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Weber CF, Kebets V, Benkarim O, Lariviere S, Wang Y, Ngo A, Jiang H, Chai X, Park BY, Milham MP, Di Martino A, Valk S, Hong SJ, Bernhardt BC. Contracted functional connectivity profiles in autism. Mol Autism 2024; 15:38. [PMID: 39261969 PMCID: PMC11391747 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-024-00616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that is associated with atypical brain network organization, with prior work suggesting differential connectivity alterations with respect to functional connection length. Here, we tested whether functional connectopathy in ASD specifically relates to disruptions in long- relative to short-range functional connections. Our approach combined functional connectomics with geodesic distance mapping, and we studied associations to macroscale networks, microarchitectural patterns, as well as socio-demographic and clinical phenotypes. METHODS We studied 211 males from three sites of the ABIDE-I dataset comprising 103 participants with an ASD diagnosis (mean ± SD age = 20.8 ± 8.1 years) and 108 neurotypical controls (NT, 19.2 ± 7.2 years). For each participant, we computed cortex-wide connectivity distance (CD) measures by combining geodesic distance mapping with resting-state functional connectivity profiling. We compared CD between ASD and NT participants using surface-based linear models, and studied associations with age, symptom severity, and intelligence scores. We contextualized CD alterations relative to canonical networks and explored spatial associations with functional and microstructural cortical gradients as well as cytoarchitectonic cortical types. RESULTS Compared to NT, ASD participants presented with widespread reductions in CD, generally indicating shorter average connection length and thus suggesting reduced long-range connectivity but increased short-range connections. Peak reductions were localized in transmodal systems (i.e., heteromodal and paralimbic regions in the prefrontal, temporal, and parietal and temporo-parieto-occipital cortex), and effect sizes correlated with the sensory-transmodal gradient of brain function. ASD-related CD reductions appeared consistent across inter-individual differences in age and symptom severity, and we observed a positive correlation of CD to IQ scores. LIMITATIONS Despite rigorous harmonization across the three different acquisition sites, heterogeneity in autism poses a potential limitation to the generalizability of our results. Additionally, we focussed male participants, warranting future studies in more balanced cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed reductions in CD as a relatively stable imaging phenotype of ASD that preferentially impacted paralimbic and heteromodal association systems. CD reductions in ASD corroborate previous reports of ASD-related imbalance between short-range overconnectivity and long-range underconnectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara F Weber
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Social Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Valeria Kebets
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Oualid Benkarim
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sara Lariviere
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yezhou Wang
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexander Ngo
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hongxiu Jiang
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xiaoqian Chai
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bo-Yong Park
- Department of Data Science, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Research, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Michael P Milham
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, USA
| | | | - Sofie Valk
- Cognitive Neurogenetics Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Seok-Jun Hong
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Research, Suwon, South Korea
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Boris C Bernhardt
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Pfitzer J, Pinky PD, Perman S, Redmon E, Cmelak L, Suppiramaniam V, Coric V, Qureshi IA, Gramlich MW, Reed MN. Troriluzole rescues glutamatergic deficits, amyloid and tau pathology, and synaptic and memory impairments in 3xTg-AD mice. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 39214859 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition in which clinical symptoms are highly correlated with the loss of glutamatergic synapses. While later stages of AD are associated with markedly decreased glutamate levels due to neuronal loss, in the early stages, pathological accumulation of glutamate and hyperactivity contribute to AD pathology and cognitive dysfunction. There is increasing awareness that presynaptic dysfunction, particularly synaptic vesicle (SV) alterations, play a key role in mediating this early-stage hyperactivity. In the current study, we sought to determine whether the 3xTg mouse model of AD that exhibits both beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau-related pathology would exhibit similar presynaptic changes as previously observed in amyloid or tau models separately. Hippocampal cultures from 3xTg mice were used to determine whether presynaptic vesicular glutamate transporters (VGlut) and glutamate are increased at the synaptic level while controlling for postsynaptic activity. We observed that 3xTg hippocampal cultures exhibited increased VGlut1 associated with an increase in glutamate release, similar to prior observations in cultures from tau mouse models. However, the SV pool size was also increased in 3xTg cultures, an effect not previously observed in tau mouse models but observed in Aβ models, suggesting the changes in pool size may be due to Aβ and not tau. Second, we sought to determine whether treatment with troriluzole, a novel 3rd generation tripeptide prodrug of the glutamate modulator riluzole, could reduce VGlut1 and glutamate release to restore cognitive deficits in 8-month-old 3xTg mice. Treatment with troriluzole reduced VGlut1 expression, decreased basal and evoked glutamate release, and restored cognitive deficits in 3xTg mice. Together, these findings suggest presynaptic alterations are early events in AD that represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention, and these results support the promise of glutamate-modulating drugs such as troriluzole in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Pfitzer
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Priyanka D Pinky
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Savannah Perman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Emma Redmon
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Luca Cmelak
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiative, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, USA
| | - Vladimir Coric
- Biohaven Pharmaceuticals Inc., New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Michael W Gramlich
- Center for Neuroscience Initiative, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Miranda N Reed
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiative, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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3
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Cano-Astorga N, Plaza-Alonso S, DeFelipe J, Alonso-Nanclares L. Volume electron microscopy analysis of synapses in primary regions of the human cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae312. [PMID: 39106175 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional and structural studies investigating macroscopic connectivity in the human cerebral cortex suggest that high-order associative regions exhibit greater connectivity compared to primary ones. However, the synaptic organization of these brain regions remains unexplored. In the present work, we conducted volume electron microscopy to investigate the synaptic organization of the human brain obtained at autopsy. Specifically, we examined layer III of Brodmann areas 17, 3b, and 4, as representative areas of primary visual, somatosensorial, and motor cortex. Additionally, we conducted comparative analyses with our previous datasets of layer III from temporopolar and anterior cingulate associative cortical regions (Brodmann areas 24, 38, and 21). 9,690 synaptic junctions were 3D reconstructed, showing that certain synaptic characteristics are specific to particular regions. The number of synapses per volume, the proportion of the postsynaptic targets, and the synaptic size may distinguish one region from another, regardless of whether they are associative or primary cortex. By contrast, other synaptic characteristics were common to all analyzed regions, such as the proportion of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, their shapes, their spatial distribution, and a higher proportion of synapses located on dendritic spines. The present results provide further insights into the synaptic organization of the human cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Cano-Astorga
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, Autonoma de Madrid University-Cajal Institute, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Valderrebollo 5, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Sergio Plaza-Alonso
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Valderrebollo 5, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Valderrebollo 5, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Lidia Alonso-Nanclares
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Valderrebollo 5, Madrid 28031, Spain
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Kim T, Hooks BM. Developmental changes in mouse motor skill learning and cortical circuitry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.19.604309. [PMID: 39071410 PMCID: PMC11275902 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.19.604309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Learning motor skills requires plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1), including changes in inhibitory circuitry. But how inhibitory synaptic connections change during skill acquisition and whether this varies over development is not fully understood. This study assesses the normal developmental trajectory of motor learning and then addresses inhibitory connectivity changes after motor learning. We trained mice of both sexes to run on a custom accelerating rotarod at ages from postnatal day (P) 20 to P120, tracking paw position and quantifying time to fall and changes in gait pattern. Performance improved most rapidly between P30-60, while paw position and gait patterns change with learning, though differently between age groups. To address circuit changes, we labeled task-active and task-inactive pyramidal cells with CaMPARI2, a genetically encoded activity marker. We then evoked inhibitory responses (IPSCs) from two major interneuron types: parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons and somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) interneurons. After one training day, PV-mediated inhibition is greater in task-active cells, while SOM-mediated inhibition is not different. These results suggest early changes in PV-mediated inhibition may support motor skill acquisition in mice. Whether PV-mediated inhibitory changes persist or changes in SOM+ interneuron connections arise later in training remains to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyeon Kim
- Center for Neuroscience University of Pittsburgh (CNUP) and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Bryan M. Hooks
- Center for Neuroscience University of Pittsburgh (CNUP) and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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5
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Golabi M, Kazemi D, Chadeganipour AS, Fouladseresht H, Sullman MJM, Ghezelbash B, Dastgerdi AY, Eskandari N. The Role of Cobalamin in Multiple Sclerosis: An Update. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02075-6. [PMID: 38902541 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative condition that results in axonal and permanent damage to the central nervous system, necessitating healing owing to autoimmune reactions and persistent neuroinflammation. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs are essential for the management of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Additionally, multivitamin supplementation, particularly vitamin B12 (cobalamin), may be beneficial for neuronal protection. Although there is no documented connection between vitamin B12 deficiency and MS, researchers have explored its potential as a metabolic cause. This review highlights the therapeutic benefits of cobalamin (Cbl) in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Golabi
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Danial Kazemi
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Fouladseresht
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mark J M Sullman
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Behrooz Ghezelbash
- Laboratory Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ava Yeganegi Dastgerdi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University of Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nahid Eskandari
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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6
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Hale WD, Montaño Romero A, Gonzalez CU, Jayaraman V, Lau AY, Huganir RL, Twomey EC. Allosteric competition and inhibition in AMPA receptors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01328-0. [PMID: 38834914 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Excitatory neurotransmission is principally mediated by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-subtype ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Negative allosteric modulators are therapeutic candidates that inhibit AMPAR activation and can compete with positive modulators to control AMPAR function through unresolved mechanisms. Here we show that allosteric inhibition pushes AMPARs into a distinct state that prevents both activation and positive allosteric modulation. We used cryo-electron microscopy to capture AMPARs bound to glutamate, while a negative allosteric modulator, GYKI-52466, and positive allosteric modulator, cyclothiazide, compete for control of the AMPARs. GYKI-52466 binds in the ion channel collar and inhibits AMPARs by decoupling the ligand-binding domains from the ion channel. The rearrangement of the ligand-binding domains ruptures the cyclothiazide site, preventing positive modulation. Our data provide a framework for understanding allostery of AMPARs and for rational design of therapeutics targeting AMPARs in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dylan Hale
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alejandra Montaño Romero
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cuauhtemoc U Gonzalez
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert Y Lau
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Edward C Twomey
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Beckman Center for Cryo-EM at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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7
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Leitch B. Parvalbumin Interneuron Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders: Focus on Epilepsy and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5549. [PMID: 38791587 PMCID: PMC11122153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin expressing (PV+) GABAergic interneurons are fast spiking neurons that provide powerful but relatively short-lived inhibition to principal excitatory cells in the brain. They play a vital role in feedforward and feedback synaptic inhibition, preventing run away excitation in neural networks. Hence, their dysfunction can lead to hyperexcitability and increased susceptibility to seizures. PV+ interneurons are also key players in generating gamma oscillations, which are synchronized neural oscillations associated with various cognitive functions. PV+ interneuron are particularly vulnerable to aging and their degeneration has been associated with cognitive decline and memory impairment in dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Overall, dysfunction of PV+ interneurons disrupts the normal excitatory/inhibitory balance within specific neurocircuits in the brain and thus has been linked to a wide range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. This review focuses on the role of dysfunctional PV+ inhibitory interneurons in the generation of epileptic seizures and cognitive impairment and their potential as targets in the design of future therapeutic strategies to treat these disorders. Recent research using cutting-edge optogenetic and chemogenetic technologies has demonstrated that they can be selectively manipulated to control seizures and restore the balance of neural activity in the brains of animal models. This suggests that PV+ interneurons could be important targets in developing future treatments for patients with epilepsy and comorbid disorders, such as AD, where seizures and cognitive decline are directly linked to specific PV+ interneuron deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beulah Leitch
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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8
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Marín O. Parvalbumin interneuron deficits in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 82:44-52. [PMID: 38490084 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons represent one of the most abundant subclasses of cortical interneurons. Owing to their specific electrophysiological and synaptic properties, PV+ interneurons are essential for gating and pacing the activity of excitatory neurons. In particular, PV+ interneurons are critically involved in generating and maintaining cortical rhythms in the gamma frequency, which are essential for complex cognitive functions. Deficits in PV+ interneurons have been frequently reported in postmortem studies of schizophrenia patients, and alterations in gamma oscillations are a prominent electrophysiological feature of the disease. Here, I summarise the main features of PV+ interneurons and review clinical and preclinical studies linking the developmental dysfunction of cortical PV+ interneurons with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Marín
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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9
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Konstanti P, Ligthart K, Fryganas C, Constantinos P, Smidt H, de Vos WM, Belzer C. Physiology of γ-aminobutyric acid production by Akkermansia muciniphila. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0112123. [PMID: 38088552 PMCID: PMC10807452 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01121-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut bacteria hold the potential to produce a broad range of metabolites that can modulate human functions, including molecules with neuroactive potential. One such molecule is γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system in animals. Metagenomic analyses suggest that the genomes of many gut bacteria encode glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that catalyzes GABA production. The genome of Akkermansia muciniphila, a mucin specialist and potential next-generation probiotic from the human gut, is predicted to encode GAD, suggesting a contributing role in GABA production in the human gut. In this study, A. muciniphila was grown in batch cultures with and without pH control. In both experiments, A. muciniphila was found to produce GABA as a response to acid (pH <5.5), although only when GABA precursors, either glutamate or glutamine, were present in the medium. Proteomic analysis comparing A. muciniphila grown with and without precursors at pH 4 did not show a difference in GAD expression, suggesting that it is expressed regardless of the presence of GABA precursors. To further investigate the function of A. muciniphila GAD, we heterologously expressed the gad gene (encoded by locus tag Amuc_0372) with a His tag in Escherichia coli and purified the GAD protein. Enzyme assays showed GAD activity in a pH range between 4 and 6, with the highest specific activity at pH 5 of 144 ± 16 µM GABA/min/mg. Overall, our results demonstrate the ability of A. muciniphila to produce GABA as an acid response and unravel the conditions under which GABA production in A. muciniphila occurs.IMPORTANCEAkkermansia muciniphila is considered to be a beneficial bacterium from the human gut, but the exact mechanisms by which A. muciniphila influences its host are not yet fully understood. To this end, it is important to identify which metabolites are produced and consumed by A. muciniphila that may contribute to a healthy gut. In the present study, we demonstrate the ability of A. muciniphila to produce γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) when grown in an acidic environment, which often occurs in the gut. GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and is present in the human gut. For this reason, it is considered an important bacterial metabolite. Our finding that A. muciniphila produces GABA in acidic environments adds to the growing body of understanding of its relationship with host health and provides an explanation on how it can survive acid stress in the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prokopis Konstanti
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kate Ligthart
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christos Fryganas
- Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patinios Constantinos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Schneider-Mizell CM, Bodor AL, Brittain D, Buchanan J, Bumbarger DJ, Elabbady L, Gamlin C, Kapner D, Kinn S, Mahalingam G, Seshamani S, Suckow S, Takeno M, Torres R, Yin W, Dorkenwald S, Bae JA, Castro MA, Halageri A, Jia Z, Jordan C, Kemnitz N, Lee K, Li K, Lu R, Macrina T, Mitchell E, Mondal SS, Mu S, Nehoran B, Popovych S, Silversmith W, Turner NL, Wong W, Wu J, Reimer J, Tolias AS, Seung HS, Reid RC, Collman F, Maçarico da Costa N. Cell-type-specific inhibitory circuitry from a connectomic census of mouse visual cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.01.23.525290. [PMID: 36747710 PMCID: PMC9900837 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cortex features a vast diversity of neuronal cell types, each with characteristic anatomical, molecular and functional properties. Synaptic connectivity powerfully shapes how each cell type participates in the cortical circuit, but mapping connectivity rules at the resolution of distinct cell types remains difficult. Here, we used millimeter-scale volumetric electron microscopy1 to investigate the connectivity of all inhibitory neurons across a densely-segmented neuronal population of 1352 cells spanning all layers of mouse visual cortex, producing a wiring diagram of inhibitory connections with more than 70,000 synapses. Taking a data-driven approach inspired by classical neuroanatomy, we classified inhibitory neurons based on the relative targeting of dendritic compartments and other inhibitory cells and developed a novel classification of excitatory neurons based on the morphological and synaptic input properties. The synaptic connectivity between inhibitory cells revealed a novel class of disinhibitory specialist targeting basket cells, in addition to familiar subclasses. Analysis of the inhibitory connectivity onto excitatory neurons found widespread specificity, with many interneurons exhibiting differential targeting of certain subpopulations spatially intermingled with other potential targets. Inhibitory targeting was organized into "motif groups," diverse sets of cells that collectively target both perisomatic and dendritic compartments of the same excitatory targets. Collectively, our analysis identified new organizing principles for cortical inhibition and will serve as a foundation for linking modern multimodal neuronal atlases with the cortical wiring diagram.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sam Kinn
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | - Marc Takeno
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Wenjing Yin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA
| | - Sven Dorkenwald
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ
- Computer Science Department, Princeton University
| | - J Alexander Bae
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Princeton University
| | | | | | - Zhen Jia
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ
- Computer Science Department, Princeton University
| | - Chris Jordan
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ
| | - Nico Kemnitz
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ
| | - Kisuk Lee
- Brain & Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Kai Li
- Computer Science Department, Princeton University
| | - Ran Lu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ
| | - Thomas Macrina
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ
- Computer Science Department, Princeton University
| | - Eric Mitchell
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ
| | - Shanka Subhra Mondal
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Princeton University
| | - Shang Mu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ
| | - Barak Nehoran
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ
- Computer Science Department, Princeton University
| | - Sergiy Popovych
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ
- Computer Science Department, Princeton University
| | | | - Nicholas L Turner
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ
- Computer Science Department, Princeton University
| | - William Wong
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ
| | - Jingpeng Wu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ
| | - Jacob Reimer
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Andreas S Tolias
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University
| | - H Sebastian Seung
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ
- Computer Science Department, Princeton University
| | - R Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA
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11
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Bai X, Yu C, Zhai J. Topological data analysis of the firings of a network of stochastic spiking neurons. Front Neural Circuits 2024; 17:1308629. [PMID: 38239606 PMCID: PMC10794443 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1308629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Topological data analysis is becoming more and more popular in recent years. It has found various applications in many different fields, for its convenience in analyzing and understanding the structure and dynamic of complex systems. We used topological data analysis to analyze the firings of a network of stochastic spiking neurons, which can be in a sub-critical, critical, or super-critical state depending on the value of the control parameter. We calculated several topological features regarding Betti curves and then analyzed the behaviors of these features, using them as inputs for machine learning to discriminate the three states of the network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chaojun Yu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Sohn J. Synaptic configuration and reconfiguration in the neocortex are spatiotemporally selective. Anat Sci Int 2024; 99:17-33. [PMID: 37837522 PMCID: PMC10771605 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-023-00743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Brain computation relies on the neural networks. Neurons extend the neurites such as dendrites and axons, and the contacts of these neurites that form chemical synapses are the biological basis of signal transmissions in the central nervous system. Individual neuronal outputs can influence the other neurons within the range of the axonal spread, while the activities of single neurons can be affected by the afferents in their somatodendritic fields. The morphological profile, therefore, binds the functional role each neuron can play. In addition, synaptic connectivity among neurons displays preference based on the characteristics of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. Here, the author reviews the "spatial" and "temporal" connection selectivity in the neocortex. The histological description of the neocortical circuitry depends primarily on the classification of cell types, and the development of gene engineering techniques allows the cell type-specific visualization of dendrites and axons as well as somata. Using genetic labeling of particular cell populations combined with immunohistochemistry and imaging at a subcellular spatial resolution, we revealed the "spatial selectivity" of cortical wirings in which synapses are non-uniformly distributed on the subcellular somatodendritic domains in a presynaptic cell type-specific manner. In addition, cortical synaptic dynamics in learning exhibit presynaptic cell type-dependent "temporal selectivity": corticocortical synapses appear only transiently during the learning phase, while learning-induced new thalamocortical synapses persist, indicating that distinct circuits may supervise learning-specific ephemeral synapse and memory-specific immortal synapse formation. The selectivity of spatial configuration and temporal reconfiguration in the neural circuitry may govern diverse functions in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaerin Sohn
- Department of Systematic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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13
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Hale WD, Romero AM, Gonzalez CU, Jayaraman V, Lau AY, Huganir RL, Twomey EC. Allosteric Competition and Inhibition in AMPA Receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.28.569057. [PMID: 38076818 PMCID: PMC10705377 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.28.569057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Excitatory neurotransmission is principally mediated by AMPA-subtype ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Dysregulation of AMPARs is the cause of many neurological disorders and how therapeutic candidates such as negative allosteric modulators inhibit AMPARs is unclear. Here, we show that non-competitive inhibition desensitizes AMPARs to activation and prevents positive allosteric modulation. We dissected the noncompetitive inhibition mechanism of action by capturing AMPARs bound to glutamate and the prototypical negative allosteric modulator, GYKI-52466, with cryo-electron microscopy. Noncompetitive inhibition by GYKI-52466, which binds in the transmembrane collar region surrounding the ion channel, negatively modulates AMPARs by decoupling glutamate binding in the ligand binding domain from the ion channel. Furthermore, during allosteric competition between negative and positive modulators, negative allosteric modulation by GKYI-52466 outcompetes positive allosteric modulators to control AMPAR function. Our data provide a new framework for understanding allostery of AMPARs and foundations for rational design of therapeutics targeting AMPARs in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Dylan Hale
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Alejandra Montaño Romero
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Cuauhtemoc U. Gonzalez
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert Y. Lau
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Richard L. Huganir
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Edward C. Twomey
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- The Beckman Center for Cryo-EM at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA USA
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14
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Nagy-Pál P, Veres JM, Fekete Z, Karlócai MR, Weisz F, Barabás B, Reéb Z, Hájos N. Structural Organization of Perisomatic Inhibition in the Mouse Medial Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6972-6987. [PMID: 37640552 PMCID: PMC10586541 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0432-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Perisomatic inhibition profoundly controls neural function. However, the structural organization of inhibitory circuits giving rise to the perisomatic inhibition in the higher-order cortices is not completely known. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of those GABAergic cells in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) that provide inputs onto the somata and proximal dendrites of pyramidal neurons. Our results show that most GABAergic axonal varicosities contacting the perisomatic region of superficial (layer 2/3) and deep (layer 5) pyramidal cells express parvalbumin (PV) or cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1). Further, we found that the ratio of PV/CB1 GABAergic inputs is larger on the somatic membrane surface of pyramidal tract neurons in comparison with those projecting to the contralateral hemisphere. Our morphologic analysis of in vitro labeled PV+ basket cells (PVBC) and CCK/CB1+ basket cells (CCKBC) revealed differences in many features. PVBC dendrites and axons arborized preferentially within the layer where their soma was located. In contrast, the axons of CCKBCs expanded throughout layers, although their dendrites were found preferentially either in superficial or deep layers. Finally, using anterograde trans-synaptic tracing we observed that PVBCs are preferentially innervated by thalamic and basal amygdala afferents in layers 5a and 5b, respectively. Thus, our results suggest that PVBCs can control the local circuit operation in a layer-specific manner via their characteristic arborization, whereas CCKBCs rather provide cross-layer inhibition in the mPFC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inhibitory cells in cortical circuits are crucial for the precise control of local network activity. Nevertheless, in higher-order cortical areas that are involved in cognitive functions like decision-making, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, the structural organization of inhibitory cell circuits is not completely understood. In this study we show that perisomatic inhibitory control of excitatory cells in the medial prefrontal cortex is performed by two types of basket cells endowed with different morphologic properties that provide inhibitory inputs with distinct layer specificity on cells projecting to disparate areas. Revealing this difference in innervation strategy of the two basket cell types is a key step toward understanding how they fulfill their distinct roles in cortical network operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Nagy-Pál
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit M Veres
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Fekete
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária R Karlócai
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Filippo Weisz
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Barabás
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Reéb
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Hájos
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Linda and Jack Gill Center for Molecular Bioscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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15
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Cano-Astorga N, Plaza-Alonso S, DeFelipe J, Alonso-Nanclares L. 3D synaptic organization of layer III of the human anterior cingulate and temporopolar cortex. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:9691-9708. [PMID: 37455478 PMCID: PMC10472499 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The human anterior cingulate and temporopolar cortices have been proposed as highly connected nodes involved in high-order cognitive functions, but their synaptic organization is still basically unknown due to the difficulties involved in studying the human brain. Using Focused Ion Beam/Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB/SEM) to study the synaptic organization of the human brain obtained with a short post-mortem delay allows excellent results to be obtained. We have used this technology to analyze layer III of the anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 24) and the temporopolar cortex, including the temporal pole (Brodmann area 38 ventral and dorsal) and anterior middle temporal gyrus (Brodmann area 21). Our results, based on 6695 synaptic junctions fully reconstructed in 3D, revealed that Brodmann areas 24, 21 and ventral area 38 showed similar synaptic density and synaptic size, whereas dorsal area 38 displayed the highest synaptic density and the smallest synaptic size. However, the proportion of the different types of synapses (excitatory and inhibitory), the postsynaptic targets, and the shapes of excitatory and inhibitory synapses were similar, regardless of the region examined. These observations indicate that certain aspects of the synaptic organization are rather homogeneous, whereas others show specific variations across cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Cano-Astorga
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, Autonoma de Madrid University - Cajal Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Plaza-Alonso
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Alonso-Nanclares
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Gamlin CR, Schneider-Mizell CM, Mallory M, Elabbady L, Gouwens N, Williams G, Mukora A, Dalley R, Bodor A, Brittain D, Buchanan J, Bumbarger D, Kapner D, Kinn S, Mahalingam G, Seshamani S, Takeno M, Torres R, Yin W, Nicovich PR, Bae JA, Castro MA, Dorkenwald S, Halageri A, Jia Z, Jordan C, Kemnitz N, Lee K, Li K, Lu R, Macrina T, Mitchell E, Mondal SS, Mu S, Nehoran B, Popovych S, Silversmith W, Turner NL, Wong W, Wu J, Yu S, Berg J, Jarsky T, Lee B, Seung HS, Zeng H, Reid RC, Collman F, da Costa NM, Sorensen SA. Integrating EM and Patch-seq data: Synaptic connectivity and target specificity of predicted Sst transcriptomic types. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.22.533857. [PMID: 36993629 PMCID: PMC10055412 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.22.533857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Neural circuit function is shaped both by the cell types that comprise the circuit and the connections between those cell types 1 . Neural cell types have previously been defined by morphology 2, 3 , electrophysiology 4, 5 , transcriptomic expression 6-8 , connectivity 9-13 , or even a combination of such modalities 14-16 . More recently, the Patch-seq technique has enabled the characterization of morphology (M), electrophysiology (E), and transcriptomic (T) properties from individual cells 17-20 . Using this technique, these properties were integrated to define 28, inhibitory multimodal, MET-types in mouse primary visual cortex 21 . It is unknown how these MET-types connect within the broader cortical circuitry however. Here we show that we can predict the MET-type identity of inhibitory cells within a large-scale electron microscopy (EM) dataset and these MET-types have distinct ultrastructural features and synapse connectivity patterns. We found that EM Martinotti cells, a well defined morphological cell type 22, 23 known to be Somatostatin positive (Sst+) 24, 25 , were successfully predicted to belong to Sst+ MET-types. Each identified MET-type had distinct axon myelination patterns and synapsed onto specific excitatory targets. Our results demonstrate that morphological features can be used to link cell type identities across imaging modalities, which enables further comparison of connectivity in relation to transcriptomic or electrophysiological properties. Furthermore, our results show that MET-types have distinct connectivity patterns, supporting the use of MET-types and connectivity to meaningfully define cell types.
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17
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Van Malderen S, Hehl M, Verstraelen S, Swinnen SP, Cuypers K. Dual-site TMS as a tool to probe effective interactions within the motor network: a review. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:129-221. [PMID: 36065080 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation (ds-TMS) is well suited to investigate the causal effect of distant brain regions on the primary motor cortex, both at rest and during motor performance and learning. However, given the broad set of stimulation parameters, clarity about which parameters are most effective for identifying particular interactions is lacking. Here, evidence describing inter- and intra-hemispheric interactions during rest and in the context of motor tasks is reviewed. Our aims are threefold: (1) provide a detailed overview of ds-TMS literature regarding inter- and intra-hemispheric connectivity; (2) describe the applicability and contributions of these interactions to motor control, and; (3) discuss the practical implications and future directions. Of the 3659 studies screened, 109 were included and discussed. Overall, there is remarkable variability in the experimental context for assessing ds-TMS interactions, as well as in the use and reporting of stimulation parameters, hindering a quantitative comparison of results across studies. Further studies examining ds-TMS interactions in a systematic manner, and in which all critical parameters are carefully reported, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Van Malderen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Melina Hehl
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Verstraelen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
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18
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Lukacs IP, Francavilla R, Field M, Hunter E, Howarth M, Horie S, Plaha P, Stacey R, Livermore L, Ansorge O, Tamas G, Somogyi P. Differential effects of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors on spontaneous inhibitory synaptic currents in spine-innervating double bouquet and parvalbumin-expressing dendrite-targeting GABAergic interneurons in human neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:2101-2142. [PMID: 35667019 PMCID: PMC9977385 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse neocortical GABAergic neurons specialize in synaptic targeting and their effects are modulated by presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) suppressing neurotransmitter release in rodents, but their effects in human neocortex are unknown. We tested whether activation of group III mGluRs by L-AP4 changes GABAA receptor-mediated spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in 2 distinct dendritic spine-innervating GABAergic interneurons recorded in vitro in human neocortex. Calbindin-positive double bouquet cells (DBCs) had columnar "horsetail" axons descending through layers II-V innervating dendritic spines (48%) and shafts, but not somata of pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons. Parvalbumin-expressing dendrite-targeting cell (PV-DTC) axons extended in all directions innervating dendritic spines (22%), shafts (65%), and somata (13%). As measured, 20% of GABAergic neuropil synapses innervate spines, hence DBCs, but not PV-DTCs, preferentially select spine targets. Group III mGluR activation paradoxically increased the frequency of sIPSCs in DBCs (to median 137% of baseline) but suppressed it in PV-DTCs (median 92%), leaving the amplitude unchanged. The facilitation of sIPSCs in DBCs may result from their unique GABAergic input being disinhibited via network effect. We conclude that dendritic spines receive specialized, diverse GABAergic inputs, and group III mGluRs differentially regulate GABAergic synaptic transmission to distinct GABAergic cell types in human cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan P Lukacs
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | | | - Martin Field
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Emily Hunter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Michael Howarth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Sawa Horie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Puneet Plaha
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, OUH NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Richard Stacey
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, OUH NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Laurent Livermore
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, OUH NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Olaf Ansorge
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Gabor Tamas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
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19
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Lea-Carnall CA, El-Deredy W, Stagg CJ, Williams SR, Trujillo-Barreto NJ. A mean-field model of glutamate and GABA synaptic dynamics for functional MRS. Neuroimage 2023; 266:119813. [PMID: 36528313 PMCID: PMC7614487 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) have enabled the quantification of activity-dependent changes in neurotransmitter concentrations in vivo. However, the physiological basis of the large changes in GABA and glutamate observed by fMRS (>10%) over short time scales of less than a minute remain unclear as such changes cannot be accounted for by known synthesis or degradation metabolic pathways. Instead, it has been hypothesized that fMRS detects shifts in neurotransmitter concentrations as they cycle from presynaptic vesicles, where they are largely invisible, to extracellular and cytosolic pools, where they are detectable. The present paper uses a computational modelling approach to demonstrate the viability of this hypothesis. A new mean-field model of the neural mechanisms generating the fMRS signal in a cortical voxel is derived. The proposed macroscopic mean-field model is based on a microscopic description of the neurotransmitter dynamics at the level of the synapse. Specifically, GABA and glutamate are assumed to cycle between three metabolic pools: packaged in the vesicles; active in the synaptic cleft; and undergoing recycling and repackaging in the astrocytic or neuronal cytosol. Computational simulations from the model are used to generate predicted changes in GABA and glutamate concentrations in response to different types of stimuli including pain, vision, and electric current stimulation. The predicted changes in the extracellular and cytosolic pools corresponded to those reported in empirical fMRS data. Furthermore, the model predicts a selective control mechanism of the GABA/glutamate relationship, whereby inhibitory stimulation reduces both neurotransmitters, whereas excitatory stimulation increases glutamate and decreases GABA. The proposed model bridges between neural dynamics and fMRS and provides a mechanistic account for the activity-dependent changes in the glutamate and GABA fMRS signals. Lastly, these results indicate that echo-time may be an important timing parameter that can be leveraged to maximise fMRS experimental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Lea-Carnall
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK.
| | - Wael El-Deredy
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería en Salud, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile; Valencian Graduate School and Research Network of Artificial Intelligence.; Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat de Val..ncia, Spain..
| | - Charlotte J Stagg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen R Williams
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nelson J Trujillo-Barreto
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
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20
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Differential Modulation of the Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Circuits of Retinal Ganglion Cells via Asiatic Acid in a Chronic Glaucoma Rat Model. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031056. [PMID: 36769706 PMCID: PMC9917728 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether asiatic acid (AA) can improve the quantity and function of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), as well as how AA regulates synaptic pathways in rat models with chronic glaucoma. METHODS In our study, a rat model of chronic glaucoma was prepared via the electrocoagulation of the episcleral veins. The numbers of surviving RGCs were counted via retrograde Fluorogold labeling, and a whole-cell patch clamp was used to clamp RGCs in normal retinal sections and in retinal sections 4 weeks after glaucoma induction. RESULTS Retrograde-Fluorogold-labeled RGC loss caused by persistent glaucoma was decreased by AA. Additionally, AA reduced the postsynaptic current produced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and diminished miniature glutamatergic excitatory neurotransmission to RGCs. On the other hand, AA increased miniature gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibitory neurotransmission to RGCs and enhanced the GABA-induced postsynaptic current. The excitability of the RGC itself was also decreased by AA. RGCs in glaucomatous slices were less excitable because AA decreased their spontaneous action potential frequency and membrane potential, which led to a hyperpolarized condition. CONCLUSIONS AA directly protected RGCs in a chronic glaucoma rat model by lowering their hyperexcitability. To enhance RGCs' survival and function in glaucoma, AA may be a viable therapeutic drug.
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Sperandeo A, Tamburini C, Noakes Z, de la Fuente DC, Keefe F, Petter O, Plumbly W, Clifton N, Li M, Peall K. Cortical neuronal hyperexcitability and synaptic changes in SGCE mutation-positive myoclonus dystonia. Brain 2022; 146:1523-1541. [PMID: 36204995 PMCID: PMC10115238 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoclonus Dystonia is a childhood-onset hyperkinetic movement disorder with a combined motor and psychiatric phenotype. It represents one of the few autosomal dominant inherited dystonic disorders and is caused by mutations in the ε-sarcoglycan (SGCE) gene. Work to date suggests that dystonia is caused by disruption of neuronal networks, principally basal ganglia-cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuits. Investigation of cortical involvement has primarily focused on disruption to interneuron inhibitory activity, rather than the excitatory activity of cortical pyramidal neurons. Here, we have sought to examine excitatory cortical glutamatergic activity using two approaches; the CRISPR/Cas9 editing of a human embryonic cell line, generating an SGCE compound heterozygous mutation, and three patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell lines (iPSC) each gene edited to generate matched wild-type SGCE control lines. Differentiation towards a cortical neuronal phenotype demonstrated no significant differences in neither early- (PAX6, FOXG1) nor late-stage (CTIP2, TBR1) neurodevelopmental markers. However, functional characterisation using Ca2+ imaging and MEA approaches identified an increase in network activity, while single-cell patch clamp studies found a greater propensity towards action potential generation with larger amplitudes and shorter half-widths associated with SGCE-mutations. Bulk-RNA-seq analysis identified gene ontological enrichment for neuron projection development, synaptic signalling, and synaptic transmission. Examination of dendritic morphology found SGCE-mutations to be associated with a significantly higher number of branches and longer branch lengths, together with longer ion-channel dense axon initial segments, particularly towards the latter stages of differentiation (D80 and D100). Gene expression and protein quantification of key synaptic proteins (synaptophysin, synapsin and PSD95), AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits found no significant differences between the SGCE-mutation and matched wild-type lines. By contrast, significant changes to synaptic adhesion molecule expression were identified, namely higher pre-synaptic neurexin-1 and lower post-synaptic neuroligin-4 levels in the SGCE mutation carrying lines. Our study demonstrates an increased intrinsic excitability of cortical glutamatergic neuronal cells in the context of SGCE mutations, coupled with a more complex neurite morphology and disruption to synaptic adhesion molecules. These changes potentially represent key components to the development of the hyperkinetic clinical phenotype observed in Myoclonus Dystonia, as well a central feature to the wider spectrum of dystonic disorders, potentially providing targets for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sperandeo
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Claudia Tamburini
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Zoe Noakes
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Daniel Cabezas de la Fuente
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Francesca Keefe
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Olena Petter
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - William Plumbly
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Nicholas Clifton
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Meng Li
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Kathryn Peall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
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22
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Basu K, Appukuttan S, Manchanda R, Sik A. Difference in axon diameter and myelin thickness between excitatory and inhibitory callosally projecting axons in mice. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4101-4115. [PMID: 36205478 PMCID: PMC10068302 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchronization of network oscillation in spatially distant cortical areas is essential for normal brain activity. Precision in synchronization between hemispheres depends on the axonal conduction velocity, which is determined by physical parameters of the axons involved, including diameter, and extent of myelination. To compare these parameters in long-projecting excitatory and inhibitory axons in the corpus callosum, we used genetically modified mice and virus tracing to separately label CaMKIIα expressing excitatory and GABAergic inhibitory axons. Using electron microscopy analysis, we revealed that (i) the axon diameters of excitatory fibers (myelinated axons) are significantly larger than those of nonmyelinated excitatory axons; (ii) the diameters of bare axons of excitatory myelinated fibers are significantly larger than those of their inhibitory counterparts; and (iii) myelinated excitatory fibers are significantly larger than myelinated inhibitory fibers. Also, the thickness of myelin ensheathing inhibitory axons is significantly greater than for excitatory axons, with the ultrastructure of the myelin around excitatory and inhibitory fibers also differing. We generated a computational model to investigate the functional consequences of these parameter divergences. Our simulations indicate that impulses through inhibitory and excitatory myelinated fibers reach the target almost simultaneously, whereas action potentials conducted by nonmyelinated axons reach target cells with considerable delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustuv Basu
- Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C72, Canada.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shailesh Appukuttan
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbay, 4000764, India
| | - Rohit Manchanda
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbay, 4000764, India
| | - Attila Sik
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.,Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs H-7624, Hungary.,Institute of Transdisciplinary Discoveries, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs H-7624, Hungary
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23
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Zhang M, Sun Y, Saggar M. Cross-attractor repertoire provides new perspective on structure-function relationship in the brain. Neuroimage 2022; 259:119401. [PMID: 35732244 PMCID: PMC9503321 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain exhibits complex intrinsic dynamics, i.e., spontaneously arising activity patterns without any external inputs or tasks. Such intrinsic dynamics and their alteration are thought to play crucial roles in typical as well as atypical cognitive functioning. Linking the ever-changing intrinsic dynamics to the rather static anatomy is a challenging endeavor. Dynamical systems models are important tools for understanding how structure and function are linked in the brain. Here, we provide a novel modeling framework to examine how functional connectivity depends on structural connectivity in the brain. Existing modeling frameworks typically focus on noise-driven (or stochastic) dynamics near a single attractor. Complementing existing approaches, we examine deterministic features of the distribution of attractors, in particular, how regional states are correlated across all attractors - cross-attractor coordination. We found that cross-attractor coordination between brain regions better predicts human functional connectivity than noise-driven single-attractor dynamics. Importantly, cross-attractor coordination better accounts for the nonlinear dependency of functional connectivity on structural connectivity. Our findings suggest that functional connectivity patterns in the brain may reflect transitions between attractors, which impose an energy cost. The framework may be used to predict transitions and energy costs associated with experimental or clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
| | - Yinming Sun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Manish Saggar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
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24
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Ostos S, Aparicio G, Fernaud-Espinosa I, DeFelipe J, Muñoz A. Quantitative analysis of the GABAergic innervation of the soma and axon initial segment of pyramidal cells in the human and mouse neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:3882-3909. [PMID: 36058205 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perisomatic GABAergic innervation in the cerebral cortex is carried out mostly by basket and chandelier cells, which differentially participate in the control of pyramidal cell action potential output and synchronization. These cells establish multiple synapses with the cell body (and proximal dendrites) and the axon initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal neurons, respectively. Using multiple immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy and 3D quantification techniques, we have estimated the number and density of GABAergic boutons on the cell body and AIS of pyramidal neurons located through cortical layers of the human and mouse neocortex. The results revealed, in both species, that there is clear variability across layers regarding the density and number of perisomatic GABAergic boutons. We found a positive linear correlation between the surface area of the soma, or the AIS, and the number of GABAergic terminals in apposition to these 2 neuronal domains. Furthermore, the density of perisomatic GABAergic boutons was higher in the human cortex than in the mouse. These results suggest a selectivity for the GABAergic innervation of the cell body and AIS that might be related to the different functional attributes of the microcircuits in which neurons from different layers are involved in both human and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ostos
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Aparicio
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fernaud-Espinosa
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense, José Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Zhang L, Padilla‐Flores T, Hernández VS, Zetter MA, Campos‐Lira E, Escobar LI, Millar RP, Eiden LE. Vasopressin acts as a synapse organizer in limbic regions by boosting PSD95 and GluA1 expression. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13164. [PMID: 35666232 PMCID: PMC9787762 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (AVP)-containing magnocellular neurosecretory neurons (AVPMNN) emit collaterals to synaptically innervate limbic regions influencing learning, motivational behaviour, and fear responses. Here, we characterize the dynamics of expression changes of two key determinants for synaptic strength, the postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins AMPAR subunit GluA1 and PSD scaffolding protein 95 (PSD95), in response to in vivo manipulations of AVPMNN neuronal activation state, or exposure to exogenous AVP ex vivo. Both long-term water deprivation in vivo, which powerfully upregulates AVPMNN metabolic activity, and exogenous AVP application ex vivo, in brain slices, significantly increased GluA1 and PSD95 expression as measured by western blotting, in brain regions reportedly receiving direct ascending innervations from AVPMNN (i.e., ventral hippocampus, amygdala and lateral habenula). By contrast, the visual cortex, a region not observed to receive AVPMNN projections, showed no such changes. Ex vivo application of V1a and V1b antagonists to ventral hippocampal slices ablated the AVP stimulated increase in postsynaptic protein expression measured by western blotting. Using a modified expansion microscopy technique, we were able to quantitatively assess the significant augmentation of PSD95 and GLUA1 densities in subcellular compartments in locus coeruleus tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive fibres, adjacent to AVP axon terminals. Our data strongly suggest that the AVPMNN ascending system plays a role in the regulation of the excitability of targeted neuronal circuits through upregulation of key postsynaptic density proteins corresponding to excitatory synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Teresa Padilla‐Flores
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Vito S. Hernández
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Mario A. Zetter
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Elba Campos‐Lira
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Laura I. Escobar
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Robert P. Millar
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of ImmunologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Lee E. Eiden
- Section on Molecular NeuroscienceNIMH‐IRP, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
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26
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The mGlu 7 receptor in schizophrenia - An update and future perspectives. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 218:173430. [PMID: 35870668 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mGlu7 receptor belongs to the III group of metabotropic glutamatergic (mGlu) receptors and physiologically serves as an "emergency" receptor that is activated by high, almost pathological, glutamate concentrations. Of all mGlu receptors, this receptor is most highly expressed in the brain. Additionally, relatively intense expression of the receptor was found at the periphery, for example in the bowels or in the reproductive system of male mice, but this review will be focused predominantly on its role in the brain. In the CNS, the receptor is expressed presynaptically, in the center of the synaptic cleft, at the terminals of both excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic neurons. Thus, it may regulate the release of both glutamate and GABA. Schizophrenia is thought to develop as a consequence of a disturbed glutamatergic-GABAergic balance in different parts of the brain. Thus, the mGlu7 receptor may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and consequently constitute the target for antipsychotic drug discovery. In this review, we summarize the available data about mGlu7 receptor ligands and their activity in animal models of schizophrenia. At present, only a few ligands are available, and negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) appear to exert antipsychotic-like efficacy, indicating that the inhibition of the receptor could constitute a promising target in the search for novel drugs. Additionally, the data concerning the expression of the receptor in the CNS and putative mechanisms by which its inhibition may contribute to the treatment of schizophrenia will be discussed. Finally, the polymorphisms of genes encoding the receptor in schizophrenic patients will also be provided.
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27
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López-Terrones E, Celada P, Riga MS, Artigas F. Preferential in vivo inhibitory action of serotonin in rat infralimbic versus prelimbic cortex: relevance for antidepressant treatments. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:3000-3013. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The infralimbic (IL) cortex is the rodent equivalent of human ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), which plays a key role in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). The modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in IL [but not in the adjacent prelimbic (PrL) cortex] evokes antidepressant-like or depressive-like behaviors, associated with changes in serotonin (5-HT) function, highlighting the relevance of glutamate/serotonin interactions in IL for emotional control. 5-HT modulates neuronal activity in PrL and cingulate (Cg) cortex but its effects in IL are largely unknown. We therefore compared the in vivo effects of 5-HT on pyramidal neuron activity in IL (n = 61) and PrL (n = 50) of anesthetized rats. IL pyramidal neurons were more responsive to physiological dorsal raphe stimulation (0.9 Hz) than PrL neurons (84% vs. 64%, respectively) and were inhibited to a greater extent (64% vs. 36%, respectively). Orthodromic activations (8% in PrL) were absent in IL, whereas biphasic responses were similar (20%) in both areas. Excitations were mediated by 5-HT2A-R activation, whereas inhibitions involved 3 different components: 5-HT1A-R, 5-HT3-R and GABAA-R, respectively. The remarkable inhibitory action of 5-HT in IL suggests that 5-HT-enhancing drugs may exert their antidepressant action by normalizing a glutamatergic hyperactivity in the vACC of MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena López-Terrones
- Depart. de Neurociències i Terapèutica Experimental , Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, IIBB-CSIC; 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pau Celada
- Depart. de Neurociències i Terapèutica Experimental , Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, IIBB-CSIC; 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maurizio S Riga
- Depart. de Neurociències i Terapèutica Experimental , Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, IIBB-CSIC; 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER-CSIC) , 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francesc Artigas
- Depart. de Neurociències i Terapèutica Experimental , Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, IIBB-CSIC; 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Chang JT, Fitzpatrick D. Development of visual response selectivity in cortical GABAergic interneurons. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3791. [PMID: 35778379 PMCID: PMC9249896 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual cortex of carnivores and primates displays a high degree of modular network organization characterized by local clustering and structured long-range correlations of activity and functional properties. Excitatory networks display modular organization before the onset of sensory experience, but the developmental timeline for modular networks of GABAergic interneurons remains under-explored. Using in vivo calcium imaging of the ferret visual cortex, we find evidence that before visual experience, interneurons display weak orientation tuning and widespread, correlated activity in response to visual stimuli. Robust modular organization and orientation tuning are evident with as little as one week of visual experience. Furthermore, we find that the maturation of orientation tuning requires visual experience, while the reduction in widespread, correlated network activity does not. Thus, the maturation of inhibitory cortical networks occurs in a delayed, parallel process relative to excitatory neurons. Excitatory neurons in the carnivore and primate visual cortex display orientation selectivity arranged in a modular fashion before the onset of visual experience, but the developmental timeline for visual response selectivity of inhibitory neurons is unknown. Using in vivo calcium imaging in ferret visual cortex, the authors show that experience-dependent emergence of orientation selectivity develops in a modular fashion for inhibitory interneurons over the first week of visual experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Chang
- Department of Functional Architecture and Development of Cerebral Cortex, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA.
| | - David Fitzpatrick
- Department of Functional Architecture and Development of Cerebral Cortex, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
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29
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Ludwig RJ, Welch MG. Wired to Connect: The Autonomic Socioemotional Reflex Arc. Front Psychol 2022; 13:841207. [PMID: 35814106 PMCID: PMC9268160 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.841207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously proposed that mothers and infants co-regulate one another’s autonomic state through an autonomic conditioning mechanism, which starts during gestation and results in the formation of autonomic socioemotional reflexes (ASRs) following birth. Theoretically, autonomic physiology associated with the ASR should correlate concomitantly with behaviors of mother and infant, although the neuronal pathway by which this phenomenon occurs has not been elucidated. In this paper, we consider the neuronal pathway by which sensory stimuli between a mother and her baby/child affect the physiology and emotional behavior of each. We divide our paper into two parts. In the first part, to gain perspective on current theories on the subject, we conduct a 500-year narrative history of scientific investigations into the human nervous system and theories that describe the neuronal pathway between sensory stimulus and emotional behavior. We then review inconsistencies between several currently accepted theories and recent data. In the second part, we lay out a new theory of emotions that describes how sensory stimuli between mother and baby unconsciously control the behavior and physiology of both. We present a theory of mother/infant emotion based on a set of assumptions fundamentally different from current theories. Briefly, we propose that mother/infant sensory stimuli trigger conditional autonomic socioemotional reflexes (ASRs), which drive cardiac function and behavior without the benefit of the thalamus, amygdala or cortex. We hold that the ASR is shaped by an evolutionarily conserved autonomic learning mechanism (i.e., functional Pavlovian conditioning) that forms between mother and fetus during gestation and continues following birth. We highlight our own and others research findings over the past 15 years that support our contention that mother/infant socioemotional behavior is driven by mutual autonomic state plasticity, as opposed to cortical trait plasticity. We review a novel assessment tool designed to measure the behaviors associated with the ASR phenomenon. Finally, we discuss the significance of our theory for the treatment of mothers and infants with socioemotional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Ludwig
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert J. Ludwig,
| | - Martha G. Welch
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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30
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Apicella AJ, Marchionni I. VIP-Expressing GABAergic Neurons: Disinhibitory vs. Inhibitory Motif and Its Role in Communication Across Neocortical Areas. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:811484. [PMID: 35221922 PMCID: PMC8867699 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.811484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic neurons play a crucial role in shaping cortical activity. Even though GABAergic neurons constitute a small fraction of cortical neurons, their peculiar morphology and functional properties make them an intriguing and challenging task to study. Here, we review the basic anatomical features, the circuit properties, and the possible role in the relevant behavioral task of a subclass of GABAergic neurons that express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). These studies were performed using transgenic mice in which the VIP-expressing neurons can be recognized using fluorescent proteins and optogenetic manipulation to control (or regulate) their electrical activity. Cortical VIP-expressing neurons are more abundant in superficial cortical layers than other cortical layers, where they are mainly studied. Optogenetic and paired recordings performed in ex vivo cortical preparations show that VIP-expressing neurons mainly exert their inhibitory effect onto somatostatin-expressing (SOM) inhibitory neurons, leading to a disinhibitory effect onto excitatory pyramidal neurons. However, this subclass of GABAergic neurons also releases neurotransmitters onto other GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons, suggesting other possible circuit roles than a disinhibitory effect. The heterogeneity of VIP-expressing neurons also suggests their involvement and recruitment during different functions via the inhibition/disinhibition of GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons locally and distally, depending on the specific local circuit in which they are embedded, with potential effects on the behavioral states of the animal. Although VIP-expressing neurons represent only a tiny fraction of GABAergic inhibitory neurons in the cortex, these neurons’ selective activation/inactivation could produce a relevant behavioral effect in the animal. Regardless of the increasing finding and discoveries on this subclass of GABAergic neurons, there is still a lot of missing information, and more studies should be done to unveil their role at the circuit and behavior level in different cortical layers and across different neocortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Junior Apicella
- Department of Biology, Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ivan Marchionni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Garzón M, Chan J, Mackie K, Pickel VM. Prefrontal cortical distribution of muscarinic M2 and cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors in adult male mice with or without chronic adolescent exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:5420-5437. [PMID: 35151230 PMCID: PMC9712711 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic adolescent administration of marijuana's major psychoactive compound, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), produces adaptive changes in adult social and cognitive functions sustained by prelimbic prefrontal cortex (PL-PFC). Memory and learning processes in PL-PFC neurons can be regulated through cholinergic muscarinic-2 receptors (M2R) and modulated by activation of cannabinoid-1 receptors (CB1Rs) targeted by Δ9-THC. Thus, chronic exposure to Δ9-THC during adolescence may alter the expression and/or distribution of M2Rs in PL-PFC neurons receiving CB1R terminals. We tested this hypothesis by using electron microscopic dual CB1R and M2R immunolabeling in adult C57BL/6 J male mice that had received vehicle or escalating dose of Δ9-THC through adolescence. In vehicle controls, CB1R immunolabeling was mainly localized to axonal profiles virtually devoid of M2R but often apposing M2R-immunoreactive dendrites and dendritic spines. The dendrites received inputs from CB1R-labeled or unlabeled terminals, whereas spines received asymmetric synapses exclusively from axon terminals lacking CB1Rs. Adolescent Δ9-THC significantly increased plasmalemmal M2R-immunogold density exclusively in large dendrites receiving input from CB1R-labeled terminals. In contrast, cytoplasmic M2R-immunogold density decreased in small spines of the Δ9-THC-treated adult mice. We conclude that Δ9-THC engagement of CB1Rs during adolescence increases M2R plasmalemmal accumulation in large proximal dendrites and decreases M2R cytoplasmic expression in small spines of PL-PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Garzón
- Corresponding author: Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autónoma University of Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - June Chan
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Virginia M Pickel
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Phongpreecha T, Gajera CR, Liu CC, Vijayaragavan K, Chang AL, Becker M, Fallahzadeh R, Fernandez R, Postupna N, Sherfield E, Tebaykin D, Latimer C, Shively CA, Register TC, Craft S, Montine KS, Fox EJ, Poston KL, Keene CD, Angelo M, Bendall SC, Aghaeepour N, Montine TJ. Single-synapse analyses of Alzheimer's disease implicate pathologic tau, DJ1, CD47, and ApoE. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk0473. [PMID: 34910503 PMCID: PMC8673771 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic molecular characterization is limited for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Our newly invented mass cytometry–based method, synaptometry by time of flight (SynTOF), was used to measure 38 antibody probes in approximately 17 million single-synapse events from human brains without pathologic change or with pure AD or Lewy body disease (LBD), nonhuman primates (NHPs), and PS/APP mice. Synaptic molecular integrity in humans and NHP was similar. Although not detected in human synapses, Aβ was in PS/APP mice single-synapse events. Clustering and pattern identification of human synapses showed expected disease-specific differences, like increased hippocampal pathologic tau in AD and reduced caudate dopamine transporter in LBD, and revealed previously unidentified findings including increased hippocampal CD47 and lowered DJ1 in AD and higher ApoE in AD with dementia. Our results were independently supported by multiplex ion beam imaging of intact tissue. This highlights the higher depth and breadth of insight on neurodegenerative diseases obtainable through SynTOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanaphong Phongpreecha
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Candace C. Liu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Alan L. Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martin Becker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ramin Fallahzadeh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Nadia Postupna
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily Sherfield
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dmitry Tebaykin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Caitlin Latimer
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carol A. Shively
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Thomas C. Register
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine–Geriatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Edward J. Fox
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen L. Poston
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Angelo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean C. Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J. Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Lombardi A, Luhmann HJ, Kilb W. Modelling the spatial and temporal constrains of the GABAergic influence on neuronal excitability. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009199. [PMID: 34767548 PMCID: PMC8612559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA (γ-amino butyric acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain that can mediate depolarizing responses during development or after neuropathological insults. Under which conditions GABAergic membrane depolarizations are sufficient to impose excitatory effects is hard to predict, as shunting inhibition and GABAergic effects on spatiotemporal filtering of excitatory inputs must be considered. To evaluate at which reversal potential a net excitatory effect was imposed by GABA (EGABAThr), we performed a detailed in-silico study using simple neuronal topologies and distinct spatiotemporal relations between GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs. These simulations revealed for GABAergic synapses located at the soma an EGABAThr close to action potential threshold (EAPThr), while with increasing dendritic distance EGABAThr shifted to positive values. The impact of GABA on AMPA-mediated inputs revealed a complex temporal and spatial dependency. EGABAThr depends on the temporal relation between GABA and AMPA inputs, with a striking negative shift in EGABAThr for AMPA inputs appearing after the GABA input. The spatial dependency between GABA and AMPA inputs revealed a complex profile, with EGABAThr being shifted to values negative to EAPThr for AMPA synapses located proximally to the GABA input, while for distally located AMPA synapses the dendritic distance had only a minor effect on EGABAThr. For tonic GABAergic conductances EGABAThr was negative to EAPThr over a wide range of gGABAtonic values. In summary, these results demonstrate that for several physiologically relevant situations EGABAThr is negative to EAPThr, suggesting that depolarizing GABAergic responses can mediate excitatory effects even if EGABA did not reach EAPThr. The neurotransmitter GABA mediates an inhibitory action in the mature brain, while it was found that GABA provokes depolarizations in the immature brain or after neurological insults. It is, however, not clear to which extend these GABAergic depolarizations can contribute to an excitatory effect. In the present manuscript we approached this question with a computational model of a simplified neurons to determine what amount of a GABAergic depolarizing effect, which we quantified by the so called GABA reversal potential (EGABA), was required to turn GABAergic inhibition to excitation. The results of our simulations revealed that if GABA was applied alone a GABAergic excitation was induced when EGABA was around the action potential threshold. When GABA was applied together with additional excitatory inputs, which is the physiological situation in the brain, only for spatially and temporally correlated inputs EGABA was close to the action potential threshold. For situations in which the additional excitatory inputs appear after the GABA input or are distant to the GABA input, an excitatory effect of GABA could be observed already at EGABA substantially negative to the action potential threshold. This results indicate that even slightly depolarizing GABA responses, which may be induced during or after neurological insults, can potentially turn GABAergic inhibition into GABAergic excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniello Lombardi
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J. Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Kilb
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Liu Y, Ouyang P, Zheng Y, Mi L, Zhao J, Ning Y, Guo W. A Selective Review of the Excitatory-Inhibitory Imbalance in Schizophrenia: Underlying Biology, Genetics, Microcircuits, and Symptoms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:664535. [PMID: 34746116 PMCID: PMC8567014 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.664535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder characterized by specific positive and negative primary symptoms, social behavior disturbances and cognitive deficits (e.g., impairment in working memory and cognitive flexibility). Mounting evidence suggests that altered excitability and inhibition at the molecular, cellular, circuit and network level might be the basis for the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. In the past decades, human and animal studies have identified that glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmissions are critically involved in several cognitive progresses, including learning and memory. The purpose of this review is, by analyzing emerging findings relating to the balance of excitatory and inhibitory, ranging from animal models of schizophrenia to clinical studies in patients with early onset, first-episode or chronic schizophrenia, to discuss how the excitatory-inhibitory imbalance may relate to the pathophysiology of disease phenotypes such as cognitive deficits and negative symptoms, and highlight directions for appropriate therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Ouyang
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingjun Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Mi
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuping Ning
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The First School of Clinical Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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35
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Cano-Astorga N, DeFelipe J, Alonso-Nanclares L. Three-Dimensional Synaptic Organization of Layer III of the Human Temporal Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4742-4764. [PMID: 33999122 PMCID: PMC8408440 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have used focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) to perform a study of the synaptic organization of layer III of Brodmann's area 21 in human tissue samples obtained from autopsies and biopsies. We analyzed the synaptic density, 3D spatial distribution, and type (asymmetric/symmetric), as well as the size and shape of each synaptic junction of 4945 synapses that were fully reconstructed in 3D. Significant differences in the mean synaptic density between autopsy and biopsy samples were found (0.49 and 0.66 synapses/μm3, respectively). However, in both types of samples (autopsy and biopsy), the asymmetric:symmetric ratio was similar (93:7) and most asymmetric synapses were established on dendritic spines (75%), while most symmetric synapses were established on dendritic shafts (85%). We also compared several electron microscopy methods and analysis tools to estimate the synaptic density in the same brain tissue. We have shown that FIB/SEM is much more reliable and robust than the majority of the other commonly used EM techniques. The present work constitutes a detailed description of the synaptic organization of cortical layer III. Further studies on the rest of the cortical layers are necessary to better understand the functional organization of this temporal cortical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Cano-Astorga
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid 28002, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Lidia Alonso-Nanclares
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid 28002, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain
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36
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Longhena F, Faustini G, Brembati V, Pizzi M, Benfenati F, Bellucci A. An updated reappraisal of synapsins: structure, function and role in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:33-60. [PMID: 34407457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synapsins (Syns) are phosphoproteins strongly involved in neuronal development and neurotransmitter release. Three distinct genes SYN1, SYN2 and SYN3, with elevated evolutionary conservation, have been described to encode for Synapsin I, Synapsin II and Synapsin III, respectively. Syns display a series of common features, but also exhibit distinctive localization, expression pattern, post-translational modifications (PTM). These characteristics enable their interaction with other synaptic proteins, membranes and cytoskeletal components, which is essential for the proper execution of their multiple functions in neuronal cells. These include the control of synapse formation and growth, neuron maturation and renewal, as well as synaptic vesicle mobilization, docking, fusion, recycling. Perturbations in the balanced expression of Syns, alterations of their PTM, mutations and polymorphisms of their encoding genes induce severe dysregulations in brain networks functions leading to the onset of psychiatric or neurological disorders. This review presents what we have learned since the discovery of Syn I in 1977, providing the state of the art on Syns structure, function, physiology and involvement in central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Longhena
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Viviana Brembati
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, Genova, Italy; IRCSS Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy; Laboratory for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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37
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Bertero A, Garcia C, Apicella AJ. Corticofugal VIP Gabaergic Projection Neurons in the Mouse Auditory and Motor Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:714780. [PMID: 34366798 PMCID: PMC8343102 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.714780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical and physiological studies have described the cortex as a six-layer structure that receives, elaborates, and sends out information exclusively as excitatory output to cortical and subcortical regions. This concept has increasingly been challenged by several anatomical and functional studies that showed that direct inhibitory cortical outputs are also a common feature of the sensory and motor cortices. Similar to their excitatory counterparts, subsets of Somatostatin- and Parvalbumin-expressing neurons have been shown to innervate distal targets like the sensory and motor striatum and the contralateral cortex. However, no evidence of long-range VIP-expressing neurons, the third major class of GABAergic cortical inhibitory neurons, has been shown in such cortical regions. Here, using anatomical anterograde and retrograde viral tracing, we tested the hypothesis that VIP-expressing neurons of the mouse auditory and motor cortices can also send long-range projections to cortical and subcortical areas. We were able to demonstrate, for the first time, that VIP-expressing neurons of the auditory cortex can reach not only the contralateral auditory cortex and the ipsilateral striatum and amygdala, as shown for Somatostatin- and Parvalbumin-expressing long-range neurons, but also the medial geniculate body and both superior and inferior colliculus. We also demonstrate that VIP-expressing neurons of the motor cortex send long-range GABAergic projections to the dorsal striatum and contralateral cortex. Because of its presence in two such disparate cortical areas, this would suggest that the long-range VIP projection is likely a general feature of the cortex’s network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Bertero
- Department of Biology, Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Charles Garcia
- Department of Biology, Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Alfonso Junior Apicella
- Department of Biology, Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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38
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Onwordi EC, Whitehurst T, Mansur A, Statton B, Berry A, Quinlan M, O'Regan DP, Rogdaki M, Marques TR, Rabiner EA, Gunn RN, Vernon AC, Natesan S, Howes OD. The relationship between synaptic density marker SV2A, glutamate and N-acetyl aspartate levels in healthy volunteers and schizophrenia: a multimodal PET and magnetic resonance spectroscopy brain imaging study. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:393. [PMID: 34282130 PMCID: PMC8290006 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic excitotoxicity is hypothesised to underlie synaptic loss in schizophrenia pathogenesis, but it is unknown whether synaptic markers are related to glutamatergic function in vivo. Additionally, it has been proposed that N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) levels reflect neuronal integrity. Here, we investigated whether synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 A (SV2A) levels are related to glutamatergic markers and NAA in healthy volunteers (HV) and schizophrenia patients (SCZ). Forty volunteers (SCZ n = 18, HV n = 22) underwent [11C]UCB-J positron emission tomography and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) imaging in the left hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to index [11C]UCB-J distribution volume ratio (DVR), and creatine-scaled glutamate (Glu/Cr), glutamate and glutamine (Glx/Cr) and NAA (NAA/Cr). In healthy volunteers, but not patients, [11C]UCB-J DVR was significantly positively correlated with Glu/Cr, in both the hippocampus and ACC. Furthermore, in healthy volunteers, but not patients, [11C]UCB-J DVR was significantly positively correlated with Glx/Cr, in both the hippocampus and ACC. There were no significant relationships between [11C]UCB-J DVR and NAA/Cr in the hippocampus or ACC in healthy volunteers or patients. Therefore, an appreciable proportion of the brain 1H-MRS glutamatergic signal is related to synaptic density in healthy volunteers. This relationship is not seen in schizophrenia, which, taken with lower synaptic marker levels, is consistent with lower levels of glutamatergic terminals and/or a lower proportion of glutamatergic relative to GABAergic terminals in the ACC in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Chika Onwordi
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Thomas Whitehurst
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ayla Mansur
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, The Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Invicro, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ben Statton
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alaine Berry
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marina Quinlan
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Declan P O'Regan
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Maria Rogdaki
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Invicro, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Roger N Gunn
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, The Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Invicro, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Anthony C Vernon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RT, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Sridhar Natesan
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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39
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Tu W, Ma Z, Zhang N. Brain network reorganization after targeted attack at a hub region. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118219. [PMID: 34052466 PMCID: PMC8289586 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The architecture of brain networks has been extensively studied in multiple species. However, exactly how the brain network reconfigures when a local region, particularly a hub region, stops functioning remains elusive. By combining chemogenetics and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) in an awake rodent model, we investigated the causal impact of acutely inactivating a hub region (i.e. the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) on brain network properties. We found that suppressing neural activity in a hub could have a ripple effect that went beyond the hub-related connections and propagated to other neural connections across multiple brain systems. In addition, hub dysfunction affected the topological architecture of the whole-brain network in terms of the network resilience and segregation. Selectively inhibiting excitatory neurons in the hub further changed network integration. None of these changes were observed in sham rats or when a non-hub region (i.e. the primary visual cortex) was perturbed. This study has established a system that allows for mechanistically dissecting the relationship between local regions and brain network properties. Our data provide direct evidence supporting the hypothesis that acute dysfunction of a brain hub can cause large-scale network changes. These results also provide a comprehensive framework documenting the differential impact of hub versus non-hub nodes on network dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Tu
- Neuroscience Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zilu Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Neuroscience Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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40
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Sahadevan S, Hembach KM, Tantardini E, Pérez-Berlanga M, Hruska-Plochan M, Megat S, Weber J, Schwarz P, Dupuis L, Robinson MD, De Rossi P, Polymenidou M. Synaptic FUS accumulation triggers early misregulation of synaptic RNAs in a mouse model of ALS. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3027. [PMID: 34021139 PMCID: PMC8140117 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations disrupting the nuclear localization of the RNA-binding protein FUS characterize a subset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients (ALS-FUS). FUS regulates nuclear RNAs, but its role at the synapse is poorly understood. Using super-resolution imaging we determined that the localization of FUS within synapses occurs predominantly near the vesicle reserve pool of presynaptic sites. Using CLIP-seq on synaptoneurosomes, we identified synaptic FUS RNA targets, encoding proteins associated with synapse organization and plasticity. Significant increase of synaptic FUS during early disease in a mouse model of ALS was accompanied by alterations in density and size of GABAergic synapses. mRNAs abnormally accumulated at the synapses of 6-month-old ALS-FUS mice were enriched for FUS targets and correlated with those depicting increased short-term mRNA stability via binding primarily on multiple exonic sites. Our study indicates that synaptic FUS accumulation in early disease leads to synaptic impairment, potentially representing an initial trigger of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Sahadevan
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina M Hembach
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Tantardini
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Salim Megat
- Inserm, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julien Weber
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Schwarz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luc Dupuis
- Inserm, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mark D Robinson
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre De Rossi
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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41
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Bregestovski PD, Ponomareva DN. Photochromic Modulation of Cys-loop
Ligand-gated Ion Channels. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Domínguez-Álvaro M, Montero-Crespo M, Blazquez-Llorca L, Plaza-Alonso S, Cano-Astorga N, DeFelipe J, Alonso-Nanclares L. 3D Analysis of the Synaptic Organization in the Entorhinal Cortex in Alzheimer's Disease. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0504-20.2021. [PMID: 34039651 PMCID: PMC8225407 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0504-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is especially vulnerable in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, cognitive deficits have been linked to alterations in the upper layers of EC. In the present report, we examined Layers II and III from eight human brain autopsies (four subjects with no recorded neurologic alterations and four AD cases). We used stereological methods to assess cortical atrophy of the EC and possible changes in the volume occupied by different cortical elements (neuronal and glial cell bodies; blood vessels; and neuropil). We performed 3D ultrastructural analyses of synapses using focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) to examine possible alterations related to AD. At the light microscope level, we found a significantly lower volume fraction occupied by neuronal bodies in Layer III and a higher volume fraction occupied by glial cell bodies in Layer II in AD cases. At the ultrastructural level, we observed that (1) there was a significantly lower synaptic density in both layers in AD cases; (2) synapses were larger and more complex in Layer II in AD cases; and (3) there was a greater proportion of small and simple synapses in Layer III in AD cases than in control individuals. These structural differences may play a role in the anatomic basis for the impairment of cognitive functions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Domínguez-Álvaro
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - M Montero-Crespo
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid 28002, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Blazquez-Llorca
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Anatomía y Embriología (Veterinaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - S Plaza-Alonso
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid 28002, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Cano-Astorga
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid 28002, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - J DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid 28002, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Alonso-Nanclares
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid 28002, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28031, Madrid, Spain
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43
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Matsuda YT, Miyamoto H, Joho RH, Hensch TK. K v3.1 channels regulate the rate of critical period plasticity. Neurosci Res 2021; 167:3-10. [PMID: 33872635 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Experience-dependent plasticity within visual cortex is controlled by postnatal maturation of inhibitory circuits, which are both morphologically diverse and precisely connected. Gene-targeted disruption of the voltage-dependent potassium channel Kv3.1 broadens action potentials and reduces net inhibitory function of parvalbumin (PV)-positive GABA subtypes within the neocortex. In mice lacking Kv3.1, the rate of input loss from an eye deprived of vision was slowed two-fold, despite otherwise normal critical period timecourse and receptive field properties. Rapid ocular dominance plasticity was restored by local or systemic enhancement of GABAergic transmission with acute benzodiazepine infusion. Diazepam instead exacerbated a global suppression of slow-wave oscillations during sleep described previously in these mutant mice, which therefore did not account for the rescued plasticity. Rapid ocular dominance shifts closely reflected Kv3.1 gene dosage that prevented prolonged spike discharge of their target pyramidal cells in vivo or the spike amplitude decrement of fast-spiking cells during bouts of high-frequency firing in vitro. Late postnatal expression of this unique channel in fast-spiking interneurons thus subtly regulates the speed of critical period plasticity with implications for mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshi-Taka Matsuda
- Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; Department of Child Studies, Shiraume Gakuen University, 1-830 Kodaira-shi, Tokyo, 187-8570 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyamoto
- Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Rolf H Joho
- Center for Basic Neuroscience, Univ. Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Takao K Hensch
- Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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44
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Leong ATL, Wang X, Wong EC, Dong CM, Wu EX. Neural activity temporal pattern dictates long-range propagation targets. Neuroimage 2021; 235:118032. [PMID: 33836268 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain possesses a complex spatiotemporal architecture for efficient information processing and computing. However, it remains unknown how neural signal propagates to its intended targets brain-wide. Using optogenetics and functional MRI, we arbitrarily initiated various discrete neural activity pulse trains with different temporal patterns and revealed their distinct long-range propagation targets within the well-defined, topographically organized somatosensory thalamo-cortical circuit. We further observed that such neural activity propagation over long range could modulate brain-wide sensory functions. Electrophysiological analysis indicated that distinct propagation pathways arose from system level neural adaptation and facilitation in response to the neural activity temporal characteristics. Together, our findings provide fundamental insights into the long-range information transfer and processing. They directly support that temporal coding underpins the whole brain functional architecture in presence of the vast and relatively static anatomical architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T L Leong
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xunda Wang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Eddie C Wong
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Celia M Dong
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ed X Wu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR; School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.
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45
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Nakajima R, Laskaris N, Rhee JK, Baker BJ, Kosmidis EK. GEVI cell-type specific labelling and a manifold learning approach provide evidence for lateral inhibition at the population level in the mouse hippocampal CA1 area. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3019-3038. [PMID: 33675122 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The CA1 area in the mammalian hippocampus is essential for spatial learning. Pyramidal cells are the hippocampus output neurons and their activities are regulated by inhibition exerted by a diversified population of interneurons. Lateral inhibition has been suggested as the mechanism enabling the reconfiguration of pyramidal cell assembly activity observed during spatial learning tasks in rodents. However, lateral inhibition in the CA1 lacks the overwhelming evidence reported in other hippocampal areas such as the CA3 and the dentate gyrus. The use of genetically encoded voltage indicators and fast optical recordings permits the construction of cell-type specific response maps of neuronal activity. Here, we labelled mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons with the genetically encoded voltage indicator ArcLight and optically recorded their response to Schaffer Collaterals stimulation in vitro. By undertaking a manifold learning approach, we report a hyperpolarization-dominated area focused in the perisomatic region of pyramidal cells receiving late excitatory synaptic input. Functional network organization metrics revealed that information transfer was higher in this area. The localized hyperpolarization disappeared when GABAA receptors were pharmacologically blocked. This is the first report where the spatiotemporal pattern of lateral inhibition is visualized in the CA1 by expressing a genetically encoded voltage indicator selectively in principal neurons. Our analysis suggests a fundamental role of lateral inhibition in CA1 information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Nakajima
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nikolaos Laskaris
- AIIA Lab, Informatics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,NeuroInformatics GRoup, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jun Kyu Rhee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bradley J Baker
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Efstratios K Kosmidis
- NeuroInformatics GRoup, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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46
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Pastor V, Medina JH. Medial prefrontal cortical control of reward- and aversion-based behavioral output: Bottom-up modulation. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3039-3062. [PMID: 33660363 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
How does the brain guide our actions? This is a complex issue, where the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a crucial role. The mPFC is essential for cognitive flexibility and decision making. These functions are related to reward- and aversion-based learning, which ultimately drive behavior. Though, cortical projections and modulatory systems that may regulate those processes in the mPFC are less understood. How does the mPFC regulate approach-avoidance behavior in the case of conflicting aversive and appetitive stimuli? This is likely dependent on the bottom-up neuromodulation of the mPFC projection neurons. In this review, we integrate behavioral-, pharmacological-, and viral-based circuit manipulation data showing the involvement of mPFC dopaminergic, noradrenergic, cholinergic, and serotoninergic inputs in reward and aversion processing. Given that an incorrect balance of reward and aversion value could be a key problem in mental diseases such as substance use disorders, we discuss outstanding questions for future research on the role of mPFC modulation in reward and aversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Pastor
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Horacio Medina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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47
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Rasia-Filho AA, Guerra KTK, Vásquez CE, Dall’Oglio A, Reberger R, Jung CR, Calcagnotto ME. The Subcortical-Allocortical- Neocortical continuum for the Emergence and Morphological Heterogeneity of Pyramidal Neurons in the Human Brain. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:616607. [PMID: 33776739 PMCID: PMC7991104 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.616607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cortical and subcortical areas integrate emotion, memory, and cognition when interpreting various environmental stimuli for the elaboration of complex, evolved social behaviors. Pyramidal neurons occur in developed phylogenetic areas advancing along with the allocortex to represent 70-85% of the neocortical gray matter. Here, we illustrate and discuss morphological features of heterogeneous spiny pyramidal neurons emerging from specific amygdaloid nuclei, in CA3 and CA1 hippocampal regions, and in neocortical layers II/III and V of the anterolateral temporal lobe in humans. Three-dimensional images of Golgi-impregnated neurons were obtained using an algorithm for the visualization of the cell body, dendritic length, branching pattern, and pleomorphic dendritic spines, which are specialized plastic postsynaptic units for most excitatory inputs. We demonstrate the emergence and development of human pyramidal neurons in the cortical and basomedial (but not the medial, MeA) nuclei of the amygdala with cells showing a triangular cell body shape, basal branched dendrites, and a short apical shaft with proximal ramifications as "pyramidal-like" neurons. Basomedial neurons also have a long and distally ramified apical dendrite not oriented to the pial surface. These neurons are at the beginning of the allocortex and the limbic lobe. "Pyramidal-like" to "classic" pyramidal neurons with laminar organization advance from the CA3 to the CA1 hippocampal regions. These cells have basal and apical dendrites with specific receptive synaptic domains and several spines. Neocortical pyramidal neurons in layers II/III and V display heterogeneous dendritic branching patterns adapted to the space available and the afferent inputs of each brain area. Dendritic spines vary in their distribution, density, shapes, and sizes (classified as stubby/wide, thin, mushroom-like, ramified, transitional forms, "atypical" or complex forms, such as thorny excrescences in the MeA and CA3 hippocampal region). Spines were found isolated or intermingled, with evident particularities (e.g., an extraordinary density in long, deep CA1 pyramidal neurons), and some showing a spinule. We describe spiny pyramidal neurons considerably improving the connectional and processing complexity of the brain circuits. On the other hand, these cells have some vulnerabilities, as found in neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease and in temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto A. Rasia-Filho
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology and Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kétlyn T. Knak Guerra
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Escobar Vásquez
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aline Dall’Oglio
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology and Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Roman Reberger
- Medical Engineering Program, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cláudio R. Jung
- Institute of Informatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biochemistry Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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48
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Gala R, Budzillo A, Baftizadeh F, Miller J, Gouwens N, Arkhipov A, Murphy G, Tasic B, Zeng H, Hawrylycz M, Sümbül U. Consistent cross-modal identification of cortical neurons with coupled autoencoders. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 1:120-127. [PMID: 35356158 PMCID: PMC8963134 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-021-00030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Consistent identification of neurons in different experimental modalities is a key problem in neuroscience. Although methods to perform multimodal measurements in the same set of single neurons have become available, parsing complex relationships across different modalities to uncover neuronal identity is a growing challenge. Here we present an optimization framework to learn coordinated representations of multimodal data and apply it to a large multimodal dataset profiling mouse cortical interneurons. Our approach reveals strong alignment between transcriptomic and electrophysiological characterizations, enables accurate cross-modal data prediction, and identifies cell types that are consistent across modalities.
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49
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Nakano M, Mitsuishi Y, Liu L, Watanabe N, Hibino E, Hata S, Saito T, Saido TC, Murayama S, Kasuga K, Ikeuchi T, Suzuki T, Nishimura M. Extracellular Release of ILEI/FAM3C and Amyloid-β Is Associated with the Activation of Distinct Synapse Subpopulations. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:159-174. [PMID: 33492290 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is released into the interstitial fluid (ISF) in a neuronal activity-dependent manner, and Aβ deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to baseline neuronal activity. Although the intrinsic mechanism for Aβ generation remains to be elucidated, interleukin-like epithelial-mesenchymal transition inducer (ILEI) is a candidate for an endogenous Aβ suppressor. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to access the mechanism underlying ILEI secretion and its effect on Aβ production in the brain. METHODS ILEI and Aβ levels in the cerebral cortex were monitored using a newly developed ILEI-specific ELISA and in vivo microdialysis in mutant human Aβ precursor protein-knockin mice. ILEI levels in autopsied brains and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured using ELISA. RESULTS Extracellular release of ILEI and Aβ was dependent on neuronal activation and specifically on tetanus toxin-sensitive exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. However, simultaneous monitoring of extracellular ILEI and Aβ revealed that a spontaneous fluctuation of ILEI levels appeared to inversely mirror that of Aβ levels. Selective activation and inhibition of synaptic receptors differentially altered these levels. The evoked activation of AMPA-type receptors resulted in opposing changes to ILEI and Aβ levels. Brain ILEI levels were selectively decreased in AD. CSF ILEI concentration correlated with that of Aβ and were reduced in AD and mild cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION ILEI and Aβ are released from distinct subpopulations of synaptic terminals in an activity-dependent manner, and ILEI negatively regulates Aβ production in specific synapse types. CSF ILEI might represent a surrogate marker for the accumulation of brain Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nakano
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yachiyo Mitsuishi
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Lei Liu
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Emi Hibino
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.,Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neurology and Neuropathology (the Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensaku Kasuga
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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Therapeutic potential of targeting G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels in the central nervous system. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 223:107808. [PMID: 33476640 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels (Kir3/GirK) are important for maintaining resting membrane potential, cell excitability and inhibitory neurotransmission. Coupled to numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), they mediate the effects of many neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and hormones contributing to the general homeostasis and particular synaptic plasticity processes, learning, memory and pain signaling. A growing number of behavioral and genetic studies suggest a critical role for the appropriate functioning of the central nervous system, as well as their involvement in many neurologic and psychiatric conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, mood disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, epilepsy, alcoholism and drug addiction. Hence, GirK channels emerge as a very promising tool to be targeted in the current scenario where these conditions already are or will become a global public health problem. This review examines recent findings on the physiology, function, dysfunction, and pharmacology of GirK channels in the central nervous system and highlights the relevance of GirK channels as a worthful potential target to improve therapies for related diseases.
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