1
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Mandal M, Pires D, Calado M, Azevedo-Pereira JM, Anes E. Cystatin F Depletion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Macrophages Improves Cathepsin C/Granzyme B-Driven Cytotoxic Effects on HIV-Infected Cells during Coinfection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8141. [PMID: 39125711 PMCID: PMC11311260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystatin F (CstF) is a protease inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins, including those involved in activating the perforin/granzyme cytotoxic pathways. It is targeted at the endolysosomal pathway but can also be secreted to the extracellular milieu or endocytosed by bystander cells. CstF was shown to be significantly increased in tuberculous pleurisy, and during HIV coinfection, pleural fluids display high viral loads. In human macrophages, our previous results revealed a strong upregulation of CstF in phagocytes activated by interferon γ or after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). CstF manipulation using RNA silencing led to increased proteolytic activity of lysosomal cathepsins, improving Mtb intracellular killing. In the present work, we investigate the impact of CstF depletion in macrophages during the coinfection of Mtb-infected phagocytes with lymphocytes infected with HIV. The results indicate that decreasing the CstF released by phagocytes increases the major pro-granzyme convertase cathepsin C of cytotoxic immune cells from peripheral blood-derived lymphocytes. Consequently, an observed augmentation of the granzyme B cytolytic activity leads to a significant reduction in viral replication in HIV-infected CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Ultimately, this knowledge can be crucial for developing new therapeutic approaches to control both pathogens based on manipulating CstF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Mandal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.P.); (J.M.A.-P.)
| | - David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.P.); (J.M.A.-P.)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Octávio Pato, 2635-631 Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Marta Calado
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.P.); (J.M.A.-P.)
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.P.); (J.M.A.-P.)
| | - Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.P.); (J.M.A.-P.)
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2
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Rodriguez NR, Fortune T, Hegde E, Weinstein MP, Keane AM, Mangold JF, Swartz TH. Oxidative phosphorylation in HIV-1 infection: impacts on cellular metabolism and immune function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360342. [PMID: 38529284 PMCID: PMC10962326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) presents significant challenges to the immune system, predominantly characterized by CD4+ T cell depletion, leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses the viral load in people with HIV (PWH), leading to a state of chronic infection that is associated with inflammation. This review explores the complex relationship between oxidative phosphorylation, a crucial metabolic pathway for cellular energy production, and HIV-1, emphasizing the dual impact of HIV-1 infection and the metabolic and mitochondrial effects of ART. The review highlights how HIV-1 infection disrupts oxidative phosphorylation, promoting glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis to facilitate viral replication. ART can exacerbate metabolic dysregulation despite controlling viral replication, impacting mitochondrial DNA synthesis and enhancing reactive oxygen species production. These effects collectively contribute to significant changes in oxidative phosphorylation, influencing immune cell metabolism and function. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generated through oxidative phosphorylation can influence the metabolic landscape of infected cells through ATP-detected purinergic signaling and contributes to immunometabolic dysfunction. Future research should focus on identifying specific targets within this pathway and exploring the role of purinergic signaling in HIV-1 pathogenesis to enhance HIV-1 treatment modalities, addressing both viral infection and its metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Talia H. Swartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Gottschalk CG, Peterson D, Armstrong J, Knox K, Roy A. Potential molecular mechanisms of chronic fatigue in long haul COVID and other viral diseases. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:7. [PMID: 36750846 PMCID: PMC9902840 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00485-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, COVID-19 emerges as one of the most devastating diseases of humankind, which creates an unmanageable health crisis worldwide. Until now, this disease costs millions of lives and continues to paralyze human civilization's economy and social growth, leaving an enduring damage that will take an exceptionally long time to repair. While a majority of infected patients survive after mild to moderate reactions after two to six weeks, a growing population of patients suffers for months with severe and prolonged symptoms of fatigue, depression, and anxiety. These patients are no less than 10% of total COVID-19 infected individuals with distinctive chronic clinical symptomatology, collectively termed post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or more commonly long-haul COVID. Interestingly, Long-haul COVID and many debilitating viral diseases display a similar range of clinical symptoms of muscle fatigue, dizziness, depression, and chronic inflammation. In our current hypothesis-driven review article, we attempt to discuss the molecular mechanism of muscle fatigue in long-haul COVID, and other viral diseases as caused by HHV6, Powassan, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and HIV. We also discuss the pathological resemblance of virus-triggered muscle fatigue with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Gunnar Gottschalk
- Simmaron Research INC, 948 Incline Way, Incline Village, NV 89451 USA ,grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA ,Coppe Laboratories, W229N1870 Westwood Dr, Waukesha, WI 53186 USA
| | - Daniel Peterson
- Simmaron Research INC, 948 Incline Way, Incline Village, NV 89451 USA ,Coppe Laboratories, W229N1870 Westwood Dr, Waukesha, WI 53186 USA
| | - Jan Armstrong
- Simmaron Research INC, 948 Incline Way, Incline Village, NV 89451 USA ,Coppe Laboratories, W229N1870 Westwood Dr, Waukesha, WI 53186 USA
| | - Konstance Knox
- grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA ,Coppe Laboratories, W229N1870 Westwood Dr, Waukesha, WI 53186 USA
| | - Avik Roy
- Simmaron Research INC, 948 Incline Way, Incline Village, NV, 89451, USA. .,Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA. .,Coppe Laboratories, W229N1870 Westwood Dr, Waukesha, WI, 53186, USA.
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4
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Pashkov EA, Pak AV, Pashkov EP, Bykov AS, Budanova EV, Poddubikov AV, Svitich OA, Zverev VV. [The prospects for the use of drugs based on the phenomenon of RNA interference against HIV infection]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 67:278-289. [PMID: 36097709 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is currently one of the most pressing global health problems. Since its discovery in 1978, HIV has claimed the lives of more than 35 million people, and the number of people infected today reaches 37 million. In the absence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV infection is characterized by a steady decrease in the number of CD4+ T-lymphocytes, but its manifestations can affect the central nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine and genitourinary systems. At the same time, complications induced by representatives of pathogenic and opportunistic microflora, which can lead to the development of bacterial, fungal and viral concomitant infections, are of particular danger. It should be borne in mind that an important problem is the emergence of viruses resistant to standard therapy, as well as the toxicity of the drugs themselves for the body. In the context of this review, of particular interest is the assessment of the prospects for the creation and clinical use of drugs based on small interfering RNAs aimed at suppressing the reproduction of HIV, taking into account the experience of similar studies conducted earlier. RNA interference is a cascade of regulatory reactions in eukaryotic cells, which results in the degradation of foreign messenger RNA. The development of drugs based on the mechanism of RNA interference will overcome the problem of viral resistance. Along with this, this technology makes it possible to quickly respond to outbreaks of new viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Pashkov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera"
| | - A V Pak
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - E P Pashkov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - A S Bykov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - E V Budanova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - A V Poddubikov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera"
| | - O A Svitich
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera"
| | - V V Zverev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera"
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Rai M, Rawat K, Muhammadi MK, Gaur R. Edelfosine reactivates latent HIV-1 reservoirs in myeloid cells through activation of NF-κB and AP1 pathway. Virology 2022; 574:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Duan S, Liu S. Targeting NK Cells for HIV-1 Treatment and Reservoir Clearance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842746. [PMID: 35371060 PMCID: PMC8967654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) can inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and reduce viral loads in the peripheral blood to undetectable levels. However, the presence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs prevents complete HIV-1 eradication. Several drugs and strategies targeting T cells are now in clinical trials, but their effectiveness in reducing viral reservoirs has been mixed. Interestingly, innate immune natural killer (NK) cells, which are promising targets for cancer therapy, also play an important role in HIV-1 infection. NK cells are a unique innate cell population with features of adaptive immunity that can regulate adaptive and innate immune cell populations; therefore, they can be exploited for HIV-1 immunotherapy and reservoir eradication. In this review, we highlight immunotherapy strategies for HIV infection that utilize the beneficial properties of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Pires D, Calado M, Velez T, Mandal M, Catalão MJ, Neyrolles O, Lugo-Villarino G, Vérollet C, Azevedo-Pereira JM, Anes E. Modulation of Cystatin C in Human Macrophages Improves Anti-Mycobacterial Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Coinfection With HIV. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742822. [PMID: 34867965 PMCID: PMC8637326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis owes its resurgence as a major global health threat mostly to the emergence of drug resistance and coinfection with HIV. The synergy between HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) modifies the host immune environment to enhance both viral and bacterial replication and spread. In the lung immune context, both pathogens infect macrophages, establishing favorable intracellular niches. Both manipulate the endocytic pathway in order to avoid destruction. Relevant players of the endocytic pathway to control pathogens include endolysosomal proteases, cathepsins, and their natural inhibitors, cystatins. Here, a mapping of the human macrophage transcriptome for type I and II cystatins during Mtb, HIV, or Mtb-HIV infection displayed different profiles of gene expression, revealing cystatin C as a potential target to control mycobacterial infection as well as HIV coinfection. We found that cystatin C silencing in macrophages significantly improves the intracellular killing of Mtb, which was concomitant with an increased general proteolytic activity of cathepsins. In addition, downmodulation of cystatin C led to an improved expression of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II in macrophages and an increased CD4+ T-lymphocyte proliferation along with enhanced IFN-γ secretion. Overall, our results suggest that the targeting of cystatin C in human macrophages represents a promising approach to improve the control of mycobacterial infections including multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Calado
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tomás Velez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manoj Mandal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Catalão
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse, France
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse, France
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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EBV-associated primary CNS lymphoma occurring after immunosuppression is a distinct immunobiological entity. Blood 2021; 137:1468-1477. [PMID: 33202420 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is confined to the brain, eyes, and cerebrospinal fluid without evidence of systemic spread. Rarely, PCNSL occurs in the context of immunosuppression (eg, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders or HIV [AIDS-related PCNSL]). These cases are poorly characterized, have dismal outcome, and are typically Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated (ie, tissue-positive). We used targeted sequencing and digital multiplex gene expression to compare the genetic landscape and tumor microenvironment (TME) of 91 PCNSL tissues all with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma histology. Forty-seven were EBV tissue-negative: 45 EBV- HIV- PCNSL and 2 EBV- HIV+ PCNSL; and 44 were EBV tissue-positive: 23 EBV+ HIV+ PCNSL and 21 EBV+ HIV- PCNSL. As with prior studies, EBV- HIV- PCNSL had frequent MYD88, CD79B, and PIM1 mutations, and enrichment for the activated B-cell (ABC) cell-of-origin subtype. In contrast, these mutations were absent in all EBV tissue-positive cases and ABC frequency was low. Furthermore, copy number loss in HLA class I/II and antigen-presenting/processing genes were rarely observed, indicating retained antigen presentation. To counter this, EBV+ HIV- PCNSL had a tolerogenic TME with elevated macrophage and immune-checkpoint gene expression, whereas AIDS-related PCNSL had low CD4 gene counts. EBV-associated PCNSL in the immunosuppressed is immunobiologically distinct from EBV- HIV- PCNSL, and, despite expressing an immunogenic virus, retains the ability to present EBV antigens. Results provide a framework for targeted treatment.
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Ojagbemi A. HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorders Subsidence Through Citalopram Addition in Anti-retroviral Therapy (HANDS-CARE): A Concept Note. Front Neurol 2021; 12:658705. [PMID: 34381409 PMCID: PMC8350562 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.658705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need to effectively manage HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where the burden is among the highest in the world. Contemporary approaches based on the use of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) alone are inadequate interventions for HAND, especially in SSA where there is limited availability of the required combinations of HAART for effective central nervous system penetration and where many currently prescribed agents, including efavirenz, have neurotoxicity as a major drawback. This article reviews data supporting the rationale for additive citalopram in antiretroviral therapy as a latent approach to abate HAND. It proposes the conduct of a HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorders Subsidence through Citalopram addition in Anti-Retroviral therapy (HANDS-CARE) pilot feasibility trial (RCT) to assess whether the adjunctive use of citalopram, a widely prescribed serotonergic antidepressant, will lead to a meaningful improvement in neurocognitive functioning and quality of life in patients with HAND who are receiving HAART. A preliminarily feasible and efficacy-suggesting HANDS-CARE trial could generate statistical, clinical and operational data necessary to design and conduct a future definitive RCT. If successful, this intervention will be applicable to resource-limited settings as well as developed countries. Effective management of HAND will improve the quality of life of HIV patients, and reduce the cost of managing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akin Ojagbemi
- Department of Psychiatry, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health, Substance Abuse and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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10
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Dong SXM, Vizeacoumar FS, Bhanumathy KK, Alli N, Gonzalez-Lopez C, Gajanayaka N, Caballero R, Ali H, Freywald A, Cassol E, Angel JB, Vizeacoumar FJ, Kumar A. Identification of novel genes involved in apoptosis of HIV-infected macrophages using unbiased genome-wide screening. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:655. [PMID: 34233649 PMCID: PMC8261936 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages, besides resting latently infected CD4+ T cells, constitute the predominant stable, major non-T cell HIV reservoirs. Therefore, it is essential to eliminate both latently infected CD4+ T cells and tissue macrophages to completely eradicate HIV in patients. Until now, most of the research focus is directed towards eliminating latently infected CD4+ T cells. However, few approaches have been directed at killing of HIV-infected macrophages either in vitro or in vivo. HIV infection dysregulates the expression of many host genes essential for the survival of infected cells. We postulated that exploiting this alteration may yield novel targets for the selective killing of infected macrophages. Methods We applied a pooled shRNA-based genome-wide approach by employing a lentivirus-based library of shRNAs to screen novel gene targets whose inhibition should selectively induce apoptosis in HIV-infected macrophages. Primary human MDMs were infected with HIV-eGFP and HIV-HSA viruses. Infected MDMs were transfected with siRNAs specific for the promising genes followed by analysis of apoptosis by flow cytometry using labelled Annexin-V in HIV-infected, HIV-exposed but uninfected bystander MDMs and uninfected MDMs. The results were analyzed using student’s t-test from at least four independent experiments. Results We validated 28 top hits in two independent HIV infection models. This culminated in the identification of four target genes, Cox7a2, Znf484, Cstf2t, and Cdk2, whose loss-of-function induced apoptosis preferentially in HIV-infected macrophages. Silencing these single genes killed significantly higher number of HIV-HSA-infected MDMs compared to the HIV-HSA-exposed, uninfected bystander macrophages, indicating the specificity in the killing of HIV-infected macrophages. The mechanism governing Cox7a2-mediated apoptosis of HIV-infected macrophages revealed that targeting respiratory chain complex II and IV genes also selectively induced apoptosis of HIV-infected macrophages possibly through enhanced ROS production. Conclusions We have identified above-mentioned novel genes and specifically the respiratory chain complex II and IV genes whose silencing may cause selective elimination of HIV-infected macrophages and eventually the HIV-macrophage reservoirs. The results highlight the potential of the identified genes as targets for eliminating HIV-infected macrophages in physiological environment as part of an HIV cure strategy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06346-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon X M Dong
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Frederick S Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kalpana K Bhanumathy
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Nezeka Alli
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Niranjala Gajanayaka
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ramon Caballero
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hamza Ali
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Department of Medicine, the Ottawa Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Franco J Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. .,Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Pires D, Valente S, Calado M, Mandal M, Azevedo-Pereira JM, Anes E. Repurposing Saquinavir for Host-Directed Therapy to Control Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:647728. [PMID: 33841429 PMCID: PMC8032898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.647728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the available antibiotics, tuberculosis (TB) has made its return since the 90’s of the last century as a global threat mostly due to co-infection with HIV, to the emergence of drug resistant strains and the lack of an effective vaccine. Host-directed strategies could be exploited to improve treatment efficacy, contain drug-resistant strains, improve immune responses and reduce disease severity. Macrophages in the lungs are often found infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and/or with HIV. The long-term survival of lung macrophages infected with Mtb or with HIV, together with their ability to produce viral particles, especially during TB, makes these niches major contributors to the pathogenicity of the infection. Among the available drugs to control HIV infection, protease inhibitors (PIs), acting at post-integrational stages of virus replication cycle, are the only drugs able to interfere with virus production and release from macrophages during chronic infection. For Mtb we recently found that the pathogen induces a general down-regulation of lysosomal proteases, helping bacteria to establish an intracellular niche in macrophages. Here we found that the PI saquinavir, contrary to ritonavir, is able to induce an increase of endolysosomal proteases activity especially of cathepsin S in Mtb infected macrophages and during co-infection with HIV. Our results indicate that saquinavir treatment of infected macrophages led not only to a significant intracellular killing of Mtb but also: (i) to an improved expression of the HLA class II antigen presentation machinery at the cell surface; (ii) to increased T-lymphocyte priming and proliferation; and (iii) to increased secretion of IFN-γ. All together the results indicate saquinavir as a potential host directed therapy for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Valente
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Calado
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manoj Mandal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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12
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Ali H, Caballero R, Dong SXM, Gajnayaka N, Vranjkovic A, Ahmed D, Iqbal S, Crawley AM, Angel JB, Cassol E, Kumar A. Selective killing of human M1 macrophages by Smac mimetics alone and M2 macrophages by Smac mimetics and caspase inhibition. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:693-710. [PMID: 33404106 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0220-114rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory and anti-inflammatory Mϕs have been implicated in many diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and leprosy. Recent studies suggest targeting Mϕ function and activation may represent a potential target to treat these diseases. Herein, we investigated the effect of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics (SMs), the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) proteins, on the killing of human pro- and anti-inflammatory Mϕ subsets. We have shown previously that human monocytes are highly susceptible whereas differentiated Mϕs (M0) are highly resistant to the cytocidal abilities of SMs. To determine whether human Mϕ subsets are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of SMs, we show that M1 Mϕs are highly susceptible to SM-induced cell death whereas M2a, M2b, and M2c differentiated subsets are resistant, with M2c being the most resistant. SM-induced cell death in M1 Mϕs was mediated by apoptosis as well as necroptosis, activated both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis, and was attributed to the IFN-γ-mediated differentiation. In contrast, M2c and M0 Mϕs experienced cell death through necroptosis following simultaneous blockage of the IAPs and the caspase pathways. Overall, the results suggest that survival of human Mϕs is critically linked to the activation of the IAPs pathways. Moreover, agents blocking the cellular IAP1/2 and/or caspases can be exploited therapeutically to address inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ramon Caballero
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Simon X M Dong
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Niranjala Gajnayaka
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Agatha Vranjkovic
- Chronic Disease Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Duale Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Salma Iqbal
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Angela M Crawley
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Chronic Disease Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Chronic Disease Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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13
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Kara H, Chazal N, Bouaziz S. Is Uracil-DNA Glycosylase UNG2 a New Cellular Weapon Against HIV-1? Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:148-160. [PMID: 31433761 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190821154331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Uracil-DNA glycosylase-2 (UNG2) is a DNA repair protein that removes uracil from single and double-stranded DNA through a basic excision repair process. UNG2 is packaged into new virions by interaction with integrase (IN) and is needed during the early stages of the replication cycle. UNG2 appears to play both a positive and negative role during HIV-1 replication; UNG2 improves the fidelity of reverse transcription but the nuclear isoform of UNG2 participates in the degradation of cDNA and the persistence of the cellular genome by repairing its uracil mismatches. In addition, UNG2 is neutralized by Vpr, which redirects it to the proteasome for degradation, suggesting that UNG2 may be a new cellular restriction factor. So far, we have not understood why HIV-1 imports UNG2 via its IN and why it causes degradation of endogenous UNG2 by redirecting it to the proteasome via Vpr. In this review, we propose to discuss the ambiguous role of UNG2 during the HIV-1 replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesna Kara
- Cibles Therapeutiques et Conception de Medicaments (CiTCoM), CNRS UMR8038, Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Chazal
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS UMR9004, Universite de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- Cibles Therapeutiques et Conception de Medicaments (CiTCoM), CNRS UMR8038, Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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14
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Dong SXM, Caballero R, Ali H, Roy DLF, Cassol E, Kumar A. Transfection of hard-to-transfect primary human macrophages with Bax siRNA to reverse Resveratrol-induced apoptosis. RNA Biol 2020; 17:755-764. [PMID: 32050839 PMCID: PMC7577235 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1730081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a critical loss-of-function tool for elucidating the role of genes in biomedical studies. The effective use of siRNA needs transfection technology that delivers siRNA into the correct location of target cells, especially those which are extremely difficult to transfect. Macrophages, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, are known to be extremely hard to transfect. Thus, to elucidate the functions of genes in human macrophage biology, it is essential to devise technology for efficient siRNA transfection. However, a fast and efficient method for siRNA transfection in primary human macrophages has not been reported. The siRNA transfection is a tug-of-war between transfection rate and cytotoxicity. A higher transfection rate is generally accompanied with increased cytotoxicity, therefore, choosing a transfection reagent that limits cell death while maintain a desirable transfection rate is important. In this study, we employed auto-analysis function of the IncuCyte® to devise a fast and cost-saving technology for efficient transfection of adherent cells and particularly human macrophages. We show that DharmaFECT3 transfection reagent from Dharmacon was the most efficient in transfecting primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and PMA-differentiated U937 cells, whereas other transfection reagents tested were cytotoxic. This method exhibited approximately 85% transfection efficiency in human macrophages. Moreover, siRNA silencing of Bax with this technique effectively protected primary human macrophages and PMA-differentiated U937 cells against Resveratrol-induced cell death. In addition, this method inherently takes the balance between transfection rate and cytotoxicity of siRNA transfection reagents into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Xin Min Dong
- Apoptosis Research Center of Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ramon Caballero
- Apoptosis Research Center of Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hamza Ali
- Apoptosis Research Center of Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Apoptosis Research Center of Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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15
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Recent advances in long-acting nanoformulations for delivery of antiretroviral drugs. J Control Release 2020; 324:379-404. [PMID: 32461114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In spite of introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; inaccessibility and poor adherence to oral cART costs 10 in 100,000 death worldwide. Failure in adherence leads to viral rebound, emergence of drug resistance and anticipated HIV infection in high risk individuals. Various Long-acting antiretroviral (LA ARV) nanoformulations including nano-prodrug, solid drug nanoparticles (SDN), nanocrystals, aspherical nanoparticles, polymeric and lipidic nanoparticles have shown plasma/tissue drug concentration in the therapeutic range for several weeks during pre-clinical evaluation. LA ARV nanoformulations therefore have replaced cART as better alternative for the treatment of HIV infection. Cabenuva™ is recently approved by Health Canada containing LA cabotegravir+LA rilpivirine nanocrystals (ViiV healthcare) for once monthly administration by intramuscular route. The LA nanoformulation due to its nanosize insist on better stability, delivery to lymphatic, slow release into systemic circulation via lymphatic-circulatory system conjoint and secondary drug depot within infiltered immune cells at site of administration and systemic circulation in contrast to conventional drugs. However, the pharmacokinetic, biodistribution and efficacy of LA nanoformulations hinge onto physicochemical properties of the drugs and route of administration. Therefore, current review emphasizes on these contradistinctive factors that affects the reproducibility, safety, efficacy and toxicity of LA anti-HIV nanoformulations. Moreover, it expatiates on application of profuse nanoformulations for long-acting effect with promising preclinical discoveries and two clinical leads. To add on, utilization of physiology-based and mechanism-based pharmacokinetic modelling and in vivo animal models which could lead to enhanced safety and efficacy of LA ARV nanoformulations in humans have been included.
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16
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Jadhav M, Khan T, Bhavsar C, Momin M, Omri A. Novel therapeutic approaches for targeting TB and HIV reservoirs prevailing in lungs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:687-699. [PMID: 31111766 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1621287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coinfection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the leading cause of death in HIV positive patients. In 2017, about 0.3 million HIV positive people died of tuberculosis. There is high load of mycobacteria and HIV in the lungs and eradication of the same is vital for patient survival. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the pathogenesis of HIV-TB coinfection and the current management approaches of this coinfection. It presents a detailed discussion of current investigations in novel drug delivery systems for effective targeting of HIV-TB lung reservoirs, especially via pulmonary drug delivery. Additionally, emphasis is given to the need of HIV-TB cotargeting, an unmet need in management of HIV-TB coinfection. EXPERT OPINION To achieve the goal of complete eradication of HIV-TB reservoirs in lungs requires focused research strategies to be undertaken in the area of pulmonary delivery systems. These endeavors could eventually lead to better patient compliance and improved treatment outcomes. The treatment regimen of HIV-TB coinfection is associated with a major drawback of low therapeutic concentration of drugs in lungs. Nanotechnology provides an excellent platform for delivery of anti-TB and anti-HIV drugs via the pulmonary route thereby serving as a viable and effective means of managing the mycobacterial and HIV reservoirs in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunal Jadhav
- a Department of pharmaceutical chemistry and QA , SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben nanavati college of pharmacy , Mumbai , India
| | - Tabassum Khan
- a Department of pharmaceutical chemistry and QA , SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben nanavati college of pharmacy , Mumbai , India
| | - Chintan Bhavsar
- a Department of pharmaceutical chemistry and QA , SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben nanavati college of pharmacy , Mumbai , India
| | - Munira Momin
- a Department of pharmaceutical chemistry and QA , SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben nanavati college of pharmacy , Mumbai , India
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- b Department of chemistry & biochemistry , Laurentian university , Sudbury , ON , Canada
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17
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Merino KM, Allers C, Didier ES, Kuroda MJ. Role of Monocyte/Macrophages during HIV/SIV Infection in Adult and Pediatric Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1693. [PMID: 29259605 PMCID: PMC5723290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are a diverse group of cells that act as first responders in innate immunity and then as mediators for adaptive immunity to help clear infections. In performing these functions, however, the macrophage inflammatory responses can also contribute to pathogenesis. Various monocyte and tissue macrophage subsets have been associated with inflammatory disorders and tissue pathogeneses such as occur during HIV infection. Non-human primate research of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been invaluable in better understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection. The question of HIV/SIV-infected macrophages serving as a viral reservoir has become significant for achieving a cure. In the rhesus macaque model, SIV-infected macrophages have been shown to promote pathogenesis in several tissues resulting in cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurological diseases. Results from human studies illustrated that alveolar macrophages could be an important HIV reservoir and humanized myeloid-only mice supported productive HIV infection and viral persistence in macrophages during ART treatment. Depletion of CD4+ T cells is considered the primary cause for terminal progression, but it was reported that increasing monocyte turnover was a significantly better predictor in SIV-infected adult macaques. Notably, pediatric cases of HIV/SIV exhibit faster and more severe disease progression than adults, yet neonates have fewer target T cells and generally lack the hallmark CD4+ T cell depletion typical of adult infections. Current data show that the baseline blood monocyte turnover rate was significantly higher in neonatal macaques compared to adults and this remained high with disease progression. In this review, we discuss recent data exploring the contribution of monocytes and macrophages to HIV/SIV infection and progression. Furthermore, we highlight the need to further investigate their role in pediatric cases of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Merino
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington LA, United States
| | - Carolina Allers
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington LA, United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington LA, United States
| | - Marcelo J. Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington LA, United States
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18
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Yaseen MM, Abuharfeil NM, Alqudah MA, Yaseen MM. Mechanisms and Factors That Drive Extensive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Hypervariability: An Overview. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:708-726. [PMID: 29064351 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive hypervariability of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) populations represents a major barrier against the success of currently available antiretroviral therapy. Moreover, it is still the most important obstacle that faces the development of an effective preventive vaccine against this infectious virus. Indeed, several factors can drive such hypervariability within and between HIV-1 patients. These factors include: first, the very low fidelity nature of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase; second, the extremely high HIV-1 replication rate; and third, the high genomic recombination rate that the virus has. All these factors together with the APOBEC3 proteins family and the immune and antiviral drugs pressures drive the extensive hypervariability of HIV-1 populations. Studying these factors and the mechanisms that drive such hypervariability will provide valuable insights that may guide the development of effective therapeutic and preventive strategies against HIV-1 infection in the near future. To this end, in this review, we summarized recent advances in this area of HIV-1 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- 2 Department of Applied Biological Sciences, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Ali Alqudah
- 3 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Mahmoud Yaseen
- 4 Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan
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19
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Romani B, Allahbakhshi E. Underlying mechanisms of HIV-1 latency. Virus Genes 2017; 53:329-339. [PMID: 28258391 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Similarly to other retroviruses, HIV-1 integrates its genome into the cellular chromosome. Expression of viral genes from the integrated viral DNA could then be regulated by the host genome. If the infected cell suppresses viral gene expression, the virus will undergo latency. The latently infected cells cannot be detected or cleared by the immune system since they do not express viral antigens. These cells remain undetected for several years, even under antiretroviral treatments. The silenced HIV-1 DNA could be reactivated under certain conditions. Despite the efficient use of antiretroviral drugs, HIV-1 latently infected cells remain the major obstacles to a permanent cure. In this review, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which HIV-1 establishes latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhan Romani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS), 61357-15794, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham Allahbakhshi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS), 61357-15794, Ahvaz, Iran.
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20
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Zhou HY, Zheng YH, He Y, Chen Z, He B. The role of autophagy in THP-1 macrophages resistance to HIV- vpr-induced apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2017; 351:68-73. [PMID: 28057470 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are resistant to cell death and are one of HIV reservoirs. HIV viral protein Vpr has the potential to promote infection of and survival of macrophages, which could be a highly significant factor in the development and/or maintenance of macrophage viral reservoirs. However, the impact of vpr on macrophages resistance to apoptosis is yet to be comprehended. Autophagy is a cell survival mechanism under stress state. In this study, we investigated whether autophagy is involved in macrophages resistant to vpr-induced apoptosis. Using the THP1 macrophages, we studied the interconnection between macrophages resistance to apoptosis and autophagy. We found that vpr is able to trigger autophagy in transfected THP-1 macrophages confirmed by electron microscopy (EM) and western blot analysis, and inhibition of autophagy with 3MA increased vpr-induced apoptosis. The results indicate that autophagy may be responsible for maintenance of macrophage HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Ying Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
| | - Yu-Huang Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zi Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Bo He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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21
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Kirtane AR, Langer R, Traverso G. Past, Present, and Future Drug Delivery Systems for Antiretrovirals. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3471-3482. [PMID: 27771050 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus has infected millions of people and the epidemic continues to grow rapidly in some parts of the world. Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has provided improved treatment and prolonged the life expectancy of patients. Moreover, there is growing interest in using ARVs to protect against new infections. Hence, ARVs have emerged as our primary strategy in combating the virus. Unfortunately, several challenges limit the optimal performance of these drugs. First, ARVs often require life-long use and complex dosing regimens. This results in low patient adherence and periods of lapsed treatment manifesting in drug resistance. This has prompted the development of alternate dosage forms such as vaginal rings and long-acting injectables that stand to improve patient adherence. Another problem central to therapeutic failure is the inadequate penetration of drugs into infected tissues. This can lead to incomplete treatment, development of resistance, and viral rebound. Several strategies have been developed to improve drug penetration into these drug-free sanctuaries. These include encapsulation of drugs in nanoparticles, use of pharmacokinetic enhancers, and cell-based drug delivery platforms. In this review, we discuss issues surrounding ARV therapy and their impact on drug efficacy. We also describe various drug delivery-based approaches developed to overcome these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya R Kirtane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
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22
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Alexandre KB, Mufhandu HT, London GM, Chakauya E, Khati M. Progress and Perspectives on HIV-1 microbicide development. Virology 2016; 497:69-80. [PMID: 27429040 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The majority of HIV-1 infections occur via sexual intercourse. Women are the most affected by the epidemic, particularly in developing countries, due to their socio-economic dependence on men and the fact that they are often victims of gender based sexual violence. Despite significant efforts that resulted in the reduction of infection rates in some countries, there is still need for effective prevention methods against the virus. One of these methods for preventing sexual transmission in women is the use of microbicides. In this review we provide a summary of the progress made toward the discovery of affordable and effective HIV-1 microbicides and suggest future directions. We show that there is a wide range of compounds that have been proposed as potential microbicides. Although most of them have so far failed to show protection in humans, there are many promising ones currently in pre-clinical studies and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabamba B Alexandre
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pioneering Health Sciences Laboratory, Biosciences Unit, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Hazel T Mufhandu
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pioneering Health Sciences Laboratory, Biosciences Unit, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Grace M London
- Department of Health Free State District Health Services and Health Programs, South Africa
| | - E Chakauya
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pioneering Health Sciences Laboratory, Biosciences Unit, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - M Khati
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pioneering Health Sciences Laboratory, Biosciences Unit, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Department of Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa
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23
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Ellis R, Letendre SL. Update and New Directions in Therapeutics for Neurological Complications of HIV Infections. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:471-6. [PMID: 27383150 PMCID: PMC4965416 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The pace of therapeutic developments in HIV presents unique challenges to the neurologist caring for patients. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is remarkably effective in suppressing viral replication, preventing, and often even reversing disease progression. Still, not every patient benefits from cART for a variety of reasons, ranging from the cost of therapy and the burden of lifelong daily treatment to side effects and inadequate access to medical care. Treatment failure inevitably leads to disease progression and opportunistic complications. Many of these complications, even those that are treatable, produce permanent neurological disability. With ART, immune recovery itself may paradoxically lead to severe neurological disease; strategies for managing so-called immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome are beginning to show benefits. Effective cART may nevertheless leave in its wake persistent neurocognitive impairment. Treatments for persistent impairment despite virologic suppression and good immune recovery are being tested but are not yet proven. As we shall see, these treatments target several proposed mechanisms including cerebral small vessel disease, which is highly prevalent in HIV. Most recently, an ambitious initiative has been undertaken to develop interventions to eradicate HIV. This will require elimination of all infectious forms of viral nucleic acid throughout the body. The influence of these interventions on the brain remains to be characterized. Meanwhile, clinical investigators continue to develop antiretroviral treatments that optimize effectiveness, convenience, and tolerability, while minimizing long-term toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ellis
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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24
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Pollicita M, Ruff MR, Pert CB, Polianova MT, Schols D, Ranazzi A, Perno CF, Aquaro S. Profound Anti-HIV-1 Activity of DAPTA in Monocytes/macrophages and Inhibition of CCR5-mediated Apoptosis in Neuronal Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 18:285-95. [DOI: 10.1177/095632020701800504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages (M/M) are strategic reservoirs of HIV-1, spreading the virus to other cells and inducing apoptosis in T-lymphocytes, astrocytes and neurons. M/M are commonly infected by R5 HIV-1 strains, which use the chemokine receptor CCR5. D-Ala-peptide T-amide (DAPTA), or Peptide T, named for its high threonine content (ASTTTNYT), is a synthetic peptide comprised of eight amino acids (185–192) of the gp120 V2 region and functions as a viral entry inhibitor by targeting selectively CCR5. The anti-HIV-1 activity of DAPTA was evaluated in M/M infected with R5 HIV-1 strains. DAPTA at 10−9M inhibited HIV-1 replication in M/M by >90%. PCR analysis of viral cDNA in M/M showed that DAPTA blocks HIV entry and in this way prevents HIV-1 infection. Moreover, DAPTA acts as a strong inhibitor and was more active than the non-peptidic CCR5 antagonist TAK-779 in inhibiting apoptosis (mediated by R5 HIV-1 strains produced and released by infected M/M) on a neuroblastoma cell line. Our results suggest that antiviral compounds which interfere with receptor mechanisms such as CCR5 could be important, either alone or in combination with other antiretroviral treatments, in preventing HIV infection in the central nervous system and the consequential neuronal damage that leads to neuronal AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pollicita
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Ranazzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo-Federico Perno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Discordant CSF/plasma HIV-1 RNA in patients with unexplained low-level viraemia. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:852-860. [PMID: 27194435 PMCID: PMC5127885 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0448-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system has been proposed as a sanctuary site where HIV can escape antiretroviral control and develop drug resistance. HIV-1 RNA can be at higher levels in CSF than plasma, termed CSF/plasma discordance. We aimed to examine whether discordance in CSF is associated with low level viraemia (LLV) in blood. In this MRC-funded multicentre study, we prospectively recruited patients with LLV, defined as one or more episode of unexplained plasma HIV-1 RNA within 12 months, and undertook CSF examination. Separately, we prospectively collected CSF from patients undergoing lumbar puncture for a clinical indication. Patients with durable suppression of viraemia and no evidence of CNS infection were identified as controls from this group. Factors associated with CSF/plasma HIV-1 discordance overall were examined. One hundred fifty-three patients were recruited across 13 sites; 40 with LLV and 113 undergoing clinical lumbar puncture. Seven of the 40 (18 %) patients with LLV had CSF/plasma discordance, which was significantly more than 0/43 (0 %) with durable suppression in blood from the clinical group (p = 0.005). Resistance associated mutations were shown in six CSF samples from discordant patients with LLV (one had insufficient sample for testing), which affected antiretroviral therapy at sampling in five. Overall discordance was present in 20/153 (13 %) and was associated with nadir CD4 but not antiretroviral concentrations in plasma or CSF. CSF/plasma discordance is observed in patients with LLV and is associated with antiretroviral resistance associated mutations in CSF. The implications for clinical practice require further investigation.
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Graziano F, Vicenzi E, Poli G. Immuno-Pharmacological Targeting of Virus-Containing Compartments in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:558-567. [PMID: 27012511 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In addition to CD4 T lymphocytes, HIV-1 infects tissue macrophages that can actively accumulate infectious virions in vacuolar subcellular structures mostly connected to the plasma membrane and recently termed virus-containing compartments (VCCs). The VCC-associated HIV-1 reservoir of infected macrophages can be either increased or depleted by immunologic and pharmacologic agents, at least in vitro, thus suggesting that these factors (or related molecules) could be effective in curtailing the macrophage-associated HIV-1 reservoir in infected individuals receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Here we review evidence on the pathogenic role of tissue macrophages as long-term viral reservoirs in vivo and upon in vitro infection with a particular emphasis on the immuno-pharmacological modulation of VCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Graziano
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milano, Italy; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Wilkinson J, Ewart G, Luscombe C, McBride K, Ratanasuwan W, Miller M, Murphy RL. A Phase 1b/2a study of the safety, pharmacokinetics and antiviral activity of BIT225 in patients with HIV-1 infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 71:731-8. [PMID: 26620101 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES BIT225 (N-carbamimidoyl-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-naphthamide), a novel acyl-guanidine, is a novel antiviral drug that blocks Vpu ion channel activity and has anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro. The antiviral effect of BIT225 is most pronounced in cells of the myeloid lineage. With infected circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages representing a key cellular reservoir of HIV-1, BIT225 has a potential role in the eradication of the virus from the host. PATIENTS AND METHODS BIT225-004 is a Phase 1b/2a, placebo-controlled, randomized study of the safety, pharmacokinetics and antiviral activity of BIT225 in 21 HIV-1-infected, ART-naive subjects. Twenty-one subjects were enrolled and received BIT225 (400 mg twice daily) or placebo treatment for 10 days (randomized 2:1). The anti-HIV-1 effect of BIT225 in the monocyte reservoir was measured in CD14+ monocytes isolated from the peripheral blood on days 1 (pre-dose), 5, 10 and 20; isolated monocytes were co-cultured ex vivo with MT4 T cells. De novo HIV-1 replication was measured by p24 activity of released virus into the culture supernatant to day 25 of co-culture. In addition, monocyte samples were collected for analysis by RT-PCR total HIV-1 DNA single-copy assay. RESULTS Measurement of HIV-1 directly within the patient's monocyte population indicated that BIT225 treatment significantly reduced the viral burden in myeloid lineage cells, which was more evident in those individuals with the highest viral loads. In addition, BIT225-treated subjects demonstrated a significantly reduced level of monocyte activation (sCD163) compared with the placebo controls. CONCLUSIONS This study's unique design demonstrates that BIT225 can significantly reduce the dissemination of HIV-1 from infected monocytes. This has important ramifications for diminishing the seeding/re-seeding of the viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wilkinson
- Biotron Limited, Suite 1.9, 56 Delhi Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gary Ewart
- Biotron Limited, Suite 1.9, 56 Delhi Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carolyn Luscombe
- Biotron Limited, Suite 1.9, 56 Delhi Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristin McBride
- Biotron Limited, Suite 1.9, 56 Delhi Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Sydney, Australia
| | - Winai Ratanasuwan
- Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michelle Miller
- Biotron Limited, Suite 1.9, 56 Delhi Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert L Murphy
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Bose D, Gagnon J, Chebloune Y. Comparative Analysis of Tat-Dependent and Tat-Deficient Natural Lentiviruses. Vet Sci 2015; 2:293-348. [PMID: 29061947 PMCID: PMC5644649 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2040293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in infected humans has resulted in a global pandemic that has killed millions. HIV-1 and HIV-2 belong to the lentivirus genus of the Retroviridae family. This genus also includes viruses that infect other vertebrate animals, among them caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV), the prototypes of a heterogeneous group of viruses known as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), affecting both goat and sheep worldwide. Despite their long host-SRLV natural history, SRLVs were never found to be responsible for immunodeficiency in contrast to primate lentiviruses. SRLVs only replicate productively in monocytes/macrophages in infected animals but not in CD4+ T cells. The focus of this review is to examine and compare the biological and pathological properties of SRLVs as prototypic Tat-independent lentiviruses with HIV-1 as prototypic Tat-dependent lentiviruses. Results from this analysis will help to improve the understanding of why and how these two prototypic lentiviruses evolved in opposite directions in term of virulence and pathogenicity. Results may also help develop new strategies based on the attenuation of SRLVs to control the highly pathogenic HIV-1 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanwita Bose
- Pathogénèse et Vaccination Lentivirales, PAVAL Lab., Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, Bat. NanoBio2, 570 rue de la Chimie, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Jean Gagnon
- Pathogénèse et Vaccination Lentivirales, PAVAL Lab., Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, Bat. NanoBio2, 570 rue de la Chimie, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Yahia Chebloune
- Pathogénèse et Vaccination Lentivirales, PAVAL Lab., Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, Bat. NanoBio2, 570 rue de la Chimie, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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HIV-associated Neurocognitive Disorders and Antiretroviral Therapy: Current Concepts and Controversies. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2015; 17:485. [PMID: 25916996 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-015-0485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral drugs may help prevent neurological decline in individuals with HIV infection by suppressing viral replication and associated chronic immune activation in the central nervous system. However, HIV control in the brain may come at the price of drug-induced neurotoxicity. Herein, we review recent advances in the balance between adequate viral suppression in the nervous system and adverse effects of the medications used in HIV treatment.
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Shankar EM, Velu V, Kamarulzaman A, Larsson M. Mechanistic insights on immunosenescence and chronic immune activation in HIV-tuberculosis co-infection. World J Virol 2015; 4:17-24. [PMID: 25674514 PMCID: PMC4308524 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is marked by accelerated degradation of host immune responses leading to the onset of opportunistic infections, where senescent T cells show remarkably higher ontogenic defects as compared to healthy T cells. The mechanistic association between T-cell immunosenescence and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression, and functional T-cell responses in HIV-tuberculosis (HIV-TB) co-infection remains to be elaborately discussed. Here, we discussed the association of immunosenescence and chronic immune activation in HIV-TB co-infection and reviewed the role played by mediators of immune deterioration in HIV-TB co-infection necessitating the importance of designing therapeutic strategies against HIV disease progression and pathogenesis.
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Luo X, He JJ. Cell-cell contact viral transfer contributes to HIV infection and persistence in astrocytes. J Neurovirol 2015; 21:66-80. [PMID: 25522787 PMCID: PMC4861053 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system and play important roles in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/neuro-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Detection of HIV proviral DNA, RNA, and early gene products but not late structural gene products in astrocytes in vivo and in vitro indicates that astrocytes are susceptible to HIV infection albeit in a restricted manner. We as well as others have shown that cell-free HIV is capable of entering CD4- astrocytes through human mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis. In this study, we took advantage of several newly developed fluorescence protein-based HIV reporter viruses and further characterized HIV interaction with astrocytes. First, we found that HIV was successfully transferred to astrocytes from HIV-infected CD4+ T cells in a cell-cell contact- and gp120-dependent manner. In addition, we demonstrated that, compared to endocytosis-mediated cell-free HIV entry and subsequent degradation of endocytosed virions, the cell-cell contact between astrocytes and HIV-infected CD4+ T cells led to robust HIV infection of astrocytes but retained the restricted nature of viral gene expression. Furthermore, we showed that HIV latency was established in astrocytes. Lastly, we demonstrated that infectious progeny HIV was readily recovered from HIV latent astrocytes in a cell-cell contact-mediated manner. Taken together, our studies point to the importance of the cell-cell contact-mediated HIV interaction with astrocytes and provide direct evidence to support the notion that astrocytes are HIV latent reservoirs in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Johnny J. He
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
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Nightingale S, Winston A, Letendre S, Michael BD, McArthur JC, Khoo S, Solomon T. Controversies in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:1139-1151. [PMID: 25316020 PMCID: PMC4313542 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cross-sectional studies show that around half of individuals infected with HIV-1 have some degree of cognitive impairment despite the use of antiretroviral drugs. However, prevalence estimates vary depending on the population and methods used to assess cognitive impairment. Whether asymptomatic patients would benefit from routine screening for cognitive difficulties is unclear and the appropriate screening method and subsequent management is the subject of debate. In some patients, HIV-1 RNA can be found at higher concentrations in CSF than in blood, which potentially results from the poor distribution of antiretroviral drugs into the CNS. However, the clinical relevance of so-called CSF viral escape is not well understood. The extent to which antiretroviral drug distribution and toxicity in the CNS affect clinical decision making is also debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Nightingale
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Alan Winston
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Scott Letendre
- University of California and HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center and Antiviral Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Benedict D Michael
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Walton Centre Neurology and Neurosurgery NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Justin C McArthur
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Saye Khoo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom Solomon
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Walton Centre Neurology and Neurosurgery NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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Sang M, Liu JB, Dai M, Wu JG, Ho WZ. Toll-like receptor 3 signaling inhibits simian immunodeficiency virus replication in macrophages from rhesus macaques. Antiviral Res 2014; 112:103-12. [PMID: 25453343 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes double-stranded RNA and induces multiple intracellular events responsible for innate antiviral immunity against viral infections. Here we demonstrate that TLR3 signaling of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from rhesus monkeys by poly I:C inhibited simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and replication. Investigation of the mechanisms showed that TLR3 activation resulted in the induction of type I and type III interferons (IFNs) and IFN-inducible antiviral factors, including APOBEC3G (A3G), tetherin and SAMHD1. In addition, poly I:C-treated macaque macrophages expressed increased levels of CC chemokines including CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5, the ligands for HIV or SIV coreceptor CCR5. Furthermore, TLR3 signaling of macaque macrophages induced the expression of cellular microRNAs (miR-29a, -29b, -146a and -9), the newly identified intracellular SIV restriction factors. TLR3 activation-mediated anti-SIV effect could be compromised by the knockdown of IRF3 and IRF7. These findings indicate that TLR3-mediated induction of multiple viral restriction factors contribute to the inhibition of SIV infection in macaque macrophages, which support future preclinical studies using rhesus macaques to determine whether in vivo TLR3 activation is safe and beneficial for treating people infected with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sang
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Biao Liu
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Dai
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jian-Guo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Bekkara-Aounallah F, Ambike A, Gref R, Couvreur P, Rosilio V. Interfacial behavior of PEGylated lipids and their effect on the stability of squalenoyl-drug nanoassemblies. Int J Pharm 2014; 471:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Comparative analysis of the capacity of elite suppressor CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to inhibit HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages. J Virol 2014; 88:9789-98. [PMID: 24942573 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00860-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Elite controllers or suppressors (ESs) are HIV-1-infected individuals who are able to maintain viral loads below the limit of detection of clinical assays without antiretroviral therapy. The mechanisms of virologic control are not fully understood, but ESs have been shown to have a more effective CD8+ T cell response to infected CD4+ T cells than chronic progressors (CPs). While macrophages are another cell type productively infected by HIV-1, few studies have examined the ability of primary effector T cells to suppress HIV-1 replication in these target cells. Here, we compared the ability of unstimulated primary CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells to suppress viral replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in ESs and CPs. While CD4+ effector T cells were capable of inhibiting viral replication in MDMs, the magnitude of this response was not significantly different between ESs and CPs. In contrast, the CD8+ T cells from ESs were significantly more effective than those from CPs at inhibiting viral replication in MDMs. The CD4+ T cell response was partially mediated by soluble factors, while the CD8+ T cell response required cell-to-cell interaction. Our results suggest that the individual contributions of various effector cells should be considered in rational vaccine design and in ongoing eradication efforts. IMPORTANCE Elite suppressors are individuals capable of maintaining low-level viremia in HIV-1 infection without antiretroviral drugs. Their T cell responses have been implicated in eliminating infected CD4+ T cells, and as such, elite suppressors may represent a model of a functional cure of HIV-1 infection. Here, we sought to determine whether the suppressive T cell responses against infected CD4+ T cells also apply to infected macrophages by comparing the responses of elite suppressors and HIV-1-positive individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Our results show that the CD8+ cells but not CD4+ T cells from elite suppressors have a response against infected macrophages superior to the response of CD8+ cells from patients on HAART. Our results suggest that the induction of a CD8+ T cell response effective against infected macrophages is an outcome to consider in rational vaccine design.
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GTP activator and dNTP substrates of HIV-1 restriction factor SAMHD1 generate a long-lived activated state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1843-51. [PMID: 24753578 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401706111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 restriction factor sterile α-motif/histidine-aspartate domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a tetrameric protein that catalyzes the hydrolysis of all dNTPs to the deoxynucleoside and tripolyphosphate, which effectively depletes the dNTP substrates of HIV reverse transcriptase. Here, we establish that SAMHD1 is activated by GTP binding to guanine-specific activator sites (A1) as well as coactivation by substrate dNTP binding to a distinct set of nonspecific activator sites (A2). Combined activation by GTP and dNTPs results in a long-lived tetrameric form of SAMHD1 that persists for hours, even after activating nucleotides are withdrawn from the solution. These results reveal an ordered model for assembly of SAMHD1 tetramer from its inactive monomer and dimer forms, where GTP binding to the A1 sites generates dimer and dNTP binding to the A2 and catalytic sites generates active tetramer. Thus, cellular regulation of active SAMHD1 is not determined by GTP alone but instead, the levels of all dNTPs and the generation of a persistent tetramer that is not in equilibrium with free activators. The significance of the long-lived activated state is that SAMHD1 can remain active long after dNTP pools have been reduced to a level that would lead to inactivation. This property would be important in resting CD4(+) T cells, where dNTP pools are reduced to nanomolar levels to restrict infection by HIV-1.
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Harbison C, Zhuang K, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Knight H, Didier P, Cheng-Mayer C, Westmoreland S. Giant cell encephalitis and microglial infection with mucosally transmitted simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIVSF162P3N in rhesus macaques. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:62-72. [PMID: 24464410 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurocognitive disorders such as dementia and cognitive/motor impairments are among the most significant complications associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, especially in aging populations, yet the pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Activated macrophages and microglia in white matter along with the hallmark multinucleated giant cells are prominent features of HIV encephalitis (HIVE) and of several simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) models. While infected microglia have been demonstrated in HIVE, this feature is not routinely seen in experimental infections in rhesus macaques using SIV or chimeric simian/HIV (SHIV) strains, limiting utility in HIV-1 pathogenesis and treatment studies. Here, 50 rhesus macaques were inoculated with the CCR5 (R5)-tropic SHIVSF162P3N virus by one of three routes: intravenously (n = 9), intrarectally (n = 17), or intravaginally (n = 24). Forty-three monkeys became viremic, 26 developed AIDS, and 7 (7/26, 27 %) developed giant cell SIV encephalitis (SIVE). Rapid progressor phenotype was evident in five of seven (71 %) macaques with SIVE, and expansion to utilize the CXCR4 coreceptor (X4 coreceptor switch) was observed in four out of seven (57 %). SIVE lesions were present in gray and white matter in the cerebrum, cerebellum, thalamus, and brain stem of affected animals. Lesions were composed of virally infected CD68(+), CD163(+), and HLA-DR(+) macrophages accompanied by white matter damage, necrosis, and astroglial and microglial activation. Importantly, microglial infection was observed, which makes R5 SHIVSF162P3N infection of macaques an attractive animal model not only to study transmission and HIVE pathogenesis but also to conduct preclinical evaluation of therapeutic interventions aimed at eradicating HIV-1 from the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Harbison
- Division of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, 01772, USA
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Turpin JA. The next generation of HIV/AIDS drugs: novel and developmental antiHIV drugs and targets. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 1:97-128. [PMID: 15482105 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.1.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There are presently 42 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, the majority of which have limited access to antiretrovirals. Even if worldwide penetration was possible, our current chemotherapeutic strategies still suffer from issues of cost, patient compliance, deleterious acute and chronic side effects, emerging single and multidrug resistance, and generalized treatment and economic issues. Even our best antiretroviral therapeutic strategy, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), falls short of completely suppressing HIV replication. Therefore, expansion of current therapeutic options by discovering new antiretrovirals and targets will be critical in the coming years. This review addresses the current status of reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitor development, and summarizes the progress in emerging classes of HIV inhibitors, including entry (T-20, T-1249), coreceptor (SCH-C, SCH-D), integrase (beta-Diketos) and p7 nucleocapsid Zn finger inhibitors (thioesters and PATEs). In addition, the processes of virus entry, PIC transport to the nucleus, HIV interaction with nuclear pores, Tat function, Rev function and virus budding (Tsg101 and ubiquitination) are examined, and proof of concept inhibitors and potential antiviral targets discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim A Turpin
- HowPin Consulting International, PO Box B Frederick, MD 21705, USA.
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Abstract
Neurocognitive disorders are a feared complication of HIV infection, especially in the post-antiretroviral era as patients are living longer. These disorders are challenging in terms of diagnosis and treatment. The clinical syndrome has evolved, driven in part by comorbidities such as aging, drug abuse, psychiatric illnesses, and a metabolic syndrome associated with the use of antiretroviral drugs. Additionally some individuals may develop a fulminant immune reconstitution syndrome. Hence, treatment of these patients needs to be individualized. The focus of research in the HIV field has recently switched towards elimination of the HIV reservoir as a means of combating long-term HIV complications. However, these approaches may be suitable for limited populations and might not be applicable once the HIV reservoir has been established in the brain. Further, all clinical trials using neuroprotective or anti-inflammatory drugs for treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders have been unsuccessful. Hence, neurological complications of HIV infection are the biggest challenge facing HIV researchers, and there is a critical need to develop new diagnostics and approaches for treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq B Alfahad
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Neurological sequelae of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been and remain a significant problem. Monocytes and macrophages in humans and monkeys are susceptible to infection by HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and are considered to be a main mechanism by which the central nervous system (CNS) is infected. Within the infected CNS, perivascular macrophages and, in some cases, parenchymal microglia are infected as are multinucleated giant cells when present. While neurons are not themselves directly infected, neuronal damage occurs within the infected CNS. Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in limiting virus in plasma to non-detectable levels, neurological deficits persist. This review discusses the continued neurological dysfunctions that persist in the era of ART, focusing on the roles of monocyte and macrophage as targets of continued viral infection and as agents of pathogenesis in what appears to be emergent macrophage-mediated disease resulting from long-term HIV infection of the host. Data discussed include the biology of monocyte/macrophage activation with HIV and SIV infection, traffic of cells into and out of the CNS with infection, macrophage-associated biomarkers of CNS and cardiac disease, the role of antiretroviral therapy on these cells and CNS disease, as well as the need for effective adjunctive therapies targeting monocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia H. Burdo
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
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Lamers SL, Fogel GB, Singer EJ, Salemi M, Nolan DJ, Huysentruyt LC, McGrath MS. HIV-1 Nef in macrophage-mediated disease pathogenesis. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 31:432-50. [PMID: 23215766 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.737073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) has significantly reduced the number of AIDS-associated illnesses and changed the course of HIV-1 disease in developed countries. Despite the ability of cART to maintain high CD4+ T-cell counts, a number of macrophage-mediated diseases can still occur in HIV-infected subjects. These diseases include lymphoma, metabolic diseases, and HIV-associated neurological disorders. Within macrophages, the HIV-1 regulatory protein "Nef" can modulate surface receptors, interact with signaling pathways, and promote specific environments that contribute to each of these pathologies. Moreover, genetic variation in Nef may also guide the macrophage response. Herein, we review findings relating to the Nef-macrophage interaction and how this relationship contributes to disease pathogenesis.
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Kranick SM, Nath A. Neurologic complications of HIV-1 infection and its treatment in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2013; 18:1319-37. [PMID: 23221843 DOI: 10.1212/01.con.0000423849.24900.ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neurologic complications of HIV infection are unfortunately common, even in the era of effective antiretroviral treatment (ART). The consulting neurologist is often asked to distinguish among neurologic deterioration due to opportunistic infection (OI), immune reconstitution, or the effect of the virus itself, and to comment on the role of immunomodulatory agents in patients with HIV infection. Additionally, as successful virologic control has extended the life span of patients with HIV infection, neurologists are called upon to manage long-term complications, such as neurocognitive disorders and peripheral neuropathy. RECENT FINDINGS Despite the use of ART, significant numbers of patients continue to be affected by HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, although with milder forms compared to the pre-ART era. Regimens of ART have been ranked according to CNS penetration and are being studied with regard to neuropsychological outcomes. Nucleoside analogs with the greatest potential for peripheral neurotoxicity are no longer considered first-line agents for HIV treatment. Efavirenz, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, has the greatest frequency of neurologic side effects among newer ART regimens. The spectrum of clinical manifestations of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) continues to grow, including IRIS without underlying OI. A greater understanding of pathophysiology and risk factors has shown that while HIV should be treated early to prevent severe immunocompromise, delayed initiation of ART may be helpful while treating OIs. SUMMARY This article reviews the neurologic complications of HIV infection, or its treatment, most commonly encountered by neurologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Kranick
- National Institutes of Health, Building 10, 6-5700, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Uracil DNA glycosylase initiates degradation of HIV-1 cDNA containing misincorporated dUTP and prevents viral integration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E448-57. [PMID: 23341616 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219702110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase discriminates poorly between dUTP and dTTP, and accordingly, viral DNA products become heavily uracilated when viruses infect host cells that contain high ratios of dUTP:dTTP. Uracilation of invading retroviral DNA is thought to be an innate immunity barrier to retroviral infection, but the mechanistic features of this immune pathway and the cellular fate of uracilated retroviral DNA products is not known. Here we developed a model system in which the cellular dUTP:dTTP ratio can be pharmacologically increased to favor dUTP incorporation, allowing dissection of this innate immunity pathway. When the virus-infected cells contained elevated dUTP levels, reverse transcription was found to proceed unperturbed, but integration and viral protein expression were largely blocked. Furthermore, successfully integrated proviruses lacked detectable uracil, suggesting that only nonuracilated viral DNA products were integration competent. Integration of the uracilated proviruses was restored using an isogenic cell line that had no detectable human uracil DNA glycosylase (hUNG2) activity, establishing that hUNG2 is a host restriction factor in cells that contain high dUTP. Biochemical studies in primary cells established that this immune pathway is not operative in CD4+ T cells, because these cells have high dUTPase activity (low dUTP), and only modest levels of hUNG activity. Although monocyte-derived macrophages have high dUTP levels, these cells have low hUNG activity, which may diminish the effectiveness of this restriction pathway. These findings establish the essential elements of this pathway and reconcile diverse observations in the literature.
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Abstract
Severe HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), such as HIV-associated dementia, and opportunistic CNS infections are now rare complications of HIV infection due to comprehensive highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). By contrast, mild to moderate neurocognitive disorders remain prevalent, despite good viral control in peripheral compartments. HIV infection seems to provoke chronic CNS injury that may evade systemic HAART. Penetration of antiretroviral drugs across the blood-brain barrier might be crucial for the treatment of HAND. This review identifies and evaluates the available clinical evidence on CSF penetration properties of antiretroviral drugs, addressing methodological issues and discussing the clinical relevance of drug concentration assessment. Although a substantial number of studies examined CSF concentrations of antiretroviral drugs, there is a need for adequate, well designed trials to provide more valid drug distribution profiles. Neuropsychological benefits and neurotoxicity of potentially CNS-active drugs require further investigation before penetration characteristics will regularly influence therapeutic strategies and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Eisfeld
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Li Q, Lu F, Wang K. Modeling of HIV-1 infection: insights to the role of monocytes/macrophages, latently infected T4 cells, and HAART regimes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46026. [PMID: 23049927 PMCID: PMC3458829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel dynamic model covering five types of cells and three connected compartments, peripheral blood (PB), lymph nodes (LNs), and the central nervous system (CNS), is here proposed. It is based on assessment of the biological principles underlying the interactions between the human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) and the human immune system. The simulated results of this model matched the three well-documented phases of HIV-1 infection very closely and successfully described the three stages of LN destruction that occur during HIV-1 infection. The model also showed that LNs are the major location of viral replication, creating a pool of latently infected T4 cells during the latency period. A detailed discussion of the role of monocytes/macrophages is made, and the results indicated that infected monocytes/macrophages could determine the progression of HIV-1 infection. The effects of typical highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) drugs on HIV-1 infection were analyzed and the results showed that efficiency of each drug but not the time of the treatment start contributed to the change of the turnover of the disease greatly. An incremental count of latently infected T4 cells was made under therapeutic simulation, and patients were found to fail to respond to HAART therapy in the presence of certain stimuli, such as opportunistic infections. In general, the dynamics of the model qualitatively matched clinical observations very closely, indicating that the model may have benefits in evaluating the efficacy of different drug therapy regimens and in the discovery of new monitoring markers and therapeutic schemes for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of Device and Equipment, School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic China
| | - Furong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic China
| | - Kaifa Wang
- Department of Device and Equipment, School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic China
- * E-mail:
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Tyagi M, Bukrinsky M. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) latency: the major hurdle in HIV eradication. Mol Med 2012; 18:1096-108. [PMID: 22692576 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy to eradicate the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), even in patients who suppress the virus to undetectable levels for many years, underscores the problems associated with fighting this infection. The existence of persistent infection in certain cellular and anatomical reservoirs appears to be the major hurdle in HIV eradication. The development of therapeutic interventions that eliminate or limit the latent viral pools or prevent the reemergence of the viruses from producing cells will therefore be required to enhance the effectiveness of current antiretroviral strategies. To achieve this goal, there is a pressing need to understand HIV latency at the molecular level to design novel and improved therapies to either eradicate HIV or find a functional cure in which patients could maintain a manageable viral pool without AIDS in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. The integrated proviral genome remains transcriptionally silent for a long period in certain subsets of T cells. This ability to infect cells latently helps HIV to establish a persistent infection despite strong humoral and cellular immune responses against the viral proteins. The main purpose of this report is to provide a general overview of the HIV latency. We will describe the hurdles being faced in eradicating latent HIV proviruses. We will also briefly discuss the ongoing strategies aimed toward curing HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudit Tyagi
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20109, United States of America.
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Busca A, Saxena M, Kumar A. Critical role for antiapoptotic Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 in human macrophage survival and cellular IAP1/2 (cIAP1/2) in resistance to HIV-Vpr-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15118-33. [PMID: 22403404 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.312660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are resistant to HIV cytopathic effects, which contributes to viral persistence and reservoir formation. HIV viral protein R (Vpr) is a potent apoptosis-inducing agent for primary monocytes. Because the biologically active Vpr is found in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected patients, we investigated the apoptotic effect of Vpr on monocyte-derived macrophages and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-activated THP1 macrophages. Our results show that primary monocytes and THP1 cells develop resistance to Vpr-induced apoptosis following differentiation into macrophages. To determine the effect of Vpr on the expression of antiapoptotic proteins, we show that in contrast to the undifferentiated cells, Vpr did not down-regulate the expression of antiapoptotic inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) and Bcl2 family members in macrophages, suggesting their involvement in resistance to Vpr-induced apoptosis. However, knocking down Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 proteins induced spontaneous apoptosis with no impact on susceptibility to Vpr-induced apoptosis. In contrast, down-regulation of cellular IAP1 (cIAP1) and cIAP2 by using siRNAs and SMAC (second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases) mimetic sensitized macrophages to Vpr-induced apoptosis. Overall, our results suggest that resistance to Vpr-induced apoptosis is specifically mediated by cIAP1/2 genes independent of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, which play a key role in maintaining cell viability. Moreover, IAP modulation may be a potential strategy to eliminate HIV persistence in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Busca
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
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Yilmaz A, Price RW, Gisslen M. Antiretroviral drug treatment of CNS HIV-1 infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 67:299-311. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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MAGOMBEDZE GESHAM, GARIRA WINSTON, MWENJE EDDIE. IN-VIVOMATHEMATICAL STUDY OF CO-INFECTION DYNAMICS OF HIV-1 ANDMYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. J BIOL SYST 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339008002551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) fuels the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in humans. We develop a mathematical model in an attempt to understand the immune mechanisms that are involved during the co-infection of Mtb and HIV-1. Our study reveals that infection of an Mtb infected individual with HIV-1 results in fast development of active TB. The mathematical model analysis and simulations show that Mtb infection is linked to HIV infection through macrophages and CD4+ T cells. The study shows that depletion of macrophages and CD4+ T cells by HIV-1 worsens the picture of Mtb infection and in-turn Mtb infection affects the progression of HIV-1 infection since it is also capable of inducing rapid replication of HIV. Our analytical and numerical simulations show that macrophages are a potential reservoir of HIV particles during HIV-1 infection. Co-infection simulations reveal that co-infection exacerbates more the pathogen that caused the first infection. Simulations also show that co-infection disease progression patterns converge to a similar trend after a considerable time interval irrespective of which pathogen first caused infection and the second pathogen that caused co-infection. This work suggests directions for further studies and potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- GESHAM MAGOMBEDZE
- Departments of Applied Mathematics, National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box AC939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | - WINSTON GARIRA
- Departments of Applied Mathematics, National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box AC939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | - EDDIE MWENJE
- Departments of Applied Biology, National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box AC939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
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