1
|
Chapman NS, Hulswit RJG, Westover JLB, Stass R, Paesen GC, Binshtein E, Reidy JX, Engdahl TB, Handal LS, Flores A, Gowen BB, Bowden TA, Crowe JE. Multifunctional human monoclonal antibody combination mediates protection against Rift Valley fever virus at low doses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5650. [PMID: 37704627 PMCID: PMC10499838 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) can cause severe disease in humans and has pandemic potential, yet no approved vaccine or therapy exists. Here we describe a dual-mechanism human monoclonal antibody (mAb) combination against RVFV that is effective at minimal doses in a lethal mouse model of infection. We structurally analyze and characterize the binding mode of a prototypical potent Gn domain-A-binding antibody that blocks attachment and of an antibody that inhibits infection by abrogating the fusion process as previously determined. Surprisingly, the Gn domain-A antibody does not directly block RVFV Gn interaction with the host receptor low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) as determined by a competitive assay. This study identifies a rationally designed combination of human mAbs deserving of future investigation for use in humans against RVFV infection. Using a two-pronged mechanistic approach, we demonstrate the potent efficacy of a rationally designed combination mAb therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S Chapman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ruben J G Hulswit
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jonna L B Westover
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Robert Stass
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Guido C Paesen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Elad Binshtein
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Joseph X Reidy
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Taylor B Engdahl
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Laura S Handal
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Alejandra Flores
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Brian B Gowen
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schoeder CT, Gilchuk P, Sangha AK, Ledwitch KV, Malherbe DC, Zhang X, Binshtein E, Williamson LE, Martina CE, Dong J, Armstrong E, Sutton R, Nargi R, Rodriguez J, Kuzmina N, Fiala B, King NP, Bukreyev A, Crowe JE, Meiler J. Epitope-focused immunogen design based on the ebolavirus glycoprotein HR2-MPER region. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010518. [PMID: 35584193 PMCID: PMC9170092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The three human pathogenic ebolaviruses: Zaire (EBOV), Bundibugyo (BDBV), and Sudan (SUDV) virus, cause severe disease with high fatality rates. Epitopes of ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP) recognized by antibodies with binding breadth for all three ebolaviruses are of major interest for rational vaccine design. In particular, the heptad repeat 2 -membrane-proximal external region (HR2-MPER) epitope is relatively conserved between EBOV, BDBV, and SUDV GP and targeted by human broadly-neutralizing antibodies. To study whether this epitope can serve as an immunogen for the elicitation of broadly-reactive antibody responses, protein design in Rosetta was employed to transplant the HR2-MPER epitope identified from a co-crystal structure with the known broadly-reactive monoclonal antibody (mAb) BDBV223 onto smaller scaffold proteins. From computational analysis, selected immunogen designs were produced as recombinant proteins and functionally validated, leading to the identification of a sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain displaying the BDBV-HR2-MPER epitope near its C terminus as a promising candidate. The immunogen was fused to one component of a self-assembling, two-component nanoparticle and tested for immunogenicity in rabbits. Robust titers of cross-reactive serum antibodies to BDBV and EBOV GPs and moderate titers to SUDV GP were induced following immunization. To confirm the structural composition of the immunogens, solution NMR studies were conducted and revealed structural flexibility in the C-terminal residues of the epitope. Overall, our study represents the first report on an epitope-focused immunogen design based on the structurally challenging BDBV-HR2-MPER epitope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara T. Schoeder
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institute for Drug Discovery, University Leipzig Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Amandeep K. Sangha
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn V. Ledwitch
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Delphine C. Malherbe
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lauren E. Williamson
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cristina E. Martina
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jinhui Dong
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Erica Armstrong
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rachel Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rachel Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jessica Rodriguez
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Natalia Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Unites States, United States of America
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institute for Drug Discovery, University Leipzig Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gilchuk P, Guthals A, Bonissone SR, Shaw JB, Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Bombardi RG, Liang J, Grinyo A, Davidson E, Chen EC, Gunn BM, Alter G, Saphire EO, Doranz BJ, Bukreyev A, Zeitlin L, Castellana N, Crowe JE. Proteo-Genomic Analysis Identifies Two Major Sites of Vulnerability on Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:706757. [PMID: 34335620 PMCID: PMC8322977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.706757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three clinically relevant ebolaviruses - Ebola (EBOV), Bundibugyo (BDBV), and Sudan (SUDV) viruses, are responsible for severe disease and occasional deadly outbreaks in Africa. The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. However, antibodies in the body are not secreted by circulating memory B cells in the blood but rather principally by plasma cells in the bone marrow. Little is known about the protective polyclonal antibody responses in convalescent plasma. Here we exploited both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches to assess the composition of the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire in the plasma of an EVD survivor. We first identified 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences from single cells in the memory B cell compartment. Using mass spectrometric analysis of the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG, we found that only a portion of the large B cell antibody repertoire was represented in the plasma. Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. Polyclonal plasma antibodies from the survivor reacted broadly to EBOV, BDBV, and SUDV GP, while reactivity of the potently neutralizing mAbs we identified was limited mostly to the homologous EBOV GP. Together these results reveal a restricted diversity of neutralizing humoral response in which mAbs targeting two antigenic sites on GP - glycan cap and base - play a principal role in plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity against EVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Gilchuk
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Adrian Guthals
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc. San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Stefano R. Bonissone
- Abterra Biosciences (formerly Digital Proteomics LLC), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jared B. Shaw
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Philipp A. Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Robin G. Bombardi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jenny Liang
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ariadna Grinyo
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edgar Davidson
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elaine C. Chen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Bronwyn M. Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc. San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Natalie Castellana
- Abterra Biosciences (formerly Digital Proteomics LLC), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - James E. Crowe
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Broadly cross-reactive human antibodies that inhibit genogroup I and II noroviruses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4320. [PMID: 34262046 PMCID: PMC8280134 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rational development of norovirus vaccine candidates requires a deep understanding of the antigenic diversity and mechanisms of neutralization of the virus. Here, we isolate and characterize a panel of broadly cross-reactive naturally occurring human monoclonal IgMs, IgAs and IgGs reactive with human norovirus (HuNoV) genogroup I or II (GI or GII). We note three binding patterns and identify monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that neutralize at least one GI or GII HuNoV strain when using a histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) blocking assay. The HBGA blocking assay and a virus neutralization assay using human intestinal enteroids reveal that the GII-specific mAb NORO-320, mediates HBGA blocking and neutralization of multiple GII genotypes. The Fab form of NORO-320 neutralizes GII.4 infection more potently than the mAb, however, does not block HBGA binding. The crystal structure of NORO-320 Fab in complex with GII.4 P-domain shows that the antibody recognizes a highly conserved region in the P-domain distant from the HBGA binding site. Dynamic light scattering analysis of GII.4 virus-like particles with mAb NORO-320 shows severe aggregation, suggesting neutralization is by steric hindrance caused by multivalent cross-linking. Aggregation was not observed with the Fab form of NORO-320, suggesting that this clone also has additional inhibitory features. Noroviruses can cause gastroenteritis and there is currently no licensed vaccine or specific treatment available. Here, the authors isolate human monoclonal antibodies and characterize one antibody (NORO-320) with broad reactivity to genogroup I and II noroviruses.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chapman NS, Zhao H, Kose N, Westover JB, Kalveram B, Bombardi R, Rodriguez J, Sutton R, Genualdi J, LaBeaud AD, Mutuku FM, Pittman PR, Freiberg AN, Gowen BB, Fremont DH, Crowe JE. Potent neutralization of Rift Valley fever virus by human monoclonal antibodies through fusion inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2025642118. [PMID: 33782133 PMCID: PMC8040655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025642118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), an emerging arboviral and zoonotic bunyavirus, causes severe disease in livestock and humans. Here, we report the isolation of a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from the B cells of immune individuals following natural infection in Kenya or immunization with MP-12 vaccine. The B cell responses of individuals who were vaccinated or naturally infected recognized similar epitopes on both Gc and Gn proteins. The Gn-specific mAbs and two mAbs that do not recognize either monomeric Gc or Gn alone but recognized the hetero-oligomer glycoprotein complex (Gc+Gn) when Gc and Gn were coexpressed exhibited potent neutralizing activities in vitro, while Gc-specific mAbs exhibited relatively lower neutralizing capacity. The two Gc+Gn-specific mAbs and the Gn domain A-specific mAbs inhibited RVFV fusion to cells, suggesting that mAbs can inhibit the exposure of the fusion loop in Gc, a class II fusion protein, and thus prevent fusion by an indirect mechanism without direct fusion loop contact. Competition-binding analysis with coexpressed Gc/Gn and mutagenesis library screening indicated that these mAbs recognize four major antigenic sites, with two sites of vulnerability for neutralization on Gn. In experimental models of infection in mice, representative mAbs recognizing three of the antigenic sites reduced morbidity and mortality when used at a low dose in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. This study identifies multiple candidate mAbs that may be suitable for use in humans against RVFV infection and highlights fusion inhibition against bunyaviruses as a potential contributor to potent antibody-mediated neutralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S Chapman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nurgun Kose
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jonna B Westover
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Birte Kalveram
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Robin Bombardi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jessica Rodriguez
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Rachel Sutton
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Joseph Genualdi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - A Desiree LaBeaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Francis M Mutuku
- Department of Environment and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Phillip R Pittman
- Medical Research and Material Command, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Brian B Gowen
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232;
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Convergence of a common solution for broad ebolavirus neutralization by glycan cap-directed human antibodies. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108984. [PMID: 33852862 PMCID: PMC8133395 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that target the glycan cap epitope on the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP) are common in the adaptive response of survivors. A subset is known to be broadly neutralizing, but the details of their epitopes and basis for neutralization are not well understood. Here, we present cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of diverse glycan cap antibodies that variably synergize with GP base-binding antibodies. These structures describe a conserved site of vulnerability that anchors the mucin-like domains (MLDs) to the glycan cap, which we call the MLD anchor and cradle. Antibodies that bind to the MLD cradle share common features, including use of IGHV1–69 and IGHJ6 germline genes, which exploit hydrophobic residues and form β-hairpin structures to mimic the MLD anchor, disrupt MLD attachment, destabilize GP quaternary structure, and block cleavage events required for receptor binding. Our results provide a molecular basis for ebolavirus neutralization by broadly reactive glycan cap antibodies. A rare subset of ebolavirus antibodies targeting the glycan cap are broadly neutralizing. Murin et al. report cryo-EM structures and custom in vitro assays identifying a conserved site of vulnerability in the glycan cap and detail mechanisms of action, including structural mimicry, trimer instability, and blocking cleavage.
Collapse
|
7
|
Siddiqui S, Hackl S, Ghoddusi H, McIntosh MR, Gomes AC, Ho J, Reeves MB, McLean GR. IgA binds to the AD-2 epitope of glycoprotein B and neutralizes human cytomegalovirus. Immunology 2021; 162:314-327. [PMID: 33283275 PMCID: PMC7884650 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that is potentially pathogenic in immunosuppressed individuals and pregnant females during primary infection. The HCMV envelope glycoprotein B (gB) facilitates viral entry into all cell types and induces a potent immune response. AD-2 epitope is a highly conserved linear neutralizing epitope of gB and a critical target for antibodies; however, only 50% of sero-positive individuals make IgG antibodies to this site and IgA responses have not been fully investigated. This study aimed to compare IgG and IgA responses against gB and the AD-2 epitope in naturally exposed individuals and those receiving a recombinant gB/MF59 adjuvant vaccine. Thus, vaccination of sero-positive individuals improved pre-existing gB-specific IgA and IgG levels and induced de novo gB-specific IgA and IgG responses in sero-negative recipients. Pre-existing AD-2 IgG and IgA responses were boosted with vaccination, but de novo AD-2 responses were not detected. Naturally exposed individuals had dominant IgG responses towards gB and AD-2 compared with weaker and variable IgA responses, although a significant IgA binding response to AD-2 was observed within human breastmilk samples. All antibodies binding AD-2 contained kappa light chains, whereas balanced kappa/lambda light chain usage was found for those binding to gB. V region-matched AD-2-specific recombinant IgG and IgA bound both to gB and to AD-2 and neutralized HCMV infection in vitro. Overall, these results indicate that although human IgG responses dominate, IgA class antibodies against AD-2 are a significant component of human milk, which may function to protect neonates from HCMV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saima Siddiqui
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research CentreLondon Metropolitan UniversityLondonUK
| | - Sarah Hackl
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research CentreLondon Metropolitan UniversityLondonUK
| | - Hamid Ghoddusi
- Microbiology Research UnitLondon Metropolitan UniversityLondonUK
| | - Megan R. McIntosh
- Institute for Immunity and TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ariane C. Gomes
- Institute for Immunity and TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Joshua Ho
- Institute for Immunity and TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Matthew B. Reeves
- Institute for Immunity and TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Gary R. McLean
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research CentreLondon Metropolitan UniversityLondonUK,National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Discovery of Marburg virus neutralizing antibodies from virus-naïve human antibody repertoires using large-scale structural predictions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31142-31148. [PMID: 33229516 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922654117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) disease is lethal, with fatality rates up to 90%. Neutralizing antibodies (Abs) are promising drug candidates to prevent or treat the disease. Current efforts are focused in part on vaccine development to induce such MARV-neutralizing Abs. We analyzed the antibody repertoire from healthy unexposed and previously MARV-infected individuals to assess if naïve repertoires contain suitable precursor antibodies that could become neutralizing with a limited set of somatic mutations. We computationally searched the human Ab variable gene repertoire for predicted structural homologs of the neutralizing Ab MR78 that is specific to the receptor binding site (RBS) of MARV glycoprotein (GP). Eight Ab heavy-chain complementarity determining region 3 (HCDR3) loops from MARV-naïve individuals and one from a previously MARV-infected individual were selected for testing as HCDR3 loop chimeras on the MR78 Ab framework. Three of these chimerized antibodies bound to MARV GP. We then tested a full-length native Ab heavy chain encoding the same 17-residue-long HCDR3 loop that bound to the MARV GP the best among the chimeric Abs tested. Despite only 57% amino acid sequence identity, the Ab from a MARV-naïve donor recognized MARV GP and possessed neutralizing activity against the virus. Crystallization of both chimeric and full-length native heavy chain-containing Abs provided structural insights into the mechanism of binding for these types of Abs. Our work suggests that the MARV GP RBS is a promising candidate for epitope-focused vaccine design to induce neutralizing Abs against MARV.
Collapse
|
9
|
Finn JA, Dong J, Sevy AM, Parrish E, Gilchuk I, Nargi R, Scarlett-Jones M, Reichard W, Bombardi R, Voss TG, Meiler J, Crowe JE. Identification of Structurally Related Antibodies in Antibody Sequence Databases Using Rosetta-Derived Position-Specific Scoring. Structure 2020; 28:1124-1130.e5. [PMID: 32783953 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The amount of antibody (Ab) variable gene sequence information is expanding rapidly, but our ability to predict the function of Abs from sequence alone is limited. Here, we describe a sequence-to-function prediction method that couples structural data for a single Ab/antigen (Ag) complex with repertoire data. We used a position-specific structure-scoring matrix (P3SM) incorporating structure-prediction scores from Rosetta to identify Ab variable loops that have predicted structural similarity to the influenza virus-specific human Ab CH65. The P3SM approach identified new members of this Ab class. Recombinant Ab expression, crystallography, and virus inhibition assays showed that the HCDR3 loops of the newly identified Abs possessed similar structure and antiviral activity as the comparator CH65. This approach enables discovery of new human Abs with desired structure and function using cDNA repertoires that are obtained readily with current amplicon sequencing techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Finn
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jinhui Dong
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alexander M Sevy
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Erica Parrish
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Iuliia Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Morgan Scarlett-Jones
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Walter Reichard
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robin Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas G Voss
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Room 7330, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vogt MR, Fu J, Kose N, Williamson LE, Bombardi R, Setliff I, Georgiev IS, Klose T, Rossmann MG, Bochkov YA, Gern JE, Kuhn RJ, Crowe JE. Human antibodies neutralize enterovirus D68 and protect against infection and paralytic disease. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/49/eaba4902. [PMID: 32620559 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aba4902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) causes outbreaks of respiratory illness, and there is increasing evidence that it causes outbreaks of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). There are no licensed therapies to prevent or treat EV-D68 infection or AFM disease. We isolated a panel of EV-D68-reactive human monoclonal antibodies that recognize diverse antigenic variants from participants with prior infection. One potently neutralizing cross-reactive antibody, EV68-228, protected mice from respiratory and neurologic disease when given either before or after infection. Cryo-electron microscopy studies revealed that EV68-228 and another potently neutralizing antibody (EV68-159) bound around the fivefold or threefold axes of symmetry on virion particles, respectively. The structures suggest diverse mechanisms of action by these antibodies. The high potency and effectiveness observed in vivo suggest that antibodies are a mechanistic correlate of protection against AFM disease and are candidates for clinical use in humans with EV-D68 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Vogt
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jianing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lauren E Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robin Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ian Setliff
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas Klose
- Department of Biological Sciences and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael G Rossmann
- Department of Biological Sciences and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sevy AM, Gilchuk IM, Brown BP, Bozhanova NG, Nargi R, Jensen M, Meiler J, Crowe JE. Computationally Designed Cyclic Peptides Derived from an Antibody Loop Increase Breadth of Binding for Influenza Variants. Structure 2020; 28:1114-1123.e4. [PMID: 32610044 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The influenza hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is the target of many broadly neutralizing antibodies. However, influenza viruses can rapidly escape antibody recognition by mutation of hypervariable regions of HA that overlap with the binding epitope. We hypothesized that by designing peptides to mimic antibody loops, we could enhance breadth of binding to HA antigenic variants by reducing contact with hypervariable residues on HA that mediate escape. We designed cyclic peptides that mimic the heavy-chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDRH3) of anti-influenza broadly neutralizing antibody C05 and show that these peptides bound to HA molecules with <100 nM affinity, comparable with that of the full-length parental C05 IgG. In addition, these peptides exhibited increased breadth of recognition to influenza H4 and H7 subtypes by eliminating clashes between the hypervariable antigenic regions and the antibody CDRH1 loop. This approach can be used to generate antibody-derived peptides against a wide variety of targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Sevy
- Chemical & Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Iuliia M Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Benjamin P Brown
- Chemical & Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Nina G Bozhanova
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Rachel Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mattie Jensen
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jens Meiler
- Chemical & Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Chemical & Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Santos RI, Gilchuk P, Gunn BM, Karim MM, Liang J, Fouch ME, Davidson E, Parekh DV, Kimble JB, Pietzsch CA, Meyer M, Kuzmina NA, Zeitlin L, Saphire EO, Alter G, Crowe JE, Bukreyev A. Non-neutralizing Antibodies from a Marburg Infection Survivor Mediate Protection by Fc-Effector Functions and by Enhancing Efficacy of Other Antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:976-991.e11. [PMID: 32320678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) belong to the family Filoviridae. MARV causes severe disease in humans with high fatality. We previously isolated a large panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from B cells of a human survivor with previous naturally acquired MARV infection. Here, we characterized functional properties of these mAbs and identified non-neutralizing mAbs targeting the glycoprotein (GP) 2 portion of the mucin-like domain (MLD) of MARV GP, termed the wing region. One mAb targeting the GP2 wing, MR228, showed therapeutic protection in mice and guinea pigs infected with MARV. The protection was mediated by the Fc fragment functions of MR228. Binding of another GP2 wing-specific non-neutralizing mAb, MR235, to MARV GP increased accessibility of epitopes in the receptor-binding site (RBS) for neutralizing mAbs, resulting in enhanced virus neutralization by these mAbs. These findings highlight an important role for non-neutralizing mAbs during natural human MARV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo I Santos
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marcus M Karim
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jenny Liang
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Diptiben V Parekh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James B Kimble
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Colette A Pietzsch
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle Meyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Natalia A Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gilchuk P, Murin CD, Milligan JC, Cross RW, Mire CE, Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Kuzmina N, Altman PX, Hui S, Gunn BM, Bryan AL, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Turner HL, Alkutkar T, Flinko R, Orlandi C, Carnahan R, Nargi R, Bombardi RG, Vodzak ME, Li S, Okoli A, Ibeawuchi M, Ohiaeri B, Lewis GK, Alter G, Bukreyev A, Saphire EO, Geisbert TW, Ward AB, Crowe JE. Analysis of a Therapeutic Antibody Cocktail Reveals Determinants for Cooperative and Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization. Immunity 2020; 52:388-403.e12. [PMID: 32023489 PMCID: PMC7111202 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Structural principles underlying the composition of protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails are poorly defined. Here, we exploited antibody cooperativity to develop a therapeutic mAb cocktail against Ebola virus. We systematically analyzed the antibody repertoire in human survivors and identified a pair of potently neutralizing mAbs that cooperatively bound to the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP). High-resolution structures revealed that in a two-antibody cocktail, molecular mimicry was a major feature of mAb-GP interactions. Broadly neutralizing mAb rEBOV-520 targeted a conserved epitope on the GP base region. mAb rEBOV-548 bound to a glycan cap epitope, possessed neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector function activities, and potentiated neutralization by rEBOV-520. Remodeling of the glycan cap structures by the cocktail enabled enhanced GP binding and virus neutralization. The cocktail demonstrated resistance to virus escape and protected non-human primates (NHPs) against Ebola virus disease. These data illuminate structural principles of antibody cooperativity with implications for development of antiviral immunotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Charles D. Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jacob C. Milligan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert W. Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Chad E. Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Philipp A. Ilinykh
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Natalia Kuzmina
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Pilar X. Altman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sean Hui
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bronwyn M. Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hannah L. Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tanwee Alkutkar
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robin Flinko
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Robert Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robin G. Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Megan E. Vodzak
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adaora Okoli
- First Consultants Medical Center, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | - George K. Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bangaru S, Lang S, Schotsaert M, Vanderven HA, Zhu X, Kose N, Bombardi R, Finn JA, Kent SJ, Gilchuk P, Gilchuk I, Turner HL, García-Sastre A, Li S, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Crowe JE. A Site of Vulnerability on the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Head Domain Trimer Interface. Cell 2020; 177:1136-1152.e18. [PMID: 31100268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe the discovery of a naturally occurring human antibody (Ab), FluA-20, that recognizes a new site of vulnerability on the hemagglutinin (HA) head domain and reacts with most influenza A viruses. Structural characterization of FluA-20 with H1 and H3 head domains revealed a novel epitope in the HA trimer interface, suggesting previously unrecognized dynamic features of the trimeric HA protein. The critical HA residues recognized by FluA-20 remain conserved across most subtypes of influenza A viruses, which explains the Ab's extraordinary breadth. The Ab rapidly disrupted the integrity of HA protein trimers, inhibited cell-to-cell spread of virus in culture, and protected mice against challenge with viruses of H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, or H7N9 subtypes when used as prophylaxis or therapy. The FluA-20 Ab has uncovered an exceedingly conserved protective determinant in the influenza HA head domain trimer interface that is an unexpected new target for anti-influenza therapeutics and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shanshan Lang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hillary A Vanderven
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robin Bombardi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jessica A Finn
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Iuliia Gilchuk
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gilchuk P, Kuzmina N, Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Gunn BM, Bryan A, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Turner HL, Fusco ML, Bramble MS, Hoff NA, Binshtein E, Kose N, Flyak AI, Flinko R, Orlandi C, Carnahan R, Parrish EH, Sevy AM, Bombardi RG, Singh PK, Mukadi P, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Ohi MD, Saphire EO, Lewis GK, Alter G, Ward AB, Rimoin AW, Bukreyev A, Crowe JE. Multifunctional Pan-ebolavirus Antibody Recognizes a Site of Broad Vulnerability on the Ebolavirus Glycoprotein. Immunity 2018; 49:363-374.e10. [PMID: 30029854 PMCID: PMC6104738 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ebolaviruses cause severe disease in humans, and identification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are effective against multiple ebolaviruses are important for therapeutics development. Here we describe a distinct class of broadly neutralizing human mAbs with protective capacity against three ebolaviruses infectious for humans: Ebola (EBOV), Sudan (SUDV), and Bundibugyo (BDBV) viruses. We isolated mAbs from human survivors of ebolavirus disease and identified a potent mAb, EBOV-520, which bound to an epitope in the glycoprotein (GP) base region. EBOV-520 efficiently neutralized EBOV, BDBV, and SUDV and also showed protective capacity in relevant animal models of these infections. EBOV-520 mediated protection principally by direct virus neutralization and exhibited multifunctional properties. This study identified a potent naturally occurring mAb and defined key features of the human antibody response that may contribute to broad protection. This multifunctional mAb and related clones are promising candidates for development as broadly protective pan-ebolavirus therapeutic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Natalia Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA,Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Philipp A. Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA,Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA,Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Bronwyn M. Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aubrey Bryan
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Hannah L. Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marnie L. Fusco
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew S. Bramble
- Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Department of Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Nicole A. Hoff
- Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew I. Flyak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robin Flinko
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Robert Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Erica H. Parrish
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alexander M. Sevy
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robin G. Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Prashant K. Singh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Patrick Mukadi
- Institut Nationale de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Melanie D. Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - George K. Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anne W. Rimoin
- Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA,Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA,Corresponding author
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA,Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schrader JW, McLean GR. Multispecificity of a recombinant anti-ras monoclonal antibody. J Mol Recognit 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John W. Schrader
- The Biomedical Research Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Gary R. McLean
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre; London Metropolitan University; London UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Structural basis for norovirus neutralization by an HBGA blocking human IgA antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5830-E5837. [PMID: 27647885 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609990113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) cause sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. They are classified into two major genogroups (GI and GII), with each genogroup further divided into multiple genotypes. Susceptibility to these viruses is influenced by genetically determined histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) expression. HBGAs function as cell attachment factors by binding to a surface-exposed region in the protruding (P) domain of the capsid protein. Sequence variations in this region that result in differential HBGA binding patterns and antigenicity are suggested to form a basis for strain diversification. Recent studies show that serum antibodies that block HBGA binding correlate with protection against illness. Although genogroup-dependent variation in HBGA binding specificity is structurally well characterized, an understanding of how antibodies block HBGA binding and how genotypic variations affect such blockade is lacking. Our crystallographic studies of the GI.1 P domain in complex with the Fab fragment of a human IgA monoclonal antibody (IgA 5I2) with HBGA blocking activity show that the antibody recognizes a conformational epitope formed by two surface-exposed loop clusters in the P domain. The antibody engulfs the HBGA binding site but does not affect its structural integrity. An unusual feature of the antigen recognition by IgA 5I2 is the predominant involvement of the CDR light chain 1 in contrast to the commonly observed CDR heavy chain 3, providing a unique perspective into antibody diversity in antigen recognition. Identification of the antigenic site in the P domain shows how genotypic variations might allow escape from antibody neutralization and exemplifies the interplay between antigenicity and HBGA specificity in HuNoV evolution.
Collapse
|
18
|
Sapparapu G, Czakó R, Alvarado G, Shanker S, Prasad BVV, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Crowe JE. Frequent Use of the IgA Isotype in Human B Cells Encoding Potent Norovirus-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies That Block HBGA Binding. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005719. [PMID: 27355511 PMCID: PMC4927092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoV) are the most common cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis and cause local outbreaks of illness, especially in confined situations. Despite being identified four decades ago, the correlates of protection against norovirus gastroenteritis are still being elucidated. Recent studies have shown an association of protection with NoV-specific serum histo-blood group antigen-blocking antibody and with serum IgA in patients vaccinated with NoV VLPs. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of human monoclonal IgG and IgA antibodies against a GI.I NoV, Norwalk virus (NV). A higher proportion of the IgA antibodies blocked NV VLP binding to glycans than did IgG antibodies. We generated isotype-switched variants of IgG and IgA antibodies to study the effects of the constant domain on blocking and binding activities. The IgA form of antibodies appears to be more potent than the IgG form in blocking norovirus binding to histo-blood group antigens. These studies suggest a unique role for IgA antibodies in protection from NoV infections by blocking attachment to cell receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Sapparapu
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rita Czakó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Alvarado
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sreejesh Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - B. V. Venkataram Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James E. Crowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Overcoming the Constraints of Anti-HIV/CD89 Bispecific Antibodies That Limit Viral Inhibition. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:9425172. [PMID: 27419146 PMCID: PMC4933884 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9425172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovative strategies are necessary to maximize the clinical application of HIV neutralizing antibodies. To this end, bispecific constructs of human antibody F240, reactive with well-conserved gp41 epitope and antibody 14A8, reactive with the IgA receptor (CD89) on effector cells, were constructed. A F240 × 14A8 bispecific single chain variable region (scFv) molecule was constructed by linking two scFvs using a conventional GGGGS linker. Despite immunoreactivity with HIV gp41 and neutrophils, this bispecific scFv failed to inhibit HIV infection. This is in sharp contrast to viral inhibition using a chemical conjugate of the Fab of these two antibodies. Therefore, we constructed two novel Fab-like bispecific antibody molecules centered on fusion of the IgG1 CH1 domain or CH1-hinge domain to the C-terminus of F240scFv and fusion of the kappa chain CL domain to the C-terminus of 14A8scFv. Both Bi-Fab antibodies showed significant ADCVI activity for multiple clade B and clade C isolates by arming the neutrophils to inhibit HIV infection. The approach presented in this study is unique for HIV immunotherapy in that the impetus of neutralization is to arm and mobilize PMN to destroy HIV and HIV infected cells.
Collapse
|
20
|
Mikkelsen JH, Steffensen LB, Oxvig C. Development of a recombinant antibody towards PAPP-A for immunohistochemical use in multiple animal species. J Immunol Methods 2013; 404:33-40. [PMID: 24333852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The metalloproteinase, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), is increasingly recognized as a modulator of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling; it cleaves IGF binding proteins causing the release of bioactive IGF. Accumulating evidence supports an important role of PAPP-A in both normal physiology and under different pathological conditions. However, antibodies for the detection of PAPP-A in non-human tissues have been lacking, although needed for use with several animal models which are currently being developed. To develop a monoclonal antibody suitable for the immunohistochemical detection of PAPP-A, we therefore selected a phage-derived scFv antibody, PAC1, specifically recognizing an epitope of PAPP-A, which is highly conserved between multiple animal species. We first converted this antibody into bivalent IgG, and verified its ability to recognize PAPP-A in sections of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue. For increased sensitivity, affinity maturation to sub-nanomolar affinity was then carried out. The resulting recombinant antibody, PAC1-D8-mIgG2a, detects PAPP-A specifically and sensitively in human tissue. In addition, this antibody allows detection of PAPP-A in non-human species. We demonstrate its usefulness for the visualization of PAPP-A in murine and porcine tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob H Mikkelsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lasse B Steffensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Aiyegbo MS, Sapparapu G, Spiller BW, Eli IM, Williams DR, Kim R, Lee DE, Liu T, Li S, Woods VL, Nannemann DP, Meiler J, Stewart PL, Crowe JE. Human rotavirus VP6-specific antibodies mediate intracellular neutralization by binding to a quaternary structure in the transcriptional pore. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61101. [PMID: 23671563 PMCID: PMC3650007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several live attenuated rotavirus (RV) vaccines have been licensed, but the mechanisms of protective immunity are still poorly understood. The most frequent human B cell response is directed to the internal protein VP6 on the surface of double-layered particles, which is normally exposed only in the intracellular environment. Here, we show that the canonical VP6 antibodies secreted by humans bind to such particles and inhibit viral transcription. Polymeric IgA RV antibodies mediated an inhibitory effect against virus replication inside cells during IgA transcytosis. We defined the recognition site on VP6 as a quaternary epitope containing a high density of charged residues. RV human mAbs appear to bind to a negatively-charged patch on the surface of the Type I channel in the transcriptionally active particle, and they sterically block the channel. This unique mucosal mechanism of viral neutralization, which is not apparent from conventional immunoassays, may contribute significantly to human immunity to RV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Aiyegbo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Planque SA, Mitsuda Y, Nishiyama Y, Karle S, Boivin S, Salas M, Morris MK, Hara M, Liao G, Massey RJ, Hanson CV, Paul S. Antibodies to a superantigenic glycoprotein 120 epitope as the basis for developing an HIV vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5367-81. [PMID: 23089396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Failure to induce synthesis of neutralizing Abs to the CD4 binding determinant (CD4BD) of gp120, a central objective in HIV vaccine research, has been alternately ascribed to insufficient immunogen binding to Abs in their germline V region configuration expressed as BCRs, insufficient adaptive mutations in Ab V regions, and conformational instability of gp120. We employed peptide analogs of gp120 residues 421-433 within the CD4BD (CD4BD(core)) to identify Abs produced without prior exposure to HIV (constitutive Abs). The CD4BD(core) peptide was recognized by single-chain Fv fragments from noninfected humans with lupus that neutralized genetically diverse strains belonging to various HIV subtypes. Replacing the framework region (FR) of a V(H)4-family single-chain Fv with the corresponding V(H)3-family FRs from single-chain Fv JL427 improved the CD4BD(core) peptide-binding activity, suggesting a CD4BD(core) binding site outside the pocket formed by the CDRs. Replacement mutations in the FR site vicinity suggested the potential for adaptive improvement. A very small subset of serum CD4BD(core)-specific serum IgAs from noninfected humans without autoimmune disease isolated by epitope-specific chromatography neutralized the virus potently. A CD4BD(core)-specific, HIV neutralizing murine IgM with H and L chain V regions (V(H) and V(L) regions) free of immunogen-driven somatic mutations was induced by immunization with a CD4BD(core) peptide analog containing an electrophilic group that binds B cells covalently. The studies indicate broad and potent HIV neutralization by constitutive Abs as an innate, germline-encoded activity directed to the superantigenic CD4BD(core) epitope that is available for amplification for vaccination against HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Planque
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Chemical Immunology Research Center, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sapparapu G, Planque S, Mitsuda Y, McLean G, Nishiyama Y, Paul S. Constant domain-regulated antibody catalysis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36096-104. [PMID: 22948159 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.401075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Some antibodies contain variable (V) domain catalytic sites. We report the superior amide and peptide bond-hydrolyzing activity of the same heavy and light chain V domains expressed in the IgM constant domain scaffold compared with the IgG scaffold. The superior catalytic activity of recombinant IgM was evident using two substrates, a small model peptide that is hydrolyzed without involvement of high affinity epitope binding, and HIV gp120, which is recognized specifically by noncovalent means prior to the hydrolytic reaction. The catalytic activity was inhibited by an electrophilic phosphonate diester, consistent with a nucleophilic catalytic mechanism. All 13 monoclonal IgMs tested displayed robust hydrolytic activities varying over a 91-fold range, consistent with expression of the catalytic functions at distinct levels by different V domains. The catalytic activity of polyclonal IgM was superior to polyclonal IgG from the same sera, indicating that on average IgMs express the catalytic function at levels greater than IgGs. The findings indicate a favorable effect of the remote IgM constant domain scaffold on the integrity of the V-domain catalytic site and provide a structural basis for conceiving antibody catalysis as a first line immune function expressed at high levels prior to development of mature IgG class antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Sapparapu
- Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Thomson CA, Little KQ, Reason DC, Schrader JW. Somatic diversity in CDR3 loops allows single V-genes to encode innate immunological memories for multiple pathogens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2291-8. [PMID: 21228346 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The human Ab response to many common pathogens is oligoclonal, with restricted usage of Ig V-genes. Intriguingly, the IGVK3-11 and IGVH3-30 V-genes are repeatedly paired in protective Abs against the 23F polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as against the gB envelope protein of human CMV, where germline-encoded amino acids make key contacts with the gB protein. We constructed IgGs encoded by the germline IGVK3-11 and IGVH3-30 V-genes together with DNA encoding the respective CDR3 regions of the L chain and H chain found in a hypermutated anti-23F Ab. These IgGs encoded by germline V-genes bound specifically to 23F pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides with no reactivity to other serotypes of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides or arrayed glycans and recognized L-rhamnose, a component of the 23F repeating subunit. IgGs encoded by this pair of germline V-genes mediated complement-dependent phagocytosis of encapsulated 23F S. pneumoniae by human neutrophils. Mutations in CDRL3 and CDRH3 had significant effects on binding. Thus, IGKV3-11 and IGHV3-30, depending on with which distinct DNA sequences encoding CDR3 they are recombined, can encode binding sites for protective Abs against chemically distinct Ags and thus, may encode innate immunological memory against human CMV and S. pneumoniae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christy A Thomson
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schreiber HA, Hulseberg PD, Lee J, Prechl J, Barta P, Szlavik N, Harding JS, Fabry Z, Sandor M. Dendritic cells in chronic mycobacterial granulomas restrict local anti-bacterial T cell response in a murine model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11453. [PMID: 20625513 PMCID: PMC2897891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium-induced granulomas are the interface between bacteria and host immune response. During acute infection dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for mycobacterial dissemination and activation of protective T cells. However, their role during chronic infection in the granuloma is poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report that an inflammatory subset of murine DCs are present in granulomas induced by Mycobacteria bovis strain Bacillus Calmette-guerin (BCG), and both their location in granulomas and costimulatory molecule expression changes throughout infection. By flow cytometric analysis, we found that CD11c(+) cells in chronic granulomas had lower expression of MHCII and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86, and higher expression of inhibitory molecules PD-L1 and PD-L2 compared to CD11c(+) cells from acute granulomas. As a consequence of their phenotype, CD11c(+) cells from chronic lesions were unable to support the reactivation of newly-recruited, antigen 85B-specific CD4(+)IFNgamma(+) T cells or induce an IFNgamma response from naïve T cells in vivo and ex vivo. The mechanism of this inhibition involves the PD-1:PD-L signaling pathway, as ex vivo blockade of PD-L1 and PD-L2 restored the ability of isolated CD11c(+) cells from chronic lesions to stimulate a protective IFNgamma T cell response. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that DCs in chronic lesions may facilitate latent infection by down-regulating protective T cell responses, ultimately acting as a shield that promotes mycobacterium survival. This DC shield may explain why mycobacteria are adapted for long-term survival in granulomatous lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A. Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul D. Hulseberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - JangEun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jozsef Prechl
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter Barta
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nora Szlavik
- Sejtdiagnosztika Kft, Hospital Bajcsy Zsilinszky, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jeffrey S. Harding
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sapparapu G, Planque SA, Nishiyama Y, Foung SK, Paul S. Antigen-specific proteolysis by hybrid antibodies containing promiscuous proteolytic light chains paired with an antigen-binding heavy chain. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24622-33. [PMID: 19542217 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.011858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigen recognition site of antibodies consists of the heavy and light chain variable domains (V(L) and V(H) domains). V(L) domains catalyze peptide bond hydrolysis independent of V(H) domains (Mei, S., Mody, B., Eklund, S. H., and Paul, S. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 15571-15574). V(H) domains bind antigens noncovalently independent of V(L) domains (Ward, E. S., Güssow, D., Griffiths, A. D., Jones, P. T., and Winter, G. (1989) Nature 341, 544-546). We describe specific hydrolysis of fusion proteins of the hepatitis C virus E2 protein with glutathione S-transferase (GST-E2) or FLAG peptide (FLAG-E2) by antibodies containing the V(H) domain of an anti-E2 IgG paired with promiscuously catalytic V(L) domains. The hybrid IgG hydrolyzed the E2 fusion proteins more rapidly than the unpaired light chain. An active site-directed inhibitor of serine proteases inhibited the proteolytic activity of the hybrid IgG, indicating a serine protease mechanism. The hybrid IgG displayed noncovalent E2 binding in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests. Immunoblotting studies suggested hydrolysis of FLAG-E2 at a bond within E2 located approximately 11 kDa from the N terminus. GST-E2 was hydrolyzed by the hybrid IgG at bonds in the GST tag. The differing cleavage pattern of FLAG-E2 and GST-E2 can be explained by the split-site model of catalysis, in which conformational differences in the E2 fusion protein substrates position alternate peptide bonds in register with the antibody catalytic subsite despite a common noncovalent binding mechanism. These studies provide proof-of-principle that the catalytic activity of a light chain can be rendered antigen-specific by pairing with a noncovalently binding heavy chain subunit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Sapparapu
- Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liao HX, Levesque MC, Nagel A, Dixon A, Zhang R, Walter E, Parks R, Whitesides J, Marshall DJ, Hwang KK, Yang Y, Chen X, Gao F, Munshaw S, Kepler TB, Denny T, Moody MA, Haynes BF. High-throughput isolation of immunoglobulin genes from single human B cells and expression as monoclonal antibodies. J Virol Methods 2009; 158:171-9. [PMID: 19428587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Defining human B cell repertoires to viral pathogens is critical for design of vaccines that induce broadly protective antibodies to infections such as HIV-1 and influenza. Single B cell sorting and cloning of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy- and light-chain variable regions (V(H) and V(L)) is a powerful technology for defining anti-viral B cell repertoires. However, the Ig-cloning step is time-consuming and prevents high-throughput analysis of the B cell repertoire. Novel linear Ig heavy- and light-chain gene expression cassettes were designed to express Ig V(H) and V(L) genes isolated from sorted single B cells as IgG1 antibody without a cloning step. The cassettes contain all essential elements for transcriptional and translational regulation, including CMV promoter, Ig leader sequences, constant region of IgG1 heavy- or Ig light-chain, poly(A) tail and substitutable V(H) or V(L) genes. The utility of these Ig gene expression cassettes was established using synthetic V(H) or V(L) genes from an anti-HIV-1 gp41 mAb 2F5 as a model system, and validated further using V(H) and V(L) genes isolated from cloned EBV-transformed antibody-producing cell lines. Finally, this strategy was successfully used for rapid production of recombinant influenza mAbs from sorted single human plasmablasts after influenza vaccination. These Ig gene expression cassettes constitute a highly efficient strategy for rapid expression of Ig genes for high-throughput screening and analysis without cloning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Engineering Mammalian Cells for Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Production. CELL ENGINEERING 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2245-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
29
|
Taguchi H, Planque S, Sapparapu G, Boivin S, Hara M, Nishiyama Y, Paul S. Exceptional amyloid beta peptide hydrolyzing activity of nonphysiological immunoglobulin variable domain scaffolds. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:36724-33. [PMID: 18974093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806766200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleophilic sites in the paired variable domains of the light and heavy chains (VL and VH domains) of Ig can catalyze peptide bond hydrolysis. Amyloid beta (Abeta)-binding Igs are under consideration for immunotherapy of Alzheimer disease. We searched for Abeta-hydrolyzing human IgV domains (IgVs) in a library containing a majority of single chain Fv clones mimicking physiological VL-VH-combining sites and minority IgV populations with nonphysiological structures generated by cloning errors. Random screening and covalent selection of phage-displayed IgVs with an electrophilic Abeta analog identified rare IgVs that hydrolyzed Abeta mainly at His14-Gln15. Inhibition of IgV catalysis and irreversible binding by an electrophilic hapten suggested a nucleophilic catalytic mechanism. Structural analysis indicated that the catalytic IgVs are nonphysiological structures, a two domain heterodimeric VL (IgVL2-t) and single domain VL clones with aberrant polypeptide tags (IgVL-t'). The IgVs hydrolyzed Abeta at rates superior to naturally occurring Igs by 3-4 orders of magnitude. Forced pairing of the single domain VL with VH or VL domains resulted in reduced Abeta hydrolysis, suggesting catalysis by the unpaired VL domain.Angstrom level amino acid displacements evident in molecular models of the two domain and unpaired VL domain clones explain alterations of catalytic activity. In view of their superior catalytic activity, the VL domain IgVs may help attain clearance of medically important antigens more efficiently than natural Igs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Taguchi
- Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Exchanging murine and human immunoglobulin constant chains affects the kinetics and thermodynamics of antigen binding and chimeric antibody autoreactivity. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1310. [PMID: 18074033 PMCID: PMC2110899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse-human chimeric antibodies composed of murine variable (V) and human (C) chains are useful therapeutic reagents. Consequently, we investigated whether heterologous C-regions from mice and humans affected specificity and affinity, and determined the contribution of C(H) glycosylation to antigen binding. The interaction of a 12-mer peptide mimetic with monoclonal antibody (mAb) 18B7 to Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan, and its chimeric (ch) and deglycosylated forms were studied by surface plasmon resonance. The equilibrium and rate association constants for the chAb were higher than for mAb 18B7. V region affinity was not affected by C(H) region glycosylation whereas heterologous C region of the same isotype altered the Ab binding affinity and the specificity for self-antigens. Structural models displayed local differences that implied changes on the connectivity of residues. These findings suggest that V region conformational changes can be dictated by the C(H) domains through an allosteric effect involving networks of highly connected amino acids.
Collapse
|
31
|
Lacy HM, Gunnell MG, Laurenzana EM, Owens SM. Engineering and characterization of a mouse/human chimeric anti-phencyclidine monoclonal antibody. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 8:1-11. [PMID: 18068094 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, our laboratory produced a high affinity, anti-phencyclidine (PCP) murine monoclonal antibody (mAb6B5) that also binds other PCP-like arylcyclohexylamines. In this project, mAb6B5 is engineered into a mouse/human chimera (ch-mAb6B5) to assess the feasibility of developing it into a medication for PCP and PCP-like drug abuse. To create ch-mAb6B5, the light and heavy chain constant regions of mAb6B5 were replaced with human kappa and IgG(2) constant regions in order to decrease its potential immunogenicity in humans. To be an effective anti-PCP medication, ch-mAb6B5 must retain the critical immunochemical binding properties of mAb6B5. Expression vectors containing ch-mAb6B5 light chain and heavy chain cDNA were constructed and expressed in the murine myeloma cell line P3X63-Ag8.653. Immunoassays confirm that ch-mAb6B5 is indeed a chimera, composed of mAb6B5's PCP-binding variable domains and human kappa and IgG constant regions. Radioimmunoassays show that ch-mAb6B5 has the same drug-binding profile as mAb6B5. Ch-mAb6B5 and mAb6B5 bind PCP with a K(D) of 0.67 nM and 1.17 nM (respectively) and bind PCP-like arylcyclohexylamines 1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine and N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine with similar specificity. Additionally, ch-mAb6B5 and mAb6B5 have the same calculated isoelectric points and molecular weights, critical properties in antigen-antibody interactions. These data demonstrate that mouse/human ch-mAb6B5, a "more human" version of murine mAb6B5, retains mAb6B5's unique drug-binding properties. This work supports our continued efforts to develop ch-mAb6B5 into a medication for PCP and PCP-like drug abuse - introducing the intriguing possibility of using a single therapeutic mAb for treating a class of abused drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Marie Lacy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Miranda LR, Duval M, Doherty H, Seaman MS, Posner MR, Cavacini LA. The neutralization properties of a HIV-specific antibody are markedly altered by glycosylation events outside the antigen-binding domain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7132-8. [PMID: 17513762 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.7132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing Abs constitute a pivotal mechanism of the adaptive immune response against HIV-1 infection. Yet, most of the Abs that appear in the circulation during HIV infection are nonneutralizing. In this study, we report a dramatic change of the neutralizing properties of a human Ab reactive with the nonneutralizing epitope termed cluster I on the HIV-1 transmembrane protein gp41 when the Ab was produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells. Our laboratory has previously reported that the Ab F240, when produced in a hybridoma, is nonneutralizing as assessed by standard neutralization assays. The F240 IgG1 Ab expressed in CHO cells acquired a strong neutralization activity against a broad range of HIV isolates without a change in immunoreactivity. Sequencing of the F240 mRNAs produced in the parental hybridoma and CHO cells revealed identical sequences, suggesting that acquired neutralization resulted from cell-specific posttranslational modifications. We found that the Ab produced by CHO cells is glycosylated to a greater extent than the parental Ab produced by the hybridoma. Moreover, treatment with peptide N-glycosidase F abrogated F240 neutralization, in an isolate-specific manner, but not Ab b12 neutralization. Interestingly, the F240 isotype-switched variants IgG3 and IgG4, also expressed in CHO cells, exhibited identical immunoreactivity to IgG1 isotypes but had clear differences in viral neutralization. These results suggest that structural features of the Ig molecule other than the primary sequence of the variable regions play a more prominent role in HIV neutralization than anticipated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Miranda
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Veerman KM, Williams MJ, Uchimura K, Singer MS, Merzaban JS, Naus S, Carlow DA, Owen P, Rivera-Nieves J, Rosen SD, Ziltener HJ. Interaction of the selectin ligand PSGL-1 with chemokines CCL21 and CCL19 facilitates efficient homing of T cells to secondary lymphoid organs. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:532-9. [PMID: 17401367 DOI: 10.1038/ni1456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) is central to the trafficking of immune effector cells to areas of inflammation through direct interactions with P-selectin, E-selectin and L-selectin. Here we show that PSGL-1 was also required for efficient homing of resting T cells to secondary lymphoid organs but functioned independently of selectin binding. PSGL-1 mediated an enhanced chemotactic T cell response to the secondary lymphoid organ chemokines CCL21 and CCL19 but not to CXCL12 or to inflammatory chemokines. Our data show involvement of PSGL-1 in facilitating the entry of T cells into secondary lymphoid organs, thereby demonstrating the bifunctional nature of this molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krystle M Veerman
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lapter S, Livnat I, Faerman A, Zipori D. Structure and implied functions of truncated B-cell receptor mRNAs in early embryo and adult mesenchymal stem cells: Cdelta replaces Cmu in mu heavy chain-deficient mice. Stem Cells 2006; 25:761-70. [PMID: 17124007 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells exhibit a promiscuous gene expression pattern. We show herein that the early embryo and adult MSCs express B-cell receptor component mRNAs. To examine possible bearings of these genes on the expressing cells, we studied immunoglobulin mu chain-deficient mice. Pregnant mu chain-deficient females were found to produce a higher percentage of defective morulae compared with control females. Structure analysis indicated that the mu mRNA species found in embryos and in mesenchyme consist of the constant region of the mu heavy chain that encodes a recombinant 50-kDa protein. In situ hybridization localized the constant mu gene expression to loose mesenchymal tissues within the day-12.5 embryo proper and the yolk sac. In early embryo and in adult mesenchyme from mu-deficient mice, delta replaced mu chain, implying a possible requirement of these alternative molecules for embryo development and mesenchymal functions. Indeed, overexpression of the mesenchymal-truncated mu heavy chain in 293T cells resulted in specific subcellular localization and in G(1) growth arrest. The lack of such occurrence following overexpression of a complete, rearranged form of mu chain suggests that the mesenchymal version of this mRNA may possess unique functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Lapter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bose B, Khanna N, Acharya SK, Sinha S. Generation and characterization of a single-gene mouse-human chimeric antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21:1439-47. [PMID: 16911690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is used for passive immunotherapy in certain cases of hepatitis B infection. The authors have earlier reported a high-affinity mouse monoclonal (5S) against HBsAg. However, this mouse antibody cannot be used for therapeutic purposes because it may elicit antimouse immune responses. Chimerization by replacing mouse constant domains with human ones can reduce the immunogenicity of this antibody. METHODS A single-chain variable fragment (scFv), derived from the mouse monoclonal 5S, was fused with the fragment crystallisable (Fc) fragment of human IgG1. The scFv region is expected to bind to the antigen, whereas the Fc fragment can provide the effector functions required for virus neutralization. This chimeric molecule was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in serum-free medium. It was purified by affinity chromatography and characterized by in vitro binding studies. RESULTS Purification and characterization indicated that this chimeric scFv-Fc fusion protein is secreted as a disulfide-linked, glycosylated, homodimeric molecule. The yield of the purified chimeric antibody was approximately 4.6 mg/L. In vitro analyses confirmed that this chimeric molecule retained the high affinity and specificity of the original mouse monoclonal. CONCLUSION Because it is a single-gene product, this chimeric scFv-Fc has the advantage of stable expression. Being chimeric and bivalent, it is expected to be less immunogenic and therefore suitable for further in vivo studies on virus neutralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Bose
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
McLean GR, Cho CW, Trotter B, Schrader JW. RIVETS: The recombinant immunoglobulin and viral epitope tag system. J Immunol Methods 2006; 315:208-13. [PMID: 16919678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The human monoclonal antibody 8F9 binds to a linear 10 amino acid epitope that is present within the N-terminal region of the gB envelope glycoprotein of HCMV. Here we show that this short sequence (ETIYNTTLKY) can function as a tag for the detection of recombinant proteins using antibody 8F9. The AD-2S1 tag was recognized by 8F9 whether present at the N- or C-terminus of recombinant proteins and tagged recombinant proteins could be quantified with multiple analytical techniques such as ELISA, western blotting, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Production of 8F9 using different constant regions or constant regions from different species enhances the convenience and range of use of this system which we term the Recombinant Immunoglobulin and Viral Epitope Tag System or RIVETS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary R McLean
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dorai H, Csirke B, Scallon B, Ganguly S. Correlation of Heavy and Light Chain mRNA Copy Numbers to Antibody Productivity in Mouse Myeloma Production Cell Lines. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2006; 25:1-9. [PMID: 16475875 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2006.25.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Manufacturing cell line development at Centocor involves transfection of antibody genes into host cell lines and isolating primary transfectomas that upon subcloning yield high expressing cell lines for the desired antibody. In an attempt to increase productivity of these cell lines, we set out to identify the rate-limiting step in the process of antibody expression and secretion. For this purpose, 30 antibody expressing cell lines with variable antibody expression levels were analyzed for heavy-chain and light-chain mRNA expression levels. Results suggested that the increase in antibody titer of the subclones (compared to their primary clones) was partly due to an increase in heavy-chain and light-chain mRNA levels; higher expressers were associated with approximately 1.0 x 10(7) and 1.5 x 10(7) copies of heavy-chain and light-chain per 10 nanogram of cDNA, respectively. Generally, the level of light-chain mRNA was higher compared to the level of heavy-chain mRNA in a majority of the cell lines, and the difference in their levels was not due to their differential stability. The data generated from all the cell lines tested in this study suggested that there was a correlation of light-chain and heavy-chain transcript levels to antibody productivity, with the coefficient of correlation being 0.59 for light chain and 0.81 for heavy chain. We conclude that transcription of heavy chain and to a lesser extent light chain could be one of the rate-limiting steps in the antibody expression pathway. Hence, methods that would increase these mRNA levels could be beneficial in the attempt to improve the antibody expression level of production cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haimanti Dorai
- Centocor Inc., 145 King of Prussia Road, Radnor, PA 19087, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xiong H, Ran Y, Xing J, Yang X, Li Y, Chen Z. Expression vectors for human-mouse chimeric antibodies. BMB Rep 2005; 38:414-9. [PMID: 16053708 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2005.38.4.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of recombinant antibodies has been generally recognized as time-consuming and labor-intensive. The aim of our study is to construct mammalian expression vectors containing the cDNA encoding the human constant regions and murine variable regions to massively and cost-effectively produce full-length chimeric antibodies. Unique restriction sites flanking the Ig variable region were designed to allow for the replacement of variable regions generated by PCR. Western blot analysis of the chimeric antibodies revealed that the expressed products were of the predicted size, structure and specificity. The usefulness of the vectors was confirmed by construction of human-mouse chimeric antibody-HCAb which secretes murine antibody against the human colorectal cancer. Selected in medium containing gradually increasing methotrexate (MTX), clones with increased expression of the product gene can be efficiently generated. The secretion of recombinant chimeric antibody-HCAb yielded 30 pg cell(-1) day(-1) at 10(-6 )M MTX. With this high-level expression from pools, the convenient and rapid production of over 100 milligram amounts per liter of recombinant antibodies may be achieved, which indicates the significant roles of pYR-GCEVH and pYR-GCEVL in the production of chimeric antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xiong
- Cell Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City 710032, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
McLean GR, Olsen OA, Watt IN, Rathanaswami P, Leslie KB, Babcook JS, Schrader JW. Recognition of human cytomegalovirus by human primary immunoglobulins identifies an innate foundation to an adaptive immune response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4768-78. [PMID: 15814702 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most primates, including humans, are chronically infected with cospecifically evolved, potentially pathogenic CMV. Abs that bind a 10-aa linear epitope (antigenic determinant 2 site 1) within the extracellular domain of human CMV glycoprotein B neutralize viral infectivity. In this study, we show that genes generated by recombinations involving two well-conserved human germline V elements (IGHV3-30 and IGKV3-11), and IGHJ4, encode primary Ig molecules that bind glycoprotein B at this key epitope. These particular V(H), J(H), and V(kappa) genes enable humans to generate through recombination and N nucleotide addition, a useful frequency of primary Igs that efficiently target this critical site on human CMV and thus confer an innate foundation for a specific adaptive response to this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary R McLean
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
McLean GR, Torres M, Trotter B, Noseda M, Bryson S, Pai EF, Schrader JW, Casadevall A. A point mutation in the Ch3 domain of human IgG3 inhibits antibody secretion without affecting antigen specificity. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:1111-9. [PMID: 15829300 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Ig) require correct folding and assembly of both heavy (H) and light (L) chains to form a functional H2L2 dimer that is secreted from plasma cells. This process is dependent upon the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone BiP, which targets improperly, folded or assembled Ig molecules for degradation. While investigating the mechanism of low IgG3 secretion, we identified a missense mutation L368P in the Ch3 region of the human gamma3 H-chain that was associated with impaired secretion of intact and functional Ig. The non-secreted H-chains displayed slower electrophoretic migration than secreted H-chains, consistent with them being glycosylated in the ER but not fully processed in the golgi apparatus and secretory pathway. Reversion of the mutated codon to wild type restored secretion of the IgG3, which displayed the same fine specificity for antigen as non-secreted IgG3. However, the non-secreted IgG3 was not opsonic in an in vitro phagocytosis assay. The results indicate that correct IgG3 Ch3 domain folding is essential for secretion and effective function but does not affect specificity for antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary R McLean
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lucas AH, McLean GR, Reason DC, O'Connor AP, Felton MC, Moulton KD. Molecular ontogeny of the human antibody repertoire to the Haemophilus influenzae type B polysaccharide: expression of canonical variable regions and their variants in vaccinated infants. Clin Immunol 2003; 108:119-27. [PMID: 12921758 DOI: 10.1016/s1521-6616(03)00094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A structurally conserved antibody combining site, encoded by the IGH V3-23 and kappa A2 variable (V) region gene segments, predominates the adult immune response to the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsular polysaccharide (PS). This site has been elevated to canonical status based upon its relative molecular uniformity and prevalence in adults. To date, no studies have examined the primary structure of Hib PS-specific antibodies in young infants, who are the primary targets of Hib vaccination. In this study we show that canonical Hib PS-specific heavy (H) and light (L) chain V regions are present in 4-month-old infants following two vaccinations with Hib PS-protein conjugates. The infant V regions contain sequence polymorphisms that resemble those found in adult antibodies, as well as polymorphisms at position 95a of the A2 L chain not previously observed in adults. In vitro studies of Fab fragments and recombinant IgG2 antibodies using these V regions identify sequence polymorphisms that impact Hib PS binding affinity and bactericidal activity. These results demonstrate the establishment of canonical V regions in early ontogeny and provide a structural explanation of how canonical antibodies in the infant can vary in their affinity and protective activity against Hib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Lucas
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
McLean GR, Torres M, Elguezabal N, Nakouzi A, Casadevall A. Isotype can affect the fine specificity of an antibody for a polysaccharide antigen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:1379-86. [PMID: 12133962 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.3.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ab specificity is determined by V region sequence. The murine Mab 18B7 (IgG1) binds to the Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan and produces annular immunofluorescence (IF) on yeast cells. The heavy and light V regions of 18B7 were expressed with the human C regions micro, gamma 1, gamma 2, gamma 3, gamma 4, and alpha1, and the specificity and binding properties of these mouse-human chimeric (ch) Abs was determined. The chIgG1, chIgG2, chIgG4, and the chIgA produced annular IF, whereas the IgM and IgG3 produced punctate IF, despite identical V region sequences. Competition experiments with murine Abs that competed with mAb 18B7 and binding assays to peptide mimetics of glucuronoxylomannan provided additional evidence for altered specificity in some of the ch Abs. Expression of 18B7 heavy V region with murine micro C region produced IgM with a punctate IF, indicating that a change in fine specificity also accompanied the change from murine IgG1 to IgM. Our results show that Ab fine specificity can be a function of isotype. This phenomenon may be most apparent for Abs that bind to Ag with repeating epitopes, such as polysaccharides, where the quarternary structure of the Ag-Ab complex may be influenced by such constraints as Fab-Fab angles, Fc-Fc interactions, Ab size, and solvent accessibility to exposed surfaces. Alterations in Ab fine specificity following isotype change could have important implications for current concepts on the generation of secondary Ab responses to certain Ags and for the isotype preference observed in Abs to polysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary R McLean
- Departments of. Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Myeloma expression systems have been utilized successfully for the production of various recombinant proteins. In particular, myeloma cell lines have been exploited to express a variety of different antibodies for diagnostic applications as well as in the treatment of various human diseases. The use of myeloma cells for antibody production is advantageous because they are professional immunoglobulin-secreting cells and are able to make proper post-translational modifications. Proper glycosylation has been shown to be important for antibody function. Advances in genetic engineering and molecular biology techniques have made it possible to isolate murine and human variable regions of almost any desired specificity. Antibodies and antibody variants produced in myeloma cells have been extremely helpful in elucidating the amino acid residues and structural motifs that contribute to antibody function. Because of their domain nature, immunoglobulin genes can be easily manipulated to produce chimeric or humanized antibodies. These antibodies are less immunogenic in humans and also retain their specificity for antigen and biologic properties. In addition, novel proteins in which antibodies are fused to non-immunoglobulin sequences as well as secretory IgA have been produced in myeloma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 611 S. Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nakouzi A, Valadon P, Nosanchuk J, Green N, Casadevall A. Molecular basis for immunoglobulin M specificity to epitopes in Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide that elicit protective and nonprotective antibodies. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3398-409. [PMID: 11292763 PMCID: PMC98299 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.5.3398-3409.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective efficacy of antibodies (Abs) to Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) is dependent on Ab fine specificity. Two clonally related immunoglobulin M monoclonal Abs (MAbs) (12A1 and 13F1) differ in fine specificity and protective efficacy, presumably due to variable (V)-region sequence differences resulting from somatic mutations. MAb 12A1 is protective and produces annular immunofluorescence (IF) on serotype D C. neoformans, while MAb 13F1 is not protective and produces punctate IF. To determine the Ab molecular determinants responsible for the IF pattern, site-directed mutagenesis of the MAb 12A1 heavy-chain V region (V(H)) was followed by serological and functional studies of the various mutants. Changing two selected amino acids in the 12A1 V(H) binding cavity to the corresponding residues in the 13F1 V(H) altered the IF pattern from annular to punctate, reduced opsonic efficacy, and abolished recognition by an anti-idiotypic Ab. Analysis of the binding of the various mutants to peptide mimetics revealed that different amino acids were responsible for GXM binding and peptide specificity. The results suggest that V-region motifs associated with annular binding and opsonic activity may be predictive of Ab efficacy against C. neoformans. This has important implications for immunotherapy and vaccine design that are reinforced by the finding that GXM and peptide reactivities are determined by different amino acid residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Nakouzi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|