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Lau K, Kotzur R, Richter F. Blood-brain barrier alterations and their impact on Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and therapy. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:37. [PMID: 39075566 PMCID: PMC11285262 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for blood-brain barrier (BBB) alterations in Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder with rapidly rising prevalence. Altered tight junction and transporter protein levels, accumulation of α-synuclein and increase in inflammatory processes lead to extravasation of blood molecules and vessel degeneration. This could result in a self-perpetuating pathophysiology of inflammation and BBB alteration, which contribute to neurodegeneration. Toxin exposure or α-synuclein over-expression in animal models has been shown to initiate similar pathologies, providing a platform to study underlying mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the current knowledge on BBB alterations in PD patients and how rodent models that replicate some of these changes can be used to study disease mechanisms. Specific challenges in assessing the BBB in patients and in healthy controls are discussed. Finally, a potential role of BBB alterations in disease pathogenesis and possible implications for therapy are explored. The interference of BBB alterations with current and novel therapeutic strategies requires more attention. Brain region-specific BBB alterations could also open up novel opportunities to target specifically vulnerable neuronal subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Kotzur
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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2
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Weber CM, Moiz B, Clyne AM. Brain microvascular endothelial cell metabolism and its ties to barrier function. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2024; 126:25-75. [PMID: 39029976 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Brain microvascular endothelial cells, which lie at the interface between blood and brain, are critical to brain energetics. These cells must precisely balance metabolizing nutrients for their own demands with transporting nutrients into the brain to sustain parenchymal cells. It is essential to understand this integrated metabolism and transport so that we can develop better diagnostics and therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury. In this chapter, we first describe brain microvascular endothelial cell metabolism and how these cells regulate both blood flow and nutrient transport. We then explain the impact of brain microvascular endothelial cell metabolism on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, as well as how metabolites produced by the endothelial cells impact other brain cells. We detail some ways that cell metabolism is typically measured experimentally and modeled computationally. Finally, we describe changes in brain microvascular endothelial cell metabolism in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. At the end of the chapter, we highlight areas for future research in brain microvascular endothelial cell metabolism. The goal of this chapter is to underscore the importance of nutrient metabolism and transport at the brain endothelium for cerebral health and neurovascular disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie M Weber
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Bilal Moiz
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Alisa Morss Clyne
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
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3
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Ceci C, Lacal PM, Barbaccia ML, Mercuri NB, Graziani G, Ledonne A. The VEGFs/VEGFRs system in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: Pathophysiological roles and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Res 2024; 201:107101. [PMID: 38336311 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their cognate receptors (VEGFRs), besides their well-known involvement in physiological angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis and in diseases associated to pathological vessel formation, play multifaceted functions in the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to shaping brain development, by controlling cerebral vasculogenesis and regulating neurogenesis as well as astrocyte differentiation, the VEGFs/VEGFRs axis exerts essential functions in the adult brain both in physiological and pathological contexts. In this article, after describing the physiological VEGFs/VEGFRs functions in the CNS, we focus on the VEGFs/VEGFRs involvement in neurodegenerative diseases by reviewing the current literature on the rather complex VEGFs/VEGFRs contribution to the pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases. Thereafter, based on the outcome of VEGFs/VEGFRs targeting in animal models of AD and PD, we discuss the factual relevance of pharmacological VEGFs/VEGFRs modulation as a novel and potential disease-modifying approach for these neurodegenerative pathologies. Specific VEGFRs targeting, aimed at selective VEGFR-1 inhibition, while preserving VEGFR-2 signal transduction, appears as a promising strategy to hit the molecular mechanisms underlying AD pathology. Moreover, therapeutic VEGFs-based approaches can be proposed for PD treatment, with the aim of fine-tuning their brain levels to amplify neurotrophic/neuroprotective effects while limiting an excessive impact on vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ceci
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Luisa Barbaccia
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Neurology Section, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Rome, Italy; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ada Ledonne
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Rome, Italy; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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4
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Eser P, Kocabicak E, Bekar A, Temel Y. The interplay between neuroinflammatory pathways and Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2024; 372:114644. [PMID: 38061555 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder predominantly affecting elderly, is marked by the gradual degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, culminating in neuronal loss within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and dopamine depletion. At the molecular level, neuronal loss in the SNpc has been attributed to factors including neuroinflammation, impaired protein homeostasis, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction and the resulting oxidative stress. This review focuses on the interplay between neuroinflammatory pathways and Parkinson's disease, drawing insights from current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Eser
- Bursa Uludag University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Ersoy Kocabicak
- Ondokuz Mayis University, Health Practise and Research Hospital, Neuromodulation Center, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Bekar
- Bursa Uludag University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yasin Temel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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5
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Khor SLQ, Ng KY, Koh RY, Chye SM. Blood-brain Barrier and Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: From Clinical Insights to Pathogenic Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:315-330. [PMID: 36999187 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230330093829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in the central nervous system by tightly regulating the influx and efflux of biological substances between the brain parenchyma and peripheral circulation. Its restrictive nature acts as an obstacle to protect the brain from potentially noxious substances such as blood-borne toxins, immune cells, and pathogens. Thus, the maintenance of its structural and functional integrity is vital in the preservation of neuronal function and cellular homeostasis in the brain microenvironment. However, the barrier's foundation can become compromised during neurological or pathological conditions, which can result in dysregulated ionic homeostasis, impaired transport of nutrients, and accumulation of neurotoxins that eventually lead to irreversible neuronal loss. Initially, the BBB is thought to remain intact during neurodegenerative diseases, but accumulating evidence as of late has suggested the possible association of BBB dysfunction with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. The neurodegeneration occurring in PD is believed to stem from a myriad of pathogenic mechanisms, including tight junction alterations, abnormal angiogenesis, and dysfunctional BBB transporter mechanism, which ultimately causes altered BBB permeability. In this review, the major elements of the neurovascular unit (NVU) comprising the BBB are discussed, along with their role in the maintenance of barrier integrity and PD pathogenesis. We also elaborated on how the neuroendocrine system can influence the regulation of BBB function and PD pathogenesis. Several novel therapeutic approaches targeting the NVU components are explored to provide a fresh outlook on treatment options for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lei Qi Khor
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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6
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Sharma P, Kishore A, De I, Negi S, Kumar G, Bhardwaj S, Singh M. Mitigating neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: Exploring the role of proinflammatory cytokines and the potential of phytochemicals as natural therapeutics. Neurochem Int 2023; 170:105604. [PMID: 37683836 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neuroinflammatory illnesses, characterized by the progressive loss of neurons in the brain. Proinflammatory cytokines play a key role in initiating and perpetuating neuroinflammation, which can lead to the activation of glial cells and the deregulation of inflammatory pathways, ultimately leading to permanent brain damage. Currently, available drugs for PD mostly alleviate symptoms but do not target underlying inflammatory processes. There is a growing interest in exploring the potential of phytochemicals to mitigate neuroinflammation. Phytochemicals such as resveratrol, apigenin, catechin, anthocyanins, amentoflavone, quercetin, berberine, and genistein have been studied for their ability to scavenge free radicals and reduce proinflammatory cytokine levels in the brain. These plant-derived compounds offer a natural and potentially safe alternative to conventional drugs for managing neuroinflammation in PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. However, further research is necessary to elucidate their underlying mechanisms of action and clinical effectiveness. So, this review delves into the pathophysiology of PD and its intricate relationship with proinflammatory cytokines, and explores how their insidious contributions fuel the disease's initiation and progression via cytokine-dependent signaling pathways. Additionally, we tried to give an account of PD management using existing drugs along with their limitations. Furthermore, our aim is to provide a thorough overview of the diverse groups of phytochemicals, their plentiful sources, and the current understanding of their anti-neuroinflammatory properties. Through this exploration, we posit the innovative idea that consuming nutrient-rich phytochemicals could be an effective approach to preventing and treating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Sharma
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Abhinoy Kishore
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Indranil De
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Swarnima Negi
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sahil Bhardwaj
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Singh
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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7
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Liang JH, Akhanov V, Ho A, Tawfik M, D'Souza SP, Cameron MA, Lang RA, Samuel MA. Dopamine signaling from ganglion cells directs layer-specific angiogenesis in the retina. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3821-3834.e5. [PMID: 37572663 PMCID: PMC10529464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
During central nervous system (CNS) development, a precisely patterned vasculature emerges to support CNS function. How neurons control angiogenesis is not well understood. Here, we show that the neuromodulator dopamine restricts vascular development in the retina via temporally limited production by an unexpected neuron subset. Our genetic and pharmacological experiments demonstrate that elevating dopamine levels inhibits tip-cell sprouting and vessel growth, whereas reducing dopamine production by all retina neurons increases growth. Dopamine production by canonical dopaminergic amacrine interneurons is dispensable for these events. Instead, we found that temporally restricted dopamine production by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) modulates vascular development. RGCs produce dopamine precisely during angiogenic periods. Genetically limiting dopamine production by ganglion cells, but not amacrines, decreases angiogenesis. Conversely, elevating ganglion-cell-derived dopamine production inhibits early vessel growth. These vasculature outcomes occur downstream of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) activation and Notch-Jagged1 signaling. Jagged1 is increased and subsequently inhibits Notch signaling when ganglion cell dopamine production is reduced. Our findings demonstrate that dopaminergic neural activity from a small neuron subset functions upstream of VEGFR to serve as developmental timing cue that regulates vessel growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine H Liang
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Viktor Akhanov
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anthony Ho
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mohamed Tawfik
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shane P D'Souza
- Divisions of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Morven A Cameron
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Richard A Lang
- Divisions of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Melanie A Samuel
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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8
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Vargas-Rodríguez P, Cuenca-Martagón A, Castillo-González J, Serrano-Martínez I, Luque RM, Delgado M, González-Rey E. Novel Therapeutic Opportunities for Neurodegenerative Diseases with Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The Focus on Modulating the Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14117. [PMID: 37762420 PMCID: PMC10531435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders encompass a broad spectrum of profoundly disabling situations that impact millions of individuals globally. While their underlying causes and pathophysiology display considerable diversity and remain incompletely understood, a mounting body of evidence indicates that the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, resulting in brain damage and neuroinflammation, is a common feature among them. Consequently, targeting the BBB has emerged as an innovative therapeutic strategy for addressing neurological disorders. Within this review, we not only explore the neuroprotective, neurotrophic, and immunomodulatory benefits of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in combating neurodegeneration but also delve into their recent role in modulating the BBB. We will investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which MSC treatment impacts primary age-related neurological conditions like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke, as well as immune-mediated diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Our focus will center on how MSCs participate in the modulation of cell transporters, matrix remodeling, stabilization of cell-junction components, and restoration of BBB network integrity in these pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vargas-Rodríguez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.V.-R.); (J.C.-G.); (I.S.-M.); (M.D.)
| | - Alejandro Cuenca-Martagón
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (A.C.-M.); (R.M.L.)
| | - Julia Castillo-González
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.V.-R.); (J.C.-G.); (I.S.-M.); (M.D.)
| | - Ignacio Serrano-Martínez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.V.-R.); (J.C.-G.); (I.S.-M.); (M.D.)
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (A.C.-M.); (R.M.L.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Mario Delgado
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.V.-R.); (J.C.-G.); (I.S.-M.); (M.D.)
| | - Elena González-Rey
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.V.-R.); (J.C.-G.); (I.S.-M.); (M.D.)
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di Biase L, Pecoraro PM, Carbone SP, Caminiti ML, Di Lazzaro V. Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesias in Parkinson's Disease: An Overview on Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Therapy Management Strategies and Future Directions. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4427. [PMID: 37445461 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first introduction, levodopa has become the cornerstone for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and remains the leading therapeutic choice for motor control therapy so far. Unfortunately, the subsequent appearance of abnormal involuntary movements, known as dyskinesias, is a frequent drawback. Despite the deep knowledge of this complication, in terms of clinical phenomenology and the temporal relationship during a levodopa regimen, less is clear about the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning it. As the disease progresses, specific oscillatory activities of both motor cortical and basal ganglia neurons and variation in levodopa metabolism, in terms of the dopamine receptor stimulation pattern and turnover rate, underlie dyskinesia onset. This review aims to provide a global overview on levodopa-induced dyskinesias, focusing on pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, therapy management strategies and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazzaro di Biase
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Brain Innovations Lab, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Maria Pecoraro
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psichiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Simona Paola Carbone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psichiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Caminiti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psichiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psichiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
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Riederer P, Nagatsu T, Youdim MBH, Wulf M, Dijkstra JM, Sian-Huelsmann J. Lewy bodies, iron, inflammation and neuromelanin: pathological aspects underlying Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:627-646. [PMID: 37062012 PMCID: PMC10121516 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the description of some peculiar symptoms by James Parkinson in 1817, attempts have been made to define its cause or at least to enlighten the pathology of "Parkinson's disease (PD)." The vast majority of PD subtypes and most cases of sporadic PD share Lewy bodies (LBs) as a characteristic pathological hallmark. However, the processes underlying LBs generation and its causal triggers are still unknown. ɑ-Synuclein (ɑ-syn, encoded by the SNCA gene) is a major component of LBs, and SNCA missense mutations or duplications/triplications are causal for rare hereditary forms of PD. Thus, it is imperative to study ɑ-syn protein and its pathology, including oligomerization, fibril formation, aggregation, and spreading mechanisms. Furthermore, there are synergistic effects in the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of PD, and multiple factors-contributing with different ratios-appear to be causal pathological triggers and progression factors. For example, oxidative stress, reduced antioxidative capacity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and proteasomal disturbances have each been suggested to be causal for ɑ-syn fibril formation and aggregation and to contribute to neuroinflammation and neural cell death. Aging is also a major risk factor for PD. Iron, as well as neuromelanin (NM), show age-dependent increases, and iron is significantly increased in the Parkinsonian substantia nigra (SN). Iron-induced pathological mechanisms include changes of the molecular structure of ɑ-syn. However, more recent PD research demonstrates that (i) LBs are detected not only in dopaminergic neurons and glia but in various neurotransmitter systems, (ii) sympathetic nerve fibres degenerate first, and (iii) at least in "brain-first" cases dopaminergic deficiency is evident before pathology induced by iron and NM. These recent findings support that the ɑ-syn/LBs pathology as well as iron- and NM-induced pathology in "brain-first" cases are important facts of PD pathology and via their interaction potentiate the disease process in the SN. As such, multifactorial toxic processes posted on a personal genetic risk are assumed to be causal for the neurodegenerative processes underlying PD. Differences in ratios of multiple factors and their spatiotemporal development, and the fact that common triggers of PD are hard to identify, imply the existence of several phenotypical subtypes, which is supported by arguments from both the "bottom-up/dual-hit" and "brain-first" models. Therapeutic strategies are necessary to avoid single initiation triggers leading to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark Odense, J.B. Winslows Vey 18, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Toshiharu Nagatsu
- Center for Research Promotion and Support, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | | | - Max Wulf
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
- Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Protein Diagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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11
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Ishihara K, Takata K, Mizutani KI. Involvement of an Aberrant Vascular System in Neurodevelopmental, Neuropsychiatric, and Neuro-Degenerative Diseases. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010221. [PMID: 36676170 PMCID: PMC9866034 DOI: 10.3390/life13010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system of the prenatal brain is crucial for the development of the central nervous system. Communication between vessels and neural cells is bidirectional, and dysfunctional communication can lead to neurodevelopmental diseases. In the present review, we introduce neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric diseases potentially caused by disturbances in the neurovascular system and discuss candidate genes responsible for neurovascular system impairments. In contrast to diseases that can manifest during the developing stage, we have also summarized the disturbances of the neurovascular system in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, we discussed the role of abnormal vascularization and dysfunctional vessels in the development of neurovascular-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Ishihara
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-595-4656
| | - Kazuyuki Takata
- Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Mizutani
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
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12
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Yuan Y, Sun J, Dong Q, Cui M. Blood-brain barrier endothelial cells in neurodegenerative diseases: Signals from the "barrier". Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1047778. [PMID: 36908787 PMCID: PMC9998532 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1047778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption emerges as a common problem in the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases, the crucial roles of barrier-type brain endothelial cells (BECs), the primary part of the BBB, have been reported in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. The mechanisms of how early vascular dysfunction contributes to the progress of neurodegeneration are still unclear, and understanding BEC functions is a promising start. Our understanding of the BBB has gone through different stages, from a passive diffusion barrier to a mediator of central-peripheral interactions. BECs serve two seemingly paradoxical roles: as a barrier to protect the delicate brain from toxins and as an interface to constantly receive and release signals, thus maintaining and regulating the homeostasis of the brain. Most previous studies about neurodegenerative diseases focus on the loss of barrier functions, and far too little attention has been paid to the active regulations of BECs. In this review, we present the current evidence of BEC dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and explore how BEC signals participate in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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HTRA1 Regulates Subclinical Inflammation and Activates Proangiogenic Response in the Retina and Choroid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810206. [PMID: 36142120 PMCID: PMC9499640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-temperature requirement A1 (HtrA1) has been identified as a disease-susceptibility gene for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) including polypoidal choroidal neovasculopathy (PCV). We characterized the underlying phenotypic changes of transgenic (Tg) mice expressing ubiquitous CAG promoter (CAG-HtrA1 Tg). In vivo imaging modalities and histopathology were performed to investigate the possible neovascularization, drusen formation, and infiltration of macrophages. Subretinal white material deposition and scattered white-yellowish retinal foci were detected on CFP [(Tg—33% (20/60) and wild-type (WT)—7% (1/15), p < 0.05]. In 40% (4/10) of the CAG-HtrA1 Tg retina, ICGA showed punctate hyperfluorescent spots. There was no leakage on FFA and OCTA failed to confirm vascular flow signals from the subretinal materials. Increased macrophages and RPE cell migrations were noted from histopathological sections. Monocyte subpopulations were increased in peripheral blood in the CAG-HtrA1 Tg mice (p < 0.05). Laser induced CNV in the CAG-HtrA1 Tg mice and showed increased leakage from CNV compared to WT mice (p < 0.05). Finally, choroidal explants of the old CAG-HtrA1 Tg mice demonstrated an increased area of sprouting (p < 0.05). Signs of subclinical inflammation was observed in CAG-HtrA1 Tg mice. Such subclinical inflammation may have resulted in increased RPE cell activation and angiogenic potential.
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14
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GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Neurodegeneration: Neurovascular Unit in the Spotlight. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132023. [PMID: 35805109 PMCID: PMC9265397 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in brain energy metabolism and proteopathic stress are implicated in age-related degenerative neuronopathies, exemplified by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). As the currently available drug regimens largely aim to mitigate cognitive decline and/or motor symptoms, there is a dire need for mechanism-based therapies that can be used to improve neuronal function and potentially slow down the underlying disease processes. In this context, a new class of pharmacological agents that achieve improved glycaemic control via the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor has attracted significant attention as putative neuroprotective agents. The experimental evidence supporting their potential therapeutic value, mainly derived from cellular and animal models of AD and PD, has been discussed in several research reports and review opinions recently. In this review article, we discuss the pathological relevance of derangements in the neurovascular unit and the significance of neuron–glia metabolic coupling in AD and PD. With this context, we also discuss some unresolved questions with regard to the potential benefits of GLP-1 agonists on the neurovascular unit (NVU), and provide examples of novel experimental paradigms that could be useful in improving our understanding regarding the neuroprotective mode of action associated with these agents.
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15
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Bartl M, Xylaki M, Bähr M, Weber S, Trenkwalder C, Mollenhauer B. Evidence for immune system alterations in peripheral biological fluids in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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16
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Tian Y, Tian Y, Yuan Z, Zeng Y, Wang S, Fan X, Yang D, Yang M. Iron Metabolism in Aging and Age-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3612. [PMID: 35408967 PMCID: PMC8998315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is a trace metal element necessary to maintain life and is also involved in a variety of biological processes. Aging refers to the natural life process in which the physiological functions of the various systems, organs, and tissues decline, affected by genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the relationship between iron metabolism and aging-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. During aging, the accumulation of nonheme iron destroys the stability of the intracellular environment. The destruction of iron homeostasis can induce cell damage by producing hydroxyl free radicals, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, brain aging, and even organismal aging. In this review, we have briefly summarized the role of the metabolic process of iron in the body, then discussed recent developments of iron metabolism in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, and finally, explored some iron chelators as treatment strategies for those disorders. Understanding the roles of iron metabolism in aging and neurodegenerative diseases will fill the knowledge gap in the field. This review could provide new insights into the research on iron metabolism and age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tian
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (Y.T.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.F.); (D.Y.)
| | - Yuanliangzi Tian
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (Y.T.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.F.); (D.Y.)
| | - Zhixiao Yuan
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (Y.T.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.F.); (D.Y.)
| | - Yutian Zeng
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (Y.T.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.F.); (D.Y.)
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (Y.T.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.F.); (D.Y.)
| | - Xiaolan Fan
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (Y.T.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.F.); (D.Y.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Deying Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (Y.T.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.F.); (D.Y.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mingyao Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (Y.T.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.F.); (D.Y.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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17
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Paul G, Elabi OF. Microvascular Changes in Parkinson’s Disease- Focus on the Neurovascular Unit. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:853372. [PMID: 35360216 PMCID: PMC8960855 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.853372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular alterations emerge as a common denominator for several neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), a number of observations have been made suggesting that the occurrence of vascular pathology is an important pathophysiological aspect of the disease. Specifically, pathological activation of pericytes, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, pathological angiogenesis and vascular regression have been reported. This review summarizes the current evidence for the different vascular alterations in patients with PD and in animal models of PD. We suggest a possible sequence of vascular pathology in PD ranging from early pericyte activation and BBB leakage to an attempt for compensatory angiogenesis and finally vascular rarefication. We highlight different pathogenetic mechanisms that play a role in these vascular alterations including perivascular inflammation and concomitant metabolic disease. Awareness of the contribution of vascular events to the pathogenesis of PD may allow the identification of targets to modulate those mechanisms. In particular the BBB has for decades only been viewed as an obstacle for drug delivery, however, preservation of its integrity and/or modulation of the signaling at this interface between the blood and the brain may prove to be a new avenue to take in order to develop disease-modifying strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Paul
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Scania University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Gesine Paul,
| | - Osama F. Elabi
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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18
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Multimodal brain and retinal imaging of dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:203-220. [PMID: 35177849 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive disorder characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the brain. The development of parkinsonism is preceded by a long prodromal phase, and >50% of dopaminergic neurons can be lost from the substantia nigra by the time of the initial diagnosis. Therefore, validation of in vivo imaging biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression is essential for future therapeutic developments. PET and single-photon emission CT targeting the presynaptic terminals of dopaminergic neurons can be used for early diagnosis by detecting axonal degeneration in the striatum. However, these techniques poorly differentiate atypical parkinsonian syndromes from PD, and their availability is limited in clinical settings. Advanced MRI in which pathological changes in the substantia nigra are visualized with diffusion, iron-sensitive susceptibility and neuromelanin-sensitive sequences potentially represents a more accessible imaging tool. Although these techniques can visualize the classic degenerative changes in PD, they might be insufficient for phenotyping or prognostication of heterogeneous aspects of PD resulting from extranigral pathologies. The retina is an emerging imaging target owing to its pathological involvement early in PD, which correlates with brain pathology. Retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive technique to visualize structural changes in the retina. Progressive parafoveal thinning and fovea avascular zone remodelling, as revealed by OCT, provide potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognostication in PD. As we discuss in this Review, multimodal imaging of the substantia nigra and retina is a promising tool to aid diagnosis and management of PD.
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19
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Elgayar SAM, Hussein OA, Mubarak HA, Ismaiel AM, Gomaa AMS. Testing efficacy of the nicotine protection of the substantia nigra pars compacta in a rat Parkinson disease model. Ultrastructure study. Ultrastruct Pathol 2022; 46:37-53. [PMID: 35001795 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2021.2015499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) with subsequent motor manifestations. This study aimed to assess the ameliorative effects of nicotine, in rotenone-induced PD rat model. Thirty adult male Albino Wistar rats were divided into three equal groups. Group I received an injection of normal saline. Group II received subcutaneous injection of rotenone at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg every other day. Group III received rotenone in the same previous dose and nicotine at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg daily. After 11 days of treatment, body weight (BW) and rat motor behavior were estimated. Specimens from the midbrain were processed for light and electron microscopy. The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), α-synuclein, and GFAP was examined. Serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and striatal levels of dopamine (DA) were analyzed. Group III revealed a significant improvement in BW and motor activity. Nicotine upregulated the expression of TH, downregulated the expression of α-synuclein and GFAP. The levels of MDA and TAC were improved but were still far from those of the control. Striatal DA levels increased. Nicotine activated the neurons and glial cells. The vascular endothelium, however, did not elicit improvement. Although nicotine ameliorated the loss of the dopaminergic neurons and motor deficit, it did not show improvement of vascular endothelium. It is still necessary to examine nicotin's ability to maintain the dopaminergic neurons in a good functioning state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Asmaa M S Gomaa
- Depts, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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20
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Ferraro F, Fevga C, Bonifati V, Mandemakers W, Mahfouz A, Reinders M. Correcting Differential Gene Expression Analysis for Cyto-Architectural Alterations in Substantia Nigra of Parkinson's Disease Patients Reveals Known and Potential Novel Disease-Associated Genes and Pathways. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020198. [PMID: 35053314 PMCID: PMC8774027 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have analyzed gene expression profiles in the substantia nigra to better understand the pathological mechanisms causing Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the concordance between the identified gene signatures in these individual studies was generally low. This might have been caused by a change in cell type composition as loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is a hallmark of PD. Through an extensive meta-analysis of nine previously published microarray studies, we demonstrated that a big proportion of the detected differentially expressed genes was indeed caused by cyto-architectural alterations due to the heterogeneity in the neurodegenerative stage and/or technical artefacts. After correcting for cell composition, we identified a common signature that deregulated the previously unreported ammonium transport, as well as known biological processes such as bioenergetic pathways, response to proteotoxic stress, and immune response. By integrating with protein interaction data, we shortlisted a set of key genes, such as LRRK2, PINK1, PRKN, and FBXO7, known to be related to PD, others with compelling evidence for their role in neurodegeneration, such as GSK3β, WWOX, and VPC, and novel potential players in the PD pathogenesis. Together, these data show the importance of accounting for cyto-architecture in these analyses and highlight the contribution of multiple cell types and novel processes to PD pathology, providing potential new targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ferraro
- Erasmus MC, Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (F.F.); (C.F.); (V.B.); (W.M.)
| | - Christina Fevga
- Erasmus MC, Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (F.F.); (C.F.); (V.B.); (W.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Erasmus MC, Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (F.F.); (C.F.); (V.B.); (W.M.)
| | - Wim Mandemakers
- Erasmus MC, Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (F.F.); (C.F.); (V.B.); (W.M.)
| | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Delft Bioinformatics Labaratory, Delft University of Technology, 2628 XE Delft, The Netherlands;
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Reinders
- Delft Bioinformatics Labaratory, Delft University of Technology, 2628 XE Delft, The Netherlands;
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Section Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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21
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Vore AS, Deak T. Alcohol, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease across development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 161:209-249. [PMID: 34801170 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is the most commonly used drug of abuse in the world and binge drinking is especially harmful to the brain, though the mechanisms by which alcohol compromises overall brain health remain somewhat elusive. A number of brain diseases and pathological states are accompanied by perturbations in Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) function, ultimately exacerbating disease progression. The BBB is critical for coordinating activity between the peripheral immune system and the brain. Importantly, BBB integrity is responsive to circulating cytokines and other immune-related signaling molecules, which are powerfully modulated by alcohol exposure. This review will highlight key cellular components of the BBB; discuss mechanisms by which permeability is achieved; offer insight into methodological approaches for assessing BBB integrity; and forecast how alcohol-induced changes in the peripheral and central immune systems might influence BBB function in individuals with a history of binge drinking and ultimately Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD).
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Vore
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - T Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton, NY, United States.
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22
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Ouellette J, Lacoste B. From Neurodevelopmental to Neurodegenerative Disorders: The Vascular Continuum. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:749026. [PMID: 34744690 PMCID: PMC8570842 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.749026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional integrity of the cerebral vasculature ensures proper brain development and function, as well as healthy aging. The inability of the brain to store energy makes it exceptionally dependent on an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients from the blood stream for matching colossal demands of neural and glial cells. Key vascular features including a dense vasculature, a tightly controlled environment, and the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) all take part in brain health throughout life. As such, healthy brain development and aging are both ensured by the anatomical and functional interaction between the vascular and nervous systems that are established during brain development and maintained throughout the lifespan. During critical periods of brain development, vascular networks remodel until they can actively respond to increases in neural activity through neurovascular coupling, which makes the brain particularly vulnerable to neurovascular alterations. The brain vasculature has been strongly associated with the onset and/or progression of conditions associated with aging, and more recently with neurodevelopmental disorders. Our understanding of cerebrovascular contributions to neurological disorders is rapidly evolving, and increasing evidence shows that deficits in angiogenesis, CBF and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are causally linked to cognitive impairment. Moreover, it is of utmost curiosity that although neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders express different clinical features at different stages of life, they share similar vascular abnormalities. In this review, we present an overview of vascular dysfunctions associated with neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, Down Syndrome) and neurodegenerative (multiple sclerosis, Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases) disorders, with a focus on impairments in angiogenesis, CBF and the BBB. Finally, we discuss the impact of early vascular impairments on the expression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ouellette
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Baptiste Lacoste
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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23
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Riederer P, Monoranu C, Strobel S, Iordache T, Sian-Hülsmann J. Iron as the concert master in the pathogenic orchestra playing in sporadic Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1577-1598. [PMID: 34636961 PMCID: PMC8507512 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
About 60 years ago, the discovery of a deficiency of dopamine in the nigro-striatal system led to a variety of symptomatic therapeutic strategies to supplement dopamine and to substantially improve the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Since these seminal developments, neuropathological, neurochemical, molecular biological and genetic discoveries contributed to elucidate the pathology of PD. Oxidative stress, the consequences of reactive oxidative species, reduced antioxidative capacity including loss of glutathione, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, proteasomal dysfunction, apoptosis, lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy, suggested to be causal for ɑ-synuclein fibril formation and aggregation and contributing to neuroinflammation and neural cell death underlying this devastating disorder. However, there are no final conclusions about the triggered pathological mechanism(s) and the follow-up of pathological dysfunctions. Nevertheless, it is a fact, that iron, a major component of oxidative reactions, as well as neuromelanin, the major intraneuronal chelator of iron, undergo an age-dependent increase. And ageing is a major risk factor for PD. Iron is significantly increased in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of PD. Reasons for this finding include disturbances in iron-related import and export mechanisms across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), localized opening of the BBB at the nigro-striatal tract including brain vessel pathology. Whether this pathology is of primary or secondary importance is not known. We assume that there is a better fit to the top-down hypotheses and pathogens entering the brain via the olfactory system, then to the bottom-up (gut-brain) hypothesis of PD pathology. Triggers for the bottom-up, the dual-hit and the top-down pathologies include chemicals, viruses and bacteria. If so, hepcidin, a regulator of iron absorption and its distribution into tissues, is suggested to play a major role in the pathogenesis of iron dyshomeostasis and risk for initiating and progressing ɑ-synuclein pathology. The role of glial components to the pathology of PD is still unknown. However, the dramatic loss of glutathione (GSH), which is mainly synthesized in glia, suggests dysfunction of this process, or GSH uptake into neurons. Loss of GSH and increase in SNpc iron concentration have been suggested to be early, may be even pre-symptomatic processes in the pathology of PD, despite the fact that they are progression factors. The role of glial ferritin isoforms has not been studied so far in detail in human post-mortem brain tissue and a close insight into their role in PD is called upon. In conclusion, "iron" is a major player in the pathology of PD. Selective chelation of excess iron at the site of the substantia nigra, where a dysfunction of the BBB is suggested, with peripherally acting iron chelators is suggested to contribute to the portfolio and therapeutic armamentarium of anti-Parkinson medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - C Monoranu
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - S Strobel
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - T Iordache
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - J Sian-Hülsmann
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
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24
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Angelopoulou E, Paudel YN, Piperi C. Role of Liver Growth Factor (LGF) in Parkinson's Disease: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3031-3042. [PMID: 33608826 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder with unclear etiology and only symptomatic treatment to date. Toward the development of novel disease-modifying agents, neurotrophic factors represent a reasonable and promising therapeutic approach. However, despite the robust preclinical evidence, clinical trials using glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin have been unsuccessful. In this direction, the therapeutic potential of other trophic factors in PD and the elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms are of paramount importance. The liver growth factor (LGF) is an albumin-bilirubin complex acting as a hepatic mitogen, which also exerts regenerative effects on several extrahepatic tissues including the brain. Accumulating evidence suggests that intracerebral and peripheral administration of LGF can enhance the outgrowth of nigrostriatal dopaminergic axonal terminals; promote the survival, migration, and differentiation of neuronal stem cells; and partially protect against dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra of PD animal models. In most studies, these effects are accompanied by improved motor behavior of the animals. Potential underlying mechanisms involve transient microglial activation, TNF-α upregulation, and activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and of the transcription factor cyclic AMP response-element binding protein (CREB), along with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways. Herein, we summarize recent preclinical evidence on the potential role of LGF in PD pathogenesis, aiming to shed more light on the underlying molecular mechanisms and reveal novel therapeutic opportunities for this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Li S, Zhang Q, Gao Y, Nie K, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Wang L. Serum Folate, Vitamin B12 Levels, and Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index Correlate With Motor Performance in Parkinson's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Neurol 2021; 12:665075. [PMID: 34093411 PMCID: PMC8175849 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.665075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the influence of serum folate, vitamin B12 (VitB12) levels, and inflammation-based scores on the motor performance status in Parkinson's disease (PD). We retrospectively collected data from 148 consecutive patients with idiopathic PD first admitted to our hospital. We measured whole blood count, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, folate, and VitB12 levels and calculated the inflammation-based scores. The following scales were applied to assess the motor performance status: activity of daily living scale (ADL, the Barthel Index), the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (UPDRS-III), and Hoehn–Yahr (H–Y) classification. The geometric mean of folate and VitB12 levels were 11.87 (ng/ml) and 330.52 (pmol/L), respectively. Folate deficiency (serum level < 4.0 ng/ml) and VitB12 deficiency (serum level < 133 pg/ml) were present in 0.7 and 5.4% of the patients, respectively. The mean prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) were 47.78 ± 4.42 and 470.81 ± 254.05, respectively. The multivariate analyses showed that serum VitB12 level (P = 0.002) and SII (P = 0.005) were significant factors for ADL score; serum folate (P = 0.027) and VitB12 (P = 0.037) levels for UPDRS-III score; and serum folate (P = 0.066) and VitB12 (P = 0.017) levels for H–Y classification. The elevated folate level did correlate with greater decline in UPDRS-III score (P = 0.023) and H–Y classification (P = 0.003), whereas there was an obvious increase in ADL score (P = 0.048). SII was negatively associated (P < 0.001) with the ADL score. The three-dimensional drawing, combined with the effect of folate and VitB12 levels, showed that the lowest level of folate was associated with the lowest ADL score and the highest UPDRS-III score and H–Y classification. This study indicates that serum folate, VitB12 levels, and SII are significant factors influencing the motor performance status in patients with PD. SII is negatively associated with ADL. Elevated serum folate level correlates with mild motor impairment in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Li
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingxi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyuan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Nie
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Liang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Cell specific quantitative iron mapping on brain slices by immuno-µPIXE in healthy elderly and Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:47. [PMID: 33752749 PMCID: PMC7986300 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for neurons and glial cells, playing key roles in neurotransmitter synthesis, energy production and myelination. In contrast, high concentrations of free iron can be detrimental and contribute to neurodegeneration, through promotion of oxidative stress. Particularly in Parkinson’s disease (PD) changes in iron concentrations in the substantia nigra (SN) was suggested to play a key role in degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in nigrosome 1. However, the cellular iron pathways and the mechanisms of the pathogenic role of iron in PD are not well understood, mainly due to the lack of quantitative analytical techniques for iron quantification with subcellular resolution. Here, we quantified cellular iron concentrations and subcellular iron distributions in dopaminergic neurons and different types of glial cells in the SN both in brains of PD patients and in non-neurodegenerative control brains (Co). To this end, we combined spatially resolved quantitative element mapping using micro particle induced X-ray emission (µPIXE) with nickel-enhanced immunocytochemical detection of cell type-specific antigens allowing to allocate element-related signals to specific cell types. Distinct patterns of iron accumulation were observed across different cell populations. In the control (Co) SNc, oligodendroglial and astroglial cells hold the highest cellular iron concentration whereas in PD, the iron concentration was increased in most cell types in the substantia nigra except for astroglial cells and ferritin-positive oligodendroglial cells. While iron levels in astroglial cells remain unchanged, ferritin in oligodendroglial cells seems to be depleted by almost half in PD. The highest cellular iron levels in neurons were located in the cytoplasm, which might increase the source of non-chelated Fe3+, implicating a critical increase in the labile iron pool. Indeed, neuromelanin is characterised by a significantly higher loading of iron including most probable the occupancy of low-affinity iron binding sites. Quantitative trace element analysis is essential to characterise iron in oxidative processes in PD. The quantification of iron provides deeper insights into changes of cellular iron levels in PD and may contribute to the research in iron-chelating disease-modifying drugs.
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Pierzchlińska A, Kwaśniak-Butowska M, Sławek J, Droździk M, Białecka M. Arterial Blood Pressure Variability and Other Vascular Factors Contribution to the Cognitive Decline in Parkinson's Disease. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061523. [PMID: 33802165 PMCID: PMC8001922 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is one of the most disabling non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Unlike in Alzheimer’s disease, the vascular pathology in PD is less documented. Due to the uncertain role of commonly investigated metabolic or vascular factors, e.g., hypertension or diabetes, other factors corresponding to PD dementia have been proposed. Associated dysautonomia and dopaminergic treatment seem to have an impact on diurnal blood pressure (BP) variability, which may presumably contribute to white matter hyperintensities (WMH) development and cognitive decline. We aim to review possible vascular and metabolic factors: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), as well as the dopaminergic treatment, in the etiopathogenesis of PD dementia. Additionally, we focus on the role of polymorphisms within the genes for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), apolipoprotein E (APOE), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and for renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system components, and their contribution to cognitive decline in PD. Determining vascular risk factors and their contribution to the cognitive impairment in PD may result in screening, as well as preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pierzchlińska
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University, Aleja Powstańców Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Magdalena Kwaśniak-Butowska
- Division of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdansk, Aleja Jana Pawła II 50, 80-462 Gdansk, Poland; (M.K.-B.); (J.S.)
- Department of Neurology, St Adalbert Hospital, Aleja Jana Pawła II 50, 80-462 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Sławek
- Division of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdansk, Aleja Jana Pawła II 50, 80-462 Gdansk, Poland; (M.K.-B.); (J.S.)
- Department of Neurology, St Adalbert Hospital, Aleja Jana Pawła II 50, 80-462 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Droździk
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Aleja Powstańców Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Monika Białecka
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University, Aleja Powstańców Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
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28
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Wang T, Shi C, Luo H, Zheng H, Fan L, Tang M, Su Y, Yang J, Mao C, Xu Y. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: Triggers, Mechanisms, and Immunotherapies. Neuroscientist 2021; 28:364-381. [PMID: 33576313 DOI: 10.1177/1073858421991066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease involving multiple etiologies and pathogenesis, in which neuroinflammation is a common factor. Both preclinical experiments and clinical studies provide evidence for the involvement of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of PD, although there are a number of key issues related to neuroinflammatory processes in PD that remain to be addressed. In this review, we highlight the relationship between the common pathological mechanisms of PD and neuroinflammation, including aggregation of α-synuclein, genetic factors, mitochondrial dysfunction, and gut microbiome dysbiosis. We also describe the two positive feedback loops initiated in PD after the immune system is activated, and their role in the pathogenesis of PD. In addition, the interconnections and differences between the central and peripheral immune systems are discussed. Finally, we review the latest progress in immunotherapy research for PD patients, and propose future directions for clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huimin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liyuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mibo Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yun Su
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chengyuan Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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29
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Elabi O, Gaceb A, Carlsson R, Padel T, Soylu-Kucharz R, Cortijo I, Li W, Li JY, Paul G. Human α-synuclein overexpression in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease leads to vascular pathology, blood brain barrier leakage and pericyte activation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1120. [PMID: 33441868 PMCID: PMC7806665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80889-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the formation of Lewy bodies containing aggregated alpha-synuclein (α-syn). Although PD is associated with these distinct histological changes, other pathological features such as microvascular alterations have been linked to neurodegeneration. These changes need to be investigated as they create a hostile brain microenvironment and may contribute to the development and progression of the disease. We use a human α-syn overexpression mouse model that recapitulates some of the pathological features of PD in terms of progressive aggregation of human α-syn, impaired striatal dopamine fiber density, and an age-dependent motor deficit consistent with an impaired dopamine release. We demonstrate for the first time in this model a compromised blood-brain barrier integrity and dynamic changes in vessel morphology from angiogenesis at earlier stages to vascular regression at later stages. The vascular alterations are accompanied by a pathological activation of pericytes already at an early stage without changing overall pericyte density. Our data support and further extend the occurrence of vascular pathology as an important pathophysiological aspect in PD. The model used provides a powerful tool to investigate disease-modifying factors in PD in a temporal sequence that might guide the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Elabi
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Abderahim Gaceb
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert Carlsson
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Padel
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rana Soylu-Kucharz
- Brain Disease Biomarker Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Irene Cortijo
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Gesine Paul
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Neurology, Scania University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden.
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30
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Al-Bachari S, Naish JH, Parker GJM, Emsley HCA, Parkes LM. Blood-Brain Barrier Leakage Is Increased in Parkinson's Disease. Front Physiol 2020; 11:593026. [PMID: 33414722 PMCID: PMC7784911 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.593026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption has been noted in animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and forms the basis of the vascular hypothesis of neurodegeneration, yet clinical studies are lacking. Objective To determine alterations in BBB integrity in PD, with comparison to cerebrovascular disease. Methods Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance images were collected from 49 PD patients, 15 control subjects with cerebrovascular disease [control positive (CP)] and 31 healthy control subjects [control negative (CN)], with all groups matched for age. Quantitative maps of the contrast agent transfer coefficient across the BBB (Ktrans) and plasma volume (vp) were produced using Patlak analysis. Differences in Ktrans and vp were assessed with voxel-based analysis as well as in regions associated with PD pathophysiology. In addition, the volume of white matter lesions (WMLs) was obtained from T2-weighted fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. Results Higher Ktrans, reflecting higher BBB leakage, was found in the PD group than in the CN group using voxel-based analysis; differences were most prominent in the posterior white matter regions. Region of interest analysis confirmed Ktrans to be significantly higher in PD than in CN, predominantly driven by differences in the substantia nigra, normal-appearing white matter, WML and the posterior cortex. WML volume was significantly higher in PD compared to CN. Ktrans values and WML volume were similar in PD and CP, suggesting a similar burden of cerebrovascular disease despite lower cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusion These results show BBB disruption in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al-Bachari
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, United Kingdom.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine H Naish
- Division of Cardiovascular sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Bioxydyn Limited, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff J M Parker
- Bioxydyn Limited, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science and Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hedley C A Emsley
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, United Kingdom.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M Parkes
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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31
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Paez AG, Gu C, Rajan S, Miao X, Cao D, Kamath V, Bakker A, Unschuld PG, Pantelyat AY, Rosenthal LS, Hua J. Differential Changes in Arteriolar Cerebral Blood Volume between Parkinson's Disease Patients with Normal and Impaired Cognition and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) Patients without Movement Disorder - An Exploratory Study. Tomography 2020; 6:333-342. [PMID: 33364423 PMCID: PMC7744190 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment amongst Parkinson's disease (PD) patients is highly prevalent and associated with an increased risk of dementia. There is growing evidence that altered cerebrovascular functions contribute to cognitive impairment. Few studies have compared cerebrovascular changes in PD patients with normal and impaired cognition and those with mild-cognitive-impairment (MCI) without movement disorder. Here, we investigated arteriolar-cerebral-blood-volume (CBVa), an index reflecting the homeostasis of the most actively regulated segment in the microvasculature, using advanced MRI in various brain regions in PD and MCI patients and matched controls. Our goal is to find brain regions with altered CBVa that are specific to PD with normal and impaired cognition, and MCI-without-movement-disorder, respectively. In PD patients with normal cognition (n=10), CBVa was significantly decreased in the substantia nigra, caudate and putamen when compared to controls. In PD patients with impaired cognition (n=6), CBVa showed a decreasing trend in the substantia nigra, caudate and putamen, but was significantly increased in the presupplementary motor area and intracalcarine gyrus compared to controls. In MCI-patients-without-movement-disorder (n=18), CBVa was significantly increased in the caudate, putamen, hippocampus and lingual gyrus compared to controls. These findings provide important information for efforts towards developing biomarkers for the evaluation of potential risk of PD dementia (PDD) in PD patients. The current study is limited in sample size and therefore is exploratory in nature. The data from this pilot study will serve as the basis for power analysis for subsequent studies to further investigate and validate the current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian G. Paez
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
- Neurosection, Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology
| | - Chunming Gu
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
- Neurosection, Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology
| | - Suraj Rajan
- Department of Neurology; and
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and
| | - Xinyuan Miao
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
- Neurosection, Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology
| | - Di Cao
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
- Neurosection, Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and
| | - Arnold Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and
| | - Paul G. Unschuld
- Department of Psychogeriatric Medicine, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jun Hua
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
- Neurosection, Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology
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32
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Devos D, Hirsch E, Wyse R. Seven Solutions for Neuroprotection in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 36:306-316. [PMID: 33184908 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and accumulation of iron and alpha-synuclein; it follows a characteristic pattern throughout the nervous system. Despite decades of successful preclinical neuroprotective studies, no drug has then shown efficacy in clinical trials. Considering this dilemma, we have reviewed and organized solutions of varying importance that can be exclusive or additive, and we outline approaches to help generate successful development of neuroprotective drugs for PD: (1) select patients in which the targeted mechanism is involved in the pathological process associated with the monitoring of target engagement, (2) combine treatments that target multiple pathways, (3) establish earliest interventions and develop better prodromal biomarkers, (4) adopt rigorous methodology and specific disease-relevant designs for disease-modifying clinical trials, (5) customize drug with better brain biodistribution, (6) prioritize repurposed drugs as a first line approach, and (7) adapt preclinical models to the targeted mechanisms with translational biomarkers to increase their predictive value. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Devos
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center for Parkinson, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, zUMR-S1172, LICEND, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Etienne Hirsch
- Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Richard Wyse
- The Cure Parkinson's Trust, London, United Kingdom
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33
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Ning B, Gu C, Guo G, Xu J, Bibic A, He X, Liu H, Chen L, Wei Z, Duan W, Liu P, Lu H, van Zijl PC, Ross CA, Smith W, Hua J. Mutant G2019S-LRRK2 Induces Abnormalities in Arteriolar Cerebral Blood Volume in Mouse Brains: An MRI Study. NEURODEGENER DIS 2020; 20:65-72. [PMID: 33152738 PMCID: PMC7864856 DOI: 10.1159/000510387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and the most common movement disorder characterized by motor impairments resulting from midbrain dopamine neuron loss. Abnormalities in small pial arteries and arterioles, which are the primary pathways of local delivery of nutrients and oxygen in brain tissue, have been reported in many neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Mutations in LRRK2 cause genetic PD and contribute to sporadic PD. The most common PD-linked mutation LRRK2 G2019S contributes 20-47% of genetic forms of PD in Caucasian populations. The human LRRK2 G2019S transgenic mouse model displays PD-like movement impairment and was used to identify novel LRRK2 inhibitors, which provides a useful model for studying microvascular abnormalities in PD. OBJECTIVES To investigate abnormalities in arteriolar cerebral blood volume (CBVa) in various brain regions using the inflow-based vascular-space occupancy (iVASO) MRI technique in LRRK2 mouse models of PD. METHODS Anatomical and iVASO MRI scans were performed in 5 female and 7 male nontransgenic (nTg), 3 female and 4 male wild-type (WT) LRRK2, and 5 female and 7 male G2019S-LRRK2 mice of 9 months of age. CBVa was calculated and compared in the substantia nigra (SN), olfactory cortex, and prefrontal cortex. RESULTS Compared to nTg mice, G2019S-LRRK2 mice showed decreased CBVa in the SN, but increased CBVa in the olfactory and prefrontal cortex in both male and female groups, whereas WT-LRRK2 mice showed no change in CBVa in the SN (male and female), the olfactory (female), and prefrontal (female) cortex, but a slight increase in CBVa in the olfactory and prefrontal cortex in the male group only. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the blood volume of small arteries and arterioles (CBVa) were detected in the G2019S-LRRK2 mouse model of PD. The opposite changes in CBVa in the SN and the cortex indicate that PD pathology may have differential effects in different brain regions. Our results suggest the potential value of CBVa as a marker for clinical PD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ning
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Univesity School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chunming Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Gongbo Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Univesity School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiadi Xu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Adnan Bibic
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Xiaofei He
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Univesity School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongshuai Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Univesity School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Zhiliang Wei
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Wenzhen Duan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Univesity School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peiying Liu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Peter C.M. van Zijl
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Christopher A. Ross
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Univesity School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wanli Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Univesity School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Hua
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Faust K, Vajkoczy P, Xi B, Harnack D. The Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, and Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2020; 99:256-266. [PMID: 33152730 DOI: 10.1159/000511121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has evolved as a powerful therapeutic alternative for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite its clinical efficacy, the mechanisms of action have remained poorly understood. In addition to the immediate symptomatic effects, long-term neuroprotective effects have been suggested. Those may be mediated through neurotrophic factors (NFs) like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Here, the impact of DBS on the expression of NFs was analysed in a rat model of PD. METHODS Unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats received DBS in the STN using an implantable microstimulation system, sham DBS in the STN, or no electrode placement. Continuous unilateral STN-DBS (current intensity 50 µA, frequency 130 Hz, and pulse width 52 µs) was conducted for 14 days. Rats were then sacrificed and brains shock frozen. Striata and motor cortices were dissected with a cryostat. Levels of VEGF, BDNF, and GDNF were analysed, both by quantitative PCR and colorimetric ELISA. RESULTS PCR revealed a significant upregulation of only BDNF mRNA in the ipsilateral striata of the DBS group, when compared to the sham-stimulated group. There was no significant increase in VEGF mRNA or GDNF mRNA. ELISA analysis showed augmentations of BDNF, VEGF, as well as GDNF protein in the ipsilateral striata after DBS compared to sham stimulation. In the motor cortex, significant increases after DBS were observed for BDNF only, not for the other 2 NFs. CONCLUSIONS The upregulation of trophic factors induced by STN-DBS may participate in its long-term therapeutic efficacy and potentially neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Faust
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany,
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bai Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Harnack
- Beelitz Neurology, Rehabilitation Clinic, Berlin, Germany
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35
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Dysfunction of the neurovascular unit in diabetes-related neurodegeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110656. [PMID: 32841897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In current aging societies, diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases represented by Alzheimer's disease are highly prevalent among adults, especially the elderly all over the world. It is worth noting that a substantial body of evidence suggests diabetes contributes to accelerated neurodegenerative processes and the decline of cognition. Over the last few years, some studies have indicated neurovascular uncoupling and disrupted functional connectivity in the early stages of many neurodegenerative diseases, and the concept of the neurovascular unit (NVU) has been highlighted to understand the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases recently. Considering that some components of the NVU are also demonstrated to have abnormal morphology and function under the condition of diabetes, we propose the hypothesis that diabetes may promote the onset and development of neurodegenerative diseases by impairing the integrity of the NVU, named Diabetes-NVU-Neurodegeneration Hypothesis. The existing body of literature supporting the hypothesis and elucidating the underlying mechanisms will be summarized in this review.
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El-Ghaiesh SH, Bahr HI, Ibrahiem AT, Ghorab D, Alomar SY, Farag NE, Zaitone SA. Metformin Protects From Rotenone-Induced Nigrostriatal Neuronal Death in Adult Mice by Activating AMPK-FOXO3 Signaling and Mitigation of Angiogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:84. [PMID: 32625061 PMCID: PMC7314970 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects substantia nigra dopamine neurons. Many studies have documented the role of oxidative stress and angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of PD. Metformin (MTF) is an antidiabetic medication and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulator that has shown antioxidant and antiangiogenic properties in many disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the neuroprotective effect of MTF in a mouse model of rotenone-prompted PD with a highlight on its influence on the AMPK/forkhead box transcription factor O3 (FOXO3) pathway and striatal angiogenesis. In the running study, PD was induced in mice using repeated doses of rotenone and concomitantly treated with MTF 100 or 200 mg/kg/day for 18 days. Rotarod and pole tests were used to examine the animals’ motor functionality. After that, animals were sacrificed, and brains were isolated and processed for immunohistochemical investigations or biochemical analyses. Oxidant stress and angiogenic markers were measured, including reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde, the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2), hemoxygenase-1, thioredoxin, AMPK, FOXO3, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Results indicated that MTF improved animals’ motor function, improved striatal glutathione, Nrf2, hemoxygenase-1, and thioredoxin. Furthermore, MTF upregulated AMPK-FOXO3 proteins and reduced VEGF and cleaved caspase 3. MTF also increased the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)–stained neurons in the substantia nigra neurons and in striatal neuronal terminals. This study is the first to highlight that the neuroprotective role of MTF is mediated through activation of AMPK-FOXO3 signaling and inhibition of the proangiogenic factor, VEGF. Further studies are warranted to confirm this mechanism in other models of PD and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah H El-Ghaiesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hoda I Bahr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Afaf T Ibrahiem
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ghorab
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Suliman Y Alomar
- Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha E Farag
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sawsan A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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Hirsch EC, Standaert DG. Ten Unsolved Questions About Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 36:16-24. [PMID: 32357266 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive and debilitating disorder that has so far eluded attempts to develop disease-modifying treatment. Both epidemiological and genetic studies support a role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Postmortem studies and experimental analyses suggest the involvement of both innate and adaptive immunity in the degenerative process. There is also some circumstantial evidence for effects of immune therapies on the disease. In the present article, we review 10 unanswered questions related to neuroinflammatory processes in Parkinson's disease with the goal of stimulating research in the field and accelerating the clinical development of neuroprotective therapies based on anti-inflammatory strategies. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne C Hirsch
- Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 1127, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - David G Standaert
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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38
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Belova OV, Arefieva TI, Moskvina SN. [Immunological aspects of Parkinson's disease]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:110-119. [PMID: 32307420 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120021110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The review summarizes information on immunological disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD). The data on neuroinflammation associated with degeneration of the medial substantia nigra cells are presented. It is pointed out that innate and adaptive immunity cells are involved in the process of neuroinflammation. The authors analyze the cytokine level in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood as well as the relationship between neuroinflammation and neuron dysfunction and provide information on immunological disorders in people with PD and animal models of PD. Specific features of PD models and data on blood-brain barrier damage and evidence of autoimmune inflammation in PD are presented. Identification of PD preclinical markers, including cytokines, HLA-DR and HLA-DQ antigens, autoantibodies, etc, is discussed. Pre-symptomatic diagnosis of PD, prevention and treatment at the pre-symptomatic stage could lead to interruption or slowdown the neurons death.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Belova
- NRC 'Kurchatov Institute', Moscow, Russia
| | - T I Arefieva
- NRC 'Kurchatov Institute', Moscow, Russia; National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
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39
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The Link between Gut Dysbiosis and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 432:160-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Zhang C, Wu B, Wang X, Chen C, Zhao R, Lu H, Zhu H, Xue B, Liang H, Sethi SK, Haacke EM, Zhu J, Peng Y, Cheng J. Vascular, flow and perfusion abnormalities in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 73:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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41
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Treg Cells Attenuate Neuroinflammation and Protect Neurons in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 15:224-237. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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42
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Ahmadian E, Eftekhari A, Samiei M, Maleki Dizaj S, Vinken M. The role and therapeutic potential of connexins, pannexins and their channels in Parkinson's disease. Cell Signal 2019; 58:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
There has been extraordinary research in the blood-brain barrier. Once considered a static anatomic barrier to the traffic of molecules in and out of the central nervous system when fully developed in adults, the blood-brain barrier is now known to be not only fully functional in development but also vital in cerebrovascular angiogenesis. Blood-brain barrier breakdown has been recognized as an important factor in a variety of primary neurologic diseases; however, such disturbances have yet to be critically analyzed. This article reviews the history, neurodevelopment, ultrastructure, function, and clinicopathologic correlation and relevance to central nervous system vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Epidemiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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44
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Liu C, Liang MC, Soong TW. Nitric Oxide, Iron and Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:114. [PMID: 30833886 PMCID: PMC6388708 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is a crucial cofactor for several physiological functions in the brain including transport of oxygen, DNA synthesis, mitochondrial respiration, synthesis of myelin, and neurotransmitter metabolism. If iron concentration exceeds the capacity of cellular sequestration, excessive labile iron will be harmful by generating oxidative stress that leads to cell death. In patients suffering from Parkinson disease, the total amount of iron in the substantia nigra was reported to increase with disease severity. High concentrations of iron were also found in the amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of human Alzheimer disease brains. Besides iron, nitric oxide (NO) produced in high concentration has been associated with neurodegeneration. NO is produced as a co-product when the enzyme NO synthase converts L-arginine to citrulline, and NO has a role to support normal physiological functions. When NO is produced in a high concentration under pathological conditions such as inflammation, aberrantly S-nitrosylated proteins can initiate neurodegeneration. Interestingly, NO is closely related with iron homeostasis. Firstly, it regulates iron-related gene expression through a system involving iron regulatory protein and its cognate iron responsive element (IRP-IRE). Secondly, it modified the function of iron-related protein directly via S-nitrosylation. In this review, we examine the recent advances about the potential role of dysregulated iron homeostasis in neurodegeneration, with an emphasis on AD and PD, and we discuss iron chelation as a potential therapy. This review also highlights the changes in iron homeostasis caused by NO. An understanding of these mechanisms will help us formulate strategies to reverse or ameliorate iron-related neurodegeneration in diseases such as AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mui Cheng Liang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuck Wah Soong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
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45
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Liu L, Liu X. Contributions of Drug Transporters to Blood-Brain Barriers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:407-466. [PMID: 31571171 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain interfaces comprise the cerebral microvessel endothelium forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the epithelium of the choroid plexuses forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). Their main functions are to impede free diffusion between brain fluids and blood; to provide transport processes for essential nutrients, ions, and metabolic waste products; and to regulate the homeostasis of central nervous system (CNS), all of which are attributed to absent fenestrations, high expression of tight junction proteins at cell-cell contacts, and expression of multiple transporters, receptors, and enzymes. Existence of BBB is an important reason that systemic drug administration is not suitable for the treatment of CNS diseases. Some diseases, such epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and diabetes, alter BBB function via affecting tight junction proteins or altering expression and function of these transporters. This chapter will illustrate function of BBB, expression of transporters, as well as their alterations under disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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46
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Takahashi H, Watanabe Y, Tanaka H, Mihara M, Mochizuki H, Takahashi K, Yamamoto K, Liu T, Wang Y, Tomiyama N. Comprehensive MRI quantification of the substantia nigra pars compacta in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Radiol 2018; 109:48-56. [PMID: 30527311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify dopaminergic neurodegeneration and iron overload in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) to evaluate Parkinson's disease (PD) using both quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and neuromelanin imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 39 PD patients (PD group) and 25 healthy controls (HC group) who underwent brain MRI with QSM and neuromelanin imaging. QSM and neuromelanin values of the SNpc were obtained using a voxel-based automated region segmentation system. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the SNpc in the neuromelanin images was calculated based on the mean value for the background region. The neuromelanin value was defined as the neuromelanin volume with an SNR higher than that of the background. The significance of the intergroup differences, and according to the severity stages in the PD group was tested for each QSM and neuromelanin value. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for diagnosing PD was performed for QSM and neuromelanin values. RESULTS The QSM value was significantly higher in the PD group than in the HC group (P < 0.05). The neuromelanin value was significantly smaller in the PD group than in the HC group (P < 0.05). The areas under the ROC curve were 0.68 and 0.86 for QSM and neuromelanin values, respectively. Using QSM and neuromelanin imaging to classify the PD stage was difficult. CONCLUSIONS Quantifying the SNpc alterations with our region-based approach is useful for the diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takahashi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Y Watanabe
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - H Tanaka
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M Mihara
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - H Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Takahashi
- Department of Medical Statistics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - K Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Statistics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - T Liu
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Cornell University, MedImageMetric LLC, New York, NY, 10044, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Cornell University, MedImageMetric LLC, New York, NY, 10044, USA
| | - N Tomiyama
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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47
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Fang X. Impaired tissue barriers as potential therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1031-1043. [PMID: 29681010 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier and the intestinal barrier show signs of disruption in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and animal models of nigrostriatal degeneration, and likewise in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) models. A substantial body of evidence shows that defects in epithelial membrane barriers, both in the gut and within the cerebral vasculature, can result in increased vulnerability of tissues to external factors potentially participating in the pathogenesis of PD and ALS. As such, restoration of tissue barriers may prove to be a novel therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we focus on the potential of new intervention strategies for rescuing and maintaining barrier functions in PD and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.
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48
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Choi JS, Bae WY, Nam S, Jeong JW. New Targets for Parkinson's Disease: Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor B1 is Downregulated by AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activation. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 22:493-501. [PMID: 30004846 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration is responsible for the cardinal motor defects in Parkinson's disease (PD), new diagnostics and therapeutic targets are necessary to effectively address this major global health burden. We evaluated whether the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor B1 (ADGRB1, formerly BAI1, brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1) might contribute to dopaminergic neuronal loss. We used bioinformatic analyses, as well as in vitro and in vivo PD models. We report in this study that ADGRB1 is decreased in PD and that the ADGRB1 level is specifically decreased in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-intoxicated mice. In primary mouse mesencephalic neurons and human neuroblastoma cell lines, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a toxic metabolite of MPTP, suppressed the expression of ADGRB1. Moreover, we applied a network generation tool, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis®, with the transcriptomics dataset to extend the upstream regulatory pathway of ADGRB1 expression. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was predicted as a regulator, and consequently, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide, a specific activator of AMPK, reduced the ADGRB1 protein level. Finally, ADGRB1 overexpression decreased nuclear condensation induced by MPP+ treatment. Taken together, we observed that decreased ADGRB1 by activation of AMPK induced neuronal cell death in MPTP/MPP+-mediated PD models, suggesting that ADGRB1 might potentially play a survival role in the neurodegenerative pathway of PD. These data offer new insights into dopaminergic cell death with therapeutic implications for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sun Choi
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woom-Yee Bae
- 2 Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyoon Nam
- 3 Department of Genome Medicine and Science, College of Medicine, Gachon University , Incheon, Republic of Korea.,4 Department of Life Sciences, Gachon University , Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,5 Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center , Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Jeong
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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49
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Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Li X, Wu T, Li T, Cai M, Yu Z, Xiang J, Cai D. Jia-Jian-Di-Huang-Yin-Zi decoction exerts neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons and their microenvironment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9886. [PMID: 29959371 PMCID: PMC6026152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27852-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As a classical prescription of Traditional Chinese medicine, the Jia-Jian-Di-Huang-Yin-Zi (JJDHYZ) decoction has long been used to treat movement disorders. The present study evaluated the effects of JJDHYZ on dopaminergic (DA) neurons and their survival-enhancing microenvironment as well as the possible mechanisms involved using a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. In MPTP-lesioned mice, a high dosage of JJDHYZ (34 g/kg/day) attenuated the loss of DA neurons, reversed the dopamine depletion, and improved the expression of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) compared to the untreated model group. JJDHYZ also protected the ultrastructure of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and tight junction proteins by inhibiting the activation of microglia and astrocytes besides the increase in three types of matrix metalloproteinases in the substantia nigra. In conclusion, the JJDHYZ-high dosage (JJDHYZ-H) group exhibited the neuroprotection of DA neurons, and the underlying mechanism may be related to the survival-enhancing microenvironment of the DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsi Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhennian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiangting Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Min Cai
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhonghai Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Dingfang Cai
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Sanjari Moghaddam H, Ghazi Sherbaf F, Mojtahed Zadeh M, Ashraf-Ganjouei A, Aarabi MH. Association Between Peripheral Inflammation and DATSCAN Data of the Striatal Nuclei in Different Motor Subtypes of Parkinson Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:234. [PMID: 29713303 PMCID: PMC5911462 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between peripheral and central inflammation has a significant role in dopaminergic neural death in nigrostriatal pathway, although no direct assessment of inflammation has been performed in relation to dopaminergic neuronal loss in striatal nuclei. In this study, the correlation of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a marker of peripheral inflammation to striatal binding ratios (SBRs) of DAT SPECT images in bilateral caudate and putamen nuclei was calculated in 388 drug-naïve early PD patients [288 tremor dominant (TD), 73 postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD), and 27 indeterminate] and 148 controls. NLR was significantly higher in PD patients than in age- and sex-matched healthy controls, and showed a negative correlation to SBR in bilateral putamen and ipsilateral caudate in all PD subjects. Among our three subgroups, only TD patients showed remarkable results. A positive association between NLR and motor severity was observed in TD subgroup. Besides, NLR could negatively predict the SBR in ipsilateral and contralateral putamen and caudate nuclei in tremulous phenotype. Nonetheless, we found no significant association between NLR and other clinical and imaging findings in PIGD and indeterminate subgroups, supporting the presence of distinct underlying pathologic mechanisms between tremor and non-tremor predominant PD at early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farzaneh Ghazi Sherbaf
- *Correspondence: Farzaneh Ghazi Sherbaf, ; Mahtab Mojtahed Zadeh, ; Mohammad Hadi Aarabi,
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