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Nakase T, Brownwright T, Okunromade O, Egwuenu A, Ogunbode O, Lawal B, Akanbi K, Grant G, Bassey OO, Coughlin MM, Bankamp B, Adetifa I, Metcalf CJE, Ferrari M. The impact of sub-national heterogeneities in demography and epidemiology on the introduction of rubella vaccination programs in Nigeria. Vaccine 2024; 42:125982. [PMID: 38811269 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Rubella infection during pregnancy can result in miscarriage or infants with a constellation of birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). When coverage is inadequate, rubella vaccination can increase CRS cases by increasing the average age of infection. Thus, the World Health Organisation recommends that countries introducing rubella vaccine be able to vaccinate at least 80% of each birth cohort. Previous studies have focused on national-level analyses and have overlooked sub-national variation in introduction risk. We characterised the sub-national heterogeneity in rubella transmission within Nigeria and modelled local rubella vaccine introduction under different scenarios to refine the set of conditions and strategies required for safe rubella vaccine use. Across Nigeria, the basic reproduction number ranged from 2.6 to 6.2. Consequently, the conditions for safe vaccination varied across states with low-risk areas requiring coverage levels well below 80 %. In high-risk settings, inadequate routine coverage needed to be supplemented by campaigns that allowed for gradual improvements in vaccination coverage over time. Understanding local heterogeneities in both short-term and long-term epidemic dynamics can permit earlier nationwide introduction of rubella vaccination and identify sub-national areas suitable for program monitoring, program improvement and campaign support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Nakase
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Tenley Brownwright
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Abiodun Egwuenu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Oladipo Ogunbode
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Bola Lawal
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Kayode Akanbi
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Gavin Grant
- Global Immunization Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Orji O Bassey
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Melissa M Coughlin
- Division of Viral Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bettina Bankamp
- Division of Viral Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ifedayo Adetifa
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew Ferrari
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Shanmugasundaram D, Viswanathan R, Winter AK, Agarwal A, Roychowdhury B, Muliyil D, Prasad GRV, Pushpalatha K, Gowda M, Singh P, Priyasree J, Bonu R, Jha S, Kumar Jena S, Jain S, Suri V, Hebbale V, Jain A, Mary Abraham A, Mishra B, Kumar Pati B, Biswas D, Pratkeye D, Ashok M, Singh MP, Dhodapkar R, Ray R, Gadepalli R, Ratho RK, Rani S, Shukla S, Ali A S, Lakshmi Nag V, Sabarinathan R, Saravana Kumar V, Priya R P, Dwibedi B, Sapkal G, Singh H, Singh K, Tiwari L, Jain M, Mondal N, Sreenivasan P, Mahantesh S, Verma S, Awasthi S, Malik S, Santhanam S, Datta S, Kumar A, Kant Chowdhary B, Khera D, Jain M, Kumar P, Pati S, Tripathi S, Murhekar M. Rubella immunity among pregnant women and the burden of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in India, 2022. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00718-7. [PMID: 38960788 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND India aims to eliminate rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) by 2023. We conducted serosurveys among pregnant women to monitor the trend of rubella immunity and estimate the CRS burden in India following a nationwide measles and rubella vaccination campaign. METHODS We surveyed pregnant women at 13 sentinel sites across India from Aug to Oct 2022 to estimate seroprevalence of rubella IgG antibodies. Using age-specific seroprevalence data from serosurveys conducted during 2017/2019 (prior to and during the vaccination campaign) and 2022 surveys (after the vaccination campaign), we developed force of infection (FOI) models and estimated incidence and burden of CRS. RESULTS In 2022, rubella seroprevalence was 85.2% (95% CI: 84.0, 86.2). Among 10 sites which participated in both rounds of serosurveys, the seroprevalence was not different between the two periods (pooled prevalence during 2017/2019: 83.5%, 95% CI: 82.1, 84.8; prevalence during 2022: 85.1%, 95% CI: 83.8, 86.3). The estimated annual incidence of CRS during 2017/2019 in India was 218.3 (95% CI: 209.7, 226.5) per 100, 000 livebirths, resulting in 47,120 (95% CI: 45,260, 48,875) cases of CRS every year. After measles-rubella (MR) vaccination campaign, the estimated incidence of CRS declined to 5.3 (95% CI: 0, 21.2) per 100,000 livebirths, resulting in 1141 (95% CI: 0, 4,569) cases of CRS during the post MR-vaccination campaign period. CONCLUSION The incidence of CRS in India has substantially decreased following the nationwide MR vaccination campaign. About 15% of women in childbearing age in India lack immunity to rubella and hence susceptible to rubella infection. Since there are no routine rubella vaccination opportunities for this age group under the national immunization program, it is imperative to maintain high rates of rubella vaccination among children to prevent rubella virus exposure among women of childbearing age susceptible for rubella.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - G R V Prasad
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - K Pushpalatha
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Mamatha Gowda
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | | | - J Priyasree
- Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | | | - Sangam Jha
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | | | - Shuchi Jain
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, India
| | - Vanita Suri
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Amita Jain
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M Ashok
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Mini P Singh
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rahul Dhodapkar
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Raja Ray
- Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | | | - R K Ratho
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Syed Ali A
- Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | | | - R Sabarinathan
- ICMR - National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | | | - Padma Priya R
- ICMR - National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | - Kuldeep Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Lokesh Tiwari
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Manish Jain
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, India
| | - Nivedita Mondal
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | | | - S Mahantesh
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sanjay Verma
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Shikha Malik
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Supratim Datta
- Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Amber Kumar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Daisy Khera
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Mahendra Jain
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sananda Pati
- Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Manoj Murhekar
- ICMR - National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India.
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Izquierdo-Condoy JS, Vásconez-Gonzáles J, Morales-Lapo E, Tello-De-la-Torre A, Naranjo-Lara P, Fernández R, Hidalgo MR, Escobar A, Yépez VH, Díaz AM, Oliva C, Ortiz-Prado E. Beyond the acute phase: a comprehensive literature review of long-term sequelae resulting from infectious diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1293782. [PMID: 38357446 PMCID: PMC10864624 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1293782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases have consistently served as pivotal influences on numerous civilizations, inducing morbidity, mortality, and consequently redirecting the course of history. Their impact extends far beyond the acute phase, characterized by the majority of symptom presentations, to a multitude of adverse events and sequelae that follow viral, parasitic, fungal, or bacterial infections. In this context, myriad sequelae related to various infectious diseases have been identified, spanning short to long-term durations. Although these sequelae are known to affect thousands of individuals individually, a comprehensive evaluation of all potential long-term effects of infectious diseases has yet to be undertaken. We present a comprehensive literature review delineating the primary sequelae attributable to major infectious diseases, categorized by systems, symptoms, and duration. This compilation serves as a crucial resource, illuminating the long-term ramifications of infectious diseases for healthcare professionals worldwide. Moreover, this review highlights the substantial burden that these sequelae impose on global health and economies, a facet often overshadowed by the predominant focus on the acute phase. Patients are frequently discharged following the resolution of the acute phase, with minimal long-term follow-up to comprehend and address potential sequelae. This emphasizes the pressing need for sustained vigilance, thorough patient monitoring, strategic health management, and rigorous research to understand and mitigate the lasting economic and health impacts of infectious diseases more fully.
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Calado AM, Seixas F, Pires MDA. Updating an Overview of Teratology. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2753:1-38. [PMID: 38285332 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
In this chapter, the authors aim to update an overview of the principles of teratology, beginning with the definition of teratology, the critical point at which this process occurs, and some of the most common etiological agents that improve our understanding of teratology.Modern teratology has greatly improved in recent years with advances in new methods in molecular biology, toxicology, animal laboratory science, and genetics, increasing our knowledge of ambient influences. Nevertheless, there is a lot to do to reduce the influence of hazardous intervening agents, whether they target our genetics or not, that can negatively affect pregnancy and induce congenital development disorders, including morphological, biochemical, or behavioral defects.Certain agents might indeed be related to certain defects, but we have not been able to identify the cause of most congenital defects, which highlights the importance of finding and testing out new genetics techniques and conducting laboratory animal science to unravel the etiology and pathogenicity of each congenital defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Calado
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4Animals), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4Animals), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria Dos Anjos Pires
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4Animals), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
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5
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Garrouste C, Juet A, Samson AL. Direct and crowding-out effects of a Hepatitis B vaccination campaign. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2023; 51:101279. [PMID: 37567047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2023.101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate the direct and spillover causal effects of a Hepatitis B (HB) vaccination campaign in French schools on the vaccination adherence of the targeted pupils. Using a regression discontinuity design, we show that this campaign created an exogenous shock on vaccination behavior, increasing the HB vaccination rate for children aged 11 and above. At the same time, we show a drop in the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination rate of the targeted pupils and an increase in the parental belief that measles is a benign disease. We interpret these results as a salience effect: the focus on HB vaccination leads to a decrease in the belief that other vaccines are as important. The effect on MMR vaccination was relatively unexpected and may imply a negative externality. Measles is an extremely contagious disease. If the vaccination rate falls, the disease will spread further, raising the question of the net effect of the HB vaccination campaign on the well-being of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Garrouste
- Université de Lille, CNRS, IESEG School of Management, UMR 9221 - LEM - Lille Économie Management, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Arthur Juet
- Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Research University, CNRS, IRD, LEDa, LEGOS; Place du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 75016 Paris, France.
| | - Anne-Laure Samson
- Université Paris-Panthéon Assas, LEMMA, 4 rue Blaise Desgoffe, 75006 Paris, France.
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Gunasekaran PK, Shanmugasundaram D, Santhanam S, Verma S, Singh K, Dwibedi B, Awasthi S, Singh H, Sangappa M, Mondal N, Sreenivasan P, Saradakutty G, Malik S, Jain M, Viswanathan R, Sapkal G, Tripathi S, Patel B, Jain MK, Naganur SH, Baranwal A, Rohit MK, Deora S, Sharma A, Anantharaj A, Pillai LS, Kumar A, Ramasamy S, Rajendran PP, Singh MP, Ratho RK, Nag V, Gadepalli R, Mishra B, Som TK, Jain A, Devara SM, Vannavada SR, Munivenkatappa A, Abraham AM, Dhodapkar R, Ali S, Biswas D, Pratkeye D, Bavdekar A, Prakash J, Ray J, Murhekar M. Profile of cardiac lesions among laboratory confirmed congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) infants: a nationwide sentinel surveillance, India, 2016-22. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2023; 16:100268. [PMID: 37662056 PMCID: PMC10474486 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The phenotypical profile of cardiovascular malformations in patients with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is varied. We aimed to describe the profile of cardiac defects among CRS patients detected in the sentinel CRS surveillance in India during 2016-22. Methods Sentinel sites enrolled infants with suspected CRS based on presence of cardiac defects, hearing impairment, eye signs, or maternal history of febrile rash illness. Suspected CRS cases underwent detailed systemic examination, including echocardiography and serological investigation for rubella. Cardiac defects were categorized as 'Simple' or 'Complex' as per the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute classification. We compared the distribution of cardiac defects among laboratory confirmed CRS cases and seronegative discarded cases. Findings Of the 4578 suspected CRS cases enrolled by 14 sites, 558 (12.2%) were laboratory confirmed. 419 (75.1%) laboratory confirmed cases had structural heart defects (simple defects: n = 273, 65.2%, complex defects: n = 144, 34.4%), with ventricular septal defect (42.7%), atrial septal defect (39.4%), patent ductus arteriosus (36.5%), and tetralogy of Fallot as the commonest defects (4.5%). Laboratory confirmed CRS cases had higher odds of left to right shunt lesions (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.15-2.17). This was mainly on account of a significant association of PDA with CRS (OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.42-2.21). Mortality was higher among CRS patients with complex heart defects (HR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.26-3.30). Interpretation Three-fourths of the laboratory confirmed CRS cases had structural heart defects. CRS patients with complex cardiac defects had higher mortality. Detecting CRS infection early and providing timely intervention for cardiovascular defects is critical for the management of CRS patients. Funding Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt of India, through Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sanjay Verma
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Nivedita Mondal
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | | | | | - Shikha Malik
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Manish Jain
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arun Baranwal
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj K Rohit
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Akhil Sharma
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Avinash Anantharaj
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | | | - Amber Kumar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | | | | | - Mini P. Singh
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Radha Kanta Ratho
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Amita Jain
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Rahul Dhodapkar
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Syed Ali
- Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | | | | | | | - Jayant Prakash
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Jaydeb Ray
- Institute of Child Health, Kolkata, India
| | - Manoj Murhekar
- ICMR – National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
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7
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Popova G, Retallack H, Kim CN, Wang A, Shin D, DeRisi JL, Nowakowski T. Rubella virus tropism and single-cell responses in human primary tissue and microglia-containing organoids. eLife 2023; 12:RP87696. [PMID: 37470786 PMCID: PMC10370260 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus is an important human pathogen that can cause neurological deficits in a developing fetus when contracted during pregnancy. Despite successful vaccination programs in the Americas and many developed countries, rubella remains endemic in many regions worldwide and outbreaks occur wherever population immunity is insufficient. Intense interest since rubella virus was first isolated in 1962 has advanced our understanding of clinical outcomes after infection disrupts key processes of fetal neurodevelopment. Yet it is still largely unknown which cell types in the developing brain are targeted. We show that in human brain slices, rubella virus predominantly infects microglia. This infection occurs in a heterogeneous population but not in a highly microglia-enriched monoculture in the absence of other cell types. By using an organoid-microglia model, we further demonstrate that rubella virus infection leads to a profound interferon response in non-microglial cells, including neurons and neural progenitor cells, and this response is attenuated by the presence of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Popova
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Hanna Retallack
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Chang N Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Albert Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - David Shin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Tomasz Nowakowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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8
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Badoni G, Gupta PK, Gupta P, Kaistha N, Mathuria YP, Pai MO, Kant R. Dengue-chikungunya infection in the tertiary care hospital of northern India: Cross-sectional latent class cluster analysis in viral infection. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14019. [PMID: 36925523 PMCID: PMC10011203 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cases of dengue and chikungunya fever are escalating all over India. Both viruses share a common vector, the "Aedes" mosquito. Due to similar clinical symptoms, both the dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) virus can circulate as co-infection. There is very limited data available on dengue-chikungunya co-infection in Uttarakhand, India. The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of dengue and chikungunya virus infections, as well as their co-infection, in patients presenting with clinical symptoms. Serum samples of clinically suspected patients from the tertiary care hospital of Uttarakhand were collected, and Latent Class Cluster Analysis was performed for clinical profiling. ELISA was performed for DENV and CHIKV. 279 cases were enrolled, out of which 222 (79.5%) came positive for dengue NS1 Ag, 143 (51.2%) for dengue IgM, 98 (35.1%) for IgG followed by 16 (5.7%) of CHIKV IgM, and 4 (1.4%) were NS1 Ag with CHIKV IgM. Among the clinical features, fever (n = 270, 96.8%) was the most common symptom in all suspected dengue and chikungunya cases. Other symptoms like chills (n = 254, 91.0%), arthralgia (n = 241, 86.4%), and headache (n = 240, 86.0%) were present in a significant number. Results showed fewer odds of getting both DENV and CHIKV infection simultaneously, but the risk is still not negligible. This study explores the clinical presentation of the suspected dengue-chikungunya case. The increasing incidence of dengue and chikungunya and their co-infection necessitate the authorities' active surveillance of endemic regions and effective patient care management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Badoni
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
| | - Puneet Kumar Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, India
| | - Pratima Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Neelam Kaistha
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
| | | | - Manju O. Pai
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
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9
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Nagieva FG, Barkova EP, Stroeva AD, Ammur YI, Sidorov AV, Kharchenko OS, Bukhtoyarov GN, Svitich OA, Zverev VV. Biological properties of domestic strain vRub-Ant of rubella virus. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND IMMUNOBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Rubella is a mild infectious disease affecting mainly children and is caused by the rubella virus, part of the Matonoviridae family, genus Rubivirus. Rubella causes congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and is the main cause of developmental abnormalities, especially blindness and deafness.
There is no specific treatment for rubella and CRS. In order to avoid possible complications from rubella infection, a live attenuated rubella vaccine based on the foreign strain of Wistar RA 27/3 rubella virus is used. However, the actual, more effective and preferred vaccine strain the rubella virus for the Russian Federation is considered to be a viral strain of rubella circulating on its territory.
The aim of the study was to study the biological properties of the developed domestic cold-adapted strain vRub-Ant circulating in the territory of the Russian Federation.
Materials and methods. Following cell cultures were used in the study human embryo lung diploid cell strain LECH-3, transferable cell line from embryonic kidney cells of green monkeys Vero CCL-81 and Vero ECC, human mesenchymal stem cells, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Cell cultures were grown on a DMEM/F12 nutrient medium with the addition of 5% fetal bovine serum. Swabs from the pharynx and nasal passages from a child with rubella were used as clinical virus-containing material. Monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies m(anti-ID)Ab were used to assess the expression level of alpha/beta and gamma interferon receptors (/ and IFN-R)Ab, imitating the biological effects of alpha/beta and gamma interferons (/ and IFN) of humans. The cultural, virological, immunochemical and serological research methods were applied in the study.
Results. Attenuation of the vRub-Ant clinical isolate of rubella virus was carried out for 20 consecutive passages on LECH-3 diploid cells at a reduced temperature of 30C. The main biological markers of attenuation were determined to be ts and ca phenotypes. The avirulence of the attenuated viral strain (att-phenotype) was assessed by the level of expression of / and IFN-R. A lower level of / and IFN-R expression was found on the membranes of human PBMC induced by the vaccine strain vRub-Ant in comparison with the parent wild variant of the rubella virus. This trait,the att phenotype, is characteristic of attenuated viral strains. It has been shown that the vaccine strain vRub-Ant has lost neurotropism and was unable to bind to the membrane receptors of the brain (MRB) of guinea pig embryos, unlike its parent rubella virus strain. The high immunogenicity of the domestic cold-adapted strain vRub-Ant was confirmed by high titers of neutralizing rubella antibodies observed in guinea pigs immunized subcutaneously with one vaccination dose of the virus.
Conclusion. A domestic attenuated vaccine strain vRub-Ant of the rubella virus that has the main biological markers of attenuation (ts-ca and att phenotypes) has been developed. The vaccine strain vRub-Ant induces a high levels of neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs following the immunization with a single vaccination dose of the vaccine. The viral strain vRub-Ant has lost its tropism to the MRB of guinea pig embryos, unlike its parent variant.
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Interferon Lambda Signals in Maternal Tissues to Exert Protective and Pathogenic Effects in a Gestational Stage-Dependent Manner. mBio 2022; 13:e0385721. [PMID: 35471083 PMCID: PMC9239100 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03857-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon lambda (IFN-λ) (type III IFN) is constitutively secreted from human placental cells in culture and reduces Zika virus (ZIKV) transplacental transmission in mice. However, the roles of IFN-λ during healthy pregnancy and in restricting congenital infection remain unclear. Here, we used mice lacking the IFN-λ receptor (Ifnlr1-/-) to generate pregnancies lacking either maternal or fetal IFN-λ responsiveness and found that the antiviral effect of IFN-λ resulted from signaling exclusively in maternal tissues. This protective effect depended on gestational stage, as infection earlier in pregnancy (E7 rather than E9) resulted in enhanced transplacental transmission of ZIKV. In Ifnar1-/- dams, which sustain robust ZIKV infection, maternal IFN-λ signaling caused fetal resorption and intrauterine growth restriction. Pregnancy pathology elicited by poly(I·C) treatment also was mediated by maternal IFN-λ signaling, specifically in maternal leukocytes, and also occurred in a gestational stage-dependent manner. These findings identify an unexpected effect of IFN-λ signaling, specifically in maternal (rather than placental or fetal) tissues, which is distinct from the pathogenic effects of IFN-αβ (type I IFN) during pregnancy. These results highlight the complexity of immune signaling at the maternal-fetal interface, where disparate outcomes can result from signaling at different gestational stages. IMPORTANCE Pregnancy is an immunologically complex situation, which must balance protecting the fetus from maternal pathogens with preventing maternal immune rejection of non-self fetal and placental tissue. Cytokines, such as interferon lambda (IFN-λ), contribute to antiviral immunity at the maternal-fetal interface. We found in a mouse model of congenital Zika virus infection that IFN-λ can have either a protective antiviral effect or cause immune-mediated pathology, depending on the stage of gestation when IFN-λ signaling occurs. Remarkably, both the protective and pathogenic effects of IFN-λ occurred through signaling exclusively in maternal immune cells rather than in fetal or placental tissues or in other maternal cell types, identifying a new role for IFN-λ at the maternal-fetal interface.
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11
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Aldabbagh KA, Alnori MKJ, Almola KW. TORCH, Anti-cardiolepin, and Anti-phospholipids in Women with Repeated Miscarriage in Mosul City. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and Objective: The present study aimed to identify a connection between common viral infections and women who had repeatedly miscarriages.
Material and Methods: This study is a retrospective study which has been carried out on 2010 records in Mosul city/Iraq, and the patients were all women of child-bearing age (20-35 years old). All of the women had suffered from an abortion at least once before. The target viruses in charge for this study include; Toxoplasma gundi, Cytomegalovirus, Rubella virus, and Herpes virus.
Results and Conclusion: The analysis is based on the detection of the anti-bodies which confirmed a negative correlation between antibodies level and active viral infection, together with no clear association between the presence of active infectious status and miscarriage. Additionally, only few positive cases for each individual patient were positive for viral infection. Hence, the outcome confirmed no clear association between presence of infectious agent and repeated miscarriage. Nonetheless, rubella and cytomegalovirus have shown the highest contribution in this regard.
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Gupta A, Goyal N, Shankar P, Verma M. A study of adult rubella outbreak and its implications on increasing number of women in uniform. Med J Armed Forces India 2022; 78:147-150. [PMID: 35463551 PMCID: PMC9023547 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rubella, although a fairly innocuous disease, is a known cause of severe birth defects in newborn. With number of women in uniform on the rise and they being assigned instructional and medical care duties, adult rubella outbreak in a training centre as in this study poses grave threat to them; besides, having disruption potential for their training. Methods This study was conducted at an Airmen Training Centre of the Indian Air Force having more than 2500 recruits, in five squadrons. All cases of fever with rash and/or lymphadenopathy were included in the study. The demographic, epidemiological and clinical data of all the cases were analyzed and medical records reviewed. Results A total of 31 male recruits reported over 5 days. Among those, 21 cases were from a single squadron to which the index belonged. Twelve women officers were doing instructional duties at the time of outbreak though none became infected. Fever with a rash (90.32%) was the commonest presentation, and lymphadenopathy (64.51%) was the most common sign. Attack rate (AR) with-in the squadron most affected was 4.18%, with an overall AR of 1.23%. The case fatality rate of the disease was nil. Conclusion Till the fully immunized cohort of young recruits start getting enrolled, it will be prudent to introduce rubella vaccine to limit the loss of vital training man-hours and prevent the possibility of congenital rubella syndrome in the women instructors and medical caregivers, working in the line of their duty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Gupta
- Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Neeti Goyal
- Classified Specialist (Pathology), Military Hospital Kirkee, Pune, India
| | - Pooja Shankar
- Graded Specialist (Community Medicine), Station Health Organization (Army), Jabalpur, India
| | - Mayuri Verma
- Graded Specialist (Community Medicine), 10 Wing Air Force, Rowriah, Jorhat, India
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13
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Xing W, Li L, Zhang J, Ma C, Xue X, Ye S, Xue H, Hu R, Ma Y, Yuan H. Design of a chimaeric antigen and its use in the detection of IgG antibodies against rubella virus. Virol J 2022; 19:33. [PMID: 35197095 PMCID: PMC8867874 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01760-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rubella virus (RV) is the causative agent of rubella or German measles. Although most infections cause only mild self-limited measles-like illness, the infection in pregnant women can cause severe foetal malformation or even miscarriage, especially in the first 3 months of pregnancy. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to establish a simple and sensitive RV detection method. METHODS The partial epitopes of the E1 and E2 proteins from Rubella Virus were selected as the target sites, the sequence of the selected antigenic sites of the E1 and E2 were linked by a linker. The expression plasmid P6T was constructed by inserting the gene into PET-32A + with a histidine Tag. The P6 protein was induced and expressed in Escherichia coli L21 (DE3) and purified by nickel column affinity. The protein P6 antigen was identified by Western blotting analysis, and an anti-P6 antibody ELISA was established to test known serum samples to evaluate the capability of this method. RESULTS After purification, the concentration and purity of the protein P6 were 0.283 mg/mL and more than 80%, respectively. Western blotting analysis showed that the protein P6 could react with rubella virus positive serum. By ELISA, 36 negative sera and 58 positive sera were detected. The coincidence rate, specificity and sensitivity of the ELISA were 86.2%, 88.89% and 84.48%, respectively. The P6 ELISA with a kappa coefficient of 0.715, P < 0.05, indicated excellent consistency. CONCLUSIONS The protein P6 with excellent antigenicity obtained from prokaryotic expression followed by chromatography purification could prove useful for early diagnosis of RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Xing
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China.,The People's Hospital of Jiang County, Shanxi, 043600, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jingnan Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Chunli Ma
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xin Xue
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Shumei Ye
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Huiting Xue
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ruiping Hu
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Yanhua Ma
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Hong Yuan
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China.
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14
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Parity status and the relationship between antenatal rubella serology with obstetric outcome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1278. [PMID: 35075197 PMCID: PMC8786935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine antenatal rubella serological testing is adopted in many countries. In a population covered by universal childhood rubella immunization for four decades, we have observed an association between pre-eclampsia with maternal rubella seronegativity among multiparous gravidae. This retrospective cohort study was further performed to elucidate the interaction between parity status and rubella seronegativity on obstetric outcome in singleton pregnancies carried to ≥ 24 weeks gestation managed from 1997 to 2019, with the data retrieved from a computerized database used for annual statistics and auditing. Of the 133,926 singleton pregnancies eligible for the study, the 13,320 (9.9%) rubella seronegative gravidae had higher mean booking weight and body mass index (BMI), but shorter height, and higher incidence of advanced age (≥ 35 years), high BMI, short stature, and lower incidence of nulliparas. Univariate analysis showed that adverse obstetric outcomes were more frequently found among the multiparas. On multivariate analysis, there was increased postdated (> 41 weeks) pregnancy irrespective of parity status, while nulliparas had reduced gestational hypertension (aRR 0.714, 95% CI 0.567-0.899) and gestational diabetes (aRR 0.850, 95% CI 0.762-0.950), and multiparas had increased pre-eclampsia (aRR 1.261, 95% CI 1.005-1.582), neonatal death (aRR 2.796, 95% CI 1.243-6.291), and perinatal death (aRR 2.123, 95% CI 1.257-3.587). In conclusion, in a population covered by universal childhood rubella immunization, antenatal rubella seronegativity is associated with increased pre-eclampsia and perinatal loss only in multiparas, suggesting that the rubella seronegativity in these women served as proxy for some form of altered immune response which increases adverse pregnancy outcome.
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15
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Pagonendji MS, Gouandjika-Vasilache I, Charpentier E, Sausy A, LE Faou A, Duval RE, Hübschen JM. Rubella epidemiology in the Central African Republic, 2015-2016 and molecular characterization of virus strains from 2008-2016. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 111:303-309. [PMID: 34450282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rubella cases in the Central African Republic (CAF) are currently identified during measles surveillance. This study aimed to investigate rubella epidemiology between 2015 and 2016 and to provide baseline genotype data for monitoring future rubella control efforts. METHODS 831 measles IgM negative or equivocal sera from 2015/2016 were tested for rubella IgM antibodies and 350 rubella IgM positive sera collected between 2008 and 2016 were selected for PCR and sequencing. RESULTS 411 of the 831 sera (49.5%) were rubella IgM positive and most cases (n=391, 95.1%) occurred between January and April. Most patients were between 5 and 9 years old (50.2%) and more than half of the rubella cases (56.7%) originated from the capital Bangui. Genotype information was obtained for 37 of the 350 selected rubella IgM-positive specimens, with the majority of the patients originating from Bangui (n=24, 64.9%) and sequences covering all years except 2009. Phylogenetic analysis identified genotypes 1E (n=12), 1G (n=5) and 2B (n=20), with 2B being detected from 2014 onwards. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirmed the important role of rubella as a rash and fever disease in CAF and provided comprehensive data on rubella epidemiology and the first information on rubella genotypes in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou S Pagonendji
- Enteric viruses and Measles Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, BP 923, Central African Republic
| | | | - Emilie Charpentier
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Aurélie Sausy
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alain LE Faou
- Université de Lorraine, EA3452, CITHEFOR, Faculté de Pharmacie and Faculté de Médecine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Judith M Hübschen
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg..
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Shanmugasundaram D, Awasthi S, Dwibedi B, Geetha S, Jain M, Malik S, Patel B, Singh H, Tripathi S, Viswanathan R, Agarwal A, Bonu R, Jain S, Jena SK, Priyasree J, Pushpalatha K, Ali S, Biswas D, Jain A, Narang R, Madhuri S, George S, Kaduskar O, Kiruthika G, Sabarinathan R, Sapakal G, Gupta N, Murhekar MV. Burden of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in India based on data from cross-sectional serosurveys, 2017 and 2019-20. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009608. [PMID: 34297716 PMCID: PMC8376255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background India has set a goal to eliminate measles and rubella/Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) by 2023. Towards this goal, India conducted nationwide supplementary immunization activity (SIA) with measles-rubella containing vaccine (MRCV) targeting children aged between 9 months to <15 years and established a hospital-based sentinel surveillance for CRS. Reliable data about incidence of CRS is necessary to monitor progress towards the elimination goal. Methods We conducted serosurveys in 2019–20 among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics of 6 hospitals, which were also sentinel sites for CRS surveillance, to estimate the prevalence of IgG antibodies against rubella. We systematically sampled 1800 women attending antenatal clinics and tested their sera for IgG antibodies against rubella. We used rubella seroprevalence data from the current survey and the survey conducted in 2017 among antenatal women from another 6 CRS surveillance sites to construct a catalytic models to estimate the incidence and burden of CRS. Result The seroprevalence of rubella antibodies was 82.3% (95% CI: 80.4–84.0). Rubella seropositivity did not differ by age group and educational status. Based on the constant and age-dependent force of infection models, we estimated that the annual incidence of CRS in India was 225.58 per 100,000 live births (95% CI: 217.49–232.41) and 65.47 per 100,000 live births (95% CI: 41.60–104.16) respectively. This translated to an estimated 14,520 (95% CI: 9,225–23,100) and 50,028 (95% CI: 48,234–51,543) infants with CRS every year based on age-dependent and constant force of infection models respectively. Conclusions Our findings indicated that about one fifth of women in the reproductive age group in India were susceptible for rubella. The estimates of CRS incidence will serve as a baseline to monitor the impact of MRCV SIAs, as well progress towards the elimination goal of rubella/CRS. Rubella infection during the first trimester of pregnancy can affect fetus, resulting in spontaneous abortion, stillbirth or birth of a baby with a combination of birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Vaccination with rubella containing vaccine (RCV) is recommended as one of the strategies for eliminating rubella/CRS. The Southeast Asia region has set a target to eliminate rubella/CRS by 2023. Towards this goal, India completed nationwide immunization campaigns using measles-rubella vaccine during 2017–19, targeting children aged 9 months to <15 years. A case-based surveillance for CRS was initiated in five sentinel hospitals (Phase-1) in 2016 and later expanded to additional 6 sites (Phase-2) in 2019, to estimate burden of CRS and monitor its trend. As an adjunct to CRS surveillance, periodic serologic surveys were also planned to monitor the rubella seroprevalence among the pregnant women. A serosurvey conducted in 2017 indicated that 83.4% pregnant women attending antenatal clinics of Phase-1 sentinel hospitals had IgG antibodies against rubella. The second serosurvey conducted during 2019–20 in 6 Phase-2 sites indicated a comparable seroprevalence of 82.3%. Using seroprevalence data from these two serosurveys, we estimated that the annual incidence of CRS in India was 225.58 per 100,000 live births with constant force of infection and 65.47 per 100,000 live births with age-dependent force of infection models. This incidence rates translated to an estimated 14,520 to 50,028 infants with CRS every year. The estimates of CRS incidence will serve as a baseline to monitor the progress towards the elimination goal of rubella/CRS in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shally Awasthi
- King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - S Geetha
- Govt Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Manish Jain
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shikha Malik
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupeshwari Patel
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | | | | | - Anjoo Agarwal
- King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Shuchi Jain
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - J Priyasree
- Govt Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - K Pushpalatha
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Syed Ali
- Govt Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Debasis Biswas
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amita Jain
- King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Narang
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Maharashtra, India.,All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Telangana
| | | | - Suji George
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ojas Kaduskar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - G Kiruthika
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Sabarinathan
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gajanan Sapakal
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Manoj V Murhekar
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Auriti C, De Rose DU, Santisi A, Martini L, Piersigilli F, Bersani I, Ronchetti MP, Caforio L. Pregnancy and viral infections: Mechanisms of fetal damage, diagnosis and prevention of neonatal adverse outcomes from cytomegalovirus to SARS-CoV-2 and Zika virus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166198. [PMID: 34118406 PMCID: PMC8883330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Some maternal infections, contracted before or during pregnancy, can be transmitted to the fetus, during gestation (congenital infection), during labor and childbirth (perinatal infection) and through breastfeeding (postnatal infection). The agents responsible for these infections can be viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi. Among the viruses most frequently responsible for congenital infections are Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes simplex 1–2, Herpes virus 6, Varicella zoster. Moreover Hepatitis B and C virus, HIV, Parvovirus B19 and non-polio Enteroviruses when contracted during pregnancy may involve the fetus or newborn at birth. Recently, new viruses have emerged, SARS-Cov-2 and Zika virus, of which we do not yet fully know the characteristics and pathogenic power when contracted during pregnancy. Viral infections in pregnancy can damage the fetus (spontaneous abortion, fetal death, intrauterine growth retardation) or the newborn (congenital anomalies, organ diseases with sequelae of different severity). Some risk factors specifically influence the incidence of transmission to the fetus: the timing of the infection in pregnancy, the order of the infection, primary or reinfection or chronic, the duration of membrane rupture, type of delivery, socio-economic conditions and breastfeeding. Frequently infected neonates, symptomatic at birth, have worse outcomes than asymptomatic. Many asymptomatic babies develop long term neurosensory outcomes. The way in which the virus interacts with the maternal immune system, the maternal-fetal interface and the placenta explain these results and also the differences that are observed from time to time in the fetal‑neonatal outcomes of maternal infections. The maternal immune system undergoes functional adaptation during pregnancy, once thought as physiological immunosuppression. This adaptation, crucial for generating a balance between maternal immunity and fetus, is necessary to promote and support the pregnancy itself and the growth of the fetus. When this adaptation is upset by the viral infection, the balance is broken, and the infection can spread and lead to the adverse outcomes previously described. In this review we will describe the main viral harmful infections in pregnancy and the potential mechanisms of the damages on the fetus and newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Auriti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus, Newborn and Infant - "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Domenico Umberto De Rose
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus, Newborn and Infant - "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Santisi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus, Newborn and Infant - "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ludovica Martini
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus, Newborn and Infant - "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fiammetta Piersigilli
- Department of Neonatology, St-Luc University Hospital, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Iliana Bersani
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus, Newborn and Infant - "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Paola Ronchetti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus, Newborn and Infant - "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Caforio
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine and Surgery Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus, Newborn and Infant - "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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Monogenic susceptibility to live viral vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:167-175. [PMID: 34107321 PMCID: PMC9586878 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Live attenuated viral vaccines (LAV) have saved millions of lives globally through their capacity to elicit strong, cross-reactive and enduring adaptive immune responses. However, LAV can also act as a Trojan horse to reveal inborn errors of immunity, thereby highlighting important protective elements of the healthy antiviral immune response. In the following article, we draw out these lessons by reviewing the spectrum of LAV-associated disease reported in a variety of inborn errors of immunity. We note the contrast between adaptive disorders, which predispose to both LAV and their wild type counterparts, and defects of innate immunity in which parenterally delivered LAV behave in a particularly threatening manner. Recognition of the underlying pathomechanisms can inform our approach to disease management and vaccination in a wider group of individuals, including those receiving immunomodulators that impact the relevant pathways.
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Ogata T, Murooka M, Akashi M, Ishitsuka A, Miyazaki A, Osawa S, Ishikawa K, Tanaka-Taya K, Uehara R. The period from prodromal fever onset to rash onset in laboratory-confirmed rubella cases: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:442. [PMID: 33992076 PMCID: PMC8122568 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In resource-limited settings, where rubella is endemic, it is difficult to determine which sporadic case should be tested for rubella. The study aimed to provide useful evidence to help screen rubella cases for real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) examination for rubella in resource-limited settings. Method Suspected rubella patients identified by a physician and brought to the notice of the Ryugasaki public health center or the Tsuchiura public health center were enrolled from April 2018 through December 2019. The inclusion criterion was a confirmed rubella diagnosis based on laboratory tests. We studied the distribution of the time from the onset of fever until the onset of rash. Results The study included 86 cases with simultaneous presentation of fever and rash. Twenty-nine cases had confirmed rubella based on the laboratory diagnosis. Among these, the time from the onset of fever until the onset of rash was limited to − 1 day to 2 days. The number of rubella cases was the highest when the onset of rash was on the following day of the onset of fever. Of the 78 patients who underwent the RT-PCR test, 48% tested positive for rubella among those with a time from the onset of fever to the onset of rash between − 1 day and 2 days (22 out of 46, 95% confidence interval 34–62%); no positive results (0 out of 30, 95% confidence interval - 14%) were seen in patients with a time from fever to rash onset ≥3 days. Conclusion The period from the onset of fever to the onset of rash was limited to − 1 day to 2 days among confirmed rubella patients. If the period from onset of fever to the onset of rash was ≥3 days for a patient, the likelihood of rubella was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Ogata
- Itako Public Health Center of Ibaraki Prefectural Government, Itako, 311-2422, Japan.
| | - Maki Murooka
- Ryugasaki Public Health Center of Ibaraki Prefectural Government, Ryugasaki, 301-0822, Japan
| | - Makoto Akashi
- Ryugasaki Public Health Center of Ibaraki Prefectural Government, Ryugasaki, 301-0822, Japan
| | - Akemi Ishitsuka
- Ryugasaki Public Health Center of Ibaraki Prefectural Government, Ryugasaki, 301-0822, Japan
| | - Akari Miyazaki
- Tsuchiura Public Health Center of Ibaraki Prefectural Government, Tsuchiura, 300-0812, Japan
| | - Shuuichi Osawa
- Ibaraki Prefectural Institute of Public Health of Ibaraki Prefectural Government, Mito, 310-0852, Japan
| | - Kanako Ishikawa
- Ibaraki Prefectural Institute of Public Health of Ibaraki Prefectural Government, Mito, 310-0852, Japan
| | | | - Ritei Uehara
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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20
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Shuid AN, Jayusman PA, Shuid N, Ismail J, Kamal Nor N, Mohamed IN. Association between Viral Infections and Risk of Autistic Disorder: An Overview. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2817. [PMID: 33802042 PMCID: PMC7999368 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition of the central nervous system (CNS) that presents with severe communication problems, impairment of social interactions, and stereotypic behaviours. Emerging studies indicate possible associations between viral infections and neurodegenerative and neurobehavioural conditions including autism. Viral infection during critical periods of early in utero neurodevelopment may lead to increased risk of autism in the offspring. This review is aimed at highlighting the association between viral infections, including viruses similar to COVID-19, and the aetiology of autism. A literature search was conducted using Pubmed, Ovid/Medline, and Google Scholar database. Relevant search terms included "rubella and autism", "cytomegalovirus and autism", "influenza virus and autism", "Zika virus and autism", "COVID-19 and autism". Based on the search terms, a total of 141 articles were obtained and studies on infants or children with congenital or perinatal viral infection and autistic behaviour were evaluated. The possible mechanisms by which viral infections could lead to autism include direct teratogenic effects and indirect effects of inflammation or maternal immune activation on the developing brain. Brain imaging studies have shown that the ensuing immune response from these viral infections could lead to disruption of the development of brain regions and structures. Hence, long-term follow up is necessary for infants whose mothers report an inflammatory event due to viral infection at any time during pregnancy to monitor for signs of autism. Research into the role of viral infection in the development of ASD may be one avenue of improving ASD outcomes in the future. Early screening and diagnosis to detect, and maybe even prevent ASD are essential to reduce the burden of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Naqib Shuid
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas 13200, Malaysia;
| | - Putri Ayu Jayusman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Nazrun Shuid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sg Buloh 47000, Malaysia
| | - Juriza Ismail
- Autism Research Group, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (J.I.); (N.K.N.)
| | - Norazlin Kamal Nor
- Autism Research Group, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (J.I.); (N.K.N.)
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
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21
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Fortuny LR, Cabler SS, Hunstad DA, Yarbrough ML. Blueberry Muffin Rash, Bilateral Cataracts, and Thrombocytopenia in a Neonate. Clin Chem 2021; 67:472-475. [PMID: 33674845 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvaa310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisandro R Fortuny
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Stephanie S Cabler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - David A Hunstad
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Melanie L Yarbrough
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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22
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Crooke SN, Riggenbach MM, Ovsyannikova IG, Warner ND, Chen MH, Hao L, Icenogle JP, Poland GA, Kennedy RB. Durability of humoral immune responses to rubella following MMR vaccination. Vaccine 2020; 38:8185-8193. [PMID: 33190948 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While administration of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR-II®) vaccine has been effective at preventing rubella infection in the United States, the durability of humoral immunity to the rubella component of MMR vaccine has not been widely studied among older adolescents and adults. METHODS In this longitudinal study, we sought to assess the durability of rubella virus (RV)-specific humoral immunity in a healthy population (n = 98) of adolescents and young adults at two timepoints: ~7 and ~17 years after two doses of MMR-II® vaccination. Levels of circulating antibodies specific to RV were measured by ELISA and an immune-colorimetric neutralization assay. RV-specific memory B cell responses were also measured by ELISpot. RESULTS Rubella-specific IgG antibody titers, neutralizing antibody titers, and memory B cell responses declined with increasing time since vaccination; however, these decreases were relatively moderate. Memory B cell responses exhibited a greater decline in men compared to women. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, rubella-specific humoral immunity declines following vaccination, although subjects' antibody titers remain well above the currently recognized threshold for protective immunity. Clinical correlates of protection based on neutralizing antibody titer and memory B cell ELISpot response should be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Crooke
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Nathaniel D Warner
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Min-Hsin Chen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lijuan Hao
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph P Icenogle
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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23
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Gupta PC, Kumar-M P, Ram J, Verma S, Sachdeva RK, Singh K, Bavdekar A, Shah S, Sangappa M, Murthy KR, Santhanam S, John D, Shanmugasundaram D, Sabrinathan R, Murhekar M. Prediction of probability of rubella based on eye outcomes (PORBEO Nomogram)-a cross-sectional sentinel surveillance of 1134 infants. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 259:1333-1342. [PMID: 33119803 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rubella is an important infectious, vaccine-preventable etiology of congenital defects. The aim of the study was to develop a prediction nomogram to assess the probability of an infant being at risk for congenital rubella based on demographics and ophthalmological findings. METHODS This was a cross-sectional sentinel surveillance study conducted at 5 centers spanning pan-India and involved 1134 infants. The diagnosis of rubella was made using standard guidelines. For the construction of the prediction model, laboratory-confirmed cases were grouped as "at-risk" (AR) infants and the discarded cases into "not at risk" (NAR) infants. Univariate analysis (p value cut-off < 0.05) followed by multivariate binary logistic regression model development was performed. RESULTS The average (median) age of the suspected CRS infants was 3 (IQR 1-6) months, and the average (mean) age of their mothers was 25.8 ± 4.1 years. Out of the total infants, 81 (7.3%) died, 975 (88%) were alive, and 55 (5.0%) were lost to follow-up. The final model showed that the odds of cataract, retinopathy, glaucoma, microcornea, and age of the infant at presentation were 3.1 (2.2-4.3), 4.9(2.3-10.4), 2.7(1.1-5.9), 2.3(1.1-4.7), and 1.1 (1-1.1), respectively, for the AR infant as compared to NAR infant. AUC of final model was 0.68 (95% CI Delong, 0.64-0.72). Bootstrapping for calibration of the model showed satisfactory results. Nomogram, along with a web version, was developed. CONCLUSION The developed nomogram would have a wide community-based utilization and will help in prioritizing attention to high-risk children, thereby avoiding loss to follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Chawla Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Praveen Kumar-M
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagat Ram
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Sanjay Verma
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ravinder Kaur Sachdeva
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ashish Bavdekar
- Department of Pediatrics, KEM Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, KEM Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mahantesh Sangappa
- Department of Pediatrics, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishna R Murthy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sridhar Santhanam
- Department of Neonatology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepa John
- Department of Ophthalmology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - R Sabrinathan
- National Institute of Epidemiology, ICMR, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manoj Murhekar
- National Institute of Epidemiology, ICMR, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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24
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Dolskiy AA, Grishchenko IV, Yudkin DV. Cell Cultures for Virology: Usability, Advantages, and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217978. [PMID: 33121109 PMCID: PMC7662242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus detection in natural and clinical samples is a complicated problem in research and diagnostics. There are different approaches for virus isolation and identification, including PCR, CRISPR/Cas technology, NGS, immunoassays, and cell-based assays. Following the development of genetic engineering methods, approaches that utilize cell cultures have become useful and informative. Molecular biology methods allow increases in the sensitivity and specificity of cell cultures for certain viruses and can be used to generate reporter cell lines. These cell lines express specific reporter proteins (e.g., GFP, luciferase, and CAT) in response to virus infection that can be detected in a laboratory setting. The development of genome editing and synthetic biology methods has given rise to new perspectives regarding the design of virus reporter systems in cell cultures. This review is aimed at describing both virology methods in general and examples of the development of cell-based methods that exist today.
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25
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Niu K, Brandström A, Skenbäck S, Duan M, Uhlén I. Risk factors and etiology of childhood hearing loss: a cohort review of 296 subjects. Acta Otolaryngol 2020; 140:668-674. [PMID: 32401111 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2020.1757753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: The association between the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) risk factors and etiology of hearing loss (HL) is not studied well in children.Objectives: To clarify the etiologic causes and evaluate the JCIH risk characteristics of children with HL.Methods: A retrospective study of 296 children with HL born between 2009.01 and 2013.12 in Stokholm. Demographic data, family and medical histories, audiologic results, imaging findings, and genetic results were ascertained and analyzed.Results: In 221 with bilateral hearing loss (BHL), family history and neonatal risk indicators were the most common risks (59 each), followed by syndrome related risks. In 75 with unilateral hearing loss (UHL), craniofacial anomaly was the most common risk, followed by family history. Etiology was established in 93 with BHL, in which syndromic HL accounted for 37.2%, chromosomal aberrations for 21.3%, and environmental causes for 19.1%. Etiology was established in 35 with UHL, in which ear malformation accounted for the most (74.3%), followed by environmental causes (14.3%).Conclusions and significance: Childhood HL can be attributed to a variety of causes with an etiology identifiable in 42.5% of BHL and 46.7% of UHL. BHL and UHL have different patterns of JCIH risk exposure and etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Niu
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Anni Brandström
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Skenbäck
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maoli Duan
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Uhlén
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Dembele B, Adiko AC, Affi-Aboli R, Kouame RD, Bamba KM, Adjoumani JL, Kabran TM, Inwoley A. Evaluation of two (02) platforms for chemiluminescence-based detection of anti-rubella IgG antibodies in a sub-Saharan country, Côte d'Ivoire. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2020; 41:864-874. [PMID: 32602401 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2020.1786398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of rubella is mainly made in pregnant women and the newborn by specific IgG and/or IgM detection. In addition to HAI and ELISA techniques, new immunoanalytical methods have been developed. This study aimed to evaluate two chemiluminescence platforms, Architect i2000SR and Maglumi 800 for rubella biological diagnosis in Côte d'Ivoire. Blood samples were taken from 113 pregnant women aged 15 to 30 in prenatal care. Samples were analyzed for Rubella IgG detection at the NBTS laboratory on the evaluated platforms and the Cobas e601 used as a reference. The majority of women were in their second trimester of pregnancy. Among them, only 13.3% were vaccinated against rubella. The evaluated platforms showed good precision with coefficients of variation >10%. Regarding analytical performances, sensitivities were 97.53% and 96.29% whereas specificities were 100% and 96.88% for Architect I2000SR and Maglumi800, respectively. Both platforms showed good agreement with cobas e601 for antibody levels <200 IU/ml and <350UI/ml for Architect and Maglumi 800, respectively. Findings of the current study revealed that the two platforms have similar features with Cobas e601 and could be used routinely for the serological diagnosis of rubella. However, the results of one platform should not be extrapolated to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamory Dembele
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Laboratory of National Blood Transfusion Centre, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Aimé Cézaire Adiko
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Laboratory of National Blood Transfusion Centre, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Roseline Affi-Aboli
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Rodrigue Denis Kouame
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kady Mabity Bamba
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jea-Luc Adjoumani
- Laboratory of National Blood Transfusion Centre, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Tano Matthieu Kabran
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - André Inwoley
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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27
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Ong SWX, Vasoo S, Sadarangani SP, Cui L, Marimuthu K, Lim PL, Kong JW, Wong JCC, Puong KY, Chan KP. Vaccine-associated Rubella - a report of two cases and a review of the literature. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 17:224-227. [PMID: 32530771 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1765623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the clinical characteristics of two adult patients, presenting with a typical erythematous rash consistent with rubella disease after MMR vaccination. Both patients had an uncomplicated clinical course and recovered uneventfully. One patient was confirmed to have vaccine-associated rubella via sequencing of virus isolated in viral culture. The other patient had a pharyngeal swab positive for rubella virus PCR, with sequencing matching the vaccine strain. There are few reports of clinical disease from rubella vaccine-strains in the literature. Previous authors have reported severe disseminated vaccine-associated rubella in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent patients. Further study is required to ascertain the incidence, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of this condition; as well as investigate the extent of horizontal transmission to guide infection control recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Wei Xiang Ong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore
| | - Shawn Vasoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Sapna P Sadarangani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Lin Cui
- National Public Health Laboratory, National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore
| | - Kalisvar Marimuthu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Poh Lian Lim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Jing Wen Kong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore.,Hougang Polyclinic, National Healthcare Group Polyclinics , Singapore
| | - Judith Chui Ching Wong
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency , Singapore.,Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital , Singapore
| | - Kim Yoong Puong
- Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital , Singapore
| | - Kwai Peng Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital , Singapore.,Academic Clinical Programme for Pathology, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
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28
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Development of a multiplex one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of eight viruses associated with febrile rash illnesses. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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29
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Cyr J, Langley A, Demellawy DE, Ramien M. A neonate with Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting as blueberry muffin rash: Case report and review of the literature. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2020; 8:2050313X20919616. [PMID: 32547754 PMCID: PMC7273623 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x20919616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In our case report, we discuss a 1-day-old boy presenting with blueberry muffin
syndrome diagnosed with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. The diagnosis complicated
by an initial difficult-to-interpret biopsy showing only a hint of
perifollicular CD1a-positive cells; however, given our team’s strong clinical
suspicion of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, a second biopsy of a more mature
lesion was done and showed typical histopathology. This case introduces the
possibility of perifollicular Langerhans cells early in this condition,
demonstrates the importance of appropriate biopsy site selection, and highlights
the importance of maintaining a high degree of suspicion when there is poor
clinicopathologic correlation. Our case report contains a comprehensive table
which reviews the systemic and cutaneous clinical features, as well as the
laboratory, pathology, and imaging findings for the differential diagnoses of
blueberry muffin baby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Cyr
- Division of Dermatology, University of Toronto, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Annie Langley
- Division of Dermatology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dina El Demellawy
- Division of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michele Ramien
- Division of Dermatology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology and Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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30
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The journey of Zika to the developing brain. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3097-3115. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractZika virus is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus originally isolated from humans in 1952. Following its re-emergence in Brazil in 2015, an increase in the number of babies born with microcephaly to infected mothers was observed. Microcephaly is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterised phenotypically by a smaller than average head size, and is usually developed in utero. The 2015 outbreak in the Americas led to the World Health Organisation declaring Zika a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Since then, much research into the effects of Zika has been carried out. Studies have investigated the structure of the virus, its effects on and evasion of the immune response, cellular entry including target receptors, its transmission from infected mother to foetus and its cellular targets. This review discusses current knowledge and novel research into these areas, in hope of developing a further understanding of how exposure of pregnant women to the Zika virus can lead to impaired brain development of their foetus. Although no longer considered an epidemic in the Americas, the mechanism by which Zika acts is still not comprehensively and wholly understood, and this understanding will be crucial in developing effective vaccines and treatments.
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31
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Epidemiology of Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) in India, 2016-18, based on data from sentinel surveillance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007982. [PMID: 32012162 PMCID: PMC6996802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Government of India is committed to eliminate measles and control rubella/congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) by 2020. In 2016, CRS surveillance was established in five sentinel sites. We analyzed surveillance data to describe the epidemiology of CRS in India. Methodology/Principal findings We used case definitions adapted from the WHO-recommended standards for CRS surveillance. Suspected patients underwent complete clinical examination including cardiovascular system, ophthalmic examination and assessment for hearing impairment. Sera were tested for presence of IgM and IgG antibodies against rubella. Of the 645 suspected CRS patients enrolled during two years, 137 (21.2%) were classified as laboratory confirmed CRS and 8 (1.2%) as congenital rubella infection. The median age of laboratory confirmed CRS infants was 3 months. Common clinical features among laboratory confirmed CRS patients included structural heart defects in 108 (78.8%), one or more eye signs (cataract, glaucoma, pigmentary retinopathy) in 82 (59.9%) and hearing impairment in 51. (38.6%) Thirty-three (24.1%) laboratory confirmed CRS patients died over a period of 2 years. Surveillance met the quality indicators in terms of adequacy of investigation, adequacy of sample collection for serological diagnosis as well as virological confirmation. Conclusions/Significance About one fifth suspected CRS patients were laboratory confirmed, indicating significance of rubella as a persistent public health problem in India. Continued surveillance will generate data to monitor the progress made by the rubella control program in the country. Rubella infection during the first trimester of pregnancy can affect the fetus, resulting in spontaneous abortion, stillbirth or an infant born with a combination of birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Government of India is committed to eliminate measles and control rubella/CRS and has completed nationwide immunization campaigns using measles-rubella vaccine targeting children aged 9 months to 14 years. A case-based surveillance for CRS is one of the strategies for achieving elimination. The Indian Council of Medical Research and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare initiated surveillance for CRS in five sentinel sites to estimate the disease burden. During 2016–18, the surveillance sites enrolled 645 suspected CRS patients, 137 (21.2%) were classified as laboratory confirmed CRS and 8 (1.2%) as congenital rubella infection. Common clinical features among laboratory confirmed CRS patients included structural heart defects (78.8%), one or more eye signs (cataract, glaucoma, pigmentary retinopathy (59.9%)) and hearing impairment (38.6%). Thirty-three (24.1%) laboratory confirmed CRS patients died over a period of 2 years. The surveillance data indicated significance of rubella as persistent public health problem in India.
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Seroprevalence of measles, mumps, and rubella and genetic characterization of mumps virus in Khartoum, Sudan. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 91:87-93. [PMID: 31759167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Sudan, neither mumps nor rubella vaccines are currently used and comprehensive data on the seroepidemiology of measles, mumps, and rubella (M.M.R), as well as information about circulating mumps virus genotypes, are lacking. METHODS In 2015/2016, dried blood spot samples were collected from 294 children, 153 adults from the general population, and 241 healthcare workers (HCWs) from Khartoum. The samples were investigated for M.M.R IgG antibodies using ELISA. Oral fluid samples from 16 clinical mumps cases collected in 2017 were characterized by RT-PCR and sequencing. RESULTS The seroprevalence of M.M.R antibodies among children was 93.5%, 63.6%, and 55.8%, while it was 93.5%, 90.8%, and 94.1% among adult volunteers and 99.2%, 97.1%, and 97.9% among HCWs. A high measles seroprevalence was observed among all children age groups, suggesting an effective control programme, while the mumps and rubella seroprevalence increased significantly with age (p<0.001), documenting active wild-type circulation. Our results demonstrated higher M.M.R seropositivity rates and IgG titres in HCWs compared to adult volunteers. Phylogenetic analysis showed the presence of genotype C mumps virus for the first time in Sudan. CONCLUSIONS The study findings provided new information on M.M.R epidemiology in Sudan, which may guide future control programmes in the country.
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Mawson AR, Croft AM. Rubella Virus Infection, the Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and the Link to Autism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3543. [PMID: 31546693 PMCID: PMC6801530 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rubella is a systemic virus infection that is usually mild. It can, however, cause severe birth defects known as the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) when infection occurs early in pregnancy. As many as 8%-13% of children with CRS developed autism during the rubella epidemic of the 1960s compared to the background rate of about 1 new case per 5000 children. Rubella infection and CRS are now rare in the U.S. and in Europe due to widespread vaccination. However, autism rates have risen dramatically in recent decades to about 3% of children today, with many cases appearing after a period of normal development ('regressive autism'). Evidence is reviewed here suggesting that the signs and symptoms of rubella may be due to alterations in the hepatic metabolism of vitamin A (retinoids), precipitated by the acute phase of the infection. The infection causes mild liver dysfunction and the spillage of stored vitamin A compounds into the circulation, resulting in an endogenous form of hypervitaminosis A. Given that vitamin A is a known teratogen, it is suggested that rubella infection occurring in the early weeks of pregnancy causes CRS through maternal liver dysfunction and exposure of the developing fetus to excessive vitamin A. On this view, the multiple manifestations of CRS and associated autism represent endogenous forms of hypervitaminosis A. It is further proposed that regressive autism results primarily from post-natal influences of a liver-damaging nature and exposure to excess vitamin A, inducing CRS-like features as a function of vitamin A toxicity, but without the associated dysmorphogenesis. A number of environmental factors are discussed that may plausibly be candidates for this role, and suggestions are offered for testing the model. The model also suggests a number of measures that may be effective both in reducing the risk of fetal CRS in women who acquire rubella in their first trimester and in reversing or minimizing regressive autism among children in whom the diagnosis is suspected or confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Mawson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39213, USA.
| | - Ashley M Croft
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
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Abstract
Hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit worldwide. It affects ∼5% of the world population, impacts people of all ages, and exacts a significant personal and societal cost. This review presents epidemiological data on hearing loss. We discuss hereditary hearing loss, complex hearing loss with genetic and environmental factors, and hearing loss that is more clearly related to environment. We also discuss the disparity in hearing loss across the world, with more economically developed countries having overall lower rates of hearing loss compared with developing countries, and the opportunity to improve diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham M Sheffield
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Richard J H Smith
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories (MORL), Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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Preclinical study of safety and immunogenicity of combined rubella and human papillomavirus vaccines: Towards enhancing vaccination uptake rates in developing countries. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH 2019; 8:100172. [PMID: 31185296 PMCID: PMC6586776 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2019.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rubella vaccine was not part of national immunization programs (NIP) in several countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), South-East Asia (SEA), and South Africa regions until the year 2000. Therefore, immunization coverage of females older than 20 years old in these countries has been the focus of national campaigns for rubella elimination in developing countries. Vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) are not part of NIPs in developing countries. To enhance the advantages of rubella-directed immunization campaigns and to increase HPV vaccine uptake in developing countries, this study aimed to test the stability, potency, efficacy and safety of a combined rubella and HPV vaccine. Female BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with proposed combined HPV16/HPV18 VLP and rubella vaccine at weeks (W) 0, 3 then with HPV vaccine at W 7. Immunized mice developed antigen-specific antibodies against rubella and HPV significantly higher than mice immunized with rubella or HPV vaccine alone. The combined vaccine induced significantly higher splenocyte proliferation than control groups. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-6, IL-2, and IFNγ levels were significantly higher in mice immunized with the combined vaccine than control groups. Overall, the combined vaccine was safe and immunogenic offering antibody protection as well as eliciting a cellular immune response against rubella and HPV viruses in a single vaccine. This combined vaccine can be of great value to females above 20 years old in the SEA, MENA and South Africa regions offering coverage to rubella vaccine and a potential increase in HPV vaccine uptake rates after appropriate clinical testing.
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Hussein HM, Rahal EA. The role of viral infections in the development of autoimmune diseases. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:394-412. [PMID: 31145640 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1614904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The exact aetiology of most autoimmune diseases remains unknown, nonetheless, several factors contributing to the induction or exacerbation of autoimmune reactions have been suggested. These include the genetic profile and lifestyle of the affected individual in addition to environmental triggers such as bacterial, parasitic, fungal and viral infections. Infections caused by viruses usually trigger a potent immune response that is necessary for the containment of the infection; however, in some cases, a failure in the regulation of this immune response may lead to harmful immune reactions directed against the host's antigens. The autoimmune attack can be carried out by different arms and components of the immune system and through different possible mechanisms including molecular mimicry, bystander activation, and epitope spreading among others. In this review, we examine the data available for the involvement of viral infections in triggering or exacerbating autoimmune diseases in addition to discussing the mechanisms by which these viral infections and the immune pathways they trigger possibly contribute to the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi M Hussein
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research (CIDR), American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Elias A Rahal
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research (CIDR), American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
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Pöyhönen L, Bustamante J, Casanova JL, Jouanguy E, Zhang Q. Life-Threatening Infections Due to Live-Attenuated Vaccines: Early Manifestations of Inborn Errors of Immunity. J Clin Immunol 2019; 39:376-390. [PMID: 31123910 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00642-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) can protect humans against 12 viral and three bacterial diseases. By definition, any clinical infection caused by a LAV that is sufficiently severe to require medical intervention attests to an inherited or acquired immunodeficiency that must be diagnosed or identified. Self-healing infections can also result from milder forms of immunodeficiency. We review here the inherited forms of immunodeficiency underlying severe infections of LAVs. Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) underlying bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), oral poliovirus (OPV), vaccine measles virus (vMeV), and oral rotavirus vaccine (ORV) disease have been described from 1951, 1963, 1966, and 2009 onward, respectively. For each of these four LAVs, the underlying IEIs show immunological homogeneity despite genetic heterogeneity. Specifically, BCG disease is due to inborn errors of IFN-γ immunity, OPV disease to inborn errors of B cell immunity, vMeV disease to inborn errors of IFN-α/β and IFN-λ immunity, and ORV disease to adaptive immunity. Severe reactions to the other 11 LAVs have been described yet remain "idiopathic," in the absence of known underlying inherited or acquired immunodeficiencies, and are warranted to be the focus of research efforts. The study of IEIs underlying life-threatening LAV infections is clinically important for the affected patients and their families, as well as immunologically, for the study of the molecular and cellular basis of host defense against both attenuated and parental pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pöyhönen
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Qian Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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Modelling a Supplementary Vaccination Program of Rubella Using the 2012⁻2013 Epidemic Data in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16081473. [PMID: 31027277 PMCID: PMC6518427 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
From 2012-2013, Japan experienced a major epidemic of rubella, involving a total of 12,614 rubella cases and 45 confirmed cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). One of the contributory factors in this outbreak may have been that the majority of adult males remained unvaccinated. To plan for a supplementary immunization program (SIP) to elevate the herd immunity level, it is critical to determine the required amount of vaccine and identify the target age groups among males for the SIP. The present study aimed to answer these policy questions, employing a mathematical model and analyzing epidemiological datasets from 2012-2013. Our model allowed us to reconstruct the age- and sex-dependent transmission patterns, and the effective reproduction number during the exponential growth phase in 2013 was estimated to be 1.5. The computed next-generation matrix indicated that vaccinating adult males aged from 20-49 years in 2013, using at least 17 million doses, was considered essential to prevent a major epidemic in the future. The proposed model also indicated that, even with smaller doses of vaccine, the SIP in adult males could lead to a substantial reduction in the incidence of rubella, as well as CRS. Importantly, the present study endorses a substantial background risk of observing another major epidemic from 2018-2019, in which cases may be dominated by adult males aged from 25-54 years, that is, our identified age groups plus a five-year time lag from 2013 to 2018.
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Toizumi M, Vo HM, Dang DA, Moriuchi H, Yoshida LM. Clinical manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome: A review of our experience in Vietnam. Vaccine 2018; 37:202-209. [PMID: 30503658 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rubella vaccination programs have dramatically reduced the incidence of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in developed countries. However, CRS prevalence is still rising in developing countries where rubella-containing vaccines (RCV) are not included in the immunization program and even in some countries where a part of the population lacks immunity to rubella despite the presence of RCV in the regular immunization program. This review aimed to summarize the clinical features of CRS using data from our studies conducted between 2011 and 2015 in Vietnam, wherein we examined clinical manifestations in Vietnamese children with CRS who were born after the large rubella outbreak of 2011; a series of studies dealing with CRS in North America and Europe after the 1960s epidemic; and those from countries before introduction of RCVs. This review shows that children with CRS have a variety of disabilities such as hearing, visual, developmental, behavioral, cardiac, and endocrine impairments, which have variable severity and may appear in different combinations. Some of these impairments can appear or worsen later in the lives of these children. Physicians should thus complete pediatric, cardiac, auditory, ophthalmologic, and neurologic examinations along with laboratory diagnostic testing soon after birth. These assessments should be repeated during follow-up if congenital rubella infection is suspected in a neonate. Timely intervention for cardiac defects can be lifesaving. Early introduction and continuation of speech, occupational, physical, and behavior therapies and training with appropriate medical interventions by a multidisciplinary team approach are required to maximize quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Toizumi
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hien Minh Vo
- Department of Pediatrics, Khanh Hoa General Hospital, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | - Duc Anh Dang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hiroyuki Moriuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
| | - Lay-Myint Yoshida
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Seppälä EM, López-Perea N, Torres de Mier MDV, Echevarría JE, Fernández-García A, Masa-Calles J. Last cases of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in Spain, 1997-2016: The success of a vaccination program. Vaccine 2018; 37:169-175. [PMID: 30454948 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
With a highly immunized population, rubella infection in Spain is so low that the WHO has declared the elimination of rubella. Rubella in pregnant women is also very rare. The objective of this study is to describe the last cases of congenital rubella syndrome reported and recommend actions to maintain the status of the disease as eliminated. The CRS cases reported to the Spanish National Epidemiological Surveillance Network between 1997 and 2016 were studied, and the epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and maternal characteristics of newborns with CRS described. The incidence of CRS was calculated using Birth Statistics from the Spanish National Statistics Agency (INE). Twenty-three cases of CRS were reported, 70% of which were associated with rubella outbreaks. The most common clinical conditions were heart disease (52.2%), deafness (39.1%) and cataracts (30.4%); 91.3% of cases were confirmed by laboratory testing. 70.0% were born from a non-vaccinated foreign mother, resident in Spain (cumulative rate incidence (CR): 1.1/100,000 births), with mothers coming from Africa (36.0%), Latin America (29.0%), Eastern Europe (21.0%) and Asia (14.0%). Six were born to Spanish mothers (CR: 0.08/ 100,000 births), the last of which were in 2005. The majority of CRS cases were born to unvaccinated immigrant women infected in Spain during rubella outbreaks. Universal vaccination in childhood is the most efficient strategy to prevent rubella. The limited circulation of the virus will, however, quickly lead to a loss of awareness about rubella among clinicians and epidemiologists. It is necessary to maintain protocols capable of identifying signs consistent with rubella in pregnant women and signs suggestive of congenital rubella in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noemí López-Perea
- National Epidemiology Centre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centers for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER-Epidemiology and Public Health) CIBERESP, Spain.
| | - María de Viarce Torres de Mier
- National Epidemiology Centre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centers for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER-Epidemiology and Public Health) CIBERESP, Spain.
| | - Juan E Echevarría
- National Microbiology Centre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahoda-Pozuelo s/n, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Centers for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER-Epidemiology and Public Health) CIBERESP, Spain.
| | - Aurora Fernández-García
- National Microbiology Centre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahoda-Pozuelo s/n, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Centers for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER-Epidemiology and Public Health) CIBERESP, Spain.
| | - Josefa Masa-Calles
- National Epidemiology Centre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centers for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER-Epidemiology and Public Health) CIBERESP, Spain.
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41
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Muliyil DE, Singh P, Jois SK, Otiv S, Suri V, Varma V, Abraham AM, Raut C, Gupta M, Singh MP, Viswanathan R, Naik S, Nag V, Benakappa A, Bavdekar A, Sapkal G, Singh K, Gupta N, Verma S, Santhanam S, Mishra S, Bhatnagar A, Prasad GRV, Kolekar J, Raj N, Sabarinathan R, Sachdeva RK, George S, Chaudhary S, Verghese VP, Jagtap V, Bharadwaj M, Murhekar M. Sero-prevalence of rubella among pregnant women in India, 2017. Vaccine 2018; 36:7909-7912. [PMID: 30448333 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a sero-survey among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics of six hospitals which also function as sentinel sites for CRS surveillance, to estimate the prevalence of IgG antibodies against rubella. METHODS We systematically sampled 1800 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics and tested their sera for IgG antibodies against rubella. We classified sera as seropositive (titre ≥10 IU/ml), sero-negative (titre <8 IU/ml) or indeterminate (titre 8-9.9 IU/ml) per manufacturer's instructions. In a sub-sample, we estimated the titers of IgG antibodies against rubella. IgG titer of ≥10 IU/mL was considered protective. RESULTS Of 1800 sera tested, 1502 (83.4%) were seropositive and 24 (1.3%) were indeterminate and 274 (15.2%) were sero-negative. Rubella sero-positivity did not differ by age group, educational status or place of residence. Three hundred and eighty three (87.8%) of the 436 sera had IgG concentrations ≥10 IU/mL. CONCLUSION The results of the serosurvey indicate high levels of rubella sero-positivity in pregnant women. High sero-prevalence in the absence of routine childhood immunization indicates continued transmission of rubella virus in cities where sentinel sites are located.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Srinivas Krishna Jois
- Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Vanivilas Women and Children's Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Vanita Suri
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Chandrakant Raut
- National Institute of Virology, Bengaluru Unit, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Mini P Singh
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | - Asha Benakappa
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | - Kuldeep Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | | | - Sanjay Verma
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | - G R V Prasad
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Naga Raj
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
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42
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Murhekar M, Bavdekar A, Benakappa A, Santhanam S, Singh K, Verma S, Sapkal GN, Gupta N, Verghese VP, Viswanathan R, Abraham AM, Choudhary S, Deshpande GN, George S, Goyal G, Gupta PC, Jhamb I, John D, Philip S, Kadam S, Sachdeva RK, Kumar P, Lepcha A, Mahantesh S, Manasa S, Nehra U, Munjal SK, Nag VL, Naik S, Raj N, Ram J, Ratho R, Raut C, Rohit MK, Sabarinathan R, Shah S, Singh P, Singh MP, Tiwari A, Vaid N. Sentinel Surveillance for Congenital Rubella Syndrome - India, 2016-2017. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2018; 67:1012-1016. [PMID: 30212443 PMCID: PMC6146948 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6736a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Several infections have unique consequences or considerations in pregnancy. Some common infections such as urinary tract infections, influenza, sexually transmitted diseases, and vaginitis affect pregnant women differently than the general population, can cause pregnancy complications, and require treatments that are safe in pregnancy. Infections such as hepatitis B and C and human immunodeficiency virus can be transmitted vertically and therefore management focuses on decreasing perinatal transmission. Certain infections can be transmitted in utero and cause congenital infections. Classically, these were grouped together as the TORCH infections, although now several others, including varicella virus, parvovirus, and Zika virus, have also been recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Leeper
- Department of Family, Internal, and Rural Medicine, University of Alabama, 850 Peter Bryce Boulevard, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA.
| | - Andrew Lutzkanin
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Abdalla Elsayed MEA, Hamweyah K, Al-Kharashi A, Schatz P. Multimodal imaging in serologically confirmed Rubella retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 256:1791-1794. [PMID: 29934649 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karam Hamweyah
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim Al-Kharashi
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Patrik Schatz
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Vitreoretinal Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Al- Oruba Street, PO Box 7191, Riyadh, 11462, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Sciences, Skane County University Hospital, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
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Seruyange E, Gahutu JB, Muvunyi CM, Katare S, Ndahindwa V, Sibomana H, Nyamusore J, Rutagarama F, Hannoun C, Norder H, Bergström T. Seroprevalence of Zika virus and Rubella virus IgG among blood donors in Rwanda and in Sweden. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1290-1296. [PMID: 29663453 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Seroprevalence studies provide information on the susceptibility to infection of certain populations, including women of childbearing age. Such data from Central Africa are scarce regarding two viruses that cause congenital infections: Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging mosquito-borne infection, and Rubella virus (RuV), a vaccine-preventable infection. We report on the seroprevalence of both ZIKV and RuV from Rwanda, a country without any known cases of ZIKV, but bordering Uganda where this virus was isolated in 1947. Anti-ZIKV-specific and anti-RuV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum samples from 874 Rwandan and 215 Swedish blood donors. Samples positive for IgG antibodies against ZIKV were examined for viral RNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The seroprevalence of ZIKV IgG in Rwanda was 1.4% (12/874), of which the predominance of positive findings came from the Southeastern region. All anti-ZIKV IgG-positive samples were PCR-negative. Among 297 female blood donors of childbearing age, 295 (99.3%) were seronegative and thus susceptible to ZIKV. All Swedish blood donors were IgG-negative to ZIKV. In contrast, blood donors from both countries showed high seroprevalence of IgG to RuV: 91.2% for Rwandan and 92.1% for Swedish donors. Only 10.5% (31/294) of female donors of childbearing age from Rwanda were seronegative for RuV. In Rwanda, seroprevalence for ZIKV IgG antibodies was low, but high for RuV. Hence, women of childbearing age were susceptible to ZIKV. These data may be of value for decision-making regarding prophylactic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Seruyange
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda.,Rwanda Military Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jean-Bosco Gahutu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Claude M Muvunyi
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Swaibu Katare
- National Centre for Blood Transfusion, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Vedaste Ndahindwa
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Hassan Sibomana
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - José Nyamusore
- Division of Epidemic Surveillance and Response, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Charles Hannoun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helene Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Baltimore RS, Nimkin K, Sparger KA, Pierce VM, Plotkin SA. Case 4-2018: A Newborn with Thrombocytopenia, Cataracts, and Hepatosplenomegaly. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:564-572. [PMID: 29414276 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1706110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Baltimore
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Infection Prevention, Yale New Haven Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, Yale School of Medicine and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (R.S.B.); the Departments of Radiology (K.N.), Pediatrics (K.A.S., V.M.P.), and Pathology (V.M.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (K.N.), Pediatrics (K.A.S.), and Pathology (V.M.P.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston; and the Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.A.P.)
| | - Katherine Nimkin
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Infection Prevention, Yale New Haven Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, Yale School of Medicine and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (R.S.B.); the Departments of Radiology (K.N.), Pediatrics (K.A.S., V.M.P.), and Pathology (V.M.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (K.N.), Pediatrics (K.A.S.), and Pathology (V.M.P.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston; and the Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.A.P.)
| | - Katherine A Sparger
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Infection Prevention, Yale New Haven Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, Yale School of Medicine and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (R.S.B.); the Departments of Radiology (K.N.), Pediatrics (K.A.S., V.M.P.), and Pathology (V.M.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (K.N.), Pediatrics (K.A.S.), and Pathology (V.M.P.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston; and the Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.A.P.)
| | - Virginia M Pierce
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Infection Prevention, Yale New Haven Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, Yale School of Medicine and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (R.S.B.); the Departments of Radiology (K.N.), Pediatrics (K.A.S., V.M.P.), and Pathology (V.M.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (K.N.), Pediatrics (K.A.S.), and Pathology (V.M.P.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston; and the Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.A.P.)
| | - Stanley A Plotkin
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Infection Prevention, Yale New Haven Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, Yale School of Medicine and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (R.S.B.); the Departments of Radiology (K.N.), Pediatrics (K.A.S., V.M.P.), and Pathology (V.M.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (K.N.), Pediatrics (K.A.S.), and Pathology (V.M.P.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston; and the Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.A.P.)
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Yeshwondm M, Balkachew N, Delayehu B, Mekonen G. Seroepidemiology Study of Cytomegalovirus and Rubella among Pregnant Women at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 2018; 26:427-438. [PMID: 28446848 PMCID: PMC5389057 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v26i5.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal cytomegalovirus (CMV) and rubella infections have adverse neonatal outcomes. Both CMV and rubella are more widespread in developing countries and in communities with lower socioeconomic status. The aim of this study was to investigate sero-prevalence of CMV and rubella infection and associated possible risk factors. METHOD Using cross sectional study design a total of 200 pregnant women were consecutively recruited starting from June and July 2014. Blood samples were collected, and structured questions were used to gather socio-demographic and risk factor related data. ELISA was used to detect CMV (IgG, IgM) and rubella IgM. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data, and regression was also performed. RESULTS Out of 200 pregnant women, 88.5%, 30(15.5%) and 4(2.0%) were CMV-IgG, CMV-IgM, and rubella-IgM positive, respectively. Women who were immune/positive only for IgG were 73.5%. The second group was those with primary infection [IgG (+) plus IgM (+)] and this consisted of 15.0% participants. Eleven percent of the participants were at high risk for primary infection during their pregnancy. One pregnant woman was identified as having a recent primary infection. In this study, no statistically significant association was detected between CMV infection with idependent factors (p-value>0.05). CONCLUSION In addition to detection of high prevalence of CMV, detecting recent infection of rubella worsens the outcome of the disease. Rubella vaccine should be taken into consideration after large scale surveillance. However, screening of all pregnant women for CMV infection may not be cost-effective as in the countries with high seropositivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamuye Yeshwondm
- St.Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College. Microbiology, Immunology&Parasitology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nigatu Balkachew
- St.Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College. Gynecology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bekele Delayehu
- St.Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College. Gynecology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Mekonen
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute Polio and Measles Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Mirambo MM, Majigo M, Scana SD, Mushi MF, Aboud S, Groß U, Kidenya BR, Mshana SE. Rubella natural immunity among adolescent girls in Tanzania: the need to vaccinate child bearing aged women. BMC Womens Health 2018; 18:3. [PMID: 29298693 PMCID: PMC5751833 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-017-0505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rubella primary infection during early stages of pregnancy is associated with high risk of congenital Rubella syndrome (CRS). Prevention of CRS in the resource-limited countries requires multiple strategies. Here, we document the data on the magnitude of Rubella natural immunity among adolescent girls which is a crucial group in devising effective control strategies to prevent CRS. METHODS A cross sectional study involving 397 adolescent girls was conducted in the city of Mwanza involving five secondary schools. Socio-demographic and other relevant information were collected using pre-tested data collection tool. Rubella IgG antibodies were determined using enzyme immunoassay. The presence of Rubella IgG titers of >10 IU/ml indicated natural immunity. RESULTS The mean age of the study participants was 15.18 ± 1.48 years. Of 397 girls, 340 (85.6%) and 57 (14.4%) were from secondary schools representing peri-urban and rural areas, respectively. Out of 397 girls, 90.4% (95% CI: 87-93) were found to be naturally immune with median Rubella IgG antibodies titers of 56.7 IU/ml interquartile range (IQR): 40.8-137. The median Rubella IgG antibodies titers were significantly high in adolescent girls from families with high socio-economic status (63.96 vs. 47.13 IU/ml, P < 0.001) and in adolescent girls from peri-urban areas of the city (63.33 vs. 39.9 IU/ml, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The majority of adolescent girls in the city of Mwanza are naturally immune to Rubella virus. There is a need to compare the effectiveness of screening and vaccinating susceptible adolescent girls with the effectiveness of vaccinating all women of childbearing in controlling CRS in low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M. Mirambo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Mtebe Majigo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili university of Health and allied sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Seth D. Scana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Martha F. Mushi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili university of Health and allied sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Uwe Groß
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benson R. Kidenya
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied sciences, P.O.Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Stephen E. Mshana
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
BACKGROUND While generally mild in children, rubella infection in early pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, fetal death or congenital rubella syndrome. Rubella vaccination is not yet available as a part of routine immunization in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and the burden of infection is unknown. METHODS In collaboration with the 2013-2014 DRC Demographic and Health Survey, a serosurvey was carried out to assess population immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases. Dry blood spot samples collected from children 6-59 months of age were processed using the Dynex Technologies Multiplier FLEX chemiluminescent immunoassay platform (Dynex Technologies, Chantilly, VA). RESULTS Among the 7195 6- to 59-month-old children, 33% were positive and <1% indeterminate for rubella antibodies in weighted analyses. Seroprevalence was positively associated with age of the child and province, with seropositivity highest in Bandundu (53%) and lowest in Kasai-Oriental (20%). In multivariate analyses, serologic evidence of infection was associated with age of the mother and child, socioeconomic status and geographic location. CONCLUSIONS Rubella infection is prevalent among children in the DRC, and while most seroconversion occurs in young children, a significant proportion of children remain at risk and may enter reproductive age susceptible to rubella infection. While not currently in place, implementation of a surveillance program will provide improved estimates of both rubella virus circulation and the burden of congenital rubella syndrome. Such information will play an important role in future policy decisions, vaccine delivery strategies and may provide a basis upon which the effectiveness of rubella antigen introduction may be assessed.
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Abstract
In this chapter, we provide an overview of the basic principles of teratology, beginning with its definition, the critical point for teratogenesis to occur and the most evident etiological agents to improve the understanding of this science.Teratology is a recent science that began in the early twentieth century, and has greatly improved over the recent years with the advancements in molecular biology, toxicology, animal laboratory science, and genetics, as well as the improvement on the knowledge of the environmental influences.Nevertheless, more work is required to reduce the influence of hazardous products that could be deleterious during pregnancy, thus reducing teratogenic defects in the newborn. While some teratogenic defects are attributed to their agents with certainty, the same for a lot of other such defects is lacking, necessitating consistent studies to decipher the influence of various teratogenic agents on their corresponding teratogenic defects. It is here that the laboratory animal science is of great importance both in the present and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Calado
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria Dos Anjos Pires
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal. .,Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
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