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Meng Y, Liu S, Yu M, Liang H, Tong Y, Song J, Shi J, Cai W, Wu Q, Wen Z, Wang J, Guo F. The Changes of Blood and CSF Ion Levels in Depressed Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5369-5403. [PMID: 38191692 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies and excesses are closely related to developing and treating depression. Traditional and effective antidepressants include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and lithium. There is no consensus on the fluctuation of zinc (Zn2+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), copper (Cu2+), iron (Fe2+), and manganese (Mn2+) ion levels in depressed individuals before and after therapy. In order to determine whether there were changes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of these ions in depressed patients compared with healthy controls and depressed patients treated with TCAs, SSRIs, or lithium, we applied a systematic review and meta-analysis. Using the Stata 17.0 software, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the changes in ion levels in human samples from healthy controls, depressive patients, and patients treated with TCAs, SSRIs, and lithium, respectively. By searching the PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and WAN FANG databases, 75 published analyzable papers were chosen. In the blood, the levels of Zn2+ and Mg2+ in depressed patients had decreased while the Ca2+ and Cu2+ levels had increased compared to healthy controls, Fe2+ and Mn2+ levels have not significantly changed. After treatment with SSRIs, the levels of Zn2+ and Ca2+ in depressed patients increased while Cu2+ levels decreased. Mg2+ and Ca2+ levels were increased in depressed patients after Lithium treatment. The findings of the meta-analysis revealed that micronutrient levels were closely associated with the onset of depression and prompted more research into the underlying mechanisms as well as the pathophysiological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Shuangshuang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Science Experiment Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Hongyue Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yu Tong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Ji Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Wen Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Zhifeng Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
| | - Jialu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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Harrison PJ, Hall N, Mould A, Al-Juffali N, Tunbridge EM. Cellular calcium in bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4106-4116. [PMID: 31801967 PMCID: PMC8550977 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signalling has long been implicated in bipolar disorder, especially by reports of altered intracellular calcium ion concentrations ([Ca2+]). However, the evidence has not been appraised critically. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of cellular calcium indices in bipolar disorder. 2281 records were identified and 117 screened, of which 32 were eligible and 21 were suitable for meta-analyses. The latter each involved up to 642 patients and 404 control subjects. We found that basal free intracellular [Ca2+] is increased in bipolar disorder, both in platelets and in lymphocytes. The effect size is 0.55, with an estimated elevation of 29%. It is observed in medication-free patients. It is present in mania and bipolar depression, but data are equivocal for euthymia. Cells from bipolar disorder individuals also show an enhanced [Ca2+] response to stimulation with 5-HT or thrombin, by an estimated 25%, with an effect size of 0.63. In studies which included other diagnoses, intracellular basal [Ca2+] was higher in bipolar disorder than in unipolar depression, but not significantly different from schizophrenia. Functional parameters of cellular Ca2+ (e.g. calcium transients), and neuronal [Ca2+], have been much less investigated, and no firm conclusions can be drawn. In summary, there is a robust, medium effect size elevation of basal and stimulated free intracellular [Ca2+] in bipolar disorder. The results suggest altered calcium functioning in the disorder, and encourage further investigations into the underlying mechanisms, and the implications for pathophysiology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Harrison
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK ,grid.451190.80000 0004 0573 576XOxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Hall
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK
| | - Arne Mould
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK ,grid.451190.80000 0004 0573 576XOxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Noura Al-Juffali
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK ,grid.451190.80000 0004 0573 576XOxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth M. Tunbridge
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK ,grid.451190.80000 0004 0573 576XOxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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Britzolaki A, Saurine J, Klocke B, Pitychoutis PM. A Role for SERCA Pumps in the Neurobiology of Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1131:131-161. [PMID: 31646509 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a fundamental regulator of cell fate and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is crucial for proper function of the nerve cells. Given the complexity of neurons, a constellation of mechanisms finely tunes the intracellular Ca2+ signaling. We are focusing on the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) calcium (Ca2+)-ATPase (SERCA) pump, an integral ER protein. SERCA's well established role is to preserve low cytosolic Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]cyt), by pumping free Ca2+ ions into the ER lumen, utilizing ATP hydrolysis. The SERCA pumps are encoded by three distinct genes, SERCA1-3, resulting in 12 known protein isoforms, with tissue-dependent expression patterns. Despite the well-established structure and function of the SERCA pumps, their role in the central nervous system is not clear yet. Interestingly, SERCA-mediated Ca2+ dyshomeostasis has been associated with neuropathological conditions, such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. We summarize here current evidence suggesting a role for SERCA in the neurobiology of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, thus highlighting the importance of this pump in brain physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Britzolaki
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Saurine
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin Klocke
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Pothitos M Pitychoutis
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA.
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Lithgow BJ, Moussavi Z, Fitzgerald PB. Quantitative separation of the depressive phase of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder using electrovestibulography. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:799-812. [PMID: 30912461 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2019.1599143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: No electrophysiological, neuroimaging or genetic markers have been established that strongly relate to the diagnostic separation of bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). This paper's objective is to describe the potential of features, extracted from the recording of electrical activity from the outer ear canal, in a process called electrovestibulography (EVestG), for identifying depressed and partly remitted/remitted MDD and BD patients from each other.Methods: From EVestG data four sensory vestibulo-acoustic features were extracted from both background (no movement) and using a single supine-vertical translation stimulus to distinguish 27 controls, 39 MDD and 43 BD patients.Results: Using leave-one-out-cross-validation, unbiased parametric and non-parametric classification routines resulted in 78-83% (2-3 features), 80-81% (1-2 features) and 66-68% (3 features) accuracies for separation of MDD from BD, controls from depressed (BD & MDD) and the 3-way separation of BD from MDD from control groups, respectively. The main limitations of this study were the inability to fully disentangle the impact of prescribed medication from the responses and also the limited sample size.Conclusions: EVestG features can reliably identify depressed and partly remitted/remitted MDD and BD patients from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Lithgow
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Diagnostic and Neurosignal Processing Research Laboratory, Riverview Health Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Zahra Moussavi
- Diagnostic and Neurosignal Processing Research Laboratory, Riverview Health Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Epworth Healthcare, Camberwell, Australia
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Machado AK, Pan AY, da Silva TM, Duong A, Andreazza AC. Upstream Pathways Controlling Mitochondrial Function in Major Psychosis: A Focus on Bipolar Disorder. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2016; 61:446-56. [PMID: 27310240 PMCID: PMC4959649 DOI: 10.1177/0706743716648297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is commonly observed in bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) and may be a central feature of psychosis. These illnesses are complex and heterogeneous, which is reflected by the complexity of the processes regulating mitochondrial function. Mitochondria are typically associated with energy production; however, dysfunction of mitochondria affects not only energy production but also vital cellular processes, including the formation of reactive oxygen species, cell cycle and survival, intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis, and neurotransmission. In this review, we characterize the upstream components controlling mitochondrial function, including 1) mutations in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, 2) mitochondrial dynamics, and 3) intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. Characterizing and understanding the upstream factors that regulate mitochondrial function is essential to understand progression of these illnesses and develop biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alencar Kolinski Machado
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil Both authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Alexander Yongshuai Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Both authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Tatiane Morgana da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Duong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Ana Cristina Andreazza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario
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Dubovsky SL, Daurignac E, Leonard KE. Increased platelet intracellular calcium ion concentration is specific to bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2014; 164:38-42. [PMID: 24856551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased baseline ([Ca(2+)]B) and agonist-stimulated ([Ca(2+)]s) free intracellular calcium ion concentrations ([Ca(2+)]i) are well-replicated findings in bipolar disorder, but whether this finding is specific to that condition and if so, whether it is a marker of the mood disorder or a feature seen in other disorders such as psychosis has remained unclear. METHODS Platelet [Ca(2+)]i was assessed in 15 inpatients with psychotic and nonpsychotic mania, 17 schizophrenia inpatients, and 17 matched controls. RESULTS Platelet [Ca(2+)]B and [Ca(2+)]s were significantly higher than controls in bipolar disorder but not schizophrenia. Variability of [Ca(2+)]B was significantly increased in bipolar disorder regardless of the presence of psychosis, but not in schizophrenia. LIMITATIONS Use of antipsychotic drugs by the majority of both patient groups may have obscured elevated [Ca(2+)]i in schizophrenia, or may have masked a difference between psychotic and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder. Measurement of [Ca(2+)]i is too labor intensive to become a routine test for diagnosis or prediction of treatment response. CONCLUSIONS Elevated intracellular Ca(2+) signaling may be a marker of primary cellular hyperactivity that could contribute to comorbid conditions such as hypertension and neuronal apoptosis. Since lithium and carbamazepine attenuate increased [Ca(2+)]i, further research may demonstrate a correlation between normalization of [Ca(2+)]i and response to one of these medications, and further research may clarify whether a subgroup of patients may respond well to calcium channel antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Dubovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Elsa Daurignac
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Kenneth E Leonard
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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7
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The distinction between unipolar and bipolar depression: a cognitive theory perspective. Compr Psychiatry 2013; 54:740-9. [PMID: 23608048 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is very limited data about the cognitive structure of bipolar depression when compared to unipolar depression. The aim of the study was to look into the differences between unipolar and bipolar depressed patients regarding their cognitive structure in view of Beck's cognitive theory. METHODS In this study, 70 bipolar patients during a depressive episode, 189 unipolar depressed patients and 120 healthy subjects were recruited. The participants were interviewed by using a structured clinical diagnostic scale. To evaluate the cognitive structure differences, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) were used. RESULTS We found that on the mean ATQ total score, the unipolar depressed patients scored significantly higher (92.9±22.7) than both the bipolar depressed patients (73.2±24.7) and the healthy subjects (47.1±19.6), even after controlling for all confounding factors, e.g. gender, marital status, depressive symptom severity (F = 157.872, p<0.001). The bipolar depressed patients also scored significantly higher on the mean ATQ total score than the healthy controls. On the mean DAS total score, and on the mean score of its subscale of need for approval, the bipolar depressed patients scored (152.8±21.2 and 48.2±7.4, respectively) significantly higher than both the unipolar depressed patients (160.9±29.0 and 51.9±9.7, respectively) and the healthy subjects (127.9±32.8 and 40.2±12.2, respectively), even after controlling for any confounding factor (F=45.803 [p<0.001] and F=43.206 [p<0.001], respectively). On the mean score of the perfectionistic attitude subscale of the DAS, the depressed groups scored significantly higher than the healthy subjects, but they did not seem to separate from each other (F=41.599, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results may help enhance the understanding of the potentially unique psychotherapeutic targets and the underlying cognitive theory of bipolar depression.
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Kimura H, Osaki A, Kawashima R, Inoue T, Nakagawa S, Suzuki K, Asakura S, Tanaka T, Kitaichi Y, Masui T, Kitagawa N, Kako Y, Abekawa T, Kusumi I, Yamanaka H, Denda K, Koyama T. Differences between bipolar and unipolar depression on Rorschach testing. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:619-27. [PMID: 23682214 PMCID: PMC3653755 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s42702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bipolar-unipolar distinction in patients with a major depressive episode is the most important issue related to the diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders, but remains unresolved. This study was undertaken to compare bipolar and unipolar depression on Rorschach testing using the Comprehensive System with reference to healthy Japanese controls. METHODS Patients with bipolar or unipolar depression who had undergone the Rorschach test for routine clinical purposes were followed up naturalistically for a long period. Based on diagnostic confirmation after long-term follow-up, scores on this test for patients with bipolar and unipolar depression were compared with those published elsewhere for healthy Japanese controls. RESULTS The bipolar depression group showed significantly higher scores or positive findings in five variables of the Rorschach test, ie, WSum6, DR2 > 0, (CF + C) > FC + 2, PureC > 1, and Populars > 7, as assessed using the Comprehensive System, than did the unipolar depression group and healthy controls. These scores did not differ between the unipolar depression and control groups. CONCLUSION The results of this study show thought disorder or cognitive slippage and marked laxness in modulating emotion in bipolar depression, indicating the psychopathological characteristics of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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9
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Soeiro-de-Souza MG, Dias VV, Figueira ML, Forlenza OV, Gattaz WF, Zarate CA, Machado-Vieira R. Translating neurotrophic and cellular plasticity: from pathophysiology to improved therapeutics for bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012; 126:332-41. [PMID: 22676371 PMCID: PMC3936785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bipolar disorder (BD) likely involves, at a molecular and cellular level, dysfunctions of critical neurotrophic, cellular plasticity and resilience pathways and neuroprotective processes. Therapeutic properties of mood stabilizers are presumed to result from a restoration of the function of these altered pathways and processes through a wide range of biochemical and molecular effects. We aimed to review the altered pathways and processes implicated in BD, such as neurotrophic factors, mitogen-activated protein kinases, Bcl-2, phosphoinositol signaling, intracellular calcium and glycogen synthase kinase-3. METHODS We undertook a literature search of recent relevant journal articles, book chapter and reviews on neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in BD. Search words entered were 'brain-derived neurotrophic factor,''Bcl-2,''mitogen-activated protein kinases,''neuroprotection,''calcium,''bipolar disorder,''mania,' and 'depression.' RESULTS The most consistent and replicated findings in the pathophysiology of BD may be classified as follows: i) calcium dysregulation, ii) mitochondrial/endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction, iii) glial and neuronal death/atrophy and iv) loss of neurotrophic/plasticity effects in brain areas critically involved in mood regulation. In addition, the evidence supports that treatment with mood stabilizers; in particular, lithium restores these pathophysiological changes. CONCLUSION Bipolar disorder is associated with impairments in neurotrophic, cellular plasticity and resilience pathways as well as in neuroprotective processes. The evidence supports that treatment with mood stabilizers, in particular lithium, restores these pathophysiological changes. Studies that attempt to prevent (intervene before the onset of the molecular and cellular changes), treat (minimize severity of these deficits over time), and rectify (reverse molecular and cellular deficits) are promising therapeutic strategies for developing improved treatments for bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Soeiro-de-Souza
- Mood Disorders Unit (GRUDA), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V. V. Dias
- Mood Disorders Unit (GRUDA), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. L. Figueira
- Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Hospital Santa Maria, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, (FMUL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - O. V. Forlenza
- Laboratory of Neuroscience LIM-27, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - W. F. Gattaz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience LIM-27, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C. A. Zarate
- Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R. Machado-Vieira
- Laboratory of Neuroscience LIM-27, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Pharmacological interventions to treat psychiatric illness have previously focused on modifying dysfunctional neurotransmitter systems to improve symptoms. However, imperfect understanding of the aetiology of these heterogeneous syndromes has been associated with poor treatment outcomes for many individuals. Growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress, inflammation, changes in glutamatergic pathways and neurotrophins play important roles in many psychiatric illnesses including mood disorders, schizophrenia and addiction. These novel insights into pathophysiology allow new treatment targets to be explored. Minocycline is an antibiotic that can modulate glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Given that these mechanisms overlap with the newly understood pathophysiological pathways, minocycline has potential as an adjunctive treatment in psychiatry. To date there have been promising clinical indications that minocycline may be a useful treatment in psychiatry, albeit from small trials most of which were not placebo controlled. Case reports of individuals with schizophrenia, psychotic symptoms and bipolar depression have shown serendipitous benefits of minocycline treatment on psychiatric symptoms. Minocycline has been trialled in open-label or small randomized controlled trials in psychiatry. Results vary, with findings supporting use in schizophrenia, but showing less benefit for nicotine dependence and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Given the limited data from rigorous clinical trials, further research is required. However, taken together, the current evidence suggests minocycline may be a promising novel therapy in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Dean
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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11
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Tseng WL, Huang CL, Chong KY, Liao CH, Stern A, Cheng JC, Tseng CP. Reelin is a platelet protein and functions as a positive regulator of platelet spreading on fibrinogen. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:641-53. [PMID: 19936619 PMCID: PMC11115871 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of platelet functions have been linked to reelin-impaired neuronal disorders. However, little attention has been given to understanding the interplay between reelin and platelet. In this study, reelin was found to present in the human platelets and megakaryocyte-like leukemic cells. Reelin-binding assays revealed that extracellular reelin can interact with platelets through the receptor belonging to the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. The reelin-to-platelet interactions enhance platelet spreading on fibrinogen concomitant with the augmentation of lamellipodia formation and F-actin bundling. In contrast, reelin has no effect on integrin alphaIIbbeta3 activation and agonist-induced platelet aggregation. Molecular analysis revealed that the up-regulation of Rac1 activity and the inhibition of protein kinase C delta-Thr505 phosphorylation are important for reelin-mediated enhancement of platelet spreading on fibrinogen. These findings demonstrate for the first time that reelin is present in platelets and the reelin-to-platelet interactions play a novel role in platelet signaling and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lien Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Ling Huang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kowit-Yu Chong
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chang-Huei Liao
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Arnold Stern
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Ju-Chien Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Ping Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan, ROC
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13
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Baier PC, Koch JM, Seeck-Hirschner M, Ohlmeyer K, Wilms S, Aldenhoff JB, Hinze-Selch D. A flow-cytometric method to investigate glutamate-receptor-sensitivity in whole blood platelets - results from healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43:585-91. [PMID: 18718602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypofunction of glutamate receptors may contribute to the symptoms of schizophrenia. Human platelets express glutamate receptors and can serve as peripheral surrogate model for neuronal cells. Aim of this study was to establish a fast and sensitive flow-cytometric method to determine the glutamate-dependent kinetics of intracellular calcium ([Ca++]i) mobilization in platelets of schizophrenic patients. Glutamate stimulated [Ca++]i response was measured with a flow-cytometer in anti-CD-41a-labelled whole blood platelets of treated schizophrenic patients (n=18) and controls (n=18). In two control experiments the NMDA-receptor antagonist MK-801 and the dopamine antagonist amisulpride, respectively, were added to probes from healthy subjects. Stimulation with glutamate led dose-dependently to a mobilization of [Ca++]i in both healthy controls and patients. This effect was significantly reduced in patients. In vitro NMDA-antagonism inhibited the glutamate response, whereas dopamine-antagonism had no effect. Our flow-cytometric method allows to measure glutamate-receptor mediated [Ca++]i response in whole blood platelets, without requiring platelet rich preparations. The reduced glutamate-response in the patients was not explained by a direct inhibitory treatment effect. However, further studies with drug naive patients will be necessary to find out whether or not the observed hypoglutamergic function of platelets is endogenous to the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Baier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Niemannsweg 147, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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14
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Wöckel L, Zepf FD, Koch S, Meyer-Keitel AE, Schmidt MH. Serotonin-induced decrease of intracellular Ca(2+) release in platelets of bulimic patients normalizes during treatment. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2008; 116:89-95. [PMID: 19082524 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-008-0163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Numerous symptoms related to eating disorders have been shown to be influenced by serotonergic (5-HT) functioning, with the 5-HT(2A) receptor subtype being one of the most relevant involved in the pathophysiology of bulimia nervosa (BN). In line with this, Ca(2+) mobilization as mediated by 5-HT(2) receptors in platelets was shown to serve as a peripheral model for central nervous 5-HT functioning. Here, the 5-HT-induced intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in platelets was measured in 13 female normal weight bulimic patients (14-18 years) upon admission and at the end of inpatient treatment. Findings were compared to 21 age-matched healthy female adolescents. 5-HT-induced Ca(2+) release was significantly decreased in bulimic patients upon admission and normalized during inpatient treatment. Antidepressive medication caused a significant improvement. The data provide further evidence that altered 5-HT(2) receptor functioning is involved in the pathophysiological underpinnings in BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wöckel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Neuenhofer Weg 21, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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15
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Mitochondrially mediated plasticity in the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:2551-65. [PMID: 18235426 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BPD) has traditionally been conceptualized as a neurochemical disorder, but there is mounting evidence for impairments of cellular plasticity and resilience. Here, we review and synthesize the evidence that critical aspects of mitochondrial function may play an integral role in the pathophysiology and treatment of BPD. Retrospective database searches were performed, including MEDLINE, abstract booklets, and conference proceedings. Articles were also obtained from references therein and personal communications, including original scientific work, reviews, and meta-analyses of the literature. Material regarding the potential role of mitochondrial function included genetic studies, microarray studies, studies of intracellular calcium regulation, neuroimaging studies, postmortem brain studies, and preclinical and clinical studies of cellular plasticity and resilience. We review these data and discuss their implications not only in the context of changing existing conceptualizations regarding the pathophysiology of BPD, but also for the strategic development of improved therapeutics. We have focused on specific aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction that may have major relevance for the pathophysiology and treatment of BPD. Notably, we discuss calcium dysregulation, oxidative phosphorylation abnormalities, and abnormalities in cellular resilience and synaptic plasticity. Accumulating evidence from microarray studies, biochemical studies, neuroimaging, and postmortem brain studies all support the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of BPD. We propose that although BPD is not a classic mitochondrial disease, subtle deficits in mitochondrial function likely play an important role in various facets of BPD, and that enhancing mitochondrial function may represent a critical component for the optimal long-term treatment of the disorder.
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Rohayem J, Baylé JF, Richa S. Prédicteurs de réponse prophylactique au lithium. Encephale 2008; 34:394-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Galeotti N, Vivoli E, Norcini M, Bartolini A, Ghelardini C. An antidepressant behaviour in mice carrying a gene-specific InsP3R1, InsP3R2 and InsP3R3 protein knockdown. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:1156-64. [PMID: 18708078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated for the involvement of Ca(2+) in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Elevations in both resting and stimulated intracellular Ca(2+) levels in patients with affective disorders have been reported. The role of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP3Rs), which allow mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) stores, was, then, investigated in the mouse forced swimming test. InsP3R antagonists (heparin, xestospongin C) as well as an inositol monophosphatase inhibitor (LiCl) showed an antidepressant activity of intensity comparable to clinically used antidepressants. InsP3Rl, InsP3R2 and InsP3R3 knockdown mice were obtained to investigate the role of InsP3R isoforms. We generated mice carrying a cerebral knockdown of InsP3Rl, InsP3R2 and InsP3R3 proteins by administering antisense oligonucleotides complementary to the sequence of InsP3Rl, InsP3R2 and InsP3R3. These antisense-treated mice showed a specific InsP3R protein level reduction in the mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus, demonstrated by immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemistry experiments. Knockdown mice for each InsP3R isoforms showed an antidepressant behaviour and the induced phenotype was reversible disappearing 7 days after the end of the treatment. The absence of impairment of locomotor activity and spontaneous mobility in InsP3R knockdown mice was revealed. These results indicate the involvement of the InsP3R-mediated pathway in the modulation of depressive conditions and may be useful for the development of new therapeutical strategies for the treatment of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Galeotti
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, Italy.
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18
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Editor’s page: fundamentals in neurocardiology. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2008; 26:74-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-008-0255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Kazuno AA, Munakata K, Kato N, Kato T. Mitochondrial DNA-dependent effects of valproate on mitochondrial calcium levels in transmitochondrial cybrids. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 11:71-8. [PMID: 17288645 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145707007614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium plays important roles in various cellular processes. Using transmitochondrial hybrid cells (cybrids) carrying fluorescent calcium indicators, we previously found two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism sites, 8701 and 10398, that alter intracellular calcium signalling and mitochondrial pH. The 10398A polymorphism is reportedly associated with bipolar disorder, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer, whereas 10398G is associated with longevity. In bipolar disorder, elevation of intracellular calcium levels in the platelets and lymphocytes is a well-replicated finding. Thus, we examined whether two mood stabilizers, lithium and valproate, affect the intracellular calcium signalling in cybrids with these mtDNA polymorphisms. After cybrids with 8701A/10398A and 8701G/10398G (three cell lines for each) derived from healthy controls were pretreated with lithium (0.75 mm or 1.5 mm) or valproate (0.6 mm or 1.2 mm) for 7 d, they were stimulated by 10 mum histamine. Valproate decreased mitochondrial calcium levels, compared with untreated cybrids, only in cybrids with 8701A/10398A. Moreover, valproate decreased cytosolic calcium levels at plateau after stimulation in cybrids with 8701A/10398A. These finding suggest that valproate may stabilize intracellular calcium only in cells with high mitochondrial calcium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-A Kazuno
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
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20
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Akimoto T, Kusumi I, Suzuki K, Koyama T. Effects of calmodulin and protein kinase C modulators on transient Ca2+ increase and capacitative Ca2+ entry in human platelets: relevant to pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31:136-41. [PMID: 16996188 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) homeostasis has been implicated in bipolar disorder, which mechanisms may be involved in the dysregulation of protein kinase C (PKC) and calmodulin systems. In this study, we investigated a transient intracellular Ca(2+) increase induced by thapsigargin, an inhibitor of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase pump (SERCA), and a capacitative Ca(2+) entry followed by addition of extracellular Ca(2+), in the presence or absence of PKC/calmodulin modulators in the platelets of healthy subjects in order to elucidate the role of SERCA in Ca(2+) homeostasis and to assess how both PKC and calmodulin systems regulate the two Ca(2+) responses. Moreover, we also examined the thapsigargin-elicited transient Ca(2+) increase and capacitative Ca(2+) entry in patients with mood disorders. PKC and calmodulin systems have opposite regulatory effects on the transient Ca(2+) increase and capacitative Ca(2+) entry in the platelets of normal subjects. The inhibitory effect of PKC activation on capacitative Ca(2+) entry is significantly increased and the stimulatory effect of PKC inhibition is significantly decreased in bipolar disorder compared to major depressive disorder and normal controls. These results suggest the possibility that increased PKC activity may activate the inhibitory effect of capacitative Ca(2+) entry in bipolar disorder. However, this is a preliminary study using a small sample, thus further studies are needed to examine the PKC and calmodulin modulators on the capacitative Ca(2+) entry in a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyuki Akimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15-West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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21
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Gurguis GN. Psychiatric Disorders. Platelets 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012369367-9/50806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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McNamara RK, Ostrander M, Abplanalp W, Richtand NM, Benoit SC, Clegg DJ. Modulation of phosphoinositide-protein kinase C signal transduction by omega-3 fatty acids: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of recurrent neuropsychiatric illness. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006; 75:237-57. [PMID: 16935483 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide (PI)-protein kinase C (PKC) signal transduction pathway is initiated by pre- and postsynaptic Galphaq-coupled receptors, and regulates several clinically relevant neurochemical events, including neurotransmitter release efficacy, monoamine receptor function and trafficking, monoamine transporter function and trafficking, axonal myelination, and gene expression. Mounting evidence for PI-PKC signaling hyperactivity in the peripheral (platelets) and central (premortem and postmortem brain) tissues of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, coupled with evidence that PI-PKC signal transduction is down-regulated in rat brain following chronic, but not acute, treatment with antipsychotic, mood-stabilizer, and antidepressant medications, suggest that PI-PKC hyperactivity is central to an underlying pathophysiology. Evidence that membrane omega-3 fatty acids act as endogenous antagonists of the PI-PKC signal transduction pathway, coupled with evidence that omega-3 fatty acid deficiency is observed in peripheral and central tissues of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, support the hypothesis that omega-3 fatty acid deficiency may contribute to elevated PI-PKC activity in these illnesses. The data reviewed in this paper outline a potential molecular mechanism by which omega-3 fatty acids could contribute to the pathophysiology and treatment of recurrent neuropsychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA.
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23
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Schlecker C, Boehmerle W, Jeromin A, DeGray B, Varshney A, Sharma Y, Szigeti-Buck K, Ehrlich BE. Neuronal calcium sensor-1 enhancement of InsP3 receptor activity is inhibited by therapeutic levels of lithium. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1668-74. [PMID: 16691292 PMCID: PMC1459068 DOI: 10.1172/jci22466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation and dysregulation of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling via the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) has been linked to many cellular processes and pathological conditions. In the present study, addition of neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1), a high-affinity, low-capacity, calcium-binding protein, to purified InsP3R type 1 (InsP3R1) increased the channel activity in both a calcium-dependent and -independent manner. In intact cells, enhanced expression of NCS-1 resulted in increased intracellular calcium release upon stimulation of the phosphoinositide signaling pathway. To determine whether InsP3R1/NCS-1 interaction could be functionally relevant in bipolar disorders, conditions in which NCS-1 is highly expressed, we tested the effect of lithium, a salt widely used for treatment of bipolar disorders. Lithium inhibited the enhancing effect of NCS-1 on InsP3R1 function, suggesting that InsP3R1/NCS-1 interaction is an essential component of the pathomechanism of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schlecker
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
Neurosciences Institute of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute for Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wolfgang Boehmerle
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
Neurosciences Institute of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute for Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andreas Jeromin
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
Neurosciences Institute of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute for Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brenda DeGray
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
Neurosciences Institute of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute for Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anurag Varshney
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
Neurosciences Institute of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute for Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yogendra Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
Neurosciences Institute of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute for Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Klara Szigeti-Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
Neurosciences Institute of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute for Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Barbara E. Ehrlich
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
Neurosciences Institute of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute for Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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24
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Cuellar AK, Johnson SL, Winters R. Distinctions between bipolar and unipolar depression. Clin Psychol Rev 2005; 25:307-39. [PMID: 15792852 PMCID: PMC2850601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Revised: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This is a review of the studies comparing unipolar and bipolar depression, with focus on the course, symptomatology, neurobiology, and psychosocial literatures. These are reviewed with one question in mind: does the evidence support diagnosing bipolar and unipolar depressions as the same disorder or different? The current nomenclature of bipolar and unipolar disorders has resulted in research that compares these disorders as a whole, without considering depression separately from mania within bipolar disorder. Future research should investigate two broad categories of depression and mania as separate disease processes that are highly comorbid.
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25
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Role of intracellular calcium signaling in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder: current status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnr.2004.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Frey BN, Fonseca MMRD, Machado-Vieira R, Soares JC, Kapczinski F. [Neuropatological and neurochemical abnormalities in bipolar disorder]. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2004; 26:180-8. [PMID: 15645064 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462004000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Postmortem, pharmacological, neuroimaging, and animal model studies have demonstrated a possible association of intracellular signaling mechanisms in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. The objective of this paper is to review the findings in neuropathology and cellular biochemistry. METHODS We performed a MEDLINE research, between 1980-2003, using bipolar disorder, signaling, second messengers, and postmortem as keywords, and cross-references. RESULTS Neuropathological studies reported a decrease in neuronal and glial cells, mainly in the prefrontal cortex of bipolar patients. Neurochemical studies reported dysfunction in cAMP, phosphoinositide, Wnt/GSK-3b, and intracellular Ca++ pathways in these patients. CONCLUSION The neuropathological and neurochemical abnormalities demonstrated in BD may be related to the pathophysiology of this disorder and the effects of mood stabilizers. However, further studies are needed to clarify the role of the intracellular signaling cascade in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benício Noronha Frey
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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27
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Akin D, Manier DH, Sanders-Bush E, Shelton RC. Decreased serotonin 5-HT2A receptor-stimulated phosphoinositide signaling in fibroblasts from melancholic depressed patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29:2081-7. [PMID: 15187984 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in serotonin (5-HT) receptors and 5-HT receptor-mediated signal transduction systems have been widely reported in mood disorders. This study was intended to evaluate 5-HT(2A) receptor-coupled activation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) hydrolysis in subtypes of depression. Samples for fibroblast culture were obtained from patients with major depression with or without melancholia, and normal controls. Dose response curves were determined for 5-HT-induced PI hydrolysis. PI response was determined for bradykinin and l-alpha-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), alternative Gq-coupled receptor agonists. [125I]LSD binding for 5-HT(2A) also was conducted. Finally, Western blot analysis was performed for phospholipase Cbeta1 (PLCbeta1) and Galpha(q/11) proteins. The maximum PI response observed with 5-HT was significantly lower in melancholics but not nonmelancholic patients relative to controls. Activation of PI hydrolysis by bradykinin and LPA was not reduced in melancholic vs melancholics and controls; responses to both agonists actually were increased in the melancholic group. [125I]LSD binding, PLCbeta1, and Galpha(q/11) protein levels did not differ between groups. The data raise the possibility that the reduced 5-HT(2A) receptor-induced PI hydrolysis is intrinsic to the receptor itself or its coupling to Gq protein, and is not related to altered availability of the 5-HT(2A) receptor, Gq or PLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Akin
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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28
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Kusumi I, Masui T, Kakiuchi C, Suzuki K, Akimoto T, Hashimoto R, Kunugi H, Kato T, Koyama T. Lack of association between XBP1 genotype and calcium signaling in the platelets of healthy subjects. Neurosci Lett 2004; 369:1-3. [PMID: 15380296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulations of calcium (Ca) homeostasis may be involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Enhanced Ca response to various agonists in peripheral blood cells is one of a few confirmed biological markers for bipolar disorder. Recently, a polymorphism of XBP1, a pivotal gene in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, was shown to contribute to the genetic risk factor for bipolar disorder. Thus, in this study, we examined the relationship between the XBP1 gene polymorphism and the Ca signaling in the platelets of healthy controls. The present results suggest no significant difference in the basal Ca level or 5-HT-induced Ca mobilization among normal subjects with -116C/C, C/G, and G/G genotypes. Further investigations are necessary to examine the relationship in the different peripheral blood cells and/or in larger samples from patients with bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kusumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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29
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Palotás A, Penke B, Kemény L, Janka Z, Kálmán J. A chapter in the unity of variety—calcium is the sole author? Brain Res 2004; 1000:57-9. [PMID: 15053951 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to elucidate the pathomechanism of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders have yielded an increasing pile of hypotheses. When analyzing thousands of scientific papers, the involvement of the central secondary messenger, calcium, becomes apparent. Here, we demonstrate that disturbed calcium homeostasis might be a common underlying factor in brain pathologies. By targeting calcium, this new information promises to broaden our understanding of health and illness and the approaches we take to treating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Palotás
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary.
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30
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Suzuki K, Kusumi I, Akimoto T, Sasaki Y, Koyama T. Effects of lithium and valproate on agonist-induced platelet intracellular calcium mobilization: relevance to myosin light chain kinase. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004; 28:67-72. [PMID: 14687859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT)- or thrombin-stimulated platelet intracellular calcium (Ca) mobilization has been reported to be enhanced in patients with bipolar disorders. However, the mechanism of this enhancement is unknown. As a preliminary study, the authors examined the effects of a myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibitor, 1-(5-chloronaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-hexahydro-1,4-diazepine hydrochloride (ML-9), and two drugs that are mainstays of treatment for bipolar disorder, lithium and valproate, on 5-HT- or thrombin-induced Ca increase in the platelets of normal subjects. When preincubated with 30 microM ML-9, Ca responses to both agonists were enhanced. Valproate showed a dose-dependent attenuation of agonist-induced intracellular Ca rise, both in the absence and presence of ML-9. Although lithium alone had no significant effect on the Ca increase, a high concentration of lithium significantly decreased Ca mobilization only in the presence of ML-9. These results suggest that the enhanced Ca response observed in bipolar disorder might be relevant to decreased function of MLCK and that the mechanism of action of lithium may include a compensatory effect on MLCK modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuji Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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31
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Berk M, Malhi GS. The platelet window: examining receptor regulated second messenger processes in psychosis and depression. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2003; 15:309-15. [PMID: 26983768 DOI: 10.1046/j.1601-5215.2003.00048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral markers of psychiatric illness provide a potentially important window into the pathophysiology of a number of psychiatric illnesses. Direct access to pathophysiological processes is fraught with difficulty. However, receptor-regulated second messenger-mediated calcium shifts are an accessible and practical method by which to examine changes in a clinical population. This is possible because platelets and neurons share some physiological features. The platelet intracellular calcium response to receptor stimulation has previously been used as a peripheral marker of psychiatric illness across a range of neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine and glutamate. This review considers the specificity and selectivity of this response and its use in psychotic and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Berk
- 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Geelong, Victoria
| | - G S Malhi
- 2Mood Disorders Unit at the Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Schins A, Honig A, Crijns H, Baur L, Hamulyák K. Increased coronary events in depressed cardiovascular patients: 5-HT2A receptor as missing link? Psychosom Med 2003; 65:729-37. [PMID: 14508013 DOI: 10.1097/01.psy.0000088596.42029.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Major depressive disorder and depressive symptoms have been identified as independent risk factors for cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients with ischemic heart disease. Increased susceptibility to platelet activation has been proposed as one of the mechanisms by which depression acts as a significant risk factor for thrombotic events. In this review, data on platelet activation and platelet aggregation measures in depressed patients with or without concomitant cardiovascular disease are given. Data on the influence of antidepressants on parameters of platelet activation are summarized. METHODS A literature search was done by checking MEDLINE Advanced and PsycInfo from 1990 to 2003 and through checking the bibliographies of these sources. The following key words were used for this search: platelet activation, platelet aggregation, depression, depressive disorder, ischemic heart disease, calcium, and serotonin. RESULTS There is an indication of enhanced platelet activation and aggregation in depressed patients. Next, patients with a depressive disorder show signs of a hyperactive platelet 5-HT2A receptor signal transduction system as measured by increased platelet calcium mobilization after stimulation of platelets with serotonin. CONCLUSIONS Depression appears to be associated with an increased susceptibility for serotonin-mediated platelet activation. Upregulation and/or increased sensitivity of 5-HT2A/1B receptors and downregulated 5-HT transporter receptors in the periphery may contribute to increased risk of thromboembolic events in patients with depression and cardiovascular disease. Increased platelet reactivity based on a hyperreactive 5-HT2A receptor signaling system might be influenced by antidepressive medication that antagonizes platelet 5-HT2A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annique Schins
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Suzuki K, Kusumi I, Akimoto T, Sasaki Y, Koyama T. Altered 5-HT-induced calcium response in the presence of staurosporine in blood platelets from bipolar disorder patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:1210-4. [PMID: 12700717 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that the platelet intracellular calcium (Ca) mobilization after stimulation by serotonin (5-HT) is specifically enhanced in bipolar disorder among various psychiatric disorders, compared with that in normal control. To explore the mechanisms of enhanced Ca response to 5-HT in the platelets, we first examined the relation between the 5HT-elicited Ca mobilization and 5-HT(2A) receptor density using the platelets from 13 normal subjects. From this study, we found no significant correlation between two measures. Then, we investigated the effects of staurosporine, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, on Ca response to 5-HT in platelets from patients with major depressive disorder (unipolar), bipolar disorder, and normal controls. While 5-HT-induced Ca mobilization, in the presence of 100 nM staurosporine, was significantly attenuated in normal controls and patients with major depressive disorder, the inhibitory effect of staurosporine was not observed in bipolar disorder. These results suggest that the failure in inhibiting the platelet intracellular Ca response to 5-HT in bipolar disorder may be related to increased activity of PKC rather than increased 5-HT(2A) receptor number. Moreover, the trend of the Ca response towards staurosporine may become a specific biological marker for unipolar-bipolar dichotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuji Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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Abstract
In order to prescribe lithium appropriately to patients with bipolar disorder, predictors of lithium response are helpful. The present paper reviews the biological predictors of lithium response. As a positive predictor of lithium response, the following have been reported: strong loudness dependence of the auditory-evoked N1/P2-response; higher brain lithium concentration; lower inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) mRNA expression; higher serotonin-induced calcium mobilization; increased N-acetyl-aspartate peak and decreased myo-inositol peak; white matter hyperintensity; decreased intracellular pH; higher frequency of phospholipase C gamma-1 (PLCG1)-5 repeat and PLCG1-8 repeat; and C973A polymorphism in the inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase gene. In contrast the following have been reported as a predictor of negative lithium response: epileptiform abnormality of electroencephalography; human leukocyte antigen type A3; decreased phosphocreatine peak area after photic stimulation; and homozygotes for the short variant of the serotonin transporter gene. Most of the possible biological predictors of better lithium response, such as lower IMPase mRNA levels, white matter hyperintensity, lower brain intracellular pH, enhanced calcium response, and PLCG1-5 repeat had been detected as risk factors for bipolar disorder, suggesting that bipolar disorder responding well to maintenance lithium treatment is a distinct category having a certain neurobiological basis, although these findings need further replication. The search for biological predictors of lithium response is still in its infancy. Most of the laboratory or neuroimaging techniques used in these studies are not easily performed in clinical settings, so the development of an easy and useful laboratory test is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Ikeda
- Kichijoji Hospital, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Saade S, Balleine BW, Minor TR. The L-type calcium channel blocker nimodipine mitigates "learned helplessness" in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003; 74:269-78. [PMID: 12479945 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00957-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the effect of nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker, on the escape deficit induced by prior exposure to inescapable shock in rats in four experiments. In Experiment 1, we injected rats at each of three time points (i.e., before shock exposure, after shock exposure, and before shuttle escape testing) with one of four doses of nimodipine (0, 0.5, 2.5, 5.0 mg/kg). The 5.0-mg/kg dose was most effective, acting to reduce shuttle escape latencies of inescapably shocked rats to a level comparable with nonshocked controls. No benefit occurred in Experiment 2, however, when nimodipine was administered at only one of the three time points used in the first experiment. Moreover, escape performance did not improve when rats received injections of nimodipine on the 2 days prior the experiment, and then one additional injection at one of the three time points identified above in Experiment 3. Finally, administration of nimodipine at two of the three time points did improve escape responding, but only when injected immediately prior both to shock exposure and the shuttle escape test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Saade
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
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Bezchlibnyk Y, Young LT. The neurobiology of bipolar disorder: focus on signal transduction pathways and the regulation of gene expression. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2002; 47:135-48. [PMID: 11926075 DOI: 10.1177/070674370204700203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article presents an overview of signal transduction pathways and reviews the research undertaken to study these systems in clinically relevant samples from patients with bipolar disorder (BD). METHOD We reviewed the published findings from studies of postmortem brain tissue and blood samples from patients with BD. RESULTS Although the exact biochemical abnormalities have yet to be identified, the presented findings strongly suggest that BD may be due, at least in part, to abnormalities in signal transduction mechanisms. In particular, altered levels or function, or both, of G-protein alpha subunits and effector molecules such as protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) have consistently been associated with BD both in peripheral cells and in postmortem brain tissue, while more recent studies implicate disruption in novel second-messenger cascades, such as the ERK/MAPK pathway. CONCLUSIONS Despite the difficulties inherent in biochemical studies of clinically relevant tissue samples, numerous investigations have illuminated the signal transduction mechanisms in patients with BD. These studies also suggest that BD may be due to the interaction of many abnormalities. In this context, novel techniques enabling the study of gene expression promise to assist in untangling these complex interactions, through visualizing the end result of these changes at the level of gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarema Bezchlibnyk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
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