silencing and imaging of the upstream signaling molecule miRNA 21. Once miRNA 21 is silenced, the downstream signaling molecule caspase 3 is activated and cleaves the substrate peptides, and fluorescence is restored for in situ imaging of caspase 3. The apoptosis induced by silencing miRNA 21 has been successfully implemented in HeLa and A549 cells. The expression level of miRNA 21 and corresponding changes of caspase 3 have also been effectively monitored. These results suggested this nanoprobe will be a potential tool for apoptosis-related biomedical research and clinical application.

Dark and Dronc activation in Drosophila melanogaster

The onset of apoptosis is characterized by a cascade of caspase activation, where initiator caspases are activated by a multimeric adaptor complex known as the apoptosome. In Drosophila melanogaster, the initiator caspase Dronc undergoes autocatalytic activation in the presence of the Dark apoptosome. Despite rigorous investigations, the activation mechanism for Dronc remains elusive. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of an auto-inhibited Dark monomer and a single-layered, multimeric Dark/Dronc complex. Our biochemical analysis suggests that the auto-inhibited Dark oligomerizes upon binding to Dronc, which is sufficient for the activation of both Dark and Dronc. In contrast, the previously observed double-ring Dark apoptosome may represent a non-functional or "off-pathway" conformation. These findings expand our understanding on the molecular mechanism of apoptosis in Drosophila.

Electrochemical approach for the analysis of DNA degradation in native DNA and apoptotic cells

The aim of this work was to develop an electrochemical approach for the analysis of DNA degradation and fragmentation in apoptotic cells. DNA damage is considered one of the major causes of human diseases. We analyzed the cleavage processes of the circular plasmid pTagGFP2-N and calf thymus DNA, which were exposed to restriction endonucleases (the restriction endonucleases BstMC I and AluB I and the nonspecific endonuclease I). Genomic DNA from the leukemia K562 cell line was used as a marker of the early and late (mature) stages of apoptosis. Registration of direct electrochemical oxidation of nucleobases of DNA molecules subjected to restriction endonuclease or apoptosis processes was proposed for the detection of these biochemical events. Label-free differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) has been used to measure endonuclease activities and DNA damage using carbon nanotube-modified electrodes. The present DPV technique provides a promising platform for high-throughput screening of DNA hydrolases and for registering the efficiency of apoptotic processes. DPV comparative analysis of the circular plasmid pTagGFP2-N in its native supercoiled state and plasmids restricted to 4 and 23 parts revealed significant differences in their electrochemical behavior. Electrochemical analysis was fully confirmed by means of traditional methods of DNA analysis and registration of apoptotic process, such as gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry.