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Zhang L, Zhou E, Liu C, Tian X, Xue B, Zhang K, Luo B. Avian influenza and gut microbiome in poultry and humans: A "One Health" perspective. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 4:455-462. [PMID: 38933214 PMCID: PMC11197557 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A gradual increase in avian influenza outbreaks has been found in recent years. It is highly possible to trigger the next human pandemic due to the characteristics of antigenic drift and antigenic shift in avian influenza virus (AIV). Although great improvements in understanding influenza viruses and the associated diseases have been unraveled, our knowledge of how these viruses impact the gut microbiome of both poultry and humans, as well as the underlying mechanisms, is still improving. The "One Health" approach shows better vitality in monitoring and mitigating the risk of avian influenza, which requires a multi-sectoral effort and highlights the interconnection of human health with environmental sustainability and animal health. Therefore, monitoring the gut microbiome may serve as a sentinel for protecting the common health of the environment, animals, and humans. This review summarizes the interactions between AIV infection and the gut microbiome of poultry and humans and their potential mechanisms. With the presented suggestions, we hope to address the current major challenges in the surveillance and prevention of microbiome-related avian influenza with the "One Health" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Erkai Zhou
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ce Liu
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tian
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Baode Xue
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Bin Luo
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration, Shanghai 200030, China
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Kieran TJ, DaSilva J, Stark TJ, York IA, Pappas C, Barnes JR, Maines TR, Belser JA. Influenza A Virus Multicycle Replication Yields Comparable Viral Population Emergence in Human Respiratory and Ocular Cell Types. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0116623. [PMID: 37404140 PMCID: PMC10433845 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01166-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While primarily considered a respiratory pathogen, influenza A virus (IAV) is nonetheless capable of spreading to, and replicating in, numerous extrapulmonary tissues in humans. However, within-host assessments of genetic diversity during multicycle replication have been largely limited to respiratory tract tissues and specimens. As selective pressures can vary greatly between anatomical sites, there is a need to examine how measures of viral diversity may vary between influenza viruses exhibiting different tropisms in humans, as well as following influenza virus infection of cells derived from different organ systems. Here, we employed human primary tissue constructs emulative of the human airway or corneal surface, and we infected both with a panel of human- and avian-origin IAV, inclusive of H1 and H3 subtype human viruses and highly pathogenic H5 and H7 subtype viruses, which are associated with both respiratory disease and conjunctivitis following human infection. While both cell types supported productive replication of all viruses, airway-derived tissue constructs elicited greater induction of genes associated with antiviral responses than did corneal-derived constructs. We used next-generation sequencing to examine viral mutations and population diversity, utilizing several metrics. With few exceptions, generally comparable measures of viral diversity and mutational frequency were detected following homologous virus infection of both respiratory-origin and ocular-origin tissue constructs. Expansion of within-host assessments of genetic diversity to include IAV with atypical clinical presentations in humans or in extrapulmonary cell types can provide greater insight into understanding those features most prone to modulation in the context of viral tropism. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) can infect tissues both within and beyond the respiratory tract, leading to extrapulmonary complications, such as conjunctivitis or gastrointestinal disease. Selective pressures governing virus replication and induction of host responses can vary based on the anatomical site of infection, yet studies examining within-host assessments of genetic diversity are typically only conducted in cells derived from the respiratory tract. We examined the contribution of influenza virus tropism on these properties two different ways: by using IAV associated with different tropisms in humans, and by infecting human cell types from two different organ systems susceptible to IAV infection. Despite the diversity of cell types and viruses employed, we observed generally similar measures of viral diversity postinfection across all conditions tested; these findings nonetheless contribute to a greater understanding of the role tissue type contributes to the dynamics of virus evolution within a human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J. Kieran
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Juliana DaSilva
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas J. Stark
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ian A. York
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claudia Pappas
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John R. Barnes
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Taronna R. Maines
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica A. Belser
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Utility of Human In Vitro Data in Risk Assessments of Influenza A Virus Using the Ferret Model. J Virol 2023; 97:e0153622. [PMID: 36602361 PMCID: PMC9888249 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01536-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As influenza A viruses (IAV) continue to cross species barriers and cause human infection, the establishment of risk assessment rubrics has improved pandemic preparedness efforts. In vivo pathogenicity and transmissibility evaluations in the ferret model represent a critical component of this work. As the relative contribution of in vitro experimentation to these rubrics has not been closely examined, we sought to evaluate to what extent viral titer measurements over the course of in vitro infections are predictive or correlates of nasal wash and tissue measurements for IAV infections in vivo. We compiled data from ferrets inoculated with an extensive panel of over 50 human and zoonotic IAV (inclusive of swine-origin and high- and low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses associated with human infection) under a consistent protocol, with all viruses concurrently tested in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (Calu-3). Viral titers in ferret nasal wash specimens and nasal turbinate tissue correlated positively with peak titer in Calu-3 cells, whereas additional phenotypic and molecular determinants of influenza virus virulence and transmissibility in ferrets varied in their association with in vitro viral titer measurements. Mathematical modeling was used to estimate more generalizable key replication kinetic parameters from raw in vitro viral titers, revealing commonalities between viral infection progression in vivo and in vitro. Meta-analyses inclusive of IAV that display a diverse range of phenotypes in ferrets, interpreted with mathematical modeling of viral kinetic parameters, can provide critical information supporting a more rigorous and appropriate contextualization of in vitro experiments toward pandemic preparedness. IMPORTANCE Both in vitro and in vivo models are employed for assessing the pandemic potential of novel and emerging influenza A viruses in laboratory settings, but systematic examinations of how well viral titer measurements obtained in vitro align with results from in vivo experimentation are not frequently performed. We show that certain viral titer measurements following infection of a human bronchial epithelial cell line are positively correlated with viral titers in specimens collected from virus-inoculated ferrets and employ mathematical modeling to identify commonalities between viral infection progression between both models. These analyses provide a necessary first step in enhanced interpretation and incorporation of in vitro-derived data in risk assessment activities and highlight the utility of employing mathematical modeling approaches to more closely examine features of virus replication not identifiable by experimental studies alone.
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Pulit-Penaloza JA, Brock N, Belser JA, Sun X, Pappas C, Tumpey TM, Maines TR. Kinetics and magnitude of viral RNA shedding as indicators for Influenza A virus transmissibility in ferrets. Commun Biol 2023; 6:90. [PMID: 36690690 PMCID: PMC9871019 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ferret transmission model is routinely used to evaluate the pandemic potential of newly emerging influenza A viruses. However, concurrent measurement of viral load in the air is typically not a component of such studies. To address this knowledge gap, we measured the levels of virus in ferret nasal washes as well as viral RNA emitted into the air for 14 diverse influenza viruses, encompassing human-, swine-, and avian-origin strains. Here we show that transmissible viruses display robust replication and fast release into the air. In contrast, poorly- and non-transmissible viruses show significantly reduced or delayed replication along with lower detection of airborne viral RNA at early time points post inoculation. These findings indicate that efficient ferret-to-ferret transmission via the air is directly associated with fast emission of virus-laden particles; as such, quantification of viral RNA in the air represents a useful addition to established assessments of new influenza virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Pulit-Penaloza
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Nicole Brock
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Claudia Pappas
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Ye Q, Liu H, Mao J, Shu Q. Nonpharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 disrupt the dynamic balance between influenza A virus and human immunity. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28292. [PMID: 36367115 PMCID: PMC9877879 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 epidemic, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) blocked the transmission route of respiratory diseases. This study aimed to investigate the impact of NPIs on the influenza A virus (IAV) outbreak. The present study enrolled all children with respiratory tract infections who came to the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University between January 2019 and July 2022. A direct immunofluorescence assay kit detected IAV. Virus isolation and Sanger sequencing were performed. From June to July 2022, in Hangzhou, China, the positive rate of IAV infection in children has increased rapidly, reaching 30.41%, and children over 3 years old are the main infected population, accounting for 75% of the total number of infected children. Influenza A (H3N2) viruses are representative strains during this period. In this outbreak, H3N2 was isolated from a cluster of its own and is highly homologous with A/South_Dakota/22/2022 (2021-2022 Northern Hemisphere). Between isolated influenza A (H3N2) viruses and A/South_Dakota/22/2022, the nucleotide homology of the HA gene ranged from 97.3% to 97.5%; the amino acid homology was 97%-97.2%, and the genetic distance of nucleotides ranged from 0.05 to 0.052. Compared with A/South_Dakota/22/2022, the isolated H3N2 showed S156H, N159Y, I160T, D186S, S198P, I48T, S53D, and K171N mutations. There was no variation in 13 key amino acid sites associated with neuraminidase inhibitor resistance in NA protein. Long-term NPIs have significantly affected the evolution and transmission of the influenza virus and human immunity, breaking the dynamic balance between the IAV and human immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthNational Children's Regional Medical CenterHangzhouChina
| | - Huihui Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthNational Children's Regional Medical CenterHangzhouChina
| | - Jianhua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthNational Children's Regional Medical CenterHangzhouChina
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthNational Children's Regional Medical CenterHangzhouChina
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Oftung F, Næss LM, Laake I, Stoloff G, Pleguezuelos O. FLU-v, a Broad-Spectrum Influenza Vaccine, Induces Cross-Reactive Cellular Immune Responses in Humans Measured by Dual IFN-γ and Granzyme B ELISpot Assay. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1528. [PMID: 36146606 PMCID: PMC9505334 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports demonstrated that FLU-v, a peptide-based broad-spectrum influenza vaccine candidate, induced antibody and cellular immune responses in humans. Here, we evaluate cellular effector functions and cross-reactivity. PBMC sampled pre- (day 0) and post-vaccination (days 42 and 180) from vaccine (n = 58) and placebo (n = 27) recipients were tested in vitro for responses to FLU-v and inactivated influenza strains (A/H3N2, A/H1N1, A/H5N1, A/H7N9, B/Yamagata) using IFN-γ and granzyme B ELISpot. FLU-v induced a significant increase in the number of IFN-γ- and granzyme-B-secreting cells responding to the vaccine antigens from pre-vaccination (medians: 5 SFU/106 cells for both markers) to day 42 (125 and 40 SFU/106 cells, p < 0.0001 for both) and day 180 (75 and 20 SFU/106 cells, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0047). The fold increase from pre-vaccination to day 42 for IFN-γ-, granzyme-B-, and double-positive-secreting cells responding to FLU-v was significantly elevated compared to placebo (medians: 16.3-fold vs. 1.0-fold, p < 0.0001; 3.5-fold vs. 1.0-fold, p < 0.0001; 3.0-fold vs. 1.0-fold, p = 0.0012, respectively). Stimulation of PBMC with inactivated influenza strains showed significantly higher fold increases from pre-vaccination to day 42 in the vaccine group compared to placebo for IFN-γ-secreting cells reacting to H1N1 (medians: 2.3-fold vs. 0.8-fold, p = 0.0083), H3N2 (1.7-fold vs. 0.8-fold, p = 0.0178), and H5N1 (1.7-fold vs. 1.0-fold, p = 0.0441); for granzyme B secreting cells reacting to H1N1 (3.5-fold vs. 1.0-fold, p = 0.0075); and for double positive cells reacting to H1N1 (2.9-fold vs. 1.0-fold, p = 0.0219), H3N2 (1.7-fold vs. 0.9-fold, p = 0.0136), and the B strain (2.0-fold vs. 0.8-fold, p = 0.0227). The correlation observed between number of cells secreting IFN-γ or granzyme B in response to FLU-v and to the influenza strains supported vaccine-induced cross-reactivity. In conclusion, adjuvanted FLU-v vaccination induced cross-reactive cellular responses with cytotoxic capacity, further supporting the development of FLU-v as a broad-spectrum influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Oftung
- Department of Method Development and Analytics, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, N-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisbeth M. Næss
- Department of Infection Control and Vaccines, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, N-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Laake
- Department of Method Development and Analytics, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, N-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gregory Stoloff
- SEEK, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College St, London NW1 0NH, UK
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Inherent heterogeneity of influenza A virus stability following aerosolization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0227121. [PMID: 34985975 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02271-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient human-to-human transmission represents a necessary adaptation for a zoonotic influenza A virus (IAV) to cause a pandemic. As such, many emerging IAVs are characterized for transmissibility phenotypes in mammalian models, with an emphasis on elucidating viral determinants of transmission and the role host immune responses contribute to mammalian adaptation. Investigations of virus infectivity and stability in aerosols concurrent with transmission assessments have increased in recent years, enhancing our understanding of this dynamic process. Here, we employ a diverse panel of 17 human and zoonotic IAVs, inclusive of seasonally circulating H1N1 and H3N2 viruses, and avian and swine viruses associated with human infection, to evaluate differences in spray factor (a value that assesses efficiency of the aerosolization process), stability, and infectivity following aerosolization. While most seasonal influenza viruses did not exhibit substantial variability within these parameters, there was more heterogeneity among zoonotic influenza viruses, which possess a diverse range of transmission phenotypes. Aging of aerosols at different relative humidities identified strain-specific levels of stability with different profiles identified between zoonotic H3, H5, and H7 subtype viruses associated with human infection. As studies continue to elucidate the complex components governing virus transmissibility, notably aerosol matrices and environmental parameters, considering the relative role of subtype- and strain-specific factors to modulate these parameters will improve our understanding of the pandemic potential of zoonotic influenza A viruses. Importance Transmission of respiratory pathogens through the air can facilitate the rapid and expansive spread of infection and disease through a susceptible population. While seasonal influenza viruses are quite capable of airborne spread, there is a lack of knowledge regarding how well influenza viruses remain viable after aerosolization, and if influenza viruses capable of jumping species barriers to cause human infection differ in this property from seasonal strains. We evaluated a diverse panel of influenza viruses associated with human infection (originating from human, avian, and swine reservoirs) for their ability to remain viable after aerosolization in the laboratory under a range of conditions. We found greater diversity among avian and swine-origin viruses compared with seasonal influenza viruses; strain-specific stability was also noted. Although influenza virus stability in aerosols is an underreported property, if molecular markers associated with enhanced stability are identified, we will be able to quickly recognize emerging strains of influenza that present the greatest pandemic threat.
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Abstract
Seasonal influenza epidemics of variable severity pose challenges to public health. Annual vaccination is the primary way to prevent influenza, and a wide range of vaccines are available, including inactivated or live attenuated standard-dose, recombinant vaccines, as well as adjuvanted or high-dose vaccines for persons aged 65 years or older. Persons at increased risk for influenza complications include young children, persons with underlying medical conditions, and older adults. Prompt diagnosis of influenza can facilitate early initiation of antiviral treatment that provides the greatest clinical benefit. This article summarizes recommendations for providers on influenza vaccination, diagnostic testing, and antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Patel MC, Chesnokov A, Jones J, Mishin VP, De La Cruz JA, Nguyen HT, Zanders N, Wentworth DE, Davis TC, Gubareva LV. Susceptibility of widely diverse influenza a viruses to PB2 polymerase inhibitor pimodivir. Antiviral Res 2021; 188:105035. [PMID: 33581212 PMCID: PMC8978222 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pimodivir exerts an antiviral effect on the early stages of influenza A virus replication by inhibiting the cap-binding function of polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2). In this study, we used a combination of sequence analysis and phenotypic methods to evaluate pimodivir susceptibility of influenza A viruses collected from humans and other hosts. Screening PB2 sequences for substitutions previously associated with reduced pimodivir susceptibility revealed a very low frequency among seasonal viruses circulating in the U.S. during 2015–2020 (<0.03%; 3/11,934) and among non-seasonal viruses collected in various countries during the same period (0.2%; 18/8971). Pimodivir potently inhibited virus replication in two assays, a single-cycle HINT and a multi-cycle FRA, with IC50 values in a nanomolar range. Median IC50 values determined by HINT were similar for both subtypes of seasonal viruses, A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2), across three seasons. Human seasonal viruses with PB2 substitutions S324C, S324R, or N510K displayed a 27–317-fold reduced pimodivir susceptibility by HINT. In addition, pimodivir was effective at inhibiting replication of a diverse group of animal-origin viruses that have pandemic potential, including avian viruses of A(H5N6) and A(H7N9) subtypes. A rare PB2 substitution H357N was identified in an A(H4N2) subtype poultry virus that displayed >100-fold reduced pimodivir susceptibility. Our findings demonstrate a broad inhibitory activity of pimodivir and expand the existing knowledge of amino acid substitutions that can reduce susceptibility to this investigational antiviral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira C Patel
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anton Chesnokov
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joyce Jones
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vasiliy P Mishin
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juan A De La Cruz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ha T Nguyen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; General Dynamics Information Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Natosha Zanders
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; General Dynamics Information Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Todd C Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Larisa V Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Wang Y, Zhong W, Salam A, Tarning J, Zhan Q, Huang JA, Weng H, Bai C, Ren Y, Yamada K, Wang D, Guo Q, Fang Q, Tsutomu S, Zou X, Li H, Gillesen A, Castle L, Chen C, Li H, Zhen J, Lu B, Duan J, Guo L, Jiang J, Cao R, Fan G, Li J, Hayden FG, Wang C, Horby P, Cao B. Phase 2a, open-label, dose-escalating, multi-center pharmacokinetic study of favipiravir (T-705) in combination with oseltamivir in patients with severe influenza. EBioMedicine 2020; 62:103125. [PMID: 33232871 PMCID: PMC7689521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pharmacokinetics and appropriate dose regimens of favipiravir are unknown in hospitalized influenza patients; such data are also needed to determine dosage selection for favipiravir trials in COVID-19. METHODS In this dose-escalating study, favipiravir pharmacokinetics and tolerability were assessed in critically ill influenza patients. Participants received one of two dosing regimens; Japan licensed dose (1600 mg BID on day 1 and 600 mg BID on the following days) and the higher dose (1800 mg/800 mg BID) trialed in uncomplicated influenza. The primary pharmacokinetic endpoint was the proportion of patients with a minimum observed plasma trough concentration (Ctrough) ≥20 mg/L at all measured time points after the second dose. RESULTS Sixteen patients were enrolled into the low dose group and 19 patients into the high dose group of the study. Favipiravir Ctrough decreased significantly over time in both groups (p <0.01). Relative to day 2 (48 hrs), concentrations were 91.7% and 90.3% lower in the 1600/600 mg group and 79.3% and 89.5% lower in the 1800/800 mg group at day 7 and 10, respectively. In contrast, oseltamivir concentrations did not change significantly over time. A 2-compartment disposition model with first-order absorption and elimination described the observed favipiravir concentration-time data well. Modeling demonstrated that less than 50% of patients achieved Ctrough ≥20 mg/L for >80% of the duration of treatment of the two dose regimens evaluated (18.8% and 42.1% of patients for low and high dose regimen, respectively). Increasing the favipravir dosage predicted a higher proportion of patients reaching this threshold of 20 mg/L, suggesting that dosing regimens of ≥3600/2600 mg might be required for adequate concentrations. The two dosing regimens were well-tolerated in critical ill patients with influenza. CONCLUSION The two dosing regimens proposed for uncomplicated influenza did not achieve our pre-defined treatment threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeming Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Alex Salam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joel Tarning
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Qingyuan Zhan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-An Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Heng Weng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Province, China
| | - Changqing Bai
- The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Ren
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Koichi Yamada
- Department of Research Laboratory, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Respiratory, Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, First Affliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiongqiong Fang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Sakurai Tsutomu
- Department of Research Laboratory, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaohui Zou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Annelies Gillesen
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lyndsey Castle
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jing Zhen
- The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Binghuai Lu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Guo
- Nosocomial Infection Control Office, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ruiyuan Cao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Guohui Fan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jintong Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Frederick G Hayden
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peter Horby
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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11
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Chen J, Hu C, Chen L, Tang L, Zhu Y, Xu X, Chen L, Gao H, Lu X, Yu L, Dai X, Xiang C, Li L. Clinical Study of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by Epidemic Influenza A (H7N9) Infection: A Hint for COVID-19 Treatment. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2020; 6:1153-1161. [PMID: 32292627 PMCID: PMC7102606 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
H7N9 viruses quickly spread between mammalian hosts and carry the risk of human-to-human transmission, as shown by the 2013 outbreak. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), lung failure, and acute pneumonia are major lung diseases in H7N9 patients. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising choice for treating virus-induced pneumonia, and was used to treat H7N9-induced ARDS in 2013. The transplant of MSCs into patients with H7N9-induced ARDS was conducted at a single center through an open-label clinical trial. Based on the principles of voluntariness and informed consent, 44 patients with H7N9-induced ARDS were included as a control group, while 17 patients with H7N9-induced ARDS acted as an experimental group with allogeneic menstrual-blood-derived MSCs. It was notable that MSC transplantation significantly lowered the mortality of the experimental group, compared with the control group (17.6% died in the experimental group while 54.5% died in the control group). Furthermore, MSC transplantation did not result in harmful effects in the bodies of four of the patients who were part of the five-year follow-up period. Collectively, these results suggest that MSCs significantly improve the survival rate of H7N9-induced ARDS and provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of H7N9-induced ARDS in both preclinical research and clinical studies. Because H7N9 and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) share similar complications (e.g., ARDS and lung failure) and corresponding multi-organ dysfunction, MSC-based therapy could be a possible alternative for treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chenxia Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lingling Tang
- Shulan (Hangzhou)Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Yixin Zhu
- Shulan (Hangzhou)Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Innovative Precision Medicine (IPM) Group, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Hainv Gao
- Shulan (Hangzhou)Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Liang Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiahong Dai
- Shulan (Hangzhou)Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Charlie Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Shulan (Hangzhou)Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, China
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12
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Shan X, Wang Y, Song R, Wei W, Liao H, Huang H, Xu C, Chen L, Li S. Spatial and temporal clusters of avian influenza a (H7N9) virus in humans across five epidemics in mainland China: an epidemiological study of laboratory-confirmed cases. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:630. [PMID: 32842978 PMCID: PMC7449057 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus was first reported in mainland China in 2013, and alarming in 2016–17 due to the surge across a wide geographic area. Our study aimed to identify and explore the spatial and temporal variation across five epidemics to reinforce the epidemic prevention and control. Methods We collected spatial and temporal information about all laboratory-confirmed human cases of A (H7N9) virus infection reported in mainland China covering 2013–17 from the open source. The autocorrelation analysis and intensity of cases were used to analyse the spatial cluster while circular distribution method was used to analyse the temporal cluster. Results Across the five epidemics, a total of 1553 laboratory-confirmed human cases with A (H7N9) virus were reported in mainland China. The global Moran’s I index values of five epidemic were 0.610, 0.132, 0.308, 0.306, 0.336 respectively, among which the differences were statistically significant. The highest intensity was present in the Yangtze River Delta region and the Pearl River Delta region, and the range enlarged from the east of China to inner provinces and even the west of China across the five epidemics. The temporal clusters of the five epidemics were statistically significant, and the peak period was from the end of January to April with the first and the fifth epidemic later than the mean peak period. Conclusions Spatial and temporal clusters of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in humans are obvious, moreover the regions existing clusters may enlarge across the five epidemics. Yangtze River Delta region and the Pearl River Delta region have the spatial cluster and the peak period is from January to April. The government should facilitate the tangible improvement for the epidemic preparedness according to the characteristics of spatial and temporal clusters of patients with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzheng Shan
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongqin Wang
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruihong Song
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongxiu Liao
- Transaction Management and Information Department, Panzhihua City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunqiong Xu
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lvlin Chen
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyun Li
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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13
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Characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in the ferret model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12700. [PMID: 32728042 PMCID: PMC7391700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses, of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage, have exhibited substantial geographic spread worldwide since the first detection of H5N1 virus in 1996. Accumulation of mutations in the HA gene has resulted in several phylogenetic clades, while reassortment with other avian influenza viruses has led to the emergence of new virus subtypes (H5Nx), notably H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8. H5Nx viruses represent a threat to both the poultry industry and human health and can cause lethal human disease following virus exposure. Here, HPAI H5N6 and H5N2 viruses (isolated between 2014 and 2017) of the 2.3.4.4 clade were assessed for their capacity to replicate in human respiratory tract cells, and to cause disease and transmit in the ferret model. All H5N6 viruses possessed increased virulence in ferrets compared to the H5N2 virus; however, pathogenicity profiles varied among the H5N6 viruses tested, from mild infection with sporadic virus dissemination beyond the respiratory tract, to severe disease with fatal outcome. Limited transmission between co-housed ferrets was observed with the H5N6 viruses but not with the H5N2 virus. In vitro evaluation of H5Nx virus replication in Calu-3 cells and the identification of mammalian adaptation markers in key genes associated with pathogenesis supports these findings.
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14
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Brown L, Munro J, Rogers S. Use of personal protective equipment in nursing practice. Nurs Stand 2020; 34:59-66. [PMID: 31468815 DOI: 10.7748/ns.2019.e11260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of infection prevention and control is essential for nurses when seeking to protect themselves, patients, colleagues and the general public from the transmission of infection. Personal protective equipment (PPE) - such as gloves, aprons and/or gowns, and eye protection - is an important aspect of infection prevention and control for all healthcare staff, including nurses. Its use requires effective assessment, an understanding of the suitability of various types of PPE in various clinical scenarios, and appropriate application. Understanding the role of PPE will enable nurses to use it appropriately and reduce unnecessary cost, while ensuring that the nurse-patient relationship remains central to care. This article defines PPE and its components, outlines when it should be used and details its optimal application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julianne Munro
- Christchurch Women's Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Suzy Rogers
- Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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15
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Belser JA, Pulit-Penaloza JA, Maines TR. Ferreting Out Influenza Virus Pathogenicity and Transmissibility: Past and Future Risk Assessments in the Ferret Model. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a038323. [PMID: 31871233 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As influenza A viruses continue to jump species barriers, data generated in the ferret model to assess influenza virus pathogenicity, transmissibility, and tropism of these novel strains continues to inform an increasing scope of public health-based applications. This review presents the suitability of ferrets as a small mammalian model for influenza viruses and describes the breadth of pathogenicity and transmissibility profiles possible in this species following inoculation with a diverse range of viruses. Adaptation of aerobiology-based techniques and analyses have furthered our understanding of data obtained from this model and provide insight into the capacity of novel and emerging influenza viruses to cause human infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Joanna A Pulit-Penaloza
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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Xiao J, Shiu EYC, Gao H, Wong JY, Fong MW, Ryu S, Cowling BJ. Nonpharmaceutical Measures for Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare Settings-Personal Protective and Environmental Measures. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:967-975. [PMID: 32027586 PMCID: PMC7181938 DOI: 10.3201/eid2605.190994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There were 3 influenza pandemics in the 20th century, and there has been 1 so far in the 21st century. Local, national, and international health authorities regularly update their plans for mitigating the next influenza pandemic in light of the latest available evidence on the effectiveness of various control measures in reducing transmission. Here, we review the evidence base on the effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical personal protective measures and environmental hygiene measures in nonhealthcare settings and discuss their potential inclusion in pandemic plans. Although mechanistic studies support the potential effect of hand hygiene or face masks, evidence from 14 randomized controlled trials of these measures did not support a substantial effect on transmission of laboratory-confirmed influenza. We similarly found limited evidence on the effectiveness of improved hygiene and environmental cleaning. We identified several major knowledge gaps requiring further research, most fundamentally an improved characterization of the modes of person-to-person transmission.
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Adaptation of H9N2 Influenza Viruses to Mammalian Hosts: A Review of Molecular Markers. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050541. [PMID: 32423002 PMCID: PMC7290818 DOI: 10.3390/v12050541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the number of human infections with avian and swine influenza viruses continues to rise, the pandemic risk posed by zoonotic influenza viruses cannot be underestimated. Implementation of global pandemic preparedness efforts has largely focused on H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses; however, the pandemic threat posed by other subtypes of avian influenza viruses, especially the H9 subtype, should not be overlooked. In this review, we summarize the literature pertaining to the emergence, prevalence and risk assessment of H9N2 viruses, and add new molecular analyses of key mammalian adaptation markers in the hemagglutinin and polymerase proteins. Available evidence has demonstrated that H9N2 viruses within the Eurasian lineage continue to evolve, leading to the emergence of viruses with an enhanced receptor binding preference for human-like receptors and heightened polymerase activity in mammalian cells. Furthermore, the increased prevalence of certain mammalian adaptation markers and the enhanced transmissibility of selected viruses in mammalian animal models add to the pandemic risk posed by this virus subtype. Continued surveillance of zoonotic H9N2 influenza viruses, inclusive of close genetic monitoring and phenotypic characterization in animal models, should be included in our pandemic preparedness efforts.
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18
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Wang Q, Jiang H, Xie Y, Zhang T, Liu S, Wu S, Sun Q, Song S, Wang W, Deng X, Ren L, Qin T, Horby P, Uyeki T, Yu H. Long-term clinical prognosis of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses in China after hospitalization. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 20:100282. [PMID: 32300739 PMCID: PMC7152818 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mainland China has experienced five epidemics of human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection since 2013. We conducted a prospective study to assess long-term clinical, pulmonary function testing, and chest computed tomography (CT) imaging findings after patients were discharged from hospital. METHODS A(H7N9) survivors in five provinces and one municipality underwent follow-up visits from August 2013 to September 2018, at three, six, and 12 months after illness onset, and a subset was also assessed at 18 and 64 months after onset. Thirteen patients were enrolled from the first A(H7N9) epidemic in 2013, 36 from the 2013-2014 second epidemic, and 12 from the 2016-2017 fifth epidemic. At each visit, A(H7N9) survivors received a medical examination, including the mMRC (modified Medical Research Council) dyspnea scale assessment, chest auscultation, pulmonary function testing and chest CT scans. FINDINGS The median age of 61 A(H7N9) survivors was 50 years. The cumulative rate of pulmonary dysfunction was 38·5% and 78·2% for chest CT scan abnormalities at the end of follow-up. Restrictive ventilation dysfunction was common during follow-up. Mild dyspnea was documented at three to 12-month follow-up visits. INTERPRETATION Patients who survived severe illness from A(H7N9) virus infection had evidence of persistent lung damage and long-term pulmonary dysfunction. FUNDING National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (grant number 81525023); Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader (grant number 18XD1400300); National Science and Technology Major Project of China (grant numbers 2017ZX10103009-005, 2018ZX10201001-010).
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Key Words
- CT scan
- CT, computed tomography
- DLCO, diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide
- FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second
- FVC, forced vital capacity
- Follow-up
- GGO, ground-glass opacity
- H7N9 subtype
- ICU, intensive care unit
- IQR, interquartile range
- Prognosis
- RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
- Respiratory function tests
- SD, standard deviation
- SPSS, Statistical Package for Social Sciences
- WHO, World Health Organization
- mMRC, modified Medical Research Council
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianli Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Jiangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Tianchen Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Shelan Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenggen Wu
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qianlai Sun
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Shaoxia Song
- Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Deng
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingshuang Ren
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantian Qin
- Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peter Horby
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author: Hongjie Yu, MD, PhD, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, No. 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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Armstrong GL, MacCannell DR, Taylor J, Carleton HA, Neuhaus EB, Bradbury RS, Posey JE, Gwinn M. Pathogen Genomics in Public Health. N Engl J Med 2019; 381:2569-2580. [PMID: 31881145 PMCID: PMC7008580 DOI: 10.1056/nejmsr1813907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advances in DNA sequencing technology ("next-generation sequencing") have inspired optimism about the potential of human genomics for "precision medicine." Meanwhile, pathogen genomics is already delivering "precision public health" through more effective investigations of outbreaks of foodborne illnesses, better-targeted tuberculosis control, and more timely and granular influenza surveillance to inform the selection of vaccine strains. In this article, we describe how public health agencies have been adopting pathogen genomics to improve their effectiveness in almost all domains of infectious disease. This momentum is likely to continue, given the ongoing development in sequencing and sequencing-related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Armstrong
- From the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (G.L.A., D.R.M., H.A.C.), the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (E.B.N.), the Center for Global Health (R.S.B.), and the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.E.P.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and CFOL International (M.G.) - all in Atlanta; and the Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany (J.T.)
| | - Duncan R MacCannell
- From the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (G.L.A., D.R.M., H.A.C.), the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (E.B.N.), the Center for Global Health (R.S.B.), and the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.E.P.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and CFOL International (M.G.) - all in Atlanta; and the Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany (J.T.)
| | - Jill Taylor
- From the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (G.L.A., D.R.M., H.A.C.), the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (E.B.N.), the Center for Global Health (R.S.B.), and the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.E.P.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and CFOL International (M.G.) - all in Atlanta; and the Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany (J.T.)
| | - Heather A Carleton
- From the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (G.L.A., D.R.M., H.A.C.), the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (E.B.N.), the Center for Global Health (R.S.B.), and the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.E.P.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and CFOL International (M.G.) - all in Atlanta; and the Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany (J.T.)
| | - Elizabeth B Neuhaus
- From the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (G.L.A., D.R.M., H.A.C.), the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (E.B.N.), the Center for Global Health (R.S.B.), and the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.E.P.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and CFOL International (M.G.) - all in Atlanta; and the Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany (J.T.)
| | - Richard S Bradbury
- From the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (G.L.A., D.R.M., H.A.C.), the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (E.B.N.), the Center for Global Health (R.S.B.), and the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.E.P.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and CFOL International (M.G.) - all in Atlanta; and the Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany (J.T.)
| | - James E Posey
- From the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (G.L.A., D.R.M., H.A.C.), the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (E.B.N.), the Center for Global Health (R.S.B.), and the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.E.P.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and CFOL International (M.G.) - all in Atlanta; and the Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany (J.T.)
| | - Marta Gwinn
- From the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (G.L.A., D.R.M., H.A.C.), the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (E.B.N.), the Center for Global Health (R.S.B.), and the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.E.P.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and CFOL International (M.G.) - all in Atlanta; and the Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany (J.T.)
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), including oseltamivir, zanamivir, and peramivir, is the main class of antiviral available for clinical use. As such, development of resistance toward these agents is of great clinical and public health concern. RECENT FINDINGS At present, NAI resistance remains uncommon among the circulating viruses (oseltamivir <3.5%, zanamivir <1%). Resistance risk is slightly higher in A(H1N1) than A(H3N2) and B viruses. Resistance may emerge during drug exposure, particularly among young children (<5 years), the immunocompromised, and individuals receiving prophylactic regimens. H275Y A(H1N1) variant, showing high-level oseltamivir resistance, is capable of causing outbreaks. R294K A(H7N9) variant shows reduced inhibition across NAIs. Multi-NAI resistance has been reported in the immunocompromised. SUMMARY These findings highlight the importance of continuous surveillance, and assessment of viral fitness and transmissibility of resistant virus strains. Detection can be challenging, especially in a mix of resistant and wild-type viruses. Recent advances in molecular techniques (e.g. targeted mutation PCR, iART, ddPCR, pyrosequencing, next-generation sequencing) have improved detection and our understanding of viral dynamics. Treatment options available for oseltamivir-resistant viruses are limited, and susceptibility testing of other NAIs may be required, but non-NAI antivirals (e.g. polymerase inhibitors) that are active against these resistant viruses are in late-stage clinical development.
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Toth E, Dawson ED, Taylor AW, Stoughton RS, Blair RH, Johnson JE, Slinskey A, Fessler R, Smith CB, Talbot S, Rowlen K. FluChip-8G Insight: HA and NA subtyping of potentially pandemic influenza A viruses in a single assay. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 14:55-60. [PMID: 31608599 PMCID: PMC6928037 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global influenza surveillance in humans and animals is a critical component of pandemic preparedness. The FluChip-8G Insight assay was developed to subtype both seasonal and potentially pandemic influenza viruses in a single assay with a same day result. FluChip-8G Insight uses whole gene segment RT-PCR-based amplification to provide robustness against genetic drift and subsequent microarray detection with artificial neural network-based data interpretation. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to verify and validate the performance of the FluChip-8G Insight assay for the detection and positive identification of human and animal origin non-seasonal influenza A specimens. METHODS We evaluated the ability of the FluChip-8G Insight technology to type and HA and NA subtype a sample set consisting of 297 results from 180 unique non-seasonal influenza A strains (49 unique subtypes). RESULTS FluChip-8G Insight demonstrated a positive percent agreement ≥93% for 5 targeted HA and 5 targeted NA subtypes except for H9 (88%), and negative percent agreement exceeding 95% for all targeted subtypes. CONCLUSIONS The FluChip-8G Insight neural network-based algorithm used for virus identification performed well over a data set of 297 naïve sample results, and can be easily updated to improve performance on emerging strains without changing the underlying assay chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Catherine B Smith
- Influenza Division, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah Talbot
- Influenza Division, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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22
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Mishin VP, Patel MC, Chesnokov A, De La Cruz J, Nguyen HT, Lollis L, Hodges E, Jang Y, Barnes J, Uyeki T, Davis CT, Wentworth DE, Gubareva LV. Susceptibility of Influenza A, B, C, and D Viruses to Baloxavir 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1969-1972. [PMID: 31287050 PMCID: PMC6759234 DOI: 10.3201/eid2510.190607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Baloxavir showed broad-spectrum in vitro replication inhibition of 4 types of influenza viruses (90% effective concentration range 1.2-98.3 nmol/L); susceptibility pattern was influenza A ˃ B ˃ C ˃ D. This drug also inhibited influenza A viruses of avian and swine origin, including viruses that have pandemic potential and those resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors.
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23
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Carroll TD, Jegaskanda S, Matzinger SR, Fritts L, McChesney MB, Kent SJ, Fairman J, Miller CJ. A Lipid/DNA Adjuvant-Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine Protects Rhesus Macaques From Uncontrolled Virus Replication After Heterosubtypic Influenza A Virus Challenge. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:856-867. [PMID: 29701840 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines offer little protection from mismatched viruses with antigenically distant hemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins. We sought to determine if a cationic lipid/DNA complex (CLDC) adjuvant could induce heterosubtypic protection if added to a whole inactivated IAV vaccine (WIV). Methods Adult rhesus macaques (RMs) were vaccinated and at 2 weeks boosted with either an H1N1-WIV or an H3N2-WIV, with and without CLDC adjuvant. Four weeks postboost, animals were challenged with an H1N1 IAV matched to the H1N1-WIV vaccine. Results After challenge, viral RNA (vRNA) levels in the trachea of control RMs and RMs vaccinated with the unadjuvanted H1 or H3 WIV vaccines were similar. However, vRNA levels in the trachea of both the H1-WIV/CLDC- and the H3-WIV/CLDC-vaccinated RMs (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) were significantly lower than in unvaccinated control RMs. Heterosubtypic protection in H3-WIV/CLDC RMs was associated with significantly higher levels of nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix-1-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies (P < 0.05) and NP-specific nonneutralizing antibody-dependent natural killer cell activation (P < 0.01) compared with unprotected H3-WIV RMs. Conclusions Addition of the CLDC adjuvant to a simple WIV elicited immunity to conserved virus structural proteins in RMs that correlate with protection from uncontrolled virus replication after heterosubtypic influenza virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Carroll
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis
| | - Sinthujan Jegaskanda
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University
| | - Shannon R Matzinger
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis
| | - Linda Fritts
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis
| | - Michael B McChesney
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Christopher J Miller
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis
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24
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Suttie A, Karlsson EA, Deng YM, Hurt AC, Greenhill AR, Barr IG, Dussart P, Horwood PF. Avian influenza in the Greater Mekong Subregion, 2003-2018. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 74:103920. [PMID: 31201870 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The persistent circulation of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) is an ongoing problem for many countries in South East Asia, causing large economic losses to both the agricultural and health sectors. This review analyses AIV diversity, evolution and the risk of AIV emergence in humans in countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam (excluding China). The analysis was based on AIV sequencing data, serological studies, published journal articles and AIV outbreak reports available from January 2003 to December 2018. All countries of the GMS have suffered losses due repeated outbreaks of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 that has also caused human cases in all GMS countries. In Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam AIV outbreaks in domestic poultry have also been caused by clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6. A diverse range of low pathogenic AIVs (H1-H12) have been detected in poultry and wild bird species, though surveillance for and characterization of these subtypes is limited. Subtype H3, H4, H6 and H11 viruses have been detected over prolonged periods; whilst H1, H2, H7, H8, H10 and H12 viruses have only been detected transiently. H9 AIVs circulate endemically in Cambodia and Vietnam with seroprevalence data indicating human exposure to H9 AIVs in Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. As surveillance studies focus heavily on the detection of H5 AIVs in domestic poultry further research is needed to understand the true level of AIV diversity and the risk AIVs pose to humans in the GMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Suttie
- Virology Unit, Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
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25
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Abstract
Annual seasonal influenza epidemics of variable severity result in significant morbidity and mortality in the United States (U.S.) and worldwide. In temperate climate countries, including the U.S., influenza activity peaks during the winter months. Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons in the U.S. aged 6 months and older, and among those at increased risk for influenza-related complications in other parts of the world (e.g. young children, elderly). Observational studies have reported effectiveness of influenza vaccination to reduce the risks of severe disease requiring hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and death. A diagnosis of influenza should be considered in critically ill patients admitted with complications such as exacerbation of underlying chronic comorbidities, community-acquired pneumonia, and respiratory failure during influenza season. Molecular tests are recommended for influenza testing of respiratory specimens in hospitalized patients. Antigen detection assays are not recommended in critically ill patients because of lower sensitivity; negative results of these tests should not be used to make clinical decisions, and respiratory specimens should be tested for influenza by molecular assays. Because critically ill patients with lower respiratory tract disease may have cleared influenza virus in the upper respiratory tract, but have prolonged influenza viral replication in the lower respiratory tract, an endotracheal aspirate (preferentially) or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimen (if collected for other diagnostic purposes) should be tested by molecular assay for detection of influenza viruses.Observational studies have reported that antiviral treatment of critically ill adult influenza patients with a neuraminidase inhibitor is associated with survival benefit. Since earlier initiation of antiviral treatment is associated with the greatest clinical benefit, standard-dose oseltamivir (75 mg twice daily in adults) for enteric administration is recommended as soon as possible as it is well absorbed in critically ill patients. Based upon observational data that suggest harms, adjunctive corticosteroid treatment is currently not recommended for children or adults hospitalized with influenza, including critically ill patients, unless clinically indicated for another reason, such as treatment of asthma or COPD exacerbation, or septic shock. A number of pharmaceutical agents are in development for treatment of severe influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Chow
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop H24-7, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Joshua D Doyle
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop H24-7, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop H24-7, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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26
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Chow EJ, Doyle JD, Uyeki TM. Influenza virus-related critical illness: prevention, diagnosis, treatment. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2019; 23:214. [PMID: 31189475 PMCID: PMC6563376 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Annual seasonal influenza epidemics of variable severity result in significant morbidity and mortality in the United States (U.S.) and worldwide. In temperate climate countries, including the U.S., influenza activity peaks during the winter months. Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons in the U.S. aged 6 months and older, and among those at increased risk for influenza-related complications in other parts of the world (e.g. young children, elderly). Observational studies have reported effectiveness of influenza vaccination to reduce the risks of severe disease requiring hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and death. A diagnosis of influenza should be considered in critically ill patients admitted with complications such as exacerbation of underlying chronic comorbidities, community-acquired pneumonia, and respiratory failure during influenza season. Molecular tests are recommended for influenza testing of respiratory specimens in hospitalized patients. Antigen detection assays are not recommended in critically ill patients because of lower sensitivity; negative results of these tests should not be used to make clinical decisions, and respiratory specimens should be tested for influenza by molecular assays. Because critically ill patients with lower respiratory tract disease may have cleared influenza virus in the upper respiratory tract, but have prolonged influenza viral replication in the lower respiratory tract, an endotracheal aspirate (preferentially) or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimen (if collected for other diagnostic purposes) should be tested by molecular assay for detection of influenza viruses.Observational studies have reported that antiviral treatment of critically ill adult influenza patients with a neuraminidase inhibitor is associated with survival benefit. Since earlier initiation of antiviral treatment is associated with the greatest clinical benefit, standard-dose oseltamivir (75 mg twice daily in adults) for enteric administration is recommended as soon as possible as it is well absorbed in critically ill patients. Based upon observational data that suggest harms, adjunctive corticosteroid treatment is currently not recommended for children or adults hospitalized with influenza, including critically ill patients, unless clinically indicated for another reason, such as treatment of asthma or COPD exacerbation, or septic shock. A number of pharmaceutical agents are in development for treatment of severe influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Chow
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop H24-7, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Joshua D Doyle
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop H24-7, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop H24-7, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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27
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Viral Factors Important for Efficient Replication of Influenza A Viruses in Cells of the Central Nervous System. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02273-18. [PMID: 30867311 PMCID: PMC6532103 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02273-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disease is one of the most common extrarespiratory tract complications of influenza A virus infections, and the frequency and severity differ between seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza viruses. However, little is known about the interaction of these viruses with cells of the CNS. Differences among seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza viruses in replication efficacy in CNS cells, in vitro, suggest that the presence of an alternative HA cleavage mechanism and ability to attach are important viral factors. Identifying these viral factors and detailed knowledge of the interaction between influenza virus and CNS cells are important to prevent and treat this potentially lethal CNS disease. Central nervous system (CNS) disease is one of the most common extrarespiratory tract complications of influenza A virus infections. Remarkably, zoonotic H5N1 virus infections are more frequently associated with CNS disease than seasonal or pandemic influenza viruses. Little is known about the interaction between influenza A viruses and cells of the CNS; therefore, it is currently unknown which viral factors are important for efficient replication. Here, we determined the replication kinetics of a seasonal, pandemic, zoonotic, and lab-adapted influenza A virus in human neuron-like (SK-N-SH) and astrocyte-like (U87-MG) cells and primary mouse cortex neurons. In general, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus replicated most efficiently in all cells, which was associated with efficient attachment and infection. Seasonal H3N2 and to a lesser extent pandemic H1N1 virus replicated in a trypsin-dependent manner in SK-N-SH but not in U87-MG cells. In the absence of trypsin, only HPAI H5N1 and WSN viruses replicated. Removal of the multibasic cleavage site (MBCS) from HPAI H5N1 virus attenuated, but did not abrogate, replication. Taken together, our results showed that the MBCS and, to a lesser extent, the ability to attach are important determinants for efficient replication of HPAI H5N1 virus in cells of the CNS. This suggests that both an alternative hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage mechanism and preference for α-2,3-linked sialic acids allowing efficient attachment contribute to the ability of influenza A viruses to replicate efficiently in cells of the CNS. This study further improves our knowledge on potential viral factors important for the neurotropic potential of influenza A viruses. IMPORTANCE Central nervous system (CNS) disease is one of the most common extrarespiratory tract complications of influenza A virus infections, and the frequency and severity differ between seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza viruses. However, little is known about the interaction of these viruses with cells of the CNS. Differences among seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza viruses in replication efficacy in CNS cells, in vitro, suggest that the presence of an alternative HA cleavage mechanism and ability to attach are important viral factors. Identifying these viral factors and detailed knowledge of the interaction between influenza virus and CNS cells are important to prevent and treat this potentially lethal CNS disease.
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28
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Yang S, Harding AT, Sweeney C, Miao D, Swan G, Zhou C, Jiang Z, Fitzgerald KA, Hammer G, Bergo MO, Kroh HK, Lacy DB, Sun C, Glogauer M, Que LG, Heaton NS, Wang D. Control of antiviral innate immune response by protein geranylgeranylation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav7999. [PMID: 31149635 PMCID: PMC6541464 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav7999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) orchestrates host antiviral innate immune response to RNA virus infection. However, how MAVS signaling is controlled to eradicate virus while preventing self-destructive inflammation remains obscure. Here, we show that protein geranylgeranylation, a posttranslational lipid modification of proteins, limits MAVS-mediated immune signaling by targeting Rho family small guanosine triphosphatase Rac1 into the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) at the mitochondria-ER junction. Protein geranylgeranylation and subsequent palmitoylation promote Rac1 translocation into MAMs upon viral infection. MAM-localized Rac1 limits MAVS' interaction with E3 ligase Trim31 and hence inhibits MAVS ubiquitination, aggregation, and activation. Rac1 also facilitates the recruitment of caspase-8 and cFLIPL to the MAVS signalosome and the subsequent cleavage of Ripk1 that terminates MAVS signaling. Consistently, mice with myeloid deficiency of protein geranylgeranylation showed improved survival upon influenza A virus infection. Our work revealed a critical role of protein geranylgeranylation in regulating antiviral innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigao Yang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alfred T. Harding
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Catherine Sweeney
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David Miao
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gregory Swan
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Connie Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zhaozhao Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Katherine A. Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gianna Hammer
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Martin O. Bergo
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, NEO Building 6th Floor, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Heather K. Kroh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - D. Borden Lacy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Chunxiang Sun
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Ontario, M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Ontario, M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Loretta G. Que
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Donghai Wang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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29
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Shan X, Lai S, Liao H, Li Z, Lan Y, Yang W. The epidemic potential of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in humans in mainland China: A two-stage risk analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215857. [PMID: 31002703 PMCID: PMC6474630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background From 2013 to 2017, more than one thousand avian influenza A (H7N9) confirmed cases with hundreds of deaths were reported in mainland China. To identify priorities for epidemic prevention and control, a risk assessing framework for subnational variations is needed to define the epidemic potential of A (H7N9). Methods We established a consolidated two-stage framework that outlined the potential epidemic of H7N9 in humans: The Stage 1, index-case potential, used a Boosted Regression Trees model to assess population at risk due to spillover from poultry; the Stage 2, epidemic potential, synthesized the variables upon a framework of the Index for Risk Management to measure epidemic potential based on the probability of hazards and exposure, the vulnerability and coping capacity. Results Provinces in southern and eastern China, especially Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangzhou, have high index-case potential of human infected with A (H7N9), while northern coastal provinces and municipalities with low morbidity, i.e. Tianjin and Liaoning, have an increasing risk of A (H7N9) infection. Provinces in central China are likely to have high potential of epidemic due to the high vulnerability and the lack of coping capacity. Conclusions This study provides a unified risk assessment of A (H7N9) to detect the two-stage heterogeneity of epidemic potential among different provinces in mainland China, allowing proactively evaluate health preparedness at subnational levels to improve surveillance, diagnostic capabilities, and health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzheng Shan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengjie Lai
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Flowminder Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hongxiu Liao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongjie Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yajia Lan
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail: (WY); (YL)
| | - Weizhong Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WY); (YL)
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30
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Pulit-Penaloza JA, Belser JA, Tumpey TM, Maines TR. Sowing the Seeds of a Pandemic? Mammalian Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of H1 Variant Influenza Viruses from the Swine Reservoir. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:E41. [PMID: 30818793 PMCID: PMC6473686 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergence of genetically and antigenically diverse strains of influenza to which the human population has no or limited immunity necessitates continuous risk assessments to determine the likelihood of these viruses acquiring adaptations that facilitate sustained human-to-human transmission. As the North American swine H1 virus population has diversified over the last century by means of both antigenic drift and shift, in vivo assessments to study multifactorial traits like mammalian pathogenicity and transmissibility of these emerging influenza viruses are critical. In this review, we examine genetic, molecular, and pathogenicity and transmissibility data from a panel of contemporary North American H1 subtype swine-origin viruses isolated from humans, as compared to H1N1 seasonal and pandemic viruses, including the reconstructed 1918 virus. We present side-by-side analyses of experiments performed in the mouse and ferret models using consistent experimental protocols to facilitate enhanced interpretation of in vivo data. Contextualizing these analyses in a broader context permits a greater appreciation of the role that in vivo risk assessment experiments play in pandemic preparedness. Collectively, we find that despite strain-specific heterogeneity among swine-origin H1 viruses, contemporary swine viruses isolated from humans possess many attributes shared by prior pandemic strains, warranting heightened surveillance and evaluation of these zoonotic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Pulit-Penaloza
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Belser JA, Maines TR, Tumpey TM. Importance of 1918 virus reconstruction to current assessments of pandemic risk. Virology 2018; 524:45-55. [PMID: 30142572 PMCID: PMC9036538 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reconstruction of the 1918 influenza virus has facilitated considerable advancements in our understanding of this extraordinary pandemic virus. However, the benefits of virus reconstruction are not limited to this one strain. Here, we provide an overview of laboratory studies which have evaluated the reconstructed 1918 virus, and highlight key discoveries about determinants of virulence and transmissibility associated with this virus in mammals. We further discuss recent and current pandemic threats from avian and swine reservoirs, and provide specific examples of how reconstruction of the 1918 pandemic virus has improved our ability to contextualize research employing novel and emerging strains. As influenza viruses continue to evolve and pose a threat to human health, studying past pandemic viruses is key to future preparedness efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Li P, Wang J, Cao M, Deng Q, Jiang S, Wu MX, Lu L. Topical Application of a Vitamin A Derivative and Its Combination With Non-ablative Fractional Laser Potentiates Cutaneous Influenza Vaccination. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2570. [PMID: 30425691 PMCID: PMC6218415 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin contains a large number of antigen presenting cells, making intradermal (ID) injection one of the most effective ways for vaccine administration. However, although current adjuvants may cause severe local reactions and inflammations in the skin, no adjuvant has been approved for ID vaccination so far. Here, we report that topical application of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a vitamin A derivative produced in the human body, augmented cutaneous influenza vaccination. The adjuvant effects were evaluated in a murine vaccination/challenge model by using A/California/07/2009 pandemic vaccine (09V) or a seasonal influenza vaccine (SIV). ATRA drove a Th2-biased immune response, as demonstrated by profoundly elevated IgG1 titer rather than IgG2 titer. Combining ATRA with a non-ablative fractional laser (NAFL), which represents a new category of vaccine adjuvant utilizing physical stimuli to induce self-immune stimulators, further enhanced the efficacy of influenza vaccines with a more balanced Th1/Th2 immune response. The dual adjuvant strengthened cross-reactive immune responses against both homogenous and heterogeneous influenza viral strains. Analysis of gene expression profile showed that ATRA/NAFL stimulated upregulation of cytosolic nucleic acid sensors and their downstream factors, leading to a synergistic elevation of type I interferon expression. Consistent with this finding, knocking out IRF3 or IRF7, two key downstream regulatory factors in most nucleic acid sensing pathways, resulted in a significant decrease in the adjuvant effect of ATRA/NAFL. Thus, our study demonstrates that the self molecule ATRA could boost cutaneous influenza vaccination either alone or ideally in combination with NAFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiwen Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mei X. Wu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Gonzales JL, Roberts H, Smietanka K, Baldinelli F, Ortiz-Pelaez A, Verdonck F. Assessment of low pathogenic avian influenza virus transmission via raw poultry meat and raw table eggs. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05431. [PMID: 32625713 PMCID: PMC7009628 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid qualitative assessment has been done by performing a theoretical analysis on the transmission of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) via fresh meat from poultry reared or kept in captivity for the production of meat (raw poultry meat) or raw table eggs. A predetermined transmission pathway followed a number of steps from a commercial or non-commercial poultry establishment within the EU exposed to LPAI virus (LPAIV) to the onward virus transmission to animals and humans. The combined probability of exposure and subsequent LPAIV infection via raw poultry meat containing LPAIV is negligible for commercial poultry and humans exposed via consumption whereas it is very unlikely for non-commercial poultry, wild birds and humans exposed via handling and manipulation. The probability of LPAIV transmission from an individual infected via raw poultry meat containing LPAIV is negligible for commercial poultry and humans, whereas it is very unlikely for non-commercial poultry and wild birds. The combined probability of exposure and subsequent LPAIV infection via raw table eggs containing LPAIV is negligible for commercial poultry and humans and extremely unlikely to negligible for non-commercial poultry and wild birds. The probability of LPAIV transmission from an individual infected via raw table eggs containing LPAIV is negligible for commercial poultry and humans and very unlikely to negligible for non-commercial poultry and wild birds. Although the presence of LPAIV in raw poultry meat and table eggs is very unlikely to negligible, there is in general a high level of uncertainty on the estimation of the subsequent probabilities of key steps of the transmission pathways for poultry and wild birds, mainly due to the limited number of studies available, for instance on the viral load required to infect a bird via raw poultry meat or raw table eggs containing LPAIV.
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Xiang D, Pu Z, Luo T, Guo F, Li X, Shen X, Irwin DM, Murphy RW, Liao M, Shen Y. Evolutionary dynamics of avian influenza A H7N9 virus across five waves in mainland China, 2013-2017. J Infect 2018; 77:205-211. [PMID: 29807090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since its emergence in March 2013, novel avian influenza A H7N9 virus has triggered five epidemics of human infections in China. This raises concerns about the pandemic threat of this quickly evolving H7N9 subtype for humans. In this study, we evaluated all available genomes for H7N9 and H9N2 influenza A viruses. Our assessment discovered that H7N9 of the 1st wave had the lowest nucleotide diversity, which then experienced substantial and rapid population expansion from a small founder population. From the 2nd wave, their nucleotide diversity increased quickly, indicating that H7N9 viruses had acquired larger populations and mutations after their initial emergence in 2013. After the phylogeographic divergence in the 2nd wave, although the HA and NA genes from different regions differed, compared to previous epidemics, the evolving H7N9 viruses in the 5th wave lost most of their previous clades. The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses in the 5th wave clustered together, and clustered close to the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus isolated from the Pearl River Delta in the 3rd and 4th waves. This result supports the origin of HPAI H7N9 viruses was in the Pearl River Delta. In the 5th wave, although both HPAI and LPAI H7N9 viruses were isolated from the Pearl River Delta, their HA and NA genes were phylogenetically distinct.
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MESH Headings
- China/epidemiology
- Cluster Analysis
- Epidemics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genetic Variation
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Phylogeography
- Viral Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhiqing Pu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fucheng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuejuan Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Robert W Murphy
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto M5S 2C6, Canada
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongyi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Artois J, Jiang H, Wang X, Qin Y, Pearcy M, Lai S, Shi Y, Zhang J, Peng Z, Zheng J, He Y, Dhingra MS, von Dobschuetz S, Guo F, Martin V, Kalpravidh W, Claes F, Robinson T, Hay SI, Xiao X, Feng L, Gilbert M, Yu H. Changing Geographic Patterns and Risk Factors for Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Infections in Humans, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:87-94. [PMID: 29260681 PMCID: PMC5749478 DOI: 10.3201/eid2401.171393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The fifth epidemic wave of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China during 2016–2017 demonstrated a geographic range expansion and caused more human cases than any previous wave. The factors that may explain the recent range expansion and surge in incidence remain unknown. We investigated the effect of anthropogenic, poultry, and wetland variables on all epidemic waves. Poultry predictor variables became much more important in the last 2 epidemic waves than they were previously, supporting the assumption of much wider H7N9 transmission in the chicken reservoir. We show that the future range expansion of H7N9 to northern China may increase the risk of H7N9 epidemic peaks coinciding in time and space with those of seasonal influenza, leading to a higher risk of reassortments than before, although the risk is still low so far.
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Cell culture keeps pace with influenza virus. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2018; 6:805-806. [PMID: 30001993 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(18)30245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Trost JF, LeMasters EH, Liu F, Carney P, Lu X, Sugawara K, Hongo S, Stevens J, Steinhauer DA, Tumpey T, Katz JM, Levine MZ, Li ZN. Development of a high-throughput assay to detect antibody inhibition of low pH induced conformational changes of influenza virus hemagglutinin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199683. [PMID: 29949635 PMCID: PMC6021090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) bind to conserved areas of the hemagglutinin (HA) stalk region and can inhibit the low pH induced HA conformational changes necessary for viral membrane fusion activity. We developed and evaluated a high-throughput virus-free and cell-free ELISA based low pH induced HA Conformational Change Inhibition Antibody Detection Assay (HCCIA) and a complementary proteinase susceptibility assay. Human serum samples (n = 150) were tested by HCCIA using H3 recombinant HA. Optical density (OD) ratios of mAb HC31 at pH 4.8 to pH 7.0 ranged from 0.87 to 0.09. Our results demonstrated that low pH induced HA conformational change inhibition antibodies (CCI) neutralized multiple H3 strains after removal of head-binding antibodies. The results suggest that HCCIA can be utilized to detect and characterize CCI in sera, that are potentially broadly neutralizing, and serves as a useful tool for evaluating universal vaccine candidates targeting the HA stalk.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/blood
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza, Human/blood
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Conformation
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F. Trost
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth H. LeMasters
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Feng Liu
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul Carney
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xiuhua Lu
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kanetsu Sugawara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David A. Steinhauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Terrence Tumpey
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Katz
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Min Z. Levine
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zhu-Nan Li
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Wang Y, Guo Q, Yan Z, Zhou D, Zhang W, Zhou S, Li YP, Yuan J, Uyeki TM, Shen X, Wu W, Zhao H, Wu YF, Shang J, He Z, Yang Y, Zhao H, Hong Y, Zhang Z, Wu M, Wei T, Deng X, Deng Y, Cai LH, Lu W, Shu H, Zhang L, Luo H, ing Zhou Y, Weng H, Song K, Yao L, Jiang M, Zhao B, Chi R, Guo B, Fu L, Yu L, Min H, Chen P, Chen S, Hong L, Mao W, Huang X, Gu L, Li H, Wang C, Cao B. Factors Associated With Prolonged Viral Shedding in Patients With Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2018; 217:1708-1717. [PMID: 29648602 PMCID: PMC6679685 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Data are limited on the impact of neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) treatment on avian influenza A(H7N9) virus RNA shedding. Methods In this multicenter, retrospective study, data were collected from adults hospitalized with A(H7N9) infection during 2013-2017 in China. We compared clinical features and A(H7N9) shedding among patients with different NAI doses and combination therapies and evaluated factors associated with A(H7N9) shedding, using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Among 478 patients, the median age was 56 years, 71% were male, and 37% died. The median time from illness onset to NAI treatment initiation was 8 days (interquartile range [IQR], 6-10 days), and the median duration of A(H7N9) RNA detection from onset was 15.5 days (IQR, 12-20 days). A(H7N9) RNA shedding was shorter in survivors than in patients who died (P < .001). Corticosteroid administration (hazard ratio [HR], 0.62 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .50-.77]) and delayed NAI treatment (HR, 0.90 [95% CI, .91-.96]) were independent risk factors for prolonged A(H7N9) shedding. There was no significant difference in A(H7N9) shedding duration between NAI combination treatment and monotherapy (P = .65) or between standard-dose and double-dose oseltamivir treatment (P = .70). Conclusions Corticosteroid therapy and delayed NAI treatment were associated with prolonged A(H7N9) RNA shedding. NAI combination therapy and double-dose oseltamivir treatment were not associated with a reduced A(H7N9) shedding duration as compared to standard-dose oseltamivir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeming Wang
- Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Respiratory, Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- Intensive Care Unit, Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Daming Zhou
- Intensive Care Unit, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shujun Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ping Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Infectious Diseases Department, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Wenjuan Wu
- Intensive Care Unit, Wuhan Medical Treatment Center Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Yun-Fu Wu
- Intensive Care Unit, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Soochow, China
| | - Jia Shang
- Infectious Diseases Department, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengguang He
- Center for Respiratory Diseases, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongsheng Zhao
- Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yongqing Hong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, China
| | - Zehua Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, Anhui No. 2 Province People’s Hospital, China
| | - Min Wu
- Intensive Care Unit, Jieyang People’s Hospital, Jieyang, China
| | - Tiemin Wei
- Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, China
| | - Xilong Deng
- Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou No. 8 People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijun Deng
- Yancheng First People’s Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Li-hua Cai
- Intensive Care Unit, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Weihua Lu
- Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Hongmei Shu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Anqing Municipal Hospital, Anqing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, Binhu Hospital of Hefei, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Y ing Zhou
- Infectious Diseases Department, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Heng Weng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital of Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Keyi Song
- Bozhou People’s Hospital, Bozhou, China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China
| | - Mingguang Jiang
- Infectious Diseases Department, General Hospital of Wanbei Coal-Electric Group, Suzhou, China
| | - Boliang Zhao
- Infectious Diseases Department, Zhaoqing First People’s Hospital, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Ruibin Chi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiaolan People’s Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
| | - Boqi Guo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Putian Municipal Hospital, Putian, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Intensive Care Unit, First People’s Hospital of Xiangtan City, Xiangtan, China
| | - Long Yu
- Infectious Diseases Department, Lu’an People’s Hospital, Lu’an, China
| | - Haiyan Min
- Yunnan Provincial Infectious Disease Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Pu Chen
- Department of Critical Care Center, Yueqing First People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Yueqing, China
| | - Shuifang Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beilun District People’s Hospital, China
| | - Liang Hong
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Rui’an, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Lijun Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Suichang County People’s Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing
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Wang H, Deng J, Tang YW. Profile of the Alere i Influenza A & B assay: a pioneering molecular point-of-care test. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2018; 18:403-409. [PMID: 29688086 PMCID: PMC6153442 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2018.1466703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Alere i Influenza A & B assay incorporates the Nicking Enzyme Amplification Reaction technique on the Alere i instrument to detect and differentiate influenza virus (Flu) A and B nucleic acids in specific specimens. Areas covered: The Alere i Influenza A & B assay was cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration for use with nasal swabs (NS) and nasopharyngeal swabs, either directly or in viral transport medium. Notably, direct use on NS was the first ever CLIA-waived nucleic acid-based test. Previously published evaluations have reported sensitivities and specificities of 55.2-100% and 62.5-100% for Flu A and 45.2-100% and 53.6-100% for Flu B, respectively. Expert commentary: The Alere i Influenza A & B assay provides a rapid and simple platform for detection and differentiation of Flu A and B. Efforts are expected to further improve sensitivity and user-friendliness for effective and widespread use in the true point-of-care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Children Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jikui Deng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Children Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi-Wei Tang
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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40
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Zhou L, Chen E, Bao C, Xiang N, Wu J, Wu S, Shi J, Wang X, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Ren R, Greene CM, Havers F, Iuliano AD, Song Y, Li C, Chen T, Wang Y, Li D, Ni D, Zhang Y, Feng Z, Uyeki TM, Li Q. Clusters of Human Infection and Human-to-Human Transmission of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, 2013-2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24. [PMID: 29165238 PMCID: PMC5782887 DOI: 10.3201/eid2402.171565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To detect changes in human-to-human transmission of influenza A(H7N9) virus, we analyzed characteristics of 40 clusters of case-patients during 5 epidemics in China in 2013–2017. Similarities in number and size of clusters and proportion of clusters with probable human-to-human transmission across all epidemics suggest no change in human-to-human transmission risk.
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Belser JA, Johnson A, Pulit-Penaloza JA, Pappas C, Pearce MB, Tzeng WP, Hossain MJ, Ridenour C, Wang L, Chen LM, Wentworth DE, Katz JM, Maines TR, Tumpey TM. Pathogenicity testing of influenza candidate vaccine viruses in the ferret model. Virology 2017; 511:135-141. [PMID: 28846898 PMCID: PMC5791157 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of influenza candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) for pre-pandemic vaccine production represents a critical step in pandemic preparedness. The multiple subtypes and clades of avian or swine origin influenza viruses circulating world-wide at any one time necessitates the continuous generation of CVVs to provide an advanced starting point should a novel zoonotic virus cross the species barrier and cause a pandemic. Furthermore, the evolution and diversity of novel influenza viruses that cause zoonotic infections requires ongoing monitoring and surveillance, and, when a lack of antigenic match between circulating viruses and available CVVs is identified, the production of new CVVs. Pandemic guidelines developed by the WHO Global Influenza Program govern the design and preparation of reverse genetics-derived CVVs, which must undergo numerous safety and quality tests prior to human use. Confirmation of reassortant CVV attenuation of virulence in ferrets relative to wild-type virus represents one of these critical steps, yet there is a paucity of information available regarding the relative degree of attenuation achieved by WHO-recommended CVVs developed against novel viruses with pandemic potential. To better understand the degree of CVV attenuation in the ferret model, we examined the relative virulence of six A/Puerto Rico/8/1934-based CVVs encompassing five different influenza A subtypes (H2N3, H5N1, H5N2, H5N8, and H7N9) compared with the respective wild-type virus in ferrets. Despite varied virulence of wild-type viruses in the ferret, all CVVs examined showed reductions in morbidity and viral shedding in upper respiratory tract tissues. Furthermore, unlike the wild-type counterparts, none of the CVVs spread to extrapulmonary tissues during the acute phase of infection. While the magnitude of virus attenuation varied between virus subtypes, collectively we show the reliable and reproducible attenuation of CVVs that have the A/Puerto Rico/9/1934 backbone in a mammalian model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adam Johnson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joanna A Pulit-Penaloza
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Claudia Pappas
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa B Pearce
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wen-Pin Tzeng
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Jaber Hossain
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Callie Ridenour
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Zhang L, Ai HX, Li SM, Qi MY, Zhao J, Zhao Q, Liu HS. Virtual screening approach to identifying influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors using molecular docking combined with machine-learning-based scoring function. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83142-83154. [PMID: 29137330 PMCID: PMC5669956 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an epidemic of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 virus has persisted in China, with a high mortality rate. To develop novel anti-influenza therapies, we have constructed a machine-learning-based scoring function (RF-NA-Score) for the effective virtual screening of lead compounds targeting the viral neuraminidase (NA) protein. RF-NA-Score is more accurate than RF-Score, with a root-mean-square error of 1.46, Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.707, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient of 0.707 in a 5-fold cross-validation study. The performance of RF-NA-Score in a docking-based virtual screening of NA inhibitors was evaluated with a dataset containing 281 NA inhibitors and 322 noninhibitors. Compared with other docking–rescoring virtual screening strategies, rescoring with RF-NA-Score significantly improved the efficiency of virtual screening, and a strategy that averaged the scores given by RF-NA-Score, based on the binding conformations predicted with AutoDock, AutoDock Vina, and LeDock, was shown to be the best strategy. This strategy was then applied to the virtual screening of NA inhibitors in the SPECS database. The 100 selected compounds were tested in an in vitro H7N9 NA inhibition assay, and two compounds with novel scaffolds showed moderate inhibitory activities. These results indicate that RF-NA-Score improves the efficiency of virtual screening for NA inhibitors, and can be used successfully to identify new NA inhibitor scaffolds. Scoring functions specific for other drug targets could also be established with the same method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.,Research Center for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-macromolecules of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Hai-Xin Ai
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.,Research Center for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-macromolecules of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110036, China.,Engineering Laboratory for Molecular Simulation and Designing of Drug Molecules of Liaoning, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Shi-Meng Li
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Qi
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Mathematics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Liu
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.,Research Center for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-macromolecules of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110036, China.,Engineering Laboratory for Molecular Simulation and Designing of Drug Molecules of Liaoning, Shenyang 110036, China
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43
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Abstract
Influenza is an acute viral respiratory disease that affects persons of all ages and is associated with millions of medical visits, hundreds of thousands of hospitalizations, and thousands of deaths during annual winter epidemics of variable severity in the United States. Elderly persons have the highest influenza-associated hospitalization and mortality rates. The primary method of prevention is annual vaccination. Early antiviral treatment has the greatest clinical benefit; otherwise, management includes adherence to recommended infection prevention and control measures as well as supportive care of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Uyeki
- From the Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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