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Mane V, Mehta R, Alvarez N, Sharma V, Park S, Fox A, DeCarlo C, Yang X, Perlin DS, Powell RLR. In vivo antiviral efficacy of LCTG-002, a pooled, purified human milk secretory IgA product, against SARS-CoV-2 in a murine model of COVID-19. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2303226. [PMID: 38251677 PMCID: PMC10807469 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2303226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant antibody (Ab) in human mucosae, with secretory form (sIgA) being dominant and uniquely stable. sIgA is challenging to produce recombinantly but is naturally found in human milk, which could be considered a global resource for this biologic, justifying its development as a mucosal therapeutic. Presently, SARS-CoV-2 was utilized as a model mucosal pathogen, and methods were developed to efficiently extract human milk sIgA from donors who were naïve to SARS-CoV-2 or had recovered from infection that elicited high-titer anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike sIgA in their milk (pooled to make LCTG-002). Mass spectrometry determined that proteins with a relative abundance of 1% or greater were all associated with sIgA. Western blot demonstrated that all batches consisted predominantly of sIgA. Compared to control IgA, LCTG-002 demonstrated significantly higher Spike binding (mean endpoint of 0.87 versus 5.87). LCTG-002 was capable of blocking the Spike receptor-binding domain - angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) interaction with significantly greater potency compared to control (mean LCTG-002 IC50 154ug/mL versus 50% inhibition not achieved for control), and exhibited significant neutralization activity against Spike-pseudotyped virus infection (mean LCTG-002 IC50 49.8ug/mL versus 114.5ug/mL for control). LCTG-002 was tested for its capacity to reduce viral lung burden in K18+hACE2 transgenic mice inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. LCTG-002 significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 titers compared to control when administered at 0.25 mg/day or 1 mg/day, with a maximum TCID50 reduction of 4.9 logs. This innovative study demonstrates that LCTG-002 is highly pure and efficacious in vivo, supporting further development of milk-derived, polyclonal sIgA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj Mane
- Lactiga US, Inc. 675 US-1, North Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Rikin Mehta
- Lactiga US, Inc. 675 US-1, North Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Nadine Alvarez
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Vijeta Sharma
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Steven Park
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Alisa Fox
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claire DeCarlo
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Yang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York, NY, USA
| | - David S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Rebecca L. R. Powell
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York, NY, USA
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Nakanishi K, Mogi N, Kikuchi Y, Matsuda M, Matsuoka T, Shiina K, Morikane S, Kurohane K, Niwa Y, Kobayashi H, Imai Y. Plant-derived secretory component gives protease-resistance to Shiga toxin 1-specific dimeric IgA. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:297-308. [PMID: 33871797 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Noriko Mogi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuki Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Minami Matsuda
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kotome Shiina
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shota Morikane
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kohta Kurohane
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuo Niwa
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Improvement, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Improvement, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Imai
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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Vanmarsenille C, Elseviers J, Yvanoff C, Hassanzadeh-Ghassabeh G, Garcia Rodriguez G, Martens E, Depicker A, Martel A, Haesebrouck F, Pasmans F, Hernalsteens JP, De Greve H. In planta expression of nanobody-based designer chicken antibodies targeting Campylobacter. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204222. [PMID: 30260981 PMCID: PMC6160005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is a widespread infectious disease, leading to a major health and economic burden. Chickens are considered as the most common infection source for humans. Campylobacter mainly multiplies in the mucus layer of their caeca. No effective control measures are currently available, but passive immunisation of chickens with pathogen-specific maternal IgY antibodies, present in egg yolk of immunised chickens, reduces Campylobacter colonisation. To explore this strategy further, anti-Campylobacter nanobodies, directed against the flagella and major outer membrane proteins, were fused to the constant domains of chicken IgA and IgY, combining the benefits of nanobodies and the effector functions of the Fc-domains. The designer chimeric antibodies were effectively produced in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana and seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana. Stable expression of the chimeric antibodies in seeds resulted in production levels between 1% and 8% of the total soluble protein. These in planta produced antibodies do not only bind to their purified antigens but also to Campylobacter bacterial cells. In addition, the anti-flagellin chimeric antibodies are reducing the motility of Campylobacter bacteria. These antibody-containing Arabidopsis seeds can be tested for oral passive immunisation of chickens and, if effective, the chimeric antibodies can be produced in crop seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Vanmarsenille
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Viral Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jelle Elseviers
- VIB Nanobody Core, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Yvanoff
- ARG VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology, IJRG VUB-EPFL BioNanotechnology & NanoMedicine, Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Gabriela Garcia Rodriguez
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Edo Martens
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ann Depicker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Henri De Greve
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Zhang S, Zhang X, Yin K, Li T, Bao Y, Chen Z. Variation and significance of secretory immunoglobulin A, interleukin 6 and dendritic cells in oral cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2297-2303. [PMID: 28454394 PMCID: PMC5403296 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine changes in the concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the saliva of patients with oral cancer, to evaluate the abnormal expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) 1a, CD83, CD80 and CD86 on dendritic cells (DCs) of oral cancer tissues and to discuss the interaction between SIgA, IL-6 and DCs in oral cancer. A total of 40 patients between 27 and 70 years of age, median age 52 years, with primary oral cancer were enrolled in the present study, and a group of 20 healthy male and female volunteers was used as the control group. The concentration of SIgA and IL-6 in the saliva of the preoperative patients was determined by ELISA. The expression levels of CD1a, CD83, CD80 and CD86 were detected by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, which was performed on histopathological sections from paraffin-embedded tumor and corresponding adjacent control tissues. The specimens were assessed using the semi-quantitative immunoreactive score (IRS). The concentration of SIgA in the saliva from patients with oral cancer decreased, whereas the IL-6 level significantly increased compared with the control subjects (P<0.05). In addition, the decrease of SIgA level and increase of IL-6 level exhibited a negative correlation (r=−0.543, P<0.05). According to the IRS score, the expression levels of CD1a, CD83, CD80 and CD86 in the cancer tissue were lower than the expression levels of the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression of CD80 and CD86 exhibited no correlation with histological grade or pathological type (P>0.05), but exhibited a negative correlation with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). The concentration of SIgA and IL-6 in saliva may be used as an auxiliary diagnostic indicator for oral cancer. The detection of CD80 and CD86 expressed on DCs in oral cancer tissue may be useful for the diagnosis and evaluation of the prognosis of tumors. The present study hypothesized that the use of SIgA vaccines or IL-6 inhibitors may be useful for reversing the immune deficiency associated with DCs in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxin Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Ke Yin
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Tianke Li
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Yang Bao
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
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Vasilev N, Smales CM, Schillberg S, Fischer R, Schiermeyer A. Developments in the production of mucosal antibodies in plants. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:77-87. [PMID: 26626615 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant mucosal antibodies represent attractive target molecules for the development of next generation biopharmaceuticals for passive immunization against various infectious diseases and treatment of patients suffering from mucosal antibody deficiencies. As these polymeric antibodies require complex post-translational modifications and correct subunit assembly, they are considered as difficult-to-produce recombinant proteins. Beside the traditional, mammalian-based production platforms, plants are emerging as alternative expression hosts for this type of complex macromolecule. Plant cells are able to produce high-quality mucosal antibodies as shown by the successful expression of the secretory immunoglobulins A (IgA) and M (IgM) in various antibody formats in different plant species including tobacco and its close relative Nicotiana benthamiana, maize, tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana. Importantly for biotherapeutic application, transgenic plants are capable of synthesizing functional IgA and IgM molecules with biological activity and safety profiles comparable with their native mammalian counterparts. This article reviews the structure and function of mucosal IgA and IgM antibodies and summarizes the current knowledge of their production and processing in plant host systems. Specific emphasis is given to consideration of intracellular transport processes as these affect assembly of the mature immunoglobulins, their secretion rates, proteolysis/degradation and glycosylation patterns. Furthermore, this review provides an outline of glycoengineering efforts that have been undertaken so far to produce antibodies with homogenous human-like glycan decoration. We believe that the continued development of our understanding of the plant cellular machinery related to the heterologous expression of immunoglobulins will further improve the production levels, quality and control of post-translational modifications that are 'human-like' from plant systems and enhance the prospects for the regulatory approval of such molecules leading to the commercial exploitation of plant-derived mucosal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Vasilev
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Mark Smales
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, CT2 7NJ Kent, UK
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schiermeyer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Virdi V, Juarez P, Boudolf V, Depicker A. Recombinant IgA production for mucosal passive immunization, advancing beyond the hurdles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:535-45. [PMID: 26511868 PMCID: PMC11108522 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is a successful strategy to proactively develop immunity to a certain pathogen, but most vaccines fail to trigger a specific immune response at the mucosal surfaces, which are the first port of entry for infectious agents. At the mucosal surfaces, the predominant immunoglobulin is secretory IgA (SIgA) that specifically neutralizes viruses and prevents bacterial colonization. Mucosal passive immunization, i.e. the application of pathogen-specific SIgAs at the mucosae, can be an effective alternative to achieve mucosal protection. However, this approach is not straightforward, mainly because SIgAs are difficult to obtain from convalescent sources, while recombinant SIgA production is challenging due to its complex structure. This review provides an overview of manufacturing difficulties presented by the unique structural diversity of SIgAs, and the innovative solutions being explored for SIgA production in mammalian and plant expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Virdi
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Paloma Juarez
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Boudolf
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Depicker
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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Zhou BH, Liu LL, Liu J, Yuan FW, Tian EJ, Wang HW. Effect of Diclazuril on the Bursa of Fabricius Morphology and SIgA Expression in Chickens Infected with Eimeria tenella. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 53:675-82. [PMID: 26797433 PMCID: PMC4725230 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of diclazuril on the bursa of Fabricius (BF) structure and secretory IgA (SIgA) expression in chickens infected with Eimeria tenella were examined. The morphology of the BF was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, while ultrastructural changes were monitored by transmission electron microscopy. E. tenella infection caused the BF cell volumes to decrease, irregularly arranged, as well as, enlargement of the intercellular space. Diclazuril treatment alleviated the physical signs of damages associated with E. tenella infection. The SIgA expression in BF was analyzed by immunohistochemistry technique. The SIgA expression increased significantly by 350.4% (P<0.01) after E. tenella infection compared to the normal control group. With the treatment of diclazuril, the SIgA was relatively fewer in the cortex, and the expression level was significantly decreased by 46.7% (P<0.01) compared with the infected and untreated group. In conclusion, E. tenella infection in chickens induced obvious harmful changes in BF morphological structure and stimulated the expression of SIgA in the BF. Diclazuril treatment effectively alleviated the morphological changes. This result demonstrates a method to develop an immunological strategy in coccidiosis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bian-Hua Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Jeffrey Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Fu-Wei Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Er-Jie Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, Luoyang 471003, China
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Reinhart D, Kunert R. Upstream and downstream processing of recombinant IgA. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:241-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Construction of a chimeric secretory IgA and its neutralization activity against avian influenza virus H5N1. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:394127. [PMID: 24741594 PMCID: PMC3987799 DOI: 10.1155/2014/394127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) acts as the first line of defense against respiratory pathogens. In this assay, the variable regions of heavy chain (VH) and Light chain (VL) genes from a mouse monoclonal antibody against H5N1 were cloned and fused with human IgA constant regions. The full-length chimeric light and heavy chains were inserted into a eukaryotic expressing vector and then transfected into CHO/dhfr-cells. The chimeric monomeric IgA antibody expression was confirmed by using ELISA, SDS-PAGE, and Western blot. In order to obtain a dimeric secretory IgA, another two expressing plasmids, namely, pcDNA4/His A-IgJ and pcDNA4/His A-SC, were cotransfected into the CHO/dhfr-cells. The expression of dimeric SIgA was confirmed by using ELISA assay and native gel electrophoresis. In microneutralization assay on 96-well immunoplate, the chimeric SIgA showed neutralization activity against H5N1 virus on MDCK cells and the titer was determined to be 1 : 64. On preadministrating intranasally, the chimeric SIgA could prevent mice from lethal attack by using A/Vietnam/1194/04 H5N1 with a survival rate of 80%. So we concluded that the constructed recombinant chimeric SIgA has a neutralization capability targeting avian influenza virus H5N1 infection in vitro and in vivo.
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Longet S, Miled S, Lötscher M, Miescher SM, Zuercher AW, Corthésy B. Human plasma-derived polymeric IgA and IgM antibodies associate with secretory component to yield biologically active secretory-like antibodies. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:4085-94. [PMID: 23250751 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.410811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with monoclonal and polyclonal immunoglobulin is successfully applied to improve many clinical conditions, including infection, autoimmune diseases, or immunodeficiency. Most immunoglobulin products, recombinant or plasma-derived, are based on IgG antibodies, whereas to date, the use of IgA for therapeutic application has remained anecdotal. In particular, purification or production of large quantities of secretory IgA (SIgA) for potential mucosal application has not been achieved. In this work, we sought to investigate whether polymeric IgA (pIgA) recovered from human plasma is able to associate with secretory component (SC) to generate SIgA-like molecules. We found that ∼15% of plasma pIgA carried J chain and displayed selective SC binding capacity either in a mixture with monomeric IgA (mIgA) or after purification. The recombinant SC associated covalently in a 1:1 stoichiometry with pIgA and with similar efficacy as colostrum-derived SC. In comparison with pIgA, the association with SC delayed degradation of SIgA by intestinal proteases. Similar results were obtained with plasma-derived IgM. In vitro, plasma-derived IgA and SIgA neutralized Shigella flexneri used as a model pathogen, resulting in a delay of bacteria-induced damage targeted to polarized Caco-2 cell monolayers. The sum of these novel data demonstrates that association of plasma-derived IgA or IgM with recombinant/colostrum-derived SC is feasible and yields SIgA- and SIgM-like molecules with similar biochemical and functional characteristics as mucosa-derived immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Longet
- R&D Laboratory of the Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Liu Z, Gurgel PV, Carbonell RG. Affinity chromatographic purification of human immunoglobulin a from chinese hamster ovary cell culture supernatant. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 29:91-8. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
An important activity of mucosal surfaces is the production of antibodies (Abs) referred to as secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) that serve as a first line of defense to repel pathogenic microorganisms and provide a finely tuned balance to guarantee controlled survival of essential commensal bacteria. By excluding bacteria from the epithelial cell, SIgA participates in the cross-talk between the host and its intestinal content, ensuring appropriate homeostasis under normal conditions. Besides the classical view of immune exclusion function, SIgA Abs exhibit the striking feature to adhere to gastrointestinal M cells residing in the follicle-associated epithelium in organized structures called Peyer's patches. Selective binding of SIgA results in transport across the microfold (M) cells, a process that facilitates the association of the Ab with dendritic cells (DCs) located in the underlying subepithelial dome region of Peyer's patches. Limited entry of free SIgA and SIgA-coated bacteria via this pathway is crucial to the modulation of local immune responses in an environment that limits the onset of pro-inflammatory circuits. Such a mechanism would ensure homeostasis by allowing antigen recognition under neutralized conditions and by avoiding tissue dissemination, two features that endow SIgA with non-inflammatory properties in the mucosal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory of the Division of Immunology and Allergy, University State Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Juárez P, Presa S, Espí J, Pineda B, Antón MT, Moreno V, Buesa J, Granell A, Orzaez D. Neutralizing antibodies against rotavirus produced in transgenically labelled purple tomatoes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:341-352. [PMID: 22070155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Edible fruits are inexpensive biofactories for human health-promoting molecules that can be ingested as crude extracts or partially purified formulations. We show here the production of a model human antibody for passive protection against the enteric pathogen rotavirus in transgenically labelled tomato fruits. Transgenic tomato plants expressing a recombinant human immunoglobulin A (hIgA_2A1) selected against the VP8* peptide of rotavirus SA11 strain were obtained. The amount of hIgA_2A1 protein reached 3.6 ± 0.8% of the total soluble protein in the fruit of the transformed plants. Minimally processed fruit-derived products suitable for oral intake showed anti-VP8* binding activity and strongly inhibited virus infection in an in vitro virus neutralization assay. In order to make tomatoes expressing hIgA_2A1 easily distinguishable from wild-type tomatoes, lines expressing hIgA_2A1 transgenes were sexually crossed with a transgenic tomato line expressing the genes encoding Antirrhinum majus Rosea1 and Delila transcription factors, which confer purple colour to the fruit. Consequently, transgenically labelled purple tomato fruits expressing hIgA_2A1 have been developed. The resulting purple-coloured extracts from these fruits contain high levels of recombinant anti-rotavirus neutralizing human IgA in combination with increased amounts of health-promoting anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Juárez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Medina M, Vintiñi E, Villena J, Raya R, Alvarez S. Lactococcus lactis as an adjuvant and delivery vehicle of antigens against pneumococcal respiratory infections. Bioeng Bugs 2012; 1:313-25. [PMID: 21326831 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.5.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies of Lactococcus lactis as delivery vehicles of pneumococcal antigens are focused on the effectiveness of mucosal recombinant vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae in animal models. At present, there are three types of pneumococcal vaccines: capsular polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines (PPV), protein-polysaccharide conjugate pneumococcal vaccines (PCV) and protein-based pneumococcal vaccines (PBPV). Only PPV and PCV have been licensed. These vaccines, however, do not represent a definitive solution. Novel, safe and inexpensive vaccines are necessary, especially in developing countries. Probiotic microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are an interesting alternative for their use as vehicles in pneumococcal vaccines due to their GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) status. Thus, the adjuvanticity of Lactococcus lactis by itself represents added value over the use of other bacteria, a question dealt with in this review. In addition, the expression of different pneumococcal antigens as well as the use of oral and nasal mucosal routes of administration of lactococcal vaccines is considered. The advantages of nasal live vaccines are evident; nonetheless, oral vaccines can be a good alternative when the adequate dose is used. Another point addressed here is the use of live versus inactivated vaccines. In this sense, few researchers have focused on inactivated strains to be used as vaccines against pneumoccoccus. The immunogenicity of live vaccines is better than the one afforded by inactivated ones; however, the probiotic-inactivated vaccine combination has improved this matter considerably. The progress made so far in the protective immune response induced by recombinant vaccines, the successful trials in animal models and the safety considerations of their application in humans suggest that the use of recombinant vaccines represents a good short-term option in the control of pneumococcal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Medina
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Clínica Experimental, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina.
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Boes A, Spiegel H, Delbrück H, Fischer R, Schillberg S, Sack M. Affinity purification of a framework 1 engineered mouse/human chimeric IgA2 antibody from tobacco. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:2804-14. [PMID: 21755499 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Complex multimeric proteins such as dimeric and secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) can be difficult to produce in heterologous systems, although this has been achieved using several platforms including plants. As well as topical mucosal applications, dimeric IgA (dIgA), and secretory IgA (sIgA) can be used in tumor and anti-viral therapy, where their more potent cell-killing properties may increase their efficacy compared to current drugs based on IgG. However, the development of therapeutic IgA formats is hampered by the need to co-express four different polypeptides, and the inability to purify such molecules using conventional protein A or protein G affinity chromatography. The light chain (LC)-specific affinity ligand protein L is a potential alternative, but it only recognizes certain kappa light chain (LC(κ)) subtypes. To overcome these limitations, we have adapted a framework-grafting approach to introduce LCs that bind protein L into any IgA. As a model, we used the chimeric anti-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) antibody cPIPP, since this contains a murine LC((κ)) subtype that does not bind protein L. Grafting was achieved by replacing selected framework region 1 (FR1) residues in the cPIPP LC(κ) variable domain with corresponding residues from LC(κ) subtypes that can bind protein L. The grafted antibody variants were successfully purified by protein L affinity chromatography. These modifications affected neither their antigen-binding properties nor the yields achieved by transient expression in tobacco plants. Our results therefore show that LC FR1 grafting can be used as generic strategy for the purification of IgA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boes
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Liu Z, Gurgel PV, Carbonell RG. Effects of peptide density and elution pH on affinity chromatographic purification of human immunoglobulins A and M. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8344-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Villena J, Oliveira MLS, Ferreira PCD, Salva S, Alvarez S. Lactic acid bacteria in the prevention of pneumococcal respiratory infection: future opportunities and challenges. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1633-45. [PMID: 21708293 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are technologically and commercially important and have various beneficial effects on human health. Several studies have demonstrated that certain LAB strains can exert their beneficial effect on the host through their immunomudulatory activity. Although most research concerning LAB-mediated enhanced immune protection is focused on gastrointestinal tract pathogens, recent studies have centered on whether these immunobiotics might sufficiently stimulate the common mucosal immune system to provide protection to other mucosal sites as well. In this sense, LAB have been used for the development of probiotic foods with the ability to stimulate respiratory immunity, which would increase resistance to infections, even in immunocompromised hosts. On the other hand, the advances in the molecular biology of LAB have enabled the development of recombinant strains expressing antigens from respiratory pathogens that have proved effective to induce protective immunity. In this review we examine the current scientific literature concerning the use of LAB strains to prevent respiratory infections. In particular, we have focused on the works that deal with the capacity of probiotic and recombinant LAB to improve the immune response against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Research from the last decade demonstrates that LAB represent a promising resource for the development of prevention strategies against respiratory infections that could be effective tools for medical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Villena
- Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145-T4000ILC, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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Lohse S, Derer S, Beyer T, Klausz K, Peipp M, Leusen JHW, van de Winkel JGJ, Dechant M, Valerius T. Recombinant Dimeric IgA Antibodies against the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mediate Effective Tumor Cell Killing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3770-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Di Niro R, Mesin L, Raki M, Zheng NY, Lund-Johansen F, Lundin KEA, Charpilienne A, Poncet D, Wilson PC, Sollid LM. Rapid generation of rotavirus-specific human monoclonal antibodies from small-intestinal mucosa. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5377-83. [PMID: 20935207 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut mucosal surface is efficiently protected by Abs, and this site represents one of the richest compartments of Ab-secreting cells in the body. A simple and effective method to generate Ag-specific human monoclonal Abs (hmAbs) from such cells is lacking. In this paper, we describe a method to generate hmAbs from single Ag-specific IgA- or IgM-secreting cells of the intestinal mucosa. We found that CD138-positive plasma cells from the duodenum expressed surface IgA or IgM. Using eGFP-labeled virus-like particles, we harnessed the surface Ig expression to detect rotavirus-specific plasma cells at low frequency (0.03-0.35%) in 9 of 10 adult subjects. Single cells were isolated by FACS, and as they were viable, further testing of secreted Abs by ELISPOT and ELISA indicated a highly specific selection procedure. Ab genes from single cells of three donors were cloned, sequenced, and expressed as recombinant hmAbs. Of 26 cloned H chain Ab genes, 22 were IgA and 4 were IgM. The genes were highly mutated, and there was an overrepresentation of the VH4 family. Of 10 expressed hmAbs, 8 were rotavirus-reactive (6 with K(d) < 1 × 10(-10)). Importantly, our method allows generation of hmAbs from cells implicated in the protection of mucosal surfaces, and it can potentially be used in passive vaccination efforts and for discovery of epitopes directly relevant to human immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Niro
- Center for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Corthésy B. Role of secretory immunoglobulin A and secretory component in the protection of mucosal surfaces. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:817-29. [PMID: 20441552 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) antibodies in the defense of mucosal epithelia plays an important role in preventing pathogen adhesion to host cells, therefore blocking dissemination and further infection. This mechanism, referred to as immune exclusion, represents the dominant mode of action of the antibody. However, SIgA antibodies combine multiple facets, which together confer properties extending from intracellular and serosal neutralization of antigens, activation of non-inflammatory pathways and homeostatic control of the endogenous microbiota. The sum of these features suggests that future opportunities for translational application from research-based knowledge to clinics include the mucosal delivery of bioactive antibodies capable of preserving immunoreactivity in the lung, gastrointestinal tract, the genito-urinary tract for the treatment of infections. This article covers topics dealing with the structure of SIgA, the dissection of its mode of action in epithelia lining different mucosal surfaces and its potential in immunotherapy against infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory of the Department of Immunology & Allergy, University State Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Lohse S, Peipp M, Beyer T, Valerius T, Dechant M. Impact of human IgA antibodies on complement-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by combinations of EGF-R-directed antibodies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:303-12. [PMID: 20508996 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Dual combinations of non-crossblocking epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R)-directed monoclonal antibodies were demonstrated to effectively induce complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of tumor cells, whereas individual antibodies were ineffective. Here the modulating effects of different antibody isotypes on CDC were studied by adding them as a third antibody. Two different combinations of non-crossblocking EGF-R antibodies of human IgG1 isotype, 018/003 and 425/005, were investigated against the A431 and A1207 cell lines. As a third antibody, human IgG1, IgA1, and IgA2 isotype variants of the therapeutic EGF-R antibody 225 were employed that bind to an EGF-R epitope distinct from the other EGF-R antibodies. In this model, the human IgG1 antibody proved to further enhance CDC, whereas both IgA antibodies significantly blocked CDC. The IgG1 and IgA variants increased target opsonization at similar levels, but the isotypes differed in their effects on C1q fixation. Addition of IgG1 significantly enhanced complement factor binding on the target surface, whereas both IgA antibodies reduced complement binding. Control experiments revealed this blocking effect to be not specific to IgA antibodies, but to antibody constructs incapable of activating the complement system. Interestingly, the effects caused by the IgA2 isotype were consistently stronger than those by IgA1, which may be caused by stronger steric hindrance due to its reduced hinge flexibility. These results demonstrate that monoclonal IgA antibodies inhibit IgG-mediated complement activation in vitro and suggest that the appearance of IgA antibodies within a polyclonal immune response might inhibit complement activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lohse
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Schittenhelmstr. 12, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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Villena J, Barbieri N, Salva S, Herrera M, Alvarez S. Enhanced immune response to pneumococcal infection in malnourished mice nasally treated with heat-killed Lactobacillus casei. Microbiol Immunol 2010; 53:636-46. [PMID: 19903264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study analyzed whether nasal administration of viable and non-viable Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 to immunocompromised mice was capable of increasing resistance against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Weaned mice were malnourished after consuming a PFD for 21 days. Malnourished mice were fed a BCD for 7 days or BCD for 7 days with viable or non-viable L. casei nasal treatments on day 6 and day 7 (BCD+LcV and BCD+LcN, respectively). The MNC group received PFD whereas the WNC mice consumed BCD. MNC mice showed greater lung colonization, more severe lung injuries, impaired leukocyte recruitment and reduced antibodies and cytokine production when compared with WNC mice. Administration of L. casei increased the resistance of malnourished mice to the infection. Both BCD+LcV and BCD+LcN treatments prevented the dissemination of the pathogen to the blood and induced its lung clearance. BCD+LcV or BCD+LcN groups showed improved production of TNF-alpha and activity of phagocytes in the respiratory tract, an effect that was not observed in the BCD control group. In addition, IL-4 and IL-10 were significantly increased in BCD+LcV and BCD+LcN groups, which correlated with the increase in the levels of specific respiratory IgA. The nasal treatments with L. casei were also effective at stimulating the production of specific IgG at both the systemic and the respiratory levels. The comparative study between the viable and the non-viable bacteria demonstrated that viability would be an important factor to achieve maximum protective effects. However, the results from this study suggest that heat-killed lactic acid bacteria are also effective in the immunomodulation of the systemic and respiratory immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Villena
- Reference Center for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina
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Beyer T, Lohse S, Berger S, Peipp M, Valerius T, Dechant M. Serum-free production and purification of chimeric IgA antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2009; 346:26-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Salva S, Villena J, Racedo S, Alvarez S, Agüero G. Lactobacillus caseiaddition to a repletion diet-induced early normalisation of cytokine profils during a pneumococcal infection in malnourished mice. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100802247243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Salva
- a Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia , Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Balcarce, San Miguel de Tucumán , Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Julio Villena
- a Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia , Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Balcarce, San Miguel de Tucumán , Tucumán, Argentina
- b Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET) , San Miguel de Tucumán , Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Silvia Racedo
- b Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET) , San Miguel de Tucumán , Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Susana Alvarez
- a Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia , Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Balcarce, San Miguel de Tucumán , Tucumán, Argentina
- b Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET) , San Miguel de Tucumán , Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Graciela Agüero
- a Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia , Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Balcarce, San Miguel de Tucumán , Tucumán, Argentina
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Villena J, Medina M, Vintiñi E, Alvarez S. Stimulation of respiratory immunity by oral administration of Lactococcus lactis. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:630-8. [DOI: 10.1139/w08-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This work demostrates that nonrecombinant Lactococcus lactis NZ, administered by the oral route at the proper dose, is able to improve resistance against pneumococcal infection. Lactococcus lactis NZ oral administration was able to improve pathogen lung clearance, increased survival of infected mice, and reduced lung injuries. This effect was related to an upregulation of the respiratory innate and specific immune responses. Administration of L. lactis NZ improved production of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid TNF-α, enhanced recruitment of neutrophils into the alveolar spaces, and induced a higher activation of BAL phagocytes compared with the control group. Lactococcus lactis NZ administered orally stimulated the IgA cycle, increased IgA+ cells in intestine and bronchus, and improved production of BAL IL-4 and IL-10 during infection. Moreover, mice treated with L. lactis NZ showed higher levels of BAL anti-pneumococcal IgA and IgG. Taking into consideration that orally administered L. lactis NZ stimulates both the innate and the specific immune responses in the respiratory tract and that bacterial and viral antigens have been efficiently produced in this strain, L. lactis NZ is an excellent candidate for the development of an effective pneumococcal oral vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Villena
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Clínica Experimental, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, Tucumán 4000, Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Balcarce 747, CP 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán 4000, Argentina
| | - Marcela Medina
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Clínica Experimental, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, Tucumán 4000, Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Balcarce 747, CP 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán 4000, Argentina
| | - Elisa Vintiñi
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Clínica Experimental, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, Tucumán 4000, Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Balcarce 747, CP 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán 4000, Argentina
| | - Susana Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Clínica Experimental, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, Tucumán 4000, Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Balcarce 747, CP 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán 4000, Argentina
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26
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Almogren A, Senior BW, Kerr MA. A comparison of the binding of secretory component to immunoglobulin A (IgA) in human colostral S-IgA1 and S-IgA2. Immunology 2006; 120:273-80. [PMID: 17156102 PMCID: PMC2265853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed investigation of the binding of secretory component to immunoglobulin A (IgA) in human secretory IgA2 (S-IgA2) was made possible by the development of a new method of purifying S-IgA1, S-IgA2 and free secretory component from human colostrum using thiophilic gel chromatography and chromatography on Jacalin-agarose. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of unreduced pure S-IgA2 revealed that, unlike in S-IgA1, a significant proportion of the secretory component was bound non-covalently in S-IgA2. When S-IgA1 was incubated with a protease purified from Proteus mirabilis the secretory component, but not the alpha-chain, was cleaved. This is in contrast to serum IgA1, in which the alpha-chain was cleaved under the same conditions - direct evidence that secretory component does protect the alpha-chain from proteolytic cleavage in S-IgA. Comparisons between the products of cleavage with P. mirabilis protease of free secretory component and bound secretory component in S-IgA1 and S-IgA2 also indicated that, contrary to the general assumption, the binding of secretory component to IgA is different in S-IgA2 from that in S-IgA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Almogren
- Department of Pathology, Immunology Unit, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Agüero G, Villena J, Racedo S, Haro C, Alvarez S. Beneficial immunomodulatory activity of Lactobacillus casei in malnourished mice pneumonia: effect on inflammation and coagulation. Nutrition 2006; 22:810-9. [PMID: 16815495 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 immunomodulatory activity on inflammation and coagulation during pneumococcal pneumonia was investigated in malnourished mice. METHODS Weaned mice were malnourished after they consumed a protein-free diet for 21 d. Malnourished mice were treated for 7 d with a balanced conventional diet (BCD) with L. casei supplementation (BCD+Lc) or without it. The malnourished control group received only a protein-free diet whereas well-nourished control (WNC) mice consumed BCD ad libitum. Mice were challenged by the intranasal route with pneumococci at the end of each dietary treatment. Lung injury, leukocyte recruitment, cytokine production, coagulation tests, and fibrin(ogen) deposition in lungs were evaluated. RESULTS Malnourished control mice showed impaired leukocyte recruitment and cytokine production, and more severe lung injuries when compared with WNC mice. Coagulation tests were significantly impaired in malnourished control group versus WNC group. Repletion with BCD or BCD+Lc improved these parameters, but only BCD+Lc mice achieved the values of WNC mice. In addition, the interleukin-10 level was higher in the BCD+Lc group than in the WNC group. CONCLUSION Repletion with supplemental L. casei accelerated recovery of the defense mechanisms against pneumococci by inducing different cytokine profiles. These cytokines would be involved in the improvement of the immune response and in the induction of a more efficient regulation of the inflammatory process, limiting the injury caused by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Agüero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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Hamburger AE, Bjorkman PJ, Herr AB. Structural insights into antibody-mediated mucosal immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 308:173-204. [PMID: 16922091 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-30657-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal regions of the body are responsible for defense against environmental pathogens. Particularly in the lumen of the gut, antibody-mediated immune responses are critical for preventing invasion by pathogens. In this chapter, we review structural studies that have illuminated various aspects of mucosal immunity. Crystal structures of IgA1-Fc and IgA-binding fragments of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and Fc alphaRI, combined with models of intact IgA and IgM from solution scattering studies, reveal potential mechanisms for immune exclusion and induction of inflammatory responses. Other recent structures yield insights into bacterial mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Hamburger
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 114-96, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Orzaez D, Mirabel S, Wieland WH, Granell A. Agroinjection of tomato fruits. A tool for rapid functional analysis of transgenes directly in fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 140:3-11. [PMID: 16403736 PMCID: PMC1326026 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.068221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Transient expression of foreign genes in plant tissues is a valuable tool for plant biotechnology. To shorten the time for gene functional analysis in fruits, we developed a transient methodology that could be applied to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv Micro Tom) fruits. It was found that injection of Agrobacterium cultures through the fruit stylar apex resulted in complete fruit infiltration. This infiltration method, named fruit agroinjection, rendered high levels of 35S Cauliflower mosaic virus-driven beta-glucuronidase and yellow fluorescence protein transient expression in the fruit, with higher expression levels around the placenta and moderate levels in the pericarp. Usefulness of fruit agroinjection was assayed in three case studies: (1) the heat shock regulation of an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) promoter, (2) the production of recombinant IgA antibodies as an example of molecular farming, and (3) the virus-induced gene silencing of the carotene biosynthesis pathway. In all three instances, this technology was shown to be efficient as a tool for fast transgene expression in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Orzaez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Abstract
Human and humanised antibodies are now poised to become a major new class of protein-based therapeutic agents. A significant fraction of new drugs in clinical testing (approximately 20% in 2002) are antibody classes. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with high affinities against newly discovered disease targets, both cellularly and extracellularly, are now clinically proven to elicit high bioactivities against numerous diseases, including tumours, infections, asthma, inflammation, arthritis and osteoporosis. Clinical humanised antibody delivery is typically intravenous, with large multiple doses (grams) required for systemic volumes of distribution. Due to the relatively high costs of both this drug type, and its common mode of administration, alternatives are sought where doses might be reduced and the bioavailability and efficacy enhanced. Local, controlled-release methods that deliver antibodies locally to site of disease, offer new possibilities with these potential advantages. However, protein drugs frequently exhibit formulation challenges when packaged in delivery vehicles, and as globular proteins, antibodies are no exception. Several examples of mAb controlled-release and local delivery strategies against several disease targets are reviewed. Importantly, several antibody delivery methods work in tandem with existing clinically-accepted therapeutics, sometimes exhibiting potentiating or synergistic effects in animal models with small molecule, systemically administered drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Grainger
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA.
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Langley R, Wines B, Willoughby N, Basu I, Proft T, Fraser JD. The Staphylococcal Superantigen-Like Protein 7 Binds IgA and Complement C5 and Inhibits IgA-FcαRI Binding and Serum Killing of Bacteria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2926-33. [PMID: 15728504 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins (SSLs) are close relatives of the superantigens but are coded for by a separate gene cluster within a 19-kb region of the pathogenicity island SaPIn2. rSSL7 (formally known as SET1) bound with high affinity (K(D), 1.1 nM) to the monomeric form of human IgA1 and IgA2 plus serum IgA from primate, pig, rat, and horse. SSL7 also bound the secretory form of IgA found in milk from human, cow, and sheep, and inhibited IgA binding to cell surface FcalphaRI (CD89) and to a soluble form of the FcalphaRI protein. In addition to IgA, SSL7 bound complement factor C5 from human (K(D), 18 nM), primate, sheep, pig, and rabbit serum, and inhibited complement-mediated hemolysis and serum killing of a Gram-negative organism Escherichia coli. SSL7 is a superantigen-like protein secreted from Staphylococcus aureus that blocks IgA-FcR interactions and inhibits complement, leading to increased survival of a sensitive bacterium in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ries Langley
- Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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32
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Rogers KA, Scinicariello F, Attanasio R. Identification and characterization of macaque CD89 (immunoglobulin A Fc receptor). Immunology 2004; 113:178-86. [PMID: 15379978 PMCID: PMC1782566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) molecule with its specific cellular receptor is necessary to trigger a variety of effector functions able to clear IgA-opsonized antigens. The human IgA-specific Fc receptor, FcalphaRI or CD89, is expressed on cells of the myeloid lineage. Recently, CD89 homologues have been identified in rats and cattle. Because non-human primates represent well established models for a variety of human diseases and for the testing of immunotherapeutic strategies, we cloned and sequenced cDNAs corresponding to the CD89 gene from rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques. Macaque sequences of full-length CD89 consist of five exons of length identical to the corresponding human CD89 exons. The rhesus and cynomolgus macaque derived amino acid sequences are highly homologous to each other (99.3% identity) and exhibit 86.5% and 86.1% identity to the human counterpart, respectively. Transfection of HeLa cells with plasmids containing the cloned macaque cDNAs resulted in the expression of surface molecules recognized by an anti-human CD89 antibody. Five splice variants were identified in rhesus macaques. Three of the five variants are similar to described human CD89 splice variants, whereas two variants have not been described in humans. Three splice variants were identified in cynomolgus macaques. Of the three variants, one is present also in humans and rhesus macaques, whereas the other two are shared with rhesus macaques but not humans. Similarly to the human CD89, macaque CD89 is expressed on myeloid cells from peripheral blood. The characterization of macaque CD89 represents an essential step in establishing a non-human primate model for the testing of immunotherapeutic approaches based on the manipulation of the IgA/CD89 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Rogers
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Woof
- Division of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
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Mantis NJ, Farrant SA, Mehta S. Oligosaccharide side chains on human secretory IgA serve as receptors for ricin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6838-45. [PMID: 15153502 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.6838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Secretory IgA (sIgA) Abs are polymeric Igs comprised of two or more IgA monomers joined together at their C termini and covalently associated with a 70-kDa glycoprotein called secretory component. As the predominant Ig type in gastrointestinal sections, sIgA Abs are centrally important in adaptive immunity to enteropathogenic bacteria, viruses, and toxins. In this study, we demonstrate that sIgA Abs may also function in innate defense against ricin, a naturally occurring, galactose-specific plant lectin with extremely potent shiga toxin-like enzymatic activity. In lectin blot overlay assays, we found that ricin bound to secretory component and the H chain of human IgA, and this binding was inhibited by the addition of excess galactose. The toxin also recognized IgM (albeit with less affinity than to IgA), but not IgG. Ricin bound to both human IgA1 and IgA2, primarily via N-linked oligosaccharide side chains. At 100-fold molar excess concentration, sIgA (but not IgG) Abs inhibited ricin attachment to the apical surfaces of polarized intestinal epithelial cells grown in culture. sIgA Abs also visibly reduced toxin binding to the luminal surfaces of human duodenum in tissue section overlay assays. We conclude that sIgA Abs in mucosal secretions may serve as receptor analogues for ricin, thereby reducing the effective dose of toxin capable of gaining access to glycolipid and glycoprotein receptors on epithelial cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Mantis
- Gastrointestinal Cell Biology Laboratory, Children's Hospital Boston, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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35
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Berdoz J, Corthésy B. Human polymeric IgA is superior to IgG and single-chain Fv of the same monoclonal specificity to inhibit urease activity associated with Helicobacter pylori. Mol Immunol 2004; 41:1013-22. [PMID: 15302163 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter-induced gastritis is considered nowadays an epidemic, the prevalence of which is one of the highest world-wide (70%), with as much as 40% of the population in industrialized countries. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antigens (Ag) capable to elicit a protective immune response in animal models have been identified, but these antigens have not been shown to be strongly immunogenic when administered to humans. Due to their stability in the gastric environment and avidity, passive administration of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) antibodies (Ab) targeting protective Ag might be particularly relevant as a substitute or complement to current therapies. To this aim, we have designed expression vectors to convert a scFv polypeptide specific for H. pylori urease subunit A into human IgG, polymeric IgA (IgAp/d) and SIgA. Purified proteins show proper binding characteristics toward both the native and denatured forms of H. pylori urease. The direct comparison between different isotype and molecular forms, but of unique specificity, demonstrates that SIgA and IgAp/d are more efficient in blocking free and H. pylori-associated urease than IgG and scFv. We conclude that the expression system reported herein will represent a valuable tool to produce human SIgA Ab of multiple specificities against H. pylori antigens involved in colonization and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Berdoz
- Galli-Valerio Institute, Rue César-Roux 37, 1014 Lausanne, Switzerland
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36
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Woof JM, Burton DR. Human antibody–Fc receptor interactions illuminated by crystal structures. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:89-99. [PMID: 15040582 DOI: 10.1038/nri1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins couple the recognition of invading pathogens with the triggering of potent effector mechanisms for pathogen elimination. Different immunoglobulin classes trigger different effector mechanisms through interaction of immunoglobulin Fc regions with specific Fc receptors (FcRs) on immune cells. Here, we review the structural information that is emerging on three human immunoglobulin classes and their FcRs. New insights are provided, including an understanding of the antibody conformational adjustments that are required to bring effector cell and target cell membranes sufficiently close for efficient killing and signal transduction to occur. The results might also open up new possibilities for the design of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Woof
- Division of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Roald Nezlin
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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38
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Pleass RJ, Dehal PK, Lewis MJ, Woof JM. Limited role of charge matching in the interaction of human immunoglobulin A with the immunoglobulin A Fc receptor (Fc alpha RI) CD89. Immunology 2003; 109:331-5. [PMID: 12807477 PMCID: PMC1782991 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2003] [Revised: 04/17/2003] [Accepted: 04/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunoglobulin A (IgA) mediates protective effector mechanisms through interaction with specific cellular Fc receptors (Fc alpha RI). Two IgA Fc interdomain loops (Leu257-Leu258 in the CH2 domain and Pro440-Phe443 in the CH3 domain) have previously been identified as critical for binding to Fc alpha RI. On the receptor, the interaction site for IgA has been localized to the EC1 domain. The essential Fc alpha RI residues involved are Tyr35, Tyr81 and Arg82, with contributions also from Arg52 and to a lesser extent from His85 and Tyr86. The basic nature of the side chains of some of the receptor residues implicated in ligand binding suggested that charge matching might play some role in the interaction. To address this possibility, we have generated five IgA1 mutants with point substitutions in acidic residues lying close to the putative interaction site and assessed their abilities to bind Fc alpha RI on human neutrophils. Mutants E254A, E254L and E437A displayed affinities for Fc alpha RI comparable to that of wild-type IgA1, while mutants D255A and D255V had only slightly reduced affinities for the receptor. Therefore, electrostatic interactions appear unlikely to play a significant role in the IgA-Fc alpha RI interaction. Moreover, the lack of effect of mutations in residues adjacent to those previously implicated in binding, reaffirms the importance of the interdomain loops in Fc alpha RI binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Pleass
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Dundee Medical School, Dundee, UK
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Royle L, Roos A, Harvey DJ, Wormald MR, van Gijlswijk-Janssen D, Redwan ERM, Wilson IA, Daha MR, Dwek RA, Rudd PM. Secretory IgA N- and O-glycans provide a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:20140-53. [PMID: 12637583 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301436200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory IgA (SIgA) is a multi-polypeptide complex consisting of a secretory component (SC) covalently attached to dimeric IgA containing one joining (J) chain. We present the analysis of both the N- and O-glycans on the individual peptides from this complex. Based on these data, we have constructed a molecular model of SIgA1 with all its glycans, in which the Fab arms form a T shape and the SC is wrapped around the heavy chains. The O-glycan regions on the heavy (H) chains and the SC N-glycans have adhesin-binding glycan epitopes including galactose-linked beta1-4 and beta1-3 to GlcNAc, fucose-linked alpha1-3 and alpha1-4 to GlcNAc and alpha1-2 to galactose, and alpha2-3 and alpha2-6-linked sialic acids. These glycan epitopes provide SIgA with further bacteria-binding sites in addition to the four Fab-binding sites, thus enabling SIgA to participate in both innate and adaptive immunity. We also show that the N-glycans on the H chains of both SIgA1 and SIgA2 present terminal GlcNAc and mannose residues that are normally masked by SC, but that can be unmasked and recognized by mannose-binding lectin, by disrupting the SC-H chain noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Royle
- Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, United Kingdom
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Phalipon A, Corthésy B. Novel functions of the polymeric Ig receptor: well beyond transport of immunoglobulins. Trends Immunol 2003; 24:55-8. [PMID: 12547499 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(02)00031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) ensures efficient secretion of polymeric IgA (pIgA) at mucosal surfaces. On basal to apical transport across epithelial cells, the pIgR extracellular domain is cleaved, releasing secretory component (SC) in association with pIgA. This finds its raison d'être in the recent observation that SC is directly involved in the protective function of secretory IgA. In addition, free SC exhibits scavenger properties with respect to enteric pathogens. However, although pIgR dedicates its life to mucosal protection, it also seems to permit pathogen entrance through the epithelial barrier. The multiple mechanisms that they are involved in make pIgR and SC instrumental to mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Phalipon
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U 389, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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41
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Abstract
Various forms of recombinant monoclonal antibodies are being used increasingly, mainly for therapeutic purposes. The isolation and engineering of the corresponding genes is becoming less of a bottleneck in the process; however, the production of recombinant antibodies is itself a limiting factor and a shortage is expected in the coming years. Milk from transgenic animals appears to be one of the most attractive sources of recombinant antibodies. None of the production systems presently implemented (CHO cells, insect cells infected by baculovirus, or transgenic animals and plants) has yet been optimized. This review describes the advantages of using milk for antibody production in comparison with the other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Marie Houdebine
- Biologie du Développement et Biotechnologies, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78352 Cedex, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Abstract
IgA, IgG and IgM are transported across epithelial cells in a receptor-mediated process known as transcytosis. In addition to neutralizing pathogens in the lumen of the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urogenital tracts, these antibody-receptor complexes are now known to mediate intracellular neutralization of pathogens and might also be important in immune activation and tolerance. Recent studies on the intracellular transport pathways of antibody-receptor complexes and antibody-stimulated receptor-mediated transcytosis are providing new insight into the nature and regulation of endocytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Rojas
- Laboratory of Epithelial Cell Biology, Renal Electrolyte Division of the Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Sandin C, Linse S, Areschoug T, Woof JM, Reinholdt J, Lindahl G. Isolation and detection of human IgA using a streptococcal IgA-binding peptide. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:1357-64. [PMID: 12133959 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.3.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial proteins that bind to the Fc part of IgG have found widespread use in immunology. A similar protein suitable for the isolation and detection of human IgA has not been described. Here, we show that a 50-residue synthetic peptide, designated streptococcal IgA-binding peptide (Sap) and derived from a streptococcal M protein, can be used for single-step affinity purification of human IgA. High affinity binding of IgA required the presence in Sap of a C-terminal cysteine residue, not present in the intact M protein. Passage of human serum through a Sap column caused depletion of >99% of the IgA, and elution of the column allowed quantitative recovery of highly purified IgA, for which the proportions of the IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses were the same as in whole serum. Moreover, immobilized Sap could be used for single-step purification of secretory IgA of both subclasses from human saliva, with a recovery of approximately 45%. The Sap peptide could also be used to specifically detect IgA bound to Ag. Together, these data indicate that Sap is a versatile Fc-binding reagent that may open new possibilities for the characterization of human IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Sandin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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