1
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Martin CE, Murray AS, Mackinder JR, Sala-Hamrick KE, Flynn MG, Lundgren JG, Varela FA, List K. TMPRSS13 zymogen activation, surface localization, and shedding is regulated by proteolytic cleavage within the non-catalytic stem region. Biol Chem 2022; 403:969-982. [PMID: 35796294 PMCID: PMC10642292 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
TMPRSS13 is a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family. Here we characterize a novel post-translational mechanism important for TMPRSS13 function: proteolytic cleavage within the extracellular TMPRSS13 stem region located between the transmembrane domain and the first site of N-linked glycosylation at asparagine (N)-250 in the scavenger receptor cysteine rich (SRCR) domain. Importantly, the catalytic competence of TMPRSS13 is essential for stem region cleavage, suggesting an autonomous mechanism of action. Site-directed mutagenesis of the 10 basic amino acids (four arginine and six lysine residues) in this region abrogated zymogen activation and catalytic activity of TMPRSS13, as well as phosphorylation, cell surface expression, and shedding. Mutation analysis of individual arginine residues identified R223, a residue located between the low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain and the SRCR domain, as important for stem region cleavage. Mutation of R223 causes a reduction in the aforementioned functional processing steps of TMPRSS13. These data provide further insight into the roles of different post-translational modifications as regulators of the function and localization of TMPRSS13. Additionally, the data suggest the presence of complex interconnected regulatory mechanisms that may serve to ensure the proper levels of cell-surface and pericellular TMPRSS13-mediated proteolysis under homeostatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly E. Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Andrew S. Murray
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jacob R. Mackinder
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Kimberley E. Sala-Hamrick
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael G. Flynn
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Joseph G. Lundgren
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Fausto A. Varela
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Karin List
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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2
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Mitra J, Kodavati M, Provasek VE, Rao KS, Mitra S, Hamilton DJ, Horner PJ, Vahidy FS, Britz GW, Kent TA, Hegde ML. SARS-CoV-2 and the central nervous system: Emerging insights into hemorrhage-associated neurological consequences and therapeutic considerations. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101687. [PMID: 35843590 PMCID: PMC9288264 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to impact our lives by causing widespread illness and death and poses a threat due to the possibility of emerging strains. SARS-CoV-2 targets angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) before entering vital organs of the body, including the brain. Studies have shown systemic inflammation, cellular senescence, and viral toxicity-mediated multi-organ failure occur during infectious periods. However, prognostic investigations suggest that both acute and long-term neurological complications, including predisposition to irreversible neurodegenerative diseases, can be a serious concern for COVID-19 survivors, especially the elderly population. As emerging studies reveal sites of SARS-CoV-2 infection in different parts of the brain, potential causes of chronic lesions including cerebral and deep-brain microbleeds and the likelihood of developing stroke-like pathologies increases, with critical long-term consequences, particularly for individuals with neuropathological and/or age-associated comorbid conditions. Our recent studies linking the blood degradation products to genome instability, leading to cellular senescence and ferroptosis, raise the possibility of similar neurovascular events as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we discuss the neuropathological consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID survivors, focusing on possible hemorrhagic damage in brain cells, its association to aging, and the future directions in developing mechanism-guided therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Mitra
- Division of DNA Repair Research, Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Manohar Kodavati
- Division of DNA Repair Research, Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vincent E Provasek
- Division of DNA Repair Research, Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - K S Rao
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Deemed to be University, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India
| | - Sankar Mitra
- Division of DNA Repair Research, Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dale J Hamilton
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Philip J Horner
- Division of DNA Repair Research, Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Farhaan S Vahidy
- Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gavin W Britz
- Division of DNA Repair Research, Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Thomas A Kent
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Muralidhar L Hegde
- Division of DNA Repair Research, Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
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3
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Abstract
The continuous emergence of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) urges better understanding of the functional motifs in the spike (S) protein and their tolerance to mutations. Here, we focused on the S2′ motif, which, during virus entry, requires cleavage by a host cell protease to release the fusion peptide. Though belonging to an immunogenic region, the SARS-CoV-2 S2′ motif (811-KPSKR-815) has shown hardly any variation, with its three basic (K/R) residues being >99.99% conserved thus far. By creating a series of mutant pseudoviruses bearing the spikes of Wuhan-Hu-1, its G614 mutant or the Delta and Omicron variants, we show that residue K814 (preceding the scissile R815) is dispensable for TMPRSS2 yet favored by the alternative TMPRSS13 protease. Activation by TMPRSS13 was drastically reduced when the SARS-CoV-2 S2′ motif was swapped with that of the low pathogenic 229E coronavirus (685-RVAGR-689), and also, the reverse effect was seen. This swap had no impact on recognition by TMPRSS2. In the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike, introducing a dibasic scissile motif was easily accepted by TMPRSS13 but less so by TMPRSS2, confirming that TMPRSS13 favors a sequence rich in K/R residues. Pseudovirus entry experiments in Calu-3 cells confirmed that the S2′ mutations have minor impact on TMPRSS2. Our findings are the first to demonstrate which S2′ residues are important for SARS-CoV-2 spike activation by these two airway proteases, with TMPRSS2 being more tolerant to variation than TMPRSS13. This preemptive insight will help to estimate the impact of S2′ motif changes as they appear in new SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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4
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Martin CE, Murray AS, Sala-Hamrick KE, Mackinder JR, Harrison EC, Lundgren JG, Varela FA, List K. Posttranslational modifications of serine protease TMPRSS13 regulate zymogen activation, proteolytic activity, and cell surface localization. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101227. [PMID: 34562451 PMCID: PMC8503615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
TMPRSS13, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family, harbors four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. In this study, we examined the role of N-linked glycosylation in the proteolytic activity, autoactivation, and cellular localization of TMPRSS13. Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. Additionally, SP domain glycosylation-deficient TMPRSS13 displayed impaired trafficking of TMPRSS13 to the cell surface, which correlated with increased retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. Importantly, we showed that N-linked glycosylation was a critical determinant for subsequent phosphorylation of endogenous TMPRSS13. Taken together, we conclude that glycosylation plays an important role in regulating TMPRSS13 activation and activity, phosphorylation, and cell surface localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly E Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew S Murray
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jacob R Mackinder
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Evan C Harrison
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Joseph G Lundgren
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Fausto A Varela
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Karin List
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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5
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Ohno A, Maita N, Tabata T, Nagano H, Arita K, Ariyoshi M, Uchida T, Nakao R, Ulla A, Sugiura K, Kishimoto K, Teshima-Kondo S, Okumura Y, Nikawa T. Crystal structure of inhibitor-bound human MSPL that can activate high pathogenic avian influenza. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/6/e202000849. [PMID: 33820827 PMCID: PMC8046417 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of extracellular domain of MSPL and inhibitor complex helps to understand the TTSP functions, including TMPRSS2, and provides the insights of the infection of influenza and SARS-CoV. Infection of certain influenza viruses is triggered when its HA is cleaved by host cell proteases such as proprotein convertases and type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSP). HA with a monobasic motif is cleaved by trypsin-like proteases, including TMPRSS2 and HAT, whereas the multibasic motif found in high pathogenicity avian influenza HA is cleaved by furin, PC5/6, or MSPL. MSPL belongs to the TMPRSS family and preferentially cleaves [R/K]-K-K-R↓ sequences. Here, we solved the crystal structure of the extracellular region of human MSPL in complex with an irreversible substrate-analog inhibitor. The structure revealed three domains clustered around the C-terminal α-helix of the SPD. The inhibitor structure and its putative model show that the P1-Arg inserts into the S1 pocket, whereas the P2-Lys and P4-Arg interacts with the Asp/Glu-rich 99-loop that is unique to MSPL. Based on the structure of MSPL, we also constructed a homology model of TMPRSS2, which is essential for the activation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and infection. The model may provide the structural insight for the drug development for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Ohno
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nobuo Maita
- Division of Disease Proteomics, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takanori Tabata
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahikasei Pharma, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hikaru Nagano
- Department of Nutrition, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kyohei Arita
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mariko Ariyoshi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Uchida
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Reiko Nakao
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Anayt Ulla
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kosuke Sugiura
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koji Kishimoto
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shigetada Teshima-Kondo
- Department of Nutrition, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuushi Okumura
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Nutritional Science, Sagami Women's University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nikawa
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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6
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Murza A, Dion SP, Boudreault PL, Désilets A, Leduc R, Marsault É. Inhibitors of type II transmembrane serine proteases in the treatment of diseases of the respiratory tract - A review of patent literature. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:807-824. [PMID: 32887532 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1817390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) of the human respiratory tract generate high interest owing to their ability, among other roles, to cleave surface proteins of respiratory viruses. This step is critical in the viral invasion of coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 responsible for COVID-19, but also influenza viruses and reoviruses. Accordingly, these cell surface enzymes constitute appealing therapeutic targets to develop host-based therapeutics against respiratory viral diseases. Additionally, their deregulated levels or activity has been described in non-viral diseases such as fibrosis, cancer, and osteoarthritis, making them potential targets in these indications. AREAS COVERED Areas covered: This review includes WIPO-listed patents reporting small molecules and peptide-based inhibitors of type II transmembrane serine proteases of the respiratory tract. EXPERT OPINION Expert opinion: Several TTSPs of the respiratory tract represent attractive pharmacological targets in the treatment of respiratory infectious diseases (notably COVID-19 and influenza), but also against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer. The current emphasis is primarily on TMPRSS2, matriptase, and hepsin, yet other TTSPs await validation. Compounds listed herein are predominantly peptidomimetic inhibitors, some with covalent reversible mechanisms of action and high potencies. Their selectivity profile, however, are often only partially characterized. Preclinical data are promising and warrant further advancement in the above diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Murza
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada
| | - Sébastien P Dion
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada
| | - Antoine Désilets
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada
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7
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Membrane-anchored serine proteases as regulators of epithelial function. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:517-528. [PMID: 32196551 PMCID: PMC9869603 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cleavage of proteins in the extracellular milieu, including hormones, growth factors and their receptors, ion channels, and various cell adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules, plays a key role in the regulation of cell behavior. Among more than 500 proteolytic enzymes encoded by mammalian genomes, membrane-anchored serine proteases (MASPs), which are expressed on the surface of epithelial cells of all major organs, are excellently suited to mediate signal transduction across the epithelia and are increasingly being recognized as important regulators of epithelial development, function, and disease [ 1-3]. In this minireview, we summarize current knowledge of the in vivo roles of MASPs in acquisition and maintenance of some of the defining functions of epithelial tissues, such as barrier formation, ion transport, and sensory perception.
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8
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Boon L, Ugarte-Berzal E, Vandooren J, Opdenakker G. Protease propeptide structures, mechanisms of activation, and functions. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:111-165. [PMID: 32290726 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1742090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are a diverse group of hydrolytic enzymes, ranging from single-domain catalytic molecules to sophisticated multi-functional macromolecules. Human proteases are divided into five mechanistic classes: aspartate, cysteine, metallo, serine and threonine proteases, based on the catalytic mechanism of hydrolysis. As a protective mechanism against uncontrolled proteolysis, proteases are often produced and secreted as inactive precursors, called zymogens, containing inhibitory N-terminal propeptides. Protease propeptide structures vary considerably in length, ranging from dipeptides and propeptides of about 10 amino acids to complex multifunctional prodomains with hundreds of residues. Interestingly, sequence analysis of the different protease domains has demonstrated that propeptide sequences present higher heterogeneity compared with their catalytic domains. Therefore, we suggest that protease inhibition targeting propeptides might be more specific and have less off-target effects than classical inhibitors. The roles of propeptides, besides keeping protease latency, include correct folding of proteases, compartmentalization, liganding, and functional modulation. Changes in the propeptide sequence, thus, have a tremendous impact on the cognate enzymes. Small modifications of the propeptide sequences modulate the activity of the enzymes, which may be useful as a therapeutic strategy. This review provides an overview of known human proteases, with a focus on the role of their propeptides. We review propeptide functions, activation mechanisms, and possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Boon
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Estefania Ugarte-Berzal
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Vandooren
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Glycan-Dependent and -Independent Dual Recognition between DC-SIGN and Type II Serine Protease MSPL/TMPRSS13 in Colorectal Cancer Cells. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10082687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A class of glycoproteins such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)/CEA-related cell adhesion molecule 1(CEACAM1), CD26 (DPPIV), and mac-2 binding protein (Mac-2BP) harbor tumor-associated glycans in colorectal cancer. In this study, we identified type II transmembrane mosaic serine protease large-form (MSPL) and its splice variant transmembrane protease serine 13 (TMPRSS13) as ligands of Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) on the colorectal cancer cells. DC-SIGN is a C-type lectin expressed on dendritic cells, serves as a pattern recognition receptor for numerous pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and M. tuberculosis. DC-SIGN recognizes these glycoproteins in a Ca2+ dependent manner. Meanwhile, we found that MSPL proteolytically cleaves DC-SIGN in addition to the above glycan-mediated recognition. DC-SIGN was degraded more efficiently by MSPL when treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), suggesting that glycan-dependent interaction of the two molecules partially blocked DC-SIGN degradation. Our findings uncovered a dual recognition system between DC-SIGN and MSPL/TMPRSS13, providing new insight into the mechanism underlying colorectal tumor microenvironment.
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10
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Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Garten W, Klenk HD. Membrane-Anchored Serine Proteases: Host Cell Factors in Proteolytic Activation of Viral Glycoproteins. ACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY HOST PROTEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122464 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75474-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over one third of all known proteolytic enzymes are serine proteases. Among these, the trypsin-like serine proteases comprise one of the best characterized subfamilies due to their essential roles in blood coagulation, food digestion, fibrinolysis, or immunity. Trypsin-like serine proteases possess primary substrate specificity for basic amino acids. Most of the well-characterized trypsin-like proteases such as trypsin, plasmin, or urokinase are soluble proteases that are secreted into the extracellular environment. At the turn of the millennium, a number of novel trypsin-like serine proteases have been identified that are anchored in the cell membrane, either by a transmembrane domain at the N- or C-terminus or via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. Meanwhile more than 20 membrane-anchored serine proteases (MASPs) have been identified in human and mouse, and some of them have emerged as key regulators of mammalian development and homeostasis. Thus, the MASP corin and TMPRSS6/matriptase-2 have been demonstrated to be the activators of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and key regulator of hepcidin expression, respectively. Furthermore, MASPs have been recognized as host cell factors activating respiratory viruses including influenza virus as well as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses. In particular, transmembrane protease serine S1 member 2 (TMPRSS2) has been shown to be essential for proteolytic activation and consequently spread and pathogenesis of a number of influenza A viruses in mice and as a factor associated with severe influenza virus infection in humans. This review gives an overview on the physiological functions of the fascinating and rapidly evolving group of MASPs and a summary of the current knowledge on their role in proteolytic activation of viral fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Institut für Virologie, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Dieter Klenk
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
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11
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Murray AS, Varela FA, Hyland TE, Schoenbeck AJ, White JM, Tanabe LM, Todi SV, List K. Phosphorylation of the type II transmembrane serine protease, TMPRSS13, in hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 and -2-mediated cell-surface localization. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14867-14884. [PMID: 28710277 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.775999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TMPRSS13 is a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family. Although various TTSPs have been characterized in detail biochemically and functionally, the basic properties of TMPRSS13 remain unclear. Here, we investigate the activation, inhibition, post-translational modification, and localization of TMPRSS13. We show that TMPRSS13 is a glycosylated, active protease and that its own proteolytic activity mediates zymogen cleavage. Full-length, active TMPRSS13 exhibits impaired cell-surface expression in the absence of the cognate Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-1 or HAI-2. Concomitant presence of TMPRSS13 with either HAI-1 or -2 mediates phosphorylation of residues in the intracellular domain of the protease, and it coincides with efficient transport of the protease to the cell surface and its subsequent shedding. Cell-surface labeling experiments indicate that the dominant form of TMPRSS13 on the cell surface is phosphorylated, whereas intracellular TMPRSS13 is predominantly non-phosphorylated. These data provide novel insight into the cellular properties of TMPRSS13 and highlight phosphorylation of TMPRSS13 as a novel post-translational modification of this TTSP family member and potentially other members of this family of proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Murray
- From the Departments of Pharmacology.,Oncology, and.,Cancer Biology Graduate Program, and.,the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Fausto A Varela
- From the Departments of Pharmacology.,Pharmacology Graduate Program, and
| | | | | | - Jordan M White
- From the Departments of Pharmacology.,Oncology, and.,Cancer Biology Graduate Program, and.,the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | | | | | - Karin List
- From the Departments of Pharmacology, .,Oncology, and.,the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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12
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Menou A, Duitman J, Flajolet P, Sallenave JM, Mailleux AA, Crestani B. Human airway trypsin-like protease, a serine protease involved in respiratory diseases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L657-L668. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00509.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 2% of all human genes are coding for a complex system of more than 700 proteases and protease inhibitors. Among them, serine proteases play extraordinary, diverse functions in different physiological and pathological processes. The human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT), also referred to as TMPRSS11D and serine 11D, belongs to the emerging family of cell surface proteolytic enzymes, the type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs). Through the cleavage of its four major identified substrates, HAT triggers specific responses, notably in epithelial cells, within the pericellular and extracellular environment, including notably inflammatory cytokine production, inflammatory cell recruitment, or anticoagulant processes. This review summarizes the potential role of this recently described protease in mediating cell surface proteolytic events, to highlight the structural features, proteolytic activity, and regulation, including the expression profile of HAT, and discuss its possible roles in respiratory physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awen Menou
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - JanWillem Duitman
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Pauline Flajolet
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Jean-Michel Sallenave
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Arnaud André Mailleux
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
- APHP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, Paris, France
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Abstract
Membrane-anchored serine proteases are a group of extracellular serine proteases tethered directly to plasma membranes, via a C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage (GPI-anchored), a C-terminal transmembrane domain (Type I), or an N-terminal transmembrane domain (Type II). A variety of biochemical, cellular, and in vivo studies have established that these proteases are important pericellular contributors to processes vital for the maintenance of homeostasis, including food digestion, blood pressure regulation, hearing, epithelial permeability, sperm maturation, and iron homeostasis. These enzymes are hijacked by viruses to facilitate infection and propagation, and their misregulation is associated with a wide range of diseases, including cancer malignancy.
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14
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TMPRSS13 deficiency impairs stratum corneum formation and epidermal barrier acquisition. Biochem J 2014; 461:487-95. [PMID: 24832573 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-anchored serine proteases serve as important regulators of multiple developmental and homoeostatic processes in mammals. TMPRSS13 (transmembrane protease, serine 13; also known as mosaic serine protease large-form, MSPL) is a membrane-anchored serine protease with unknown biological functions. In the present study, we used mice with the Tmprss13 gene disrupted by a β-galactosidase-neomycin fusion gene insertion to study the expression and function of the membrane-anchored serine protease. High levels of Tmprss13 expression were found in the epithelia of the oral cavity, upper digestive tract and skin. Compatible with this expression pattern, Tmprss13-deficient mice displayed abnormal skin development, leading to a compromised barrier function, as measured by the transepidermal fluid loss rate of newborn mice. The present study provides the first biological function for the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS13.
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15
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de Aberasturi AL, Calvo A. TMPRSS4: an emerging potential therapeutic target in cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 112:4-8. [PMID: 25203520 PMCID: PMC4453593 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered expression and activity of proteases is a key event in cancer, particularly in relation to invasion, modification of the extracellular matrix and metastasis. The transmembrane protease, serine 4 (TMPRSS4) is closely related to other cancer-associated proteases, such as hepsin, TMPRSS2 and matriptase. We review in this study up-to-date information about expression, role, regulation and clinical relevance of TMPRSS4 in cancer. Increased expression of this protease is associated with acquisition of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, invasion and metastasis in vivo. Signalling in cancer cells involves upregulation of integrin-α5 (ITG-α5) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), downregulation of E-cadherin and activation of uPA enzymatic activity at the plasma membrane, as well as phosphorylation of FAK, Src, Akt and ERK1/2 intracellularly. Upregulation of miR-205 hinders the protumorigenic effects elicited by TMPRSS4 through restoration of E-cadherin levels and direct targeting of ITG-α5. High levels of TMPRSS4 have been found in several types of solid tumours in patients, and association with poor prognosis has been consistently described. On the basis of this information and the structural characteristics of this druggable protease, we suggest that TMPRSS4 could be a novel potential therapeutic target in solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L de Aberasturi
- Department of Histology and Pathology and Oncology Division, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - A Calvo
- Department of Histology and Pathology and Oncology Division, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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16
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Faller N, Gautschi I, Schild L. Functional analysis of a missense mutation in the serine protease inhibitor SPINT2 associated with congenital sodium diarrhea. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94267. [PMID: 24722141 PMCID: PMC3983116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound serine proteases play important roles in different biological processes. Their regulation by endogenous inhibitors is poorly understood. A Y163C mutation in the SPINT2 gene encoding the serine protease inhibitor Hepatocyte Growth Factor Inhibitor HAI-2 is associated with a congenital sodium diarrhea. The functional consequences of this mutation on HAI-2 activity and its physiological targets are unknown. We established a cellular assay in Xenopus laevis oocytes to study functional interactions between HAI-2 and candidate membrane-bound serine proteases expressed in the gastro-intestinal tract. We found that the wild-type form of HAI-2 is a potent inhibitor of nine gastro-intestinal serine proteases. The Y163C mutation in the second Kunitz domain of HAI-2 resulted in a complete loss of inhibitory activity on two intestinal proteases, prostasin and tmprss13. The effect of the mutation of the homologous Y68C in the first Kunitz domain of HAI-2 is consistent with a differential contribution of the two Kunitz domains of HAI-2 in the inhibition of serine proteases. By contrast to the Tyr to Cys, the Tyr to Ser substitution did not change the inhibitory potency of HAI-2, indicating that the thiol-group of the cysteine rather than the Tyr deletion is responsible for the HAI-2 loss of function. Our functional assay allowed us to identify membrane-bound serine proteases as cellular target for inhibition by HAI-2 wild type and mutants, and to better define the role of the Tyr in the second Kunitz domain in the inhibitory activity of HAI-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Faller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Gautschi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Schild
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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17
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Antalis TM, Bugge TH, Wu Q. Membrane-anchored serine proteases in health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 99:1-50. [PMID: 21238933 PMCID: PMC3697097 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385504-6.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases of the trypsin-like family have long been recognized to be critical effectors of biological processes as diverse as digestion, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and immunity. In recent years, a subgroup of these enzymes has been identified that are anchored directly to plasma membranes, either by a carboxy-terminal transmembrane domain (Type I), an amino-terminal transmembrane domain with a cytoplasmic extension (Type II or TTSP), or through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. Recent biochemical, cellular, and in vivo analyses have now established that membrane-anchored serine proteases are key pericellular contributors to processes vital for development and the maintenance of homeostasis. This chapter reviews our current knowledge of the biological and physiological functions of these proteases, their molecular substrates, and their contributions to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Antalis
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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18
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Bertram S, Glowacka I, Steffen I, Kühl A, Pöhlmann S. Novel insights into proteolytic cleavage of influenza virus hemagglutinin. Rev Med Virol 2010; 20:298-310. [PMID: 20629046 PMCID: PMC7169116 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) mediates the first essential step in the viral life cycle, virus entry into target cells. Influenza virus HA is synthesised as a precursor protein in infected cells and requires cleavage by host cell proteases to transit into an active form. Cleavage is essential for influenza virus infectivity and the HA‐processing proteases are attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. It is well established that cleavage by ubiquitously expressed subtilisin‐like proteases is a hallmark of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV). In contrast, the nature of the proteases responsible for cleavage of HA of human influenza viruses and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) is not well understood. Recent studies suggest that cleavage of HA of human influenza viruses might be a cell‐associated event and might be facilitated by the type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) TMPRSS2, TMPRSS4 and human airway trypsin‐like protease (HAT). Here, we will introduce the different concepts established for proteolytic activation of influenza virus HA, with a particular focus on the role of TTSPs, and we will discuss their implications for viral tropism, pathogenicity and antiviral intervention. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bertram
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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19
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Hashimoto T, Kato M, Shimomura T, Kitamura N. TMPRSS13, a type II transmembrane serine protease, is inhibited by hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 and activates pro-hepatocyte growth factor. FEBS J 2010; 277:4888-900. [PMID: 20977675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) are structurally defined by the presence of a transmembrane domain located near the N-terminus and a C-terminal extracellular serine protease domain. The human TTSP family consists of 17 members. Some members of the family have pivotal functions in development and homeostasis, and are involved in tumorigenesis and viral infections. The activities of TTSPs are regulated by endogenous protease inhibitors. However, protease inhibitors of most TTSPs have not yet been identified. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1), a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor, on several members of the TTSP family. We found that the protease activity of a member, TMPRSS13, was inhibited by HAI-1. A detailed analysis revealed that a soluble form of HAI-1 with one Kunitz domain (NK1) more strongly inhibited TMPRSS13 than another soluble form of HAI-1 with two Kunitz domains (NK1LK2). In addition, an in vitro protein binding assay showed that NK1 formed complexes with TMPRSS13, but NK1LK2 did not. TMPRSS13 converted single-chain pro-hepatocyte growth factor (pro-HGF) to a two-chain form in vitro, and the pro-HGF converting activity of TMPRSS13 was inhibited by NK1. The two-chain form of HGF exhibited biological activity, assessed by phosphorylation of the HGF receptor (c-Met) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and scattered morphology in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. These results suggest that TMPRSS13 functions as an HGF-converting protease, the activity of which may be regulated by HAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomio Hashimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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20
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Novel type II transmembrane serine proteases, MSPL and TMPRSS13, Proteolytically activate membrane fusion activity of the hemagglutinin of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and induce their multicycle replication. J Virol 2010; 84:5089-96. [PMID: 20219906 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02605-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Host cellular proteases induce influenza virus entry into cells by cleaving the viral surface envelope glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA). However, details on the cellular proteases involved in this event are not fully available. We report here that ubiquitous type II transmembrane serine proteases, MSPL and its splice variant TMPRSS13, are novel candidates for proteases processing HA proteins of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, apart from the previously identified furin and proprotein convertases 5 and 6. HAs from all HPAI virus H5 and H7 strains have one of two cleavage site motifs, the R-X-K/R-R motif with R at position P4 and the K-K/R-K/T-R motif with K at position P4. In studies of synthetic 14-residue HPAI virus HA peptides with these cleavage site motifs, furin preferentially cleaved only HA peptides with the R-K-K-R motif in the presence of calcium and not peptides with the other motif, whereas MSPL and TMPRSS13 cleaved both types of HA peptides (those with the R/K-K-K-R motif) efficiently in the absence of calcium. Full-length recombinant HPAI virus HA with the K-K-K-R cleavage motif exhibited poor susceptibility to cleavage in the absence of MSPL or TMPRSS13 and the presence of furin in infected cells, but it was converted to mature HA subunits in transfected cells expressing MSPL or TMPRSS13, with membrane-fused giant-cell formation. This conversion and membrane fusion were suppressed by inhibitors of MSPL and TMPRSS13. Furthermore, infection with and multiplication of genetically modified live HPAI virus A/Crow/Kyoto/53/2004 (H5N1) with the K-K-K-R cleavage site motif were detected only in MSPL- and TMPRSS13-expressing cells.
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21
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Type II transmembrane serine proteases in cancer and viral infections. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:303-12. [PMID: 19581128 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulated proteolysis of cellular factors is pivotal to tissue development and homeostasis, whereas uncontrolled proteolytic activity is linked to disease. Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) are expressed at the cell surface and are thus ideally located to regulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Increasing evidence demonstrates that aberrant expression of TTSPs is a hallmark of several cancers and recent studies have defined molecular mechanisms underlying TTSP-promoted carcinogenesis. In addition, new findings suggest that influenza and other respiratory viruses could exploit TTSPs to promote their spread, making these proteases potential targets for intervention in cancer and viral infections. Here, we review the role of TTSPs in tumorigenesis and viral infection and discuss potential approaches to therapy.
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22
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Szabo R, Kosa P, List K, Bugge TH. Loss of matriptase suppression underlies spint1 mutation-associated ichthyosis and postnatal lethality. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:2015-22. [PMID: 19389929 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 (HAI)-1 is an epithelial Kunitz-type transmembrane serine protease inhibitor that is encoded by the SPINT1 gene. HAI-1 displays potent inhibitory activity toward a large number of trypsin-like serine proteases. HAI-1 was recently shown to play an essential role in postnatal epithelial homeostasis. Thus, Spint1-deficient mice were found to display severe growth retardation and are unable to survive beyond postnatal day 16. The mice present histologically with overt hyperkeratosis of the forestomach, hyperkeratosis and acanthosis of the epidermis, and hypotrichosis associated with abnormal cuticle development. In this study, we show that loss of inhibition of a proteolytic pathway that is dependent on the type II transmembrane serine protease, matriptase, underlies the detrimental effects of postnatal Spint1 deficiency. Matriptase and HAI-1 precisely co-localize in all tissues that are affected by the Spint1 disruption. Spint1-deficient mice that have low matriptase levels, caused by a hypomorphic mutation in the St14 gene that encodes matriptase, not only survived the neonatal period but were healthy and displayed normal long-term survival. Furthermore, a detailed histological analysis of neonatal, young adult, as well as aged mice did not reveal any abnormalities in Spint1-deficent mice that have low matriptase levels. This study identifies matriptase suppression as an essential function of HAI-1 in postnatal tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Szabo
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 211, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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23
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Ramsay AJ, Hooper JD, Folgueras AR, Velasco G, López-Otín C. Matriptase-2 (TMPRSS6): a proteolytic regulator of iron homeostasis. Haematologica 2009; 94:840-9. [PMID: 19377077 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2008.001867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the body's levels of iron within precise boundaries is essential for normal physiological function. Alterations of these levels below or above the healthy limit lead to a systemic deficiency or overload in iron. The type-two transmembrane serine protease (TTSP), matriptase-2 (also known as TMPRSS6), is attracting significant amounts of interest due to its recently described role in iron homeostasis. The finding of this regulatory role for matriptase-2 was originally derived from the observation that mice deficient in this protease present with anemia due to elevated levels of hepcidin and impaired intestinal iron absorption. Further in vitro analysis has demonstrated that matriptase-2 functions to suppress bone morphogenetic protein stimulation of hepcidin transcription through cell surface proteolytic processing of the bone morphogenetic protein co-receptor hemojuvelin. Consistently, the anemic phenotype of matriptase-2 knockout mice is mirrored in humans with matripase-2 mutations. Currently, 14 patients with iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) have been reported to harbor various genetic mutations that abrogate matriptase-2 proteolytic activity. In this review, after overviewing the membrane anchored serine proteases, in particular the TTSP family, we summarize the identification and characterization of matriptase-2 and describe its functional relevance in iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ramsay
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Membrane-bound serine protease matriptase-2 (Tmprss6) is an essential regulator of iron homeostasis. Blood 2008; 112:2539-45. [PMID: 18523150 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-04-149773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic events at the cell surface are essential in the regulation of signal transduction pathways. During the past years, the family of type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) has acquired an increasing relevance because of their privileged localization at the cell surface, although our current understanding of the biologic function of most TTSPs is limited. Here we show that matriptase-2 (Tmprss6), a recently described member of the TTSP family, is an essential regulator of iron homeostasis. Thus, Tmprss6(-/-) mice display an overt phenotype of alopecia and a severe iron deficiency anemia. These hematologic alterations found in Tmprss6(-/-) mice are accompanied by a marked up-regulation of hepcidin, a negative regulator of iron export into plasma. Likewise, Tmprss6(-/-) mice have reduced ferroportin expression in the basolateral membrane of enterocytes and accumulate iron in these cells. Iron-dextran therapy rescues both alopecia and hematologic alterations of Tmprss6(-/-) mice, providing causal evidence that the anemic phenotype of these mutant mice results from the blockade of intestinal iron export into plasma after dietary absorption. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that matriptase-2 activity represents a novel and relevant step in hepcidin regulation and iron homeostasis.
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Okumura Y, Hayama M, Takahashi E, Fujiuchi M, Shimabukuro A, Yano M, Kido H. Serase-1B, a new splice variant of polyserase-1/TMPRSS9, activates urokinase-type plasminogen activator and the proteolytic activation is negatively regulated by glycosaminoglycans. Biochem J 2006; 400:551-61. [PMID: 16872279 PMCID: PMC1698595 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyserase-1 (polyserine protease-1)/TMPRSS9 (transmembrane serine protease 9) is a type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) that possesses unique three tandem serine protease domains. However, the physiological function of each protease domain remains poorly understood. We discovered a new splice variant of polyserase-1, termed Serase-1B, which contains 34 extra amino acids consisting a SEA module (a domain found in sea urchin sperm protein, enterokinase and agrin) adjacent to the transmembrane domain and the first protease domain with a mucin-like box at the C-terminus. The tissue distribution of this enzyme by RT (reverse transcription)-PCR analysis revealed high expression in the liver, small intestine, pancreas, testis and peripheral blood CD14+ and CD8+ cells. To investigate the role of Serase-1B, a full-length form recombinant protein was produced. Interestingly, recombinant Serase-1B was partly secreted as a soluble inactive precursor and it was also activated by trypsin. This activated enzyme selectively cleaved synthetic peptides for trypsin and activated protein C, and it was inhibited by several natural serine protease inhibitors, such as aprotinin, alpha2-antiplasmin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. In addition, Serase-1B efficiently converted pro-uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator) into active uPA and this activation was strongly inhibited by these natural inhibitors. Furthermore, this activation was also negatively regulated by glycosaminoglycans. Our results indicate that Serase-1B is a novel member of TTSPs that might be involved in uPA/plasmin-mediated proteolysis and possibly implicated in biological events such as fibrinolysis and tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuushi Okumura
- *Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masaki Hayama
- *Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- †Department of Otolaryngology and Sensory Organ Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- ‡Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tokushima, 2-50-1 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Etsuhisa Takahashi
- *Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mieko Fujiuchi
- *Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Aki Shimabukuro
- *Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mihiro Yano
- *Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- *Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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List K, Szabo R, Molinolo A, Nielsen BS, Bugge TH. Delineation of matriptase protein expression by enzymatic gene trapping suggests diverging roles in barrier function, hair formation, and squamous cell carcinogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:1513-25. [PMID: 16651618 PMCID: PMC1606590 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.051071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The membrane serine protease matriptase is required for epidermal barrier function, hair formation, and thymocyte development in mice, and dysregulated matriptase expression causes epidermal squamous cell carcinoma. To elucidate the specific functions of matriptase in normal and aberrant epidermal differentiation, we used enzymatic gene trapping combined with immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and barrier function assays to delineate the spatio-temporal expression and function of matriptase in mouse keratinized tissue development, homeostasis, and malignant transformation. In the interfollicular epidermis, matriptase expression was restricted to postmitotic transitional layer keratinocytes undergoing terminal differentiation. Matriptase was also expressed in keratinizing oral epithelium, where it was required for oral barrier function, and in thymic epithelium. In all three tissues, matriptase colocalized with profilaggrin. In staged embryos, the onset of epidermal matriptase expression coincided with that of profilaggrin expression and acquisition of the epidermal barrier. In marked contrast to stratifying keritinized epithelium, matripase expression commenced already in undifferentiated and rapidly proliferating profilaggrin-negative matrix cells and displayed hair growth cycle-dependent expression. Exposure of the epidermis to carcinogens led to the gradual appearance of matriptase in a keratin-5-positive proliferative cell compartment during malignant progression. Combined with previous studies, these data suggest that matriptase has diverging functions in the genesis of stratified keratinized epithelium, hair follicles, and squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin List
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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27
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Li Y, Yu Z, Zhao X, Shen SH. Identification and characterization of hepsin/-TM, a non-transmembrane hepsin isoform. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 1681:157-65. [PMID: 15627507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Revised: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs), including hepsin, are a new class of cell surface catalytic enzymes. In the present study, a non-transmembrane isoform of hepsin, named hepsin/-TM that originates from alternative splicing, was identified. Unlike the transmembrane hepsin isoform, this non-transmembrane isoform was distributed within the cytoplasm. Real-time PCR experiments revealed that while hepsin was expressed in all tested human tissues, hepsin/-TM was restricted in kidney, brain and lung tissues. Significantly, hepsin/-TM was not expressed in liver where hepsin was originally identified. However, hepsin/-TM was highly expressed in brain where hepsin was expressed at a relatively lower level. Moreover, these two isoforms showed different expression patterns in a number of colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. In addition, in contrast to hepsin, expression of hepsin/-TM in vivo does not exert any apparent inhibitory effect on mammalian cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Mammalian Cell Genetics, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2
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28
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Hobson JP, Netzel-Arnett S, Szabo R, Réhault SM, Church FC, Strickland DK, Lawrence DA, Antalis TM, Bugge TH. Mouse DESC1 is located within a cluster of seven DESC1-like genes and encodes a type II transmembrane serine protease that forms serpin inhibitory complexes. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:46981-94. [PMID: 15328353 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403299200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the identification and functional analysis of a type II transmembrane serine protease encoded by the mouse differentially expressed in squamous cell carcinoma (DESC) 1 gene, and the definition of a cluster of seven homologous DESC1-like genes within a 0.5-Mb region of mouse chromosome 5E1. This locus is syntenic to a region of human chromosome 4q13.3 containing the human orthologues of four of the mouse DESC1-like genes. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that all seven DESC1-like genes encode functional proteases. Direct cDNA cloning showed that mouse DESC1 encodes a multidomain serine protease with an N-terminal signal anchor, a SEA (sea urchin sperm protein, enterokinase, and agrin) domain, and a C-terminal serine protease domain. The mouse DESC1 mRNA was present in epidermal, oral, and male reproductive tissues and directed the translation of a membrane-associated 60-kDa N-glycosylated protein with type II topology. Mouse DESC1 was synthesized in insect cells as a zymogen that could be activated by exposure to trypsin. The purified activated DESC1 hydrolyzed synthetic peptide substrates, showing a preference for Arg in the P1 position. DESC1 proteolytic activity was abolished by generic inhibitors of serine proteases but not by other classes of protease inhibitors. Most interestingly, DESC1 formed stable inhibitory complexes with both plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and protein C inhibitor that are expressed in the same tissues with DESC1, suggesting that type II transmembrane serine proteases may be novel targets for serpin inhibition. Together, these data show that mouse DESC1 encodes a functional cell surface serine protease that may have important functions in the epidermis, oral, and reproductive epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Hobson
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Unit, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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29
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Mager S, Sloan J. Possible role of amino acids, peptides, and sugar transporter in protein removal and innate lung defense. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 479:263-7. [PMID: 14612156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the hypothesis that removal of polypeptides and glycoproteins from the alveolar space and airways is mediated in part by enzymatic degradation, followed by transporter mediated transepithelial transport of amino acids, peptides and sugar residues. Furthermore, the activity of these transporters ensures low availability of nutrients, and decrease bacterial growth. Thus, airway epithelial transporters for sugar, amino acids, peptides and other nutrients can contribute to the innate lung defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sela Mager
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 630 Medical Biomolecular Research Building, Campus Box 7545, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545, USA.
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30
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Noel A, Maillard C, Rocks N, Jost M, Chabottaux V, Sounni NE, Maquoi E, Cataldo D, Foidart JM. Membrane associated proteases and their inhibitors in tumour angiogenesis. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:577-84. [PMID: 15166260 PMCID: PMC1770325 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2003.014472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface proteolysis is an important mechanism for generating biologically active proteins that mediate a range of cellular functions and contribute to biological processes such as angiogenesis. Although most studies have focused on the plasminogen system and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), recently there has been an increase in the identification of membrane associated proteases, including serine proteases, ADAMs, and membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs). Normally, protease activity is tightly controlled by tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) and plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAIs). The balance between active proteases and inhibitors is thought to determine the occurrence of proteolysis in vivo. High concentrations of proteolytic system components correlate with poor prognosis in many cancers. Paradoxically, high (not low) PAI-1 or TIMP concentrations predict poor survival in patients with various cancers. Recent observations indicate a much more complex role for protease inhibitors in tumour progression and angiogenesis than initially expected. As knowledge in the field of protease biology has improved, the unforeseen complexities of cell associated enzymes and their interaction with physiological inhibitors have emerged, often revealing unexpected mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Noel
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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31
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Hansen IA, Fassnacht M, Hahner S, Hammer F, Schammann M, Meyer SR, Bicknell AB, Allolio B. The adrenal secretory serine protease AsP is a short secretory isoform of the transmembrane airway trypsin-like protease. Endocrinology 2004; 145:1898-905. [PMID: 14691009 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-0930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To further elucidate the role of proteases capable of cleaving N-terminal proopiomelanocortin (N-POMC)-derived peptides, we have cloned two cDNAs encoding isoforms of the airway trypsin-like protease (AT) from mouse (MAT) and rat (RAT), respectively. The open reading frames comprise 417 amino acids (aa) and 279 aa. The mouse AT gene was located at chromosome 5E1 and contains 10 exons. The longer isoform, which we designated MAT1 and RAT1, has a simple type II transmembrane protein structure, consisting of a short cytoplasmic domain, a transmembrane domain, a SEA (63-kDa sea urchin sperm protein, enteropeptidase, agrin) module, and a serine protease domain. The human homolog of MAT1 and RAT1 is the human AT (HAT). The shorter isoform, designated MAT2 and RAT2, which contains an alternative N terminus, was formerly described in the rat as adrenal secretory serine protease (AsP) and has been shown to be involved in the processing of N-POMC-derived peptides. In contrast to the long isoform, neither MAT2 and RAT2 (AsP) contain a transmembrane domain nor a SEA domain but an N-terminal signal peptide to direct the enzyme to the secretory pathway. The C terminus, covering the catalytic triad, is identical in both isoforms. Immunohistochemically, MAT/RAT was predominantly expressed in tissues of the upper gastrointestinal and the respiratory tract-but also in the adrenal gland. Moreover, isoform-specific RT-PCR and quantitative PCR analysis revealed a complex expression pattern of the two isoforms with differences between mice and rats. These findings indicate a multifunctional role of these proteases beyond adrenal proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immo A Hansen
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Wuerzburg, Germany.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California 94806, USA
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33
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Knappe S, Wu F, Masikat MR, Morser J, Wu Q. Functional analysis of the transmembrane domain and activation cleavage of human corin: design and characterization of a soluble corin. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:52363-70. [PMID: 14559895 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309991200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Corin is a cardiac transmembrane serine protease. In cell-based studies, corin converted pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (pro-ANP) to mature ANP, suggesting that corin is potentially the pro-ANP convertase. In this study, we evaluated the importance of the transmembrane domain and activation cleavage in human corin. We showed that a soluble corin that consists of only the extracellular domain was capable of processing recombinant human pro-ANP in cell-based assays. In contrast, a mutation at the conserved activation cleavage site, R801A, abolished the function of corin, demonstrating that the activation cleavage is essential for corin activity. These results allowed us to design, express, and purify a mutant soluble corin, EKsolCorin, that contains an enterokinase recognition sequence at the activation cleavage site. Purified EKsolCorin was activated by enterokinase in a dose-dependent manner. Activated EK-solCorin had hydrolytic activity toward peptide substrates with a preference for Arg and Lys residues in the P-1 position. This activity of EKsolCorin was inhibited by trypsin-like serine protease inhibitors but not inhibitors of chymotrypsin-like, cysteine-, or metallo-proteases. In pro-ANP processing assays, purified active EKsolCorin converted recombinant human pro-ANP to biologically active ANP in a highly sequence-specific manner. The pro-ANP processing activity of EKsolCorin was not inhibited by human plasma. Together, our data indicate that the transmembrane domain is not necessary for the biological activity of corin but may be a mechanism to localize corin at specific sites, whereas the proteolytic cleavage at the activation site is an essential step in controlling the activity of corin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Knappe
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California 94804, USA
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Hooper JD, Campagnolo L, Goodarzi G, Truong TN, Stuhlmann H, Quigley JP. Mouse matriptase-2: identification, characterization and comparative mRNA expression analysis with mouse hepsin in adult and embryonic tissues. Biochem J 2003; 373:689-702. [PMID: 12744720 PMCID: PMC1223555 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2003] [Revised: 04/24/2003] [Accepted: 05/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification and characterization of mouse matriptase-2 (m-matriptase-2), an 811-amino-acid protein composed of an N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a membrane-spanning domain, two CUB (complement protein subcomponents C1r/C1s, urchin embryonic growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein 1) domains, three LDLR (low-density-lipoprotein receptor class A) domains and a C-terminal serine-protease domain. All m-matriptase-2 protein domain boundaries corresponded with intron/exon junctions of the encoding gene, which spans approx. 29 kb and comprises 18 exons. Matriptase-2 is highly conserved in human, mouse and rat, with the rat matriptase-2 gene ( r-maltriptase-2 ) predicted to encode transmembrane and soluble isoforms. Western-blot analysis indicated that m-matriptase-2 migrates close to its theoretical molecular mass of 91 kDa, and immunofluorescence analysis was consistent with the proposed surface membrane localization of this protein. Reverse-transcription PCR and in-situ -hybridization analysis indicated that m-matriptase-2 expression overlaps with the distribution of mouse hepsin (m-hepsin, a cell-surface serine protease identified in hepatoma cells) in adult tissues and during embryonic development. In adult tissues both are expressed at highest levels in liver, kidney and uterus. During embryogenesis m-matriptase-2 expression peaked between days 12.5 and 15.5. m-hepsin expression was biphasic, with peaks at day 7.5 to 8.5 and again between days 12.5 and 15.5. In situ hybridization of embryonic tissues indicated abundant expression of both m-matriptase-2 and m-hepsin in the developing liver and at lower levels in developing pharyngo-tympanic tubes. While m-hepsin was detected in the residual embryonic yolk sac and with lower intensity in lung, heart, gastrointestinal tract, developing kidney tubules and epithelium of the oral cavity, m-matriptase-2 was absent in these tissues, but strongly expressed within the nasal cavity by olfactory epithelial cells. Mechanistic insight into the potential role of this new transmembrane serine protease is provided by its novel expression profile in embryonic and adult mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Hooper
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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35
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Yousef GM, Kopolovic AD, Elliott MB, Diamandis EP. Genomic overview of serine proteases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 305:28-36. [PMID: 12732192 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases (SP) are peptidases with a uniquely activated serine residue in the substrate-binding pocket. They represent about 0.6% of all proteins in the human genome. SP are involved in many vital functions such as digestion, blood clotting, fibrinolysis, fertilization, and complement activation and are related to many diseases including cancer, arthritis, and emphysema. In this study, we performed a genomic analysis of human serine proteases utilizing different databases, primarily that of MEROPS. SP are distributed along all human chromosomes except 18 and Y with the highest density (23 genes) on chromosome 19. They are either randomly located within the genome or occur in clusters. We identified a number of SP clusters, the largest being the kallikrein cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 which is formed of 15 adjacent genes. Other clusters are located on chromosomes 19p13, 16p13, 14q11, 13q35, 11q22, and 7q35. Genes of each cluster tend to be of comparable sizes and to be transcribed in the same direction. The members of some clusters are sometimes functionally related, e.g., the involvement of many kallikreins in endocrine-related malignancies and the hematopoietic cluster on chromosome 14. It is hypothesized that members of some clusters are under common regulatory mechanisms and might be involved in cascade enzymatic pathways. Several functional domains are found in SP, which reflect their functional diversity. Membrane-type SP tend to cluster in 3 chromosomes and have some common structural domains. Several databases are available for screening, structural and functional analysis of serine proteases. With the near completion of the Human Genome Project, research will be more focused on the interactions between SP and their involvement in pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Yousef
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ont, Canada, M5G 1X5
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36
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Sloan JL, Grubb BR, Mager S. Expression of the amino acid transporter ATB 0+ in lung: possible role in luminal protein removal. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L39-49. [PMID: 12388375 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00164.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal lung function requires transepithelial clearance of luminal proteins; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of protein transport. Protein degradation followed by transport of peptides and amino acids may play an important role in this process. We previously cloned and functionally characterized the neutral and cationic amino acid transporter ATB(0+) and showed expression in the lung by mRNA analysis. In this study, the tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and function of the transporter in native tissue were investigated. Western blots showed expression of the ATB(0+) protein in mouse lung, stomach, colon, testis, blastocysts, and human lung. Immunohistochemistry revealed that ATB(0+) is predominantly expressed on the apical membrane of ciliated epithelial cells throughout mouse airways from trachea to bronchioles and in alveolar type I cells. Electrical measurements from mouse trachea preparations showed Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent, amino acid-induced short-circuit current consistent with the properties of ATB(0+). We hypothesize that, by removing amino acids from the airway lumen, the transporter contributes to protein clearance and, by maintaining a low nutrient environment, plays a role in lung defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Sloan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and the Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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37
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Pan J, Hinzmann B, Yan W, Wu F, Morser J, Wu Q. Genomic structures of the human and murine corin genes and functional GATA elements in their promoters. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:38390-8. [PMID: 12154094 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205686200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Corin is a multiple-domain type II transmembrane serine protease highly expressed in the heart. It converts pro-atrial natriuretic peptide to atrial natriuretic peptide, a cardiac hormone that regulates blood volume and pressure. Here we describe the genomic structures of the human and murine corin genes and functional analysis of their promoters. Both corin genes contain 22 exons and span >200 kb. Their intron/exon boundaries are well conserved, with most exons encoding distinct structural domains, supporting the idea that corin evolved as a result of exon duplication and rearrangement. Comparison of the 5'-flanking regions of the human and murine corin genes revealed several conserved sequences, including binding sites for TBX5, GATA, NKX2.5, and Krüppel-like transcription factors. Transfection experiments with reporter gene constructs driven by the human or murine corin 5'-flanking region indicated that the sequences from -405 to -15 in human and from -646 to -77 in mouse are sufficient to promote high levels of gene expression in murine cardiomyocytes. In contrast, these sequences produced only minimal levels of expression in HeLa cells. Within these sequences, we identified a conserved GATA element that bound to GATA-4. Mutation of the core sequence impaired both GATA-4 binding and gene expression. These data indicate that the GATA element and its binding to GATA-4 are essential for cardiac expression of the human and murine corin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Pan
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California 94806, USA.
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38
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Velasco G, Cal S, Quesada V, Sánchez LM, López-Otín C. Matriptase-2, a membrane-bound mosaic serine proteinase predominantly expressed in human liver and showing degrading activity against extracellular matrix proteins. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:37637-46. [PMID: 12149247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203007200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified and cloned a fetal liver cDNA encoding a new serine proteinase that has been called matriptase-2. This protein exhibits a domain organization similar to other members of an emerging family of membrane-bound serine proteinases known as type II transmembrane serine proteinases. Matriptase-2 contains a short cytoplasmic domain, a type II transmembrane sequence, a central region with several modular structural domains including two CUB (complement factor C1s/C1r, urchin embryonic growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein) domains and three low density lipoprotein receptor tandem repeats, and finally, a C-terminal catalytic domain with all typical features of serine proteinases. The human matriptase-2 gene maps to 22q12-q13, a location that differs from all type II transmembrane serine proteinase genes mapped to date. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis of COS-7 cells transfected with the isolated cDNA confirmed that matriptase-2 is anchored to the cell surface. Matriptase-2 was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified recombinant protein hydrolyzed synthetic substrates used for assaying serine proteinases and endogenous proteins such as type I collagen, fibronectin, and fibrinogen. Matriptase-2 could also activate single-chain urokinase plasminogen activator, albeit with low efficiency. These activities were abolished by inhibitors of serine proteinases but not by inhibitors of other classes of proteolytic enzymes. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that matriptase-2 transcripts are only detected at significant levels in both fetal and adult liver, suggesting that this novel serine proteinase may play a specialized role in matrix remodeling processes taking place in this tissue during development or in adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Velasco
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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