1
|
Smith AN, Gregor A, Baker L, Sharp DJ, Byrnes KR. Downregulation of Fidgetin-Like 2 Increases Microglial Function: The Relationship Between Microtubules, Morphology, and Activity. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04404-0. [PMID: 39160390 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton regulates microglial morphology, motility, and effector functions. The microtubule-severing enzyme, fidgetin-like 2 (FL2), negatively regulates cell motility and nerve regeneration, making it a promising therapeutic target for central nervous system injury. Microglia perform important functions in response to inflammation and injury, but how FL2 affects microglia is unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of FL2 in microglial morphology and injury responses in vitro. We first determined that the pro-inflammatory stimulus, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induced a dose- and time-dependent reduction in FL2 expression associated with reduced microglial ramification. We then administered nanoparticle-encapuslated FL2 siRNA to knockdown FL2 and assess microglial functions compared to negative control siRNA and vehicle controls. Time-lapse live-cell microscopy showed that FL2 knockdown increased the velocity of microglial motility. After incubation with fluorescently labeled IgG-opsonized beads, FL2 knockdown increased phagocytosis. Microglia were exposed to low-dose LPS after nanoparticle treatment to model injury-induced cytokine secretion. FL2 knockdown enhanced LPS-induced cytokine secretion of IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNFα. These results identify FL2 as a regulator of microglial morphology and suggest that FL2 can be targeted to increase or accelerate microglial injury responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin N Smith
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alison Gregor
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - David J Sharp
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim HL, Min DE, Lee SK, Choi BK, Lee DR. Scrophularia buergeriana Extract (Brainon) Attenuates Neuroinflammation in BV-2 Microglia Cells and Promotes Neuroprotection in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. J Med Food 2023; 26:328-341. [PMID: 37092995 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2022.k.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia-induced neuroinflammation is one of the causative factors in cognitive dysfunction and neurodegenerative disorders. Our previous studies have revealed several benefits of Scrophularia buergeriana extract (Brainon®) in the central nervous system, but the underlying mechanism of action has not been elucidated. This study is purposed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective mechanisms of Brainon in the BV-2 condition SH-SY5Y model. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 conditioned media (CM) were used to treat SH-SY5Y cells to investigate neuroprotective effects of the extract against microglial cytotoxicity. Results demonstrated that pretreated Brainon decreased nitric oxide release, the inducible nitric oxide synthase expression level, and expression of cytokines like interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α by blocking expression of TLR4/MyD88 and NLRP3 and suppressing nuclear factor κB/AP-1 and p38/JNK signaling pathways in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. In addition, when SH-SY5Y cells were treated with CM, pretreatment with Brainon increased neuronal viability by upregulating expression of antioxidant proteins like as SODs and Gpx-1. Increased autophagy and mitophagy-associated proteins also provide important clues for SH-SY5Y to prevent apoptosis by Brainon. Brainon also modulated mTOR/AMPK signaling to clear misfolded proteins or damaged mitochondria via auto/mitophagy to protect SH-SY5Y cells from CM. Taken together, these results indicate that Brainon could reduce inflammatory mediators secreted from BV-2 cells and prevent apoptosis by increasing antioxidant and auto/mitophagy mechanisms by regulating mTOR/AMPK signaling in SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, Brainon has the potential to be developed as a natural product in a brain health functional food to inhibit cognitive decline and neuronal death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Lim Kim
- Research Institute, NUON Co., Ltd., Seongnam, Korea
| | - Da-Eun Min
- Research Institute, NUON Co., Ltd., Seongnam, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tran KN, Nguyen NPK, Nguyen LTH, Shin HM, Yang IJ. Screening for Neuroprotective and Rapid Antidepressant-like Effects of 20 Essential Oils. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051248. [PMID: 37238920 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a serious psychiatric disorder with high prevalence, and the delayed onset of antidepressant effects remains a limitation in the treatment of depression. This study aimed to screen essential oils that have the potential for rapid-acting antidepressant development. PC12 and BV2 cells were used to identify essential oils with neuroprotective effects at doses of 0.1 and 1 µg/mL. The resulting candidates were treated intranasally (25 mg/kg) to ICR mice, followed by a tail suspension test (TST) and an elevated plus maze (EPM) after 30 min. In each effective essential oil, five main compounds were computationally analyzed, targeting glutamate receptor subunits. As a result, 19 essential oils significantly abolished corticosterone (CORT)-induced cell death and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, and 13 reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). From in vivo experiments, six essential oils decreased the immobility time of mice in the TST, in which Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. and Myristica fragrans Houtt. also increased time and entries into the open arms of the EPM. Four compounds including atractylon, α-curcumene, α-farnesene, and selina-4(14),7(11)-dien-8-one had an affinity toward GluN1, GluN2B, and Glu2A receptor subunits surpassed that of the reference compound ketamine. Overall, Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC and Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat essential oils are worthy of further research for fast-acting antidepressants through interactions with glutamate receptors, and their main compounds (atractylon, α-curcumene, α-farnesene, and selina-4(14),7(11)-dien-8-one) are predicted to underlie the fast-acting effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khoa Nguyen Tran
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Nhi Phuc Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Ly Thi Huong Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Mook Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jun Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hernández-Arrambide PE, Carrasco-Carballo A, Parra I, Chamorro-Arenas D, Martínez I, Luna F, Sartillo-Piscil F, Tizabi Y, Mendieta L. Antidepressant and Neuroprotective Effects of 3-Hydroxy Paroxetine, an Analog of Paroxetine in Rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:230-239. [PMID: 36433759 PMCID: PMC10032298 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paroxetine (PX) is a widely used antidepressant with side effects such as weakness, dizziness, and trouble sleeping. In search of novel compounds with better efficacy and fewer side effects, we synthesized 3HPX, a hydroxylated analog of PX, and compared the 2 in silico for their pharmacokinetic and binding properties and in vivo for their antidepressant and potential neuroprotective effects. METHODS In silico studies compared pharmacological properties as well as interactions of PX and 3HPX with the serotonin transporter. In vivo studies utilized an animal model of comorbid depression-Parkinson disease. Adult male Wistar rats were injected (sterotaxically) with lipopolysaccharide in the striatum (unilaterally), followed by 14 days of once-daily injections (i.p.) of 10 mg/kg PX or 3HPX. Animals were tested for motor asymmetry and locomotor activity as well as indices of anhedonia and helplessness using sucrose preference and forced swim tests, respectively. Brains of these animals were collected after the last test, and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta and Iba-1-positive stained microglia in ipsilateral striatum were measured. RESULTS In silico findings indicated that 3HPX could bind stronger to serotonin transporter and also have a better clearance and hence less toxicity compared with PX. In vivo results revealed a more effective reversal of immobility in the swim test, substantial increase in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and more ramified Iba-1+ cells by 3HPX compared with PX. CONCLUSION The findings suggest superior effectiveness of 3HPX as an antidepressant and neuroprotectant compared with PX and hence potential utility in Parkinson disease depression co-morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Carrasco-Carballo
- Laboratorio de Elucidación y Síntesis en Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Irving Parra
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Delfino Chamorro-Arenas
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Isabel Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Félix Luna
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Fernando Sartillo-Piscil
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - Liliana Mendieta
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Possemato E, La Barbera L, Nobili A, Krashia P, D'Amelio M. The role of dopamine in NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101907. [PMID: 36893920 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
In the Central Nervous System (CNS), neuroinflammation orchestrated by microglia and astrocytes is an innate immune response to counteract stressful and dangerous insults. One of the most important and best characterized players in the neuroinflammatory response is the NLRP3 inflammasome, a multiproteic complex composed by NOD-like receptor family Pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and pro-caspase-1. Different stimuli mediate NLRP3 activation, resulting in the NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and the pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β and IL-18) maturation and secretion. The persistent and uncontrolled NLRP3 inflammasome activation has a leading role during the pathophysiology of neuroinflammation in age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's (AD). The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is one of the players that negatively modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation through DA receptors expressed in both microglia and astrocytes. This review summarizes recent findings linking the role of DA in the modulation of NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation in PD and AD, where early deficits of the dopaminergic system are well characterized. Highlighting the relationship between DA, its glial receptors and the NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation can provide insights to novel diagnostic strategies in early disease phases and new pharmacological tools to delay the progression of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Possemato
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Livia La Barbera
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Nobili
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Paraskevi Krashia
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Goshi N, Kim H, Girardi G, Gardner A, Seker E. Electrophysiological Activity of Primary Cortical Neuron-Glia Mixed Cultures. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050821. [PMID: 36899957 PMCID: PMC10001406 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a central role in many neurological disorders, ranging from traumatic brain injuries to neurodegeneration. Electrophysiological activity is an essential measure of neuronal function, which is influenced by neuroinflammation. In order to study neuroinflammation and its electrophysiological fingerprints, there is a need for in vitro models that accurately capture the in vivo phenomena. In this study, we employed a new tri-culture of primary rat neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in combination with extracellular electrophysiological recording techniques using multiple electrode arrays (MEAs) to determine the effect of microglia on neural function and the response to neuroinflammatory stimuli. Specifically, we established the tri-culture and its corresponding neuron-astrocyte co-culture (lacking microglia) counterpart on custom MEAs and monitored their electrophysiological activity for 21 days to assess culture maturation and network formation. As a complementary assessment, we quantified synaptic puncta and averaged spike waveforms to determine the difference in excitatory to inhibitory neuron ratio (E/I ratio) of the neurons. The results demonstrate that the microglia in the tri-culture do not disrupt neural network formation and stability and may be a better representation of the in vivo rat cortex due to its more similar E/I ratio as compared to more traditional isolated neuron and neuron-astrocyte co-cultures. In addition, only the tri-culture displayed a significant decrease in both the number of active channels and spike frequency following pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide exposure, highlighting the critical role of microglia in capturing electrophysiological manifestations of a representative neuroinflammatory insult. We expect the demonstrated technology to assist in studying various brain disease mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah Goshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hyehyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gregory Girardi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Gardner
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Erkin Seker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Agosto-Marlin IM, Nikodemova M, Dale EA, Mitchell GS. BDNF-induced phrenic motor facilitation shifts from PKCθ to ERK dependence with mild systemic inflammation. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:455-464. [PMID: 36695529 PMCID: PMC9942899 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00345.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Moderate acute intermittent hypoxia (mAIH) elicits a form of phrenic motor plasticity known as phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF), which requires spinal 5-HT2 receptor activation, ERK/MAP kinase signaling, and new brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) synthesis. New BDNF protein activates TrkB receptors that normally signal through PKCθ to elicit pLTF. Phrenic motor plasticity elicited by spinal drug administration (e.g., BDNF) is referred to by a more general term: phrenic motor facilitation (pMF). Although mild systemic inflammation elicited by a low lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dose (100 µg/kg; 24 h prior) undermines mAIH-induced pLTF upstream from BDNF protein synthesis, it augments pMF induced by spinal BDNF administration through unknown mechanisms. Here, we tested the hypothesis that mild inflammation shifts BDNF/TrkB signaling from PKCθ to alternative pathways that enhance pMF. We examined the role of three known signaling pathways associated with TrkB (MEK/ERK MAP kinase, PI3 kinase/Akt, and PKCθ) in BDNF-induced pMF in anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated Sprague Dawley rats 24 h post-LPS. Spinal PKCθ inhibitor (TIP) attenuated early BDNF-induced pMF (≤30 min), with minimal effect 60-90 min post-BDNF injection. In contrast, MEK inhibition (U0126) abolished BDNF-induced pMF at 60 and 90 min. PI3K/Akt inhibition (PI-828) had no effect on BDNF-induced pMF at any time. Thus, whereas BDNF-induced pMF is exclusively PKCθ-dependent in normal rats, MEK/ERK is recruited by neuroinflammation to sustain, and even augment downstream plasticity. Because AIH is being developed as a therapeutic modality to restore breathing in people living with multiple neurological disorders, it is important to understand how inflammation, a common comorbidity in many traumatic or degenerative central nervous system disorders, impacts phrenic motor plasticity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that even mild systemic inflammation shifts signaling mechanisms giving rise to BDNF-induced phrenic motor plasticity. This finding has important experimental, biological, and translational implications, particularly since BDNF-dependent spinal plasticity is being translated to restore breathing and nonrespiratory movements in diverse clinical disorders, such as spinal cord injury (SCI) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibis M Agosto-Marlin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Maria Nikodemova
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Department of Physical, Therapy University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Erica A Dale
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Department of Physical, Therapy University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sex-Specific Microglial Responses to Glucocerebrosidase Inhibition: Relevance to GBA1-Linked Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030343. [PMID: 36766684 PMCID: PMC9913749 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are heterogenous cells characterized by distinct populations each contributing to specific biological processes in the nervous system, including neuroprotection. To elucidate the impact of sex-specific microglia heterogenicity to the susceptibility of neuronal stress, we video-recorded with time-lapse microscopy the changes in shape and motility occurring in primary cells derived from mice of both sexes in response to pro-inflammatory or neurotoxic stimulations. With this morpho-functional analysis, we documented distinct microglia subpopulations eliciting sex-specific responses to stimulation: male microglia tended to have a more pro-inflammatory phenotype, while female microglia showed increased sensitivity to conduritol-B-epoxide (CBE), a small molecule inhibitor of glucocerebrosidase, the enzyme encoded by the GBA1 gene, mutations of which are the major risk factor for Parkinson's Disease (PD). Interestingly, glucocerebrosidase inhibition particularly impaired the ability of female microglia to enhance the Nrf2-dependent detoxification pathway in neurons, attenuating the sex differences observed in this neuroprotective function. This finding is consistent with the clinical impact of GBA1 mutations, in which the 1.5-2-fold reduced risk of developing idiopathic PD observed in female individuals is lost in the GBA1 carrier population, thus suggesting a sex-specific role for microglia in the etiopathogenesis of PD-GBA1.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wei X, Liu C, Li Z, Zhang D, Zhang W, Li Y, Shi J, Wang X, Zhai X, Gong Y, Zou X. A cell-based electrochemical sensor for assessing immunomodulatory effects by atrazine and its metabolites. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 203:114015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
10
|
Balas L, Dey SK, Béraud-Dufour S, Riechers DE, Landau OA, Bertrand-Michel J, Durand T, Blondeau N. Linotrins: Omega-3 oxylipins featuring an E,Z,E conjugated triene motif are present in the plant kingdom and alleviate inflammation in LPS-challenged microglial cells. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 231:114157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
11
|
Xue YJ, Cui SS, Guo DC, Liu JS, Yang MF, Kang HT, Jiang Q, Qu LD. Development of a method for the isolation and culture of astrocytes from the canine cerebral cortex. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 370:109476. [PMID: 35007653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astrocytes are considered key players in neuroimmunopathological processes, and they play a certain role in neuroinflammation. Rodent primary astrocyte cultures are commonly used in the study of human neuroinflammation. However, gene sequence homologies are closer between humans and dogs than between humans and rodents. NEW METHOD We established protocols to isolate astrocytes from the canine forebrain. Cerebral hemispheres of 3-4-week-old dogs were used. The isolation procedure included the use of the Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit P, demyelination by the magnetic bead method, and separation and preparation by differential adhesion. RESULTS We found a 96% astrocyte purification rate after isolation by differential adhesion. Purified canine astrocytes increased the secretion of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and increased the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. We sequenced the transcriptome of the purified canine astrocytes and analyzed the differentially expressed genes among the rodent, human, and canine astrocytes. Transcriptome profiling and gene ontology analysis of the genes co-expressed in humans and canines indicate that human and canine astrocytes may be different from their rodent counterparts in terms of mediated interactions with metals. COMPARED WITH THE EXISTING METHODS The cells prepared by our method allow for the rapid separation of astrocytes with a relatively small resource scheme. The method also retains the cell phenotype and has an in vitro culture lifetime of approximately 2 to 3 months. CONCLUSION We established a method for preparing canine astrocytes with high purity, which can be used to study the biological function of astrocytes in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Xue
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Sai-Sai Cui
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Dong-Chun Guo
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Jia-Sen Liu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Ming-Fa Yang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Hong-Tao Kang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China.
| | - Lian-Dong Qu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Parrott JM, Oster T, Lee HY. Altered inflammatory response in FMRP-deficient microglia. iScience 2021; 24:103293. [PMID: 34820601 PMCID: PMC8602000 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an inherited intellectual disability with a high risk for comorbid autism spectrum disorders. Since FXS is a genetic disease, patients are more susceptible to environmental factors aggravating symptomatology. However, this confounding interaction between FXS environmental and genetic risk factors is under-investigated. Here, Fmr1 knock-out (KO) mice and the immune stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to explore this interaction between FXS development and inflammation in microglia, the brain’s primary immune cell. Our results demonstrate that Fmr1 KO and wild-type (WT) microglia are not different in inflammatory outcomes without LPS. However, Fmr1 KO microglia produces an elevated pro-inflammatory and phagocytic response following LPS treatment when compared to WT microglia. Our experiments also revealed baseline differences in mitochondrial function and morphology between WT and Fmr1 KO microglia, which LPS treatment exaggerated. Our data suggest an altered inflammatory mechanism in Fmr1 KO microglia implicating a gene and environment interaction. Fmr1 KO microglia display elevated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory gene expressions Fmr1 KO microglia display elevated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine releases Fmr1 KO microglia demonstrate increased LPS-induced phagocytic responses Fmr1 KO microglial mitochondria have altered properties and LPS-stimulated responses
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Parrott
- The Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Oster
- The Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hye Young Lee
- The Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Interleukin-1 receptor on hippocampal neurons drives social withdrawal and cognitive deficits after chronic social stress. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4770-4782. [PMID: 32444870 PMCID: PMC8730339 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress contributes to the development of psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression. Several inflammatory-related effects of stress are associated with increased interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling within the central nervous system and are mediated by IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1) on several distinct cell types. Neuronal IL-1R1 is prominently expressed on the neurons of the dentate gyrus, but its role in mediating behavioral responses to stress is unknown. We hypothesize that IL-1 acts on this subset of hippocampal neurons to influence cognitive and mood alterations with stress. Here, mice subjected to psychosocial stress showed reduced social interaction and impaired working memory, and these deficits were prevented by global IL-1R1 knockout. Stress-induced monocyte trafficking to the brain was also blocked by IL-1R1 knockout. Selective deletion of IL-1R1 in glutamatergic neurons (nIL-1R1-/-) abrogated the stress-induced deficits in social interaction and working memory. In addition, viral-mediated selective IL-1R1 deletion in hippocampal neurons confirmed that IL-1 receptor in the hippocampus was critical for stress-induced behavioral deficits. Furthermore, selective restoration of IL-1R1 on glutamatergic neurons was sufficient to reestablish the impairments of social interaction and working memory after stress. RNA-sequencing of the hippocampus revealed that stress increased several canonical pathways (TREM1, NF-κB, complement, IL-6 signaling) and upstream regulators (INFγ, IL-1β, NF-κB, MYD88) associated with inflammation. The inductions of TREM1 signaling, complement, and leukocyte extravasation with stress were reversed by nIL-1R1-/-. Collectively, stress-dependent IL-1R1 signaling in hippocampal neurons represents a novel mechanism by which inflammation is perpetuated and social interactivity and working memory are modulated.
Collapse
|
14
|
Choi BR, Kim HG, Ko W, Dong L, Yoon D, Oh SM, Lee YS, Lee DS, Baek NI, Lee DY. Noble 3,4-Seco-triterpenoid Glycosides from the Fruits of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus and Their Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091334. [PMID: 34572966 PMCID: PMC8466647 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthopanax sessiliflorus (Araliaceae) have been reported to exhibit many pharmacological activities. Our preliminary study suggested that A. sessiliflorus fruits include many bioactive 3,4-seco-triterpenoids. A. sessiliflorus fruits were extracted in aqueous EtOH and fractionated into EtOAc, n-BuOH, and H2O fractions. Repeated column chromatographies for the organic fractions led to the isolation of 3,4-seco-triterpenoid glycosides, including new compounds. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) mass spectrometry (MS) systems were used for quantitation and quantification. BV2 and RAW264.7 cells were induced by LPS, and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators and their underlying mechanisms were measured by ELISA and Western blotting. NMR, IR, and HR-MS analyses revealed the chemical structures of the nine noble 3,4-seco-triterpenoid glycosides, acanthosessilioside G–O, and two known ones. The amounts of the compounds were 0.01–2.806 mg/g, respectively. Acanthosessilioside K, L, and M were the most effective in inhibiting NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 production and reducing iNOS and COX-2 expression. In addition, it had inhibitory effects on the LPS-induced p38 and ERK MAPK phosphorylation in both BV2 and RAW264.7 cells. Nine noble 3,4-seco-triterpenoid glycosides were isolated from A. sessiliflorus fruits, and acanthosessilioside K, L, and M showed high anti-inflammatory and anti-neuroinflammatory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ram Choi
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea; (B.-R.C.); (D.Y.); (S.M.O.); (Y.-S.L.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.-G.K.); (N.-I.B.)
| | - Hyoung-Geun Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.-G.K.); (N.-I.B.)
| | - Wonmin Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (W.K.); (L.D.); (D.-S.L.)
| | - Linsha Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (W.K.); (L.D.); (D.-S.L.)
| | - Dahye Yoon
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea; (B.-R.C.); (D.Y.); (S.M.O.); (Y.-S.L.)
| | - Seon Min Oh
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea; (B.-R.C.); (D.Y.); (S.M.O.); (Y.-S.L.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.-G.K.); (N.-I.B.)
| | - Young-Seob Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea; (B.-R.C.); (D.Y.); (S.M.O.); (Y.-S.L.)
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (W.K.); (L.D.); (D.-S.L.)
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.-G.K.); (N.-I.B.)
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea; (B.-R.C.); (D.Y.); (S.M.O.); (Y.-S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-871-5781
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Minamihata T, Takano K, Nakamura Y, Seto R, Moriyama M. Increase in Cellular Lysophosphatidylserine Content Exacerbates Inflammatory Responses in LPS-Activated Microglia. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:2602-2616. [PMID: 34383250 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in alpha/beta-hydrolase domain containing (ABHD) 12 gene, which encodes lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS) lipase, cause the neurodegenerative disease PHARC (Polyneuropathy, Hearing loss, Ataxia, Retinitis pigmentosa, Cataract). Since ABHD12 is expressed by microglia in the central nervous system and is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, accumulation of intracellular LysoPS by ABHD12 mutations is assumed to be one of the pathological mechanisms associated with microglial activation in PHARC. However, the role of microglia in the PHARC brain and the relationship between microglial function and cellular LysoPS content remains unclear. Therefore, we explored the influence of cellular LysoPS content in microglial inflammatory responses. We evaluated the effects of inhibitors of cellular LysoPS metabolism, KC01 and DO-264, on inflammatory responses using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse microglial cell line, BV-2 and primary microglia. Treatment of DO-264, an inhibitor of cellular LysoPS degradation, enhanced LPS-induced phagocytosis concomitant with the increase in cellular LysoPS content in BV-2 cells. On the other hand, treatment with KC01, an agent had been developed as an inhibitor of LysoPS synthase, reduced phagocytosis without affecting cellular LysoPS content. Such effects of both inhibitors on phagocytosis were also confirmed using primary microglia. KC01 treatment decreased nitric oxide (NO) production, accompanied by a reduction in inducible NO synthase expression in BV-2 microglia. KC01 also suppressed LPS-induced generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and cytokines such as interleukin-6. Our results suggest that increase in cellular LysoPS levels can exacerbate microglial inflammatory responses. Treatment to prevent the increase in cellular LysoPS in microglia may have therapeutic potential for PHARC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Minamihata
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Katsura Takano
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Ryoya Seto
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Kitakatsushika, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Moriyama
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gegunde S, Alfonso A, Alvariño R, Pérez-Fuentes N, Botana LM. Anhydroexfoliamycin, a Streptomyces Secondary Metabolite, Mitigates Microglia-Driven Inflammation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2336-2346. [PMID: 34110771 PMCID: PMC8893361 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Anhydroexfoliamycin, a secondary
metabolite from Streptomyces, has shown antioxidant
properties in primary cortical neurons reducing
neurodegenerative hallmarks diseases, both in vitro and in vivo models. Activated microglia, in the
central nervous system, plays a crucial role in neuroinflammation
and is associated with neurodegeneration. Therefore, the aim of the
present study was to determine the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant
potential of the anhydroexfoliamycin over microglia BV2 cells. Neuroinflammation
was simulated by incubation of microglia cells in the presence of
lipopolysaccharide to activate proinflammatory transduction pathways.
Moreover, a coculture of neuron SH-SY5Y and microglia BV2 cells was
used to evaluate the neuroprotective properties of the Streptomyces metabolite. When microglia cells were preincubated with anhydroexfoliamycin,
proinflammatory pathways, such as the translocation of the nuclear
factor κB, the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and
the inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, were inhibited. In
addition, intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and the
liberation of nitric oxide, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor
α were also decreased. Besides, the Streptomyces-derived compound showed antioxidant properties promoting the translocation
of the factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and protecting the SH-SY5Y
cells from the neurotoxic mediators released by activated microglia.
The effects of this compound were at the same level as the immunosuppressive
drug cyclosporine A. Therefore, these results indicate that anhydroexfoliamycin
is a promising tool to control microglia-driven inflammation with
therapeutic potential in neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gegunde
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Grupo Investigación Biosdiscovery, IDIS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Grupo Investigación Biosdiscovery, IDIS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alvariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Grupo Investigación Biosdiscovery, IDIS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nadia Pérez-Fuentes
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Grupo Investigación Biosdiscovery, IDIS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Grupo Investigación Biosdiscovery, IDIS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kwiatkowski K, Pawlik K, Ciapała K, Piotrowska A, Makuch W, Mika J. Bidirectional Action of Cenicriviroc, a CCR2/CCR5 Antagonist, Results in Alleviation of Pain-Related Behaviors and Potentiation of Opioid Analgesia in Rats With Peripheral Neuropathy. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615327. [PMID: 33408720 PMCID: PMC7779470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical management of neuropathic pain is unsatisfactory, mainly due to its resistance to the effects of available analgesics, including opioids. Converging evidence indicates the functional interactions between chemokine and opioid receptors and their influence on nociceptive processes. Recent studies highlight that the CC chemokine receptors type 2 (CCR2) and 5 (CCR5) seem to be of particular interest. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of the dual CCR2/CCR5 antagonist, cenicriviroc, on pain-related behaviors, neuroimmune processes, and the efficacy of opioids in rats after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. To define the mechanisms of action of cenicriviroc, we studied changes in the activation/influx of glial and immune cells and, simultaneously, the expression level of CCR2, CCR5, and important pronociceptive cytokines in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We demonstrated that repeated intrathecal injections of cenicriviroc, in a dose-dependent manner, alleviated hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli in rats after sciatic nerve injury, as measured by von Frey and cold plate tests. Behavioral effects were associated with the beneficial impact of cenicriviroc on the activation/influx level of C1q/IBA-1-positive cells in the spinal cord and/or DRG and GFAP-positive cells in DRG. In parallel, administration of cenicriviroc decreased the expression of CCR2 in the spinal cord and CCR5 in DRG. Concomitantly, we observed that the level of important pronociceptive factors (e.g., IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-18, and CCL3) were increased in the lumbar spinal cord and/or DRG 7 days following injury, and cenicriviroc was able to prevent these changes. Additionally, repeated administration of this dual CCR2/CCR5 antagonist enhanced the analgesic effects of morphine and buprenorphine in neuropathic rats, which can be associated with the ability of cenicriviroc to prevent nerve injury-induced downregulation of all opioid receptors at the DRG level. Overall, our results suggest that pharmacological modulation based on the simultaneous blockade of CCR2 and CCR5 may serve as an innovative strategy for the treatment of neuropathic pain, as well as in combination with opioids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kwiatkowski
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ciapała
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Smith CJ, Bilbo SD. Sickness and the Social Brain: Love in the Time of COVID. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:633664. [PMID: 33692712 PMCID: PMC7937950 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.633664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a highly social species, inclusion in social networks and the presence of strong social bonds are critical to our health and well-being. Indeed, impaired social functioning is a component of numerous neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorder. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, our social networks are at risk of fracture and many are vulnerable to the negative consequences of social isolation. Importantly, infection itself leads to changes in social behavior as a component of "sickness behavior." Furthermore, as in the case of COVID-19, males and females often differ in their immunological response to infection, and, therefore, in their susceptibility to negative outcomes. In this review, we discuss the many ways in which infection changes social behavior-sometimes to the benefit of the host, and in some instances for the sake of the pathogen-in species ranging from eusocial insects to humans. We also explore the neuroimmune mechanisms by which these changes in social behavior occur. Finally, we touch upon the ways in which the social environment (group living, social isolation, etc.) shapes the immune system and its ability to respond to challenge. Throughout we emphasize how males and females differ in their response to immune activation, both behaviorally and physiologically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Smith
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gubert C, Andrejew R, Figueiro F, Bergamin L, Kapczinski F, Magalhães PVDS, Battastini AMO. Lithium-induced neuroprotective activity in neuronal and microglial cells: A purinergic perspective. Psychiatry Res 2021; 295:113562. [PMID: 33213934 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is the mainstay of pharmacotherapy for treating bipolar disorder (BD). However, despite its wide use for over 60 years in the clinic, its mechanisms of action are not yet well defined. Elucidating lithium's mechanism of action will not only shed light on the pathophysiology of BD, but also potentially uncover new treatment targets. Previous studies suggest that the purinergic system may be involved in lithium's neuroprotective action; thus, the specific aim of this study is to better understand the neuroprotective action of lithium against ATP-induced cellular effect in both neuronal and microglial cellular lineages. We used PC12 neuronal and N9 microglial cells, evaluating cell death by cell counting and Annexin/PI cytometry assay, P2 × 7R immunocontent and ectonucleotidases activity, together with cytokine and nitrite assessment for microglial activity determination. Our results indicate that cells of different neural origins are responsive to ATP, in the sense of neuronal excitotoxicity and microglial switch into an activated M1-like phenotype respectively. Lithium, in turn, modulates the response in neuronal PC12 cells, preventing ATP-induced cell death. On the other hand, in N9 microglial cells, lithium was unable to prevent ATP-induced activation via P2 × 7R, indicating that lithium protective action against the effects of ATP more likely occurs in neurons rather than in microglia. Further studies are needed to better characterize the involvement of the purinergic system in the mechanism of action of lithium against neuronal death and microglial activation, in order to uncover new therapeutic adjunctive targets, such as antagonism of P2 × 7R, as potential approach for bipolar disorder treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gubert
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Andrejew
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Figueiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia Bergamin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MacMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Pedro Vieira da Silva Magalhães
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gildawie KR, Orso R, Peterzell S, Thompson V, Brenhouse HC. Sex differences in prefrontal cortex microglia morphology: Impact of a two-hit model of adversity throughout development. Neurosci Lett 2020; 738:135381. [PMID: 32927000 PMCID: PMC7584734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimmune mechanisms play critical roles in brain development and can be impacted by early life adversity. Microglia are the resident immune cells in the brain, with both sex-specific and region-specific developmental profiles. Since early life adversity is associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders with developmental pathogeneses, here we investigated the degree to which maternal separation (MS) impacted microglia over development. Microglia are dynamic cells that alter their morphology in accordance with their functions and in response to stressors. While males and females reportedly display different microglial morphology in several brain regions over development and following immune and psychological challenges, little is known about such differences in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which regulates several early life adversity-attributable disorders. Additionally, little is known about the potential for early life adversity to prime microglia for later immune challenges. In the current study, male and female rats were exposed to MS followed by lipopolysaccharide administration in juvenility or adolescence. The prelimbic and infralimbic PFC were then separately analyzed for microglial density and morphology. Typically developing males expressed smaller soma and less arborization than females in juvenility, but larger soma than females in adolescence. MS led to fewer microglia in the infralimbic PFC of adolescent males. Both MS and lipopolysaccharide administration affected morphological characteristics in juvenile males and females, with MS exposure leading to a greater increase in soma size following lipopolysaccharide. Interestingly, effects of MS and lipopolysaccharide were not observed in adolescence, while notable sex differences in PFC microglial morphology were apparent. Taken together, these findings provide insight into how PFC microglia may differentially respond to challenges over development in males and females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Orso
- Psychology Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shaughness M, Acs D, Brabazon F, Hockenbury N, Byrnes KR. Role of Insulin in Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration: A Review. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:547175. [PMID: 33100956 PMCID: PMC7546823 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.547175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a hormone typically associated with pancreatic release and blood sugar regulation. The brain was long thought to be “insulin-independent,” but research has shown that insulin receptors (IR) are expressed on neurons, microglia and astrocytes, among other cells. The effects of insulin on cells within the central nervous system are varied, and can include both metabolic and non-metabolic functions. Emerging data suggests that insulin can improve neuronal survival or recovery after trauma or during neurodegenerative diseases. Further, data suggests a strong anti-inflammatory component of insulin, which may also play a role in both neurotrauma and neurodegeneration. As a result, administration of exogenous insulin, either via systemic or intranasal routes, is an increasing area of focus in research in neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disorders. This review will explore the literature to date on the role of insulin in neurotrauma and neurodegeneration, with a focus on traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Shaughness
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Deanna Acs
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fiona Brabazon
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nicole Hockenbury
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yao Y, Fu KY. Serum-deprivation leads to activation-like changes in primary microglia and BV-2 cells but not astrocytes. Biomed Rep 2020; 13:51. [PMID: 32974017 DOI: 10.3892/br.2020.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of serum deprivation on primary microglia, BV-2 cells and primary astrocytes. Cell morphology combined with the expression of phospho-(p-)38 and p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were assessed. Serum deprivation resulted in various alterations in the three cell cultures. Primary microglia and BV-2 cells exhibited alterations indicative of activation under serum treatment, as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. However, astrocytes did not react as fast. Regarding morphology, the processes present on the primary microglia and BV-2 cells became shorter and the cell bodies became larger, and more transparent vesicles were observed within the cell bodies, which indicated their increased phagocytic ability. At the protein level, p-p38 expression increased quickly within 1 h in the primary microglia culture in response to LPS treatment. Furthermore, the expression levels of p-p38 and p-ERK were elevated in both primary microglia and BV-2 cells under serum deprivation, as well as under LPS treatment, which was not observed in the primary astrocytes. These results suggest that serum deprivation may result in similar changes to cell morphology and the expression levels of p-p38 and p-ERK as LPS treatment in primary microglia and BV-2 cells. These observations suggest that primary microglia and BV-2 cells may become activated under serum deprivation, at least to a certain degree.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Yuan Fu
- Center for TMD and Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hanger B, Couch A, Rajendran L, Srivastava DP, Vernon AC. Emerging Developments in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Microglia: Implications for Modelling Psychiatric Disorders With a Neurodevelopmental Origin. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:789. [PMID: 32848951 PMCID: PMC7433763 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident tissue macrophages of the brain, are increasingly implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders with a neurodevelopmental origin, including schizophrenia. To date, however, our understanding of the potential role for these cells in schizophrenia has been informed by studies of aged post-mortem samples, low resolution in vivo neuroimaging and rodent models. Whilst these have provided important insights, including signs of the heterogeneous nature of microglia, we currently lack a validated human in vitro system to characterize microglia in the context of brain health and disease during neurodevelopment. Primarily, this reflects a lack of access to human primary tissue during developmental stages. In this review, we first describe microglia, including their ontogeny and heterogeneity and consider their role in brain development. We then provide an evaluation of the potential for differentiating microglia from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) as a robust in vitro human model system to study these cells. We find the majority of protocols for hiPSC-derived microglia generate cells characteristically similar to foetal stage microglia when exposed to neuronal environment-like cues. This may represent a robust and relevant model for the study of cellular and molecular mechanisms in schizophrenia. Each protocol however, provides unique benefits as well as shortcomings, highlighting the need for context-dependent protocol choice and cross-lab collaboration and communication to identify the most robust and translatable microglia model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Hanger
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amalie Couch
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony C. Vernon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Classical and Alternative Activation of Rat Microglia Treated with Ultrapure Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050333. [PMID: 32438602 PMCID: PMC7290770 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The possible relationship between periodontal disease resulting from the infection of gingival tissue by the Gram-negative bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and the development of neuroinflammation remains under investigation. Recently, P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was reported in the human brain, thus suggesting it might activate brain microglia, a cell type participating in neuroinflammation. We tested the hypothesis of whether in vitro exposure to ultrapure P. gingivalis LPS may result in classical and alternative activation phenotypes of rat microglia, with the concomitant release of cytokines and chemokines, as well as superoxide anion (O2-), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), and matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9). After an 18-h exposure of microglia to P. gingivalis LPS, the concentration-dependent responses were the following: 0.1-100 ng/mL P. gingivalis LPS increased O2- generation, with reduced inflammatory mediator generation; 1000-10,000 ng/mL P. gingivalis LPS generated MMP-9, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α/CCL3), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2/CXCL2) release and significant O2- generation; 100,000 ng/mL P. gingivalis LPS sustained O2- production, maintained MMP-9, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release, and triggered elevated levels of MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-2/CXCL2, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC-1/CXCL-1), with a very low release of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). Although P. gingivalis LPS was less potent than Escherichia coli (E. coli) LPS in stimulating TXB2, MMP-9, IL-6 and interleukin 10 (IL-10) generation, we observed that it appeared more efficacious in enhancing the release of O2-, TNF-α, MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-2/CXCL2 and CINC-1/CXCL-1. Our results provide support to our research hypothesis because an 18-h in vitro stimulation with ultrapure P. gingivalis LPS resulted in the classical and alternative activation of rat brain microglia and the concomitant release of cytokines and chemokines.
Collapse
|
25
|
Goshi N, Morgan RK, Lein PJ, Seker E. A primary neural cell culture model to study neuron, astrocyte, and microglia interactions in neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:155. [PMID: 32393376 PMCID: PMC7216677 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interactions between neurons, astrocytes, and microglia critically influence neuroinflammatory responses to insult in the central nervous system. In vitro astrocyte and microglia cultures are powerful tools to study specific molecular pathways involved in neuroinflammation; however, in order to better understand the influence of cellular crosstalk on neuroinflammation, new multicellular culture models are required. Methods Primary cortical cells taken from neonatal rats were cultured in a serum-free “tri-culture” medium formulated to support neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, or a “co-culture” medium formulated to support only neurons and astrocytes. Caspase 3/7 activity and morphological changes were used to quantify the response of the two culture types to different neuroinflammatory stimuli mimicking sterile bacterial infection (lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure), mechanical injury (scratch), and seizure activity (glutamate-induced excitotoxicity). The secreted cytokine profile of control and LPS-exposed co- and tri-cultures were also compared. Results The tri-culture maintained a physiologically relevant representation of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia for 14 days in vitro, while the co-cultures maintained a similar population of neurons and astrocytes, but lacked microglia. The continuous presence of microglia did not negatively impact the overall health of the neurons in the tri-culture, which showed reduced caspase 3/7 activity and similar neurite outgrowth as the co-cultures, along with an increase in the microglia-secreted neurotrophic factor IGF-1 and a significantly reduced concentration of CX3CL1 in the conditioned media. LPS-exposed tri-cultures showed significant astrocyte hypertrophy, increase in caspase 3/7 activity, and the secretion of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6), none of which were observed in LPS-exposed co-cultures. Following mechanical trauma, the tri-culture showed increased caspase 3/7 activity, as compared to the co-culture, along with increased astrocyte migration towards the source of injury. Finally, the microglia in the tri-culture played a significant neuroprotective role during glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, with significantly reduced neuron loss and astrocyte hypertrophy in the tri-culture. Conclusions The tri-culture consisting of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia more faithfully mimics in vivo neuroinflammatory responses than standard mono- and co-cultures. This tri-culture can be a useful tool to study neuroinflammation in vitro with improved accuracy in predicting in vivo neuroinflammatory phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah Goshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rhianna K Morgan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Erkin Seker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California - Davis, 3177 Kemper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Healy LM, Yaqubi M, Ludwin S, Antel JP. Species differences in immune-mediated CNS tissue injury and repair: A (neuro)inflammatory topic. Glia 2019; 68:811-829. [PMID: 31724770 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems in the brain parenchyma and in the meningeal spaces contribute to physiologic functions and disease states in the central nervous system (CNS). Animal studies have demonstrated the involvement of immune constituents, along with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, in neural development and rare genetic disorders (e.g., colony stimulating factor 1 receptor [CSF1R] deficiency). Genome wide association studies suggest a comparable role of the immune system in humans. Although the CNS can be the target of primary autoimmune disorders, no current experimental model captures all of the features of the most common human disorder placed in this category, multiple sclerosis (MS). Such features include spontaneous onset, environmental contributions, and a recurrent/progressive disease course in a genetically predisposed host. Numerous therapeutic interventions related to antigen and cytokine specific therapies have demonstrated effectiveness in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model used to define principles underlying immune-mediated mechanisms in MS. Despite the similarities in the two diseases, most treatments used to ameliorate EAE have failed to translate to the human disease. As directly demonstrated in animal models and implicated by correlative studies in humans, adaptive and innate immune constituents within the systemic compartment and resident in the CNS contribute to the disease course of neurodegenerative and neurobehavioral disorders. The expanding knowledge of the molecular properties of glial cells provides increasing insights into species related variables. These variables affect glial bidirectional interactions with the immune system as well as their own production of "immune molecules" that mediate tissue injury and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke M Healy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Moein Yaqubi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samuel Ludwin
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jack P Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sn S, Pandurangi J, Murumalla R, Dj V, Garimella L, Acharya A, Rai S, Paul A, Yarreiphang H, Pillai MS, Giridharan M, Clement JP, Alladi PA, Saiyed T, Manjithaya R. Small molecule modulator of aggrephagy regulates neuroinflammation to curb pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. EBioMedicine 2019; 50:260-273. [PMID: 31727601 PMCID: PMC6921191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plethora of efforts fails to yield a single drug to reverse the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and related α-synucleopathies. Methods Using chemical biology, we identified a small molecule inhibitor of c-abl kinase, PD180970 that could potentially clear the toxic protein aggregates. Genetic, molecular, cell biological and immunological assays were performed to understand the mechanism of action. In vivo preclinical disease model of PD was used to assess its neuroprotection efficacy. Findings In this report, we show the ability of a small molecule inhibitor of tyrosine kinases, PD180970, to induce autophagy (cell lines and mice midbrain) in an mTOR-independent manner and ameliorate the α-synuclein mediated toxicity. PD180970 also exerts anti-neuroinflammatory potential by inhibiting the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 (interleukin-6) and MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) through reduction of TLR-4 (toll like receptor-4) mediated NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) activation. In vivo studies show that PD180970 is neuroprotective by degrading the toxic protein oligomers through induction of autophagy and subsiding the microglial activation. Interpretation These protective mechanisms ensure the negation of Parkinson's disease related motor impairments. Fund This work was supported by Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance Intermediate Fellowship (500159-Z-09-Z), DST-SERB grant (EMR/2015/001946), DBT (BT/INF/22/SP27679/2018) and JNCASR intramural funds to RM, and SERB, DST (SR/SO/HS/0121/2012) to PAA, and DST-SERB (SB/YS/LS-215/2013) to JPC and BIRAC funding to ETA C-CAMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Sn
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India; Centre for Brain Research (CBR), IISc, Bangalore, India
| | - Janhavi Pandurangi
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP), Bangalore Life Sciences Cluster (BLiSC), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Murumalla
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP), Bangalore Life Sciences Cluster (BLiSC), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Vidyadhara Dj
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India; Yale University, USA
| | - Lakshmi Garimella
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India
| | - Achyuth Acharya
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP), Bangalore Life Sciences Cluster (BLiSC), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Shashank Rai
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abhik Paul
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India
| | - Haorei Yarreiphang
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Malini S Pillai
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India
| | - Mridhula Giridharan
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India
| | - James P Clement
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India
| | - Phalguni Anand Alladi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Taslimarif Saiyed
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP), Bangalore Life Sciences Cluster (BLiSC), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India; Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hohmann U, Pelzer M, Kleine J, Hohmann T, Ghadban C, Dehghani F. Opposite Effects of Neuroprotective Cannabinoids, Palmitoylethanolamide, and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol on Function and Morphology of Microglia. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1180. [PMID: 31787870 PMCID: PMC6853843 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies performed in cultured cells and in in vivo models of neuronal damage showed that cannabinoids exert a neuroprotective effect. The increase in cannabinoids and cannabinoid like substances after stroke has been postulated to limit the content of neuronal injury. As well-accepted, inflammation, and neuronal damage are coupled processes and microglial cells as the main intrinsic immunological effector within the brain play a central role in their regulation. Treatment with the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) or the endocannabinoid-like substance, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) affected microglial cells and led to a decrease in the number of damaged neurons after excitotoxical lesion in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC). 2-AG activated abnormal cannabidiol (abn-CBD) receptor, PEA was shown to mediate neuroprotection via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α. Despite the known neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties, the potential synergistic effect, namely possible entourage effect after treatment with the combination of these two protective cannabinoids has not been examined yet. After excitotoxical lesion OHSC were treated with PEA, 2-AG or a combination of both and the number of damaged neurons was evaluated. To investigate the role of microglial cells in PEA and 2-AG mediated protection, primary microglial cell cultures were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 2-AG, PEA or a combination of those. Thereafter, we measured NO production, ramification index, proliferation and PPARα distribution in microglial cells. While PEA or 2-AG alone were neuroprotective, their co-application vanished the protective effect. This behavior was independent of microglial cells. Furthermore, PEA and 2-AG had contrary effects on ramification index and on NO production. No significant changes were observed in the proliferation rate of microglial cells after treatment. The expression of PPARα was not changed upon stimulation with PEA or 2-AG, but the distribution was significantly altered. 2-AG and PEA mediated neuroprotection was abolished when co-applied. Both cannabinoids exert contrary effects on morphology and function of microglial cells. Co-application of both cannabinoids with different targets did not lead to a positive additive effect as expected, presumably due to the contrary polarization of microglial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Markus Pelzer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Joshua Kleine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tim Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Chalid Ghadban
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Brown MD, Schoenfisch MH. Selective and Sensocompatible Electrochemical Nitric Oxide Sensor with a Bilaminar Design. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1766-1773. [PMID: 31244005 PMCID: PMC6759084 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages mediate mammalian inflammation in part by the release of the gasotransmitter, nitric oxide (NO). Electrochemical methods represent the best means of direct, continuous measurement of NO, but monitoring continuous release from immunostimulated macrophages remains analytically challenging. Long release durations necessitate consistent sensor performance (i.e., sensitivity and selectivity for NO) in proteinaceous media. Herein, we describe the fabrication of an electrochemical sensor modified by an electropolymerized 5-amino-1-naphthol (poly(5A1N)) film in conjunction with a fluorinated xerogel topcoat. The unique combination of these membranes ensures selective detection of NO that is maintained over extended periods of use (>24 h) in biological media without performance deterioration. The hydrophobic xerogel topcoat protects the underlying NO-selective poly(5A1N) film from hydration-induced desorption. The bilaminar sensor is then readily adapted for measurement of the temporal NO-release profiles from immunostimulated macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micah D. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang G, Li Z, Li S, Ren J, Suresh V, Xu D, Zang W, Liu X, Li W, Wang H, Guo F. Minocycline Preserves the Integrity and Permeability of BBB by Altering the Activity of DKK1-Wnt Signaling in ICH Model. Neuroscience 2019; 415:135-146. [PMID: 31344398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and subsequent neurological deficits are the most severe consequence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Minocycline has been wildly used clinically as a neurological protective agent in clinical practice. However, the underlying mechanisms by which minocycline functions remain unclear. Therefore, we assessed the influence of minocycline on BBB structure, neurological function, and inflammatory responses in a collagenase-induced ICH model, and elucidated underlying molecular mechanisms as well. Following a single injection of collagenase VII-S into the basal ganglia, BBB integrity was assessed by Evans blue extravasation while neurological function was assessed using an established neurologic function scoring system. Minocycline treatment significantly alleviated the severity of BBB disruption, brain edema, and neurological deficits in ICH model. Moreover, minocycline decreased the production of inflammatory mediators including TNF, IL-6, and MMP-9, by microglia. Minocycline treatment decreased DKK1 expression but increased Wnt1, β-catenin and Occludin, a phenomenon mimicked by DKK1 silencing. These data suggest that minocycline improves the consequences of ICH by preserving BBB integrity and attenuating neurologic deficits in a DKK1-related manner that involves enhancement of the Wnt1-β-catenin activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, 450052
| | - Zhihua Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University
| | - Shujian Li
- Department of neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital (Zhengzhou University People's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China, 450001
| | - Junling Ren
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202
| | - Vigneyshwar Suresh
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, 450052
| | - Dingkang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, 450052
| | - Weidong Zang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University
| | - Xianzhi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, 450052
| | - Wei Li
- Department of neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital (Zhengzhou University People's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China, 450001
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202.
| | - Fuyou Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, 450052.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yao K, Zu HB. Microglial polarization: novel therapeutic mechanism against Alzheimer's disease. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 28:95-110. [PMID: 31264132 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease that results in progressive dementia, and exhibits high disability and fatality rates. Recent evidence has demonstrated that neuroinflammation is critical in the pathophysiological processes of AD, which is characterized by the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Under different stimuli, microglia are usually activated into two polarized states, termed the classical 'M1' phenotype and the alternative 'M2' phenotype. M1 microglia are considered to promote inflammatory injury in AD; in contrast, M2 microglia exert neuroprotective effects. Imbalanced microglial polarization, in the form of excessive activation of M1 microglia and dysfunction of M2 microglia, markedly promotes the development of AD. Furthermore, an increasing number of studies have shown that the transition of microglia from the M1 to M2 phenotype could potently alleviate pathological damage in AD. Hence, this article reviews the current knowledge regarding the role of microglial M1/M2 polarization in the pathophysiology of AD. In addition, we summarize several approaches that protect against AD by altering the polarization states of microglia. This review aims to contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of AD and, moreover, to explore the potential of novel drugs for the treatment of AD in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yao
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Heng-Bing Zu
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gilbreath ET, Jaganathan L, Subramanian M, Balasubramanian P, Linning KD, MohanKumar SMJ, MohanKumar PS. Chronic estrogen affects TIDA neurons through IL-1β and NO: effects of aging. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:157-167. [PMID: 30400030 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Women are chronically exposed to estrogens through oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy or environmental estrogens. We hypothesized that chronic exposure to low levels of estradiol-17β (E2) can induce inflammatory and degenerative changes in the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) system leading to reduced dopamine synthesis and hyperprolactinemia. Young (Y; 3–4 months) and middle-aged (MA; 10–12 months) Sprague-Dawley rats that were intact or ovariectomized (OVX) were either sham-implanted or implanted with a slow-release E2 pellet (20 ng E2/day for 90 days). To get mechanistic insight, adult 3- to 4-month-old WT, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) knockout (KO) mice were subjected to a similar treatment. Hypothalamic areas corresponding to the TIDA system were analyzed. E2 treatment increased IL-1β protein and nitrate levels in the arcuate nucleus of intact animals (Y and MA). Nitration of tyrosine hydroxylase in the median eminence increased with E2 treatment in both intact and OVX animals. There was no additional effect of age. This was accompanied by a reduction in dopamine levels and an increase in prolactin in intact animals. E2 treatment increased nitrate and reduced dopamine levels in the hypothalamus and increased serum prolactin in WT mice. In contrast, the effect of E2 on nitrate levels was blocked in IL-1R KO mice and the effect on dopamine and prolactin were blocked in iNOS KO animals. Taken together, these results show that chronic exposure to low levels of E2 decreases TIDA activity through a cytokine-nitric oxide-mediated pathway leading to hyperprolactinemia and that aging could promote these degenerative changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebony T Gilbreath
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
| | - Lakshmikripa Jaganathan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Madhan Subramanian
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Priya Balasubramanian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Katrina D Linning
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sheba M J MohanKumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Puliyur S MohanKumar
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lee H, Lee DS, Chang KJ, Kim SH, Cheong SH. Glucose-Taurine Reduced Exerts Neuroinflammatory Responses by Inhibition of NF-κB Activation in LPS-Induced BV2 Microglia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1155:857-867. [PMID: 31468452 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8023-5_72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We want to find the anti-neuroinflammatory action of the taurine derivative Glucose-Taurine Reduced (G-T-R). The anti-neuroinflammatory action by G-T-R were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglia. G-T-R inhibited the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, and down-regulated the protein expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, G-T-R reduced the cytokines secretion such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) -1β and IL-6, in BV2 microglia treated with LPS. In addition, G-T-R dose-dependently decreased the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B. These findings confirmed the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of G-T-R, which may exert protective effects against neuroinflammatory-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ja Chang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Cheong
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lee DS, Kwon KH, Cheong SH. Taurine Chloramine Suppresses LPS-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses through Nrf2-Mediated Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Mouse BV2 Microglial Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 975 Pt 1:131-143. [PMID: 28849450 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The brain is sensitive to the inflammation and oxidative stress that can cause the aging or neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory activities of taurine chloramine (TauCl) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse BV2 microglia mediated through heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression. TauCl inhibited the protein expressions of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, nitric oxide (NO), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in LPS-treated BV2 microglia. TauCl markedly inhibited interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1𝛽 (IL-1𝛽) and tumor necrosis factor-𝛼 (TNF-𝛼) production. These effects were related to the suppression of the degradation and phosphorylation of inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B-𝛼 (I𝜅B-𝛼), translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-𝜅B) as well as DNA binding activity. In addition, TauCl induced the HO-1 expression by increasing the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) translocation to the nucleus in mouse BV2 microglia. These findings suggest that TauCl has protective effects of neurodegenerative disorders caused by neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, South Korea
| | - Ki Han Kwon
- Division of Food Science and Nutrition, Graduate School of Biohealth Science, Gwangju University, Gwangju, 61743, South Korea
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Health, Welfare, and Education, Gwangju University, Gwangju, 61743, South Korea
| | - Sun Hee Cheong
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 550-749, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Brabazon F, Bermudez S, Shaughness M, Khayrullina G, Byrnes KR. The effects of insulin on the inflammatory activity of BV2 microglia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201878. [PMID: 30148836 PMCID: PMC6110462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), which function to monitor and maintain homeostasis. Microglial activation occurs after CNS injury, infection or disease. Prolonged microglial activation is detrimental to the CNS as they produce nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in neuronal cell dysfunction and death. Microglial activation is implicated in the neurological deficits following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Alzheimer's disease. Intranasal insulin administration is a promising treatment of Alzheimer's disease and TBI. However, the exact effect of insulin on microglia is currently unclear. The goal of this study was therefore to examine the effect of insulin administration on activated microglia. The microglial cell line BV2 were exposed to a pro-inflammatory stimulus, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by insulin administration. Outcome measures were conducted at 24 hours after treatment. In vitro assays quantified NO and ROS production. Western blot, immunocytochemistry and phagocytosis assay further examined the effect of insulin on microglial activity. Insulin treatment significantly reduced NO, ROS and TNFα production and increased phagocytic activity. Insulin treatment also significantly reduced iNOS expression, but had no significant effect on any other M1 or M2 macrophage polarization marker examined. These data suggest that insulin has very specific effects to reduce pro-inflammatory or chemoattractant properties of microglia, and this may be one mechanism by which insulin has beneficial effects in CNS injury or neurodegenerative conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Brabazon
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Sara Bermudez
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael Shaughness
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Kimberly R. Byrnes
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Caponegro MD, Torres LF, Rastegar C, Rath N, Anderson ME, Robinson JK, Tsirka SE. Pifithrin-μ modulates microglial activation and promotes histological recovery following spinal cord injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 25:200-214. [PMID: 29962076 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatments immediately after spinal cord injury (SCI) are anticipated to decrease neuronal death, disruption of neuronal connections, demyelination, and inflammation, and to improve repair and functional recovery. Currently, little can be done to modify the acute phase, which extends to the first 48 hours post-injury. Efforts to intervene have focused on the subsequent phases - secondary (days to weeks) and chronic (months to years) - to both promote healing, prevent further damage, and support patients suffering from SCI. METHODS We used a contusion model of SCI in female mice, and delivered a small molecule reagent during the early phase of injury. Histological and behavioral outcomes were assessed and compared. RESULTS We find that the reagent Pifithrin-μ (PFT-μ) acts early and directly on microglia in vitro, attenuating their activation. When administered during the acute phase of SCI, PFT-μ resulted in reduced lesion size during the initial inflammatory phase, and reduced the numbers of pro-inflammatory microglia and macrophages. Treatment with PFT-μ during the early stage of injury maintained a stable anti-inflammatory environment. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a small molecule reagent PFT-μ has sustained immunomodulatory effects following a single dose after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Caponegro
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Luisa F Torres
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Cyrus Rastegar
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Nisha Rath
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Maria E Anderson
- Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - John K Robinson
- Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nishimura Y, Moriyama M, Kawabe K, Satoh H, Takano K, Azuma YT, Nakamura Y. Lauric Acid Alleviates Neuroinflammatory Responses by Activated Microglia: Involvement of the GPR40-Dependent Pathway. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1723-1735. [PMID: 29947014 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), microglia are hyperactivated and release nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines, resulting its neuropathology. Mounting evidence indicates that dietary supplementation with coconut oil (CNO) reduces the cognitive deficits associated with AD; however, the precise mechanism(s) underlying the beneficial effect of CNO are unknown. In the present study, we examined the effects of lauric acid (LA), a major constituent of CNO, on microglia activated experimentally by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), using primary cultured rat microglia and the mouse microglial cell line, BV-2. LA attenuated LPS-stimulated NO production and the expression of inducible NO synthase protein without affecting cell viability. In addition, LA suppressed LPS-induced reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokine production, as well as phosphorylation of p38-mitogen activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. LA-induced suppression of NO production was partially but significantly reversed in the presence of GW1100, an antagonist of G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 40, which is an LA receptor on the plasma membrane. LA also decreased LPS-induced phagocytosis, which was completely reversed by co-treatment with GW1100. Moreover, LA alleviated amyloid-β-induced enhancement of phagocytosis. These results suggest that attenuation of microglial activation by LA may occur via the GPR40-dependent pathway. Such effects of LA may reduce glial activation and the subsequent neuronal damage in AD patients who consume CNO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Moriyama
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kawabe
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hideyo Satoh
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Katsura Takano
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Yasu-Taka Azuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang XC, Liang HF, Luo XD, Wang HJ, Gu AP, Zheng CY, Su QZ, Cai J. YY1 promotes IL-6 expression in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells by interacting with p65 to promote transcriptional activation of IL-6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 502:269-275. [PMID: 29803672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the process of neurodegenerative disorders, during which microglia, the principal resident immune cells in the central nervous system, are activated and produce proinflammatory mediators. Yin-Yang 1 (YY1), a multi-functional transcription factor, is widely expressed in cells of the immune system and participate in various cellular processes. However, whether YY1 is involved in the process of neuroinflammation is still unknown. In the present study, we found that YY1 was progressively up-regulated in BV2 microglial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which was dependent on the transactivation function of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Furthermore, YY1 knockdown notably inhibited LPS-induced the activation of NF-κB signaling and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in BV-2 cells, but not mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Moreover, YY1 strengthened p65 binding to IL-6 promoter by interacting with p65 but decreased H3K27ac modification on IL-6 promoter, eventually increasing IL-6 transcription. Taken together, these results for the first time uncover the regulatory mechanism of YY1 on IL-6 expression during neuroinflammation responses and provide new lights into neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Chun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hong-Feng Liang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hua-Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ai-Ping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chun-Ye Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiao-Zhen Su
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Vojtechova I, Petrasek T, Maleninska K, Brozka H, Tejkalova H, Horacek J, Stuchlik A, Vales K. Neonatal immune activation by lipopolysaccharide causes inadequate emotional responses to novel situations but no changes in anxiety or cognitive behavior in Wistar rats. Behav Brain Res 2018; 349:42-53. [PMID: 29729302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infection during the prenatal or neonatal stages of life is considered one of the major risk factors for the development of mental diseases such as schizophrenia or autism. However, the impacts of such an immune challenge on adult behavior are still not clear. In our study, we used a model of early postnatal immune activation by the application of bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to rat pups at a dose of 2 mg/kg from postnatal day (PD) 5 to PD 9. In adulthood, the rats were tested in a battery of tasks probing various aspects of behavior: spontaneous activity (open field test), social behavior (social interactions and female bedding exploration), anxiety (elevated plus maze), cognition (active place avoidance in Carousel) and emotional response (ultrasonic vocalization recording). Moreover, we tested sensitivity to acute challenge with MK-801, a psychotomimetic drug. Our results show that the application of LPS led to increased self-grooming in the female bedding exploration test and inadequate emotional reactions in Carousel maze displayed by ultrasonic vocalizations. However, it did not have serious consequences on exploration, locomotion, social behavior or cognition. Furthermore, exposition to MK-801 did not trigger social or cognitive deficits in the LPS-treated rats. We conclude that the emotional domain is the most sensitive to the changes induced by neonatal immune activation in rats, including a disrupted response to novel and stressful situations in early adulthood (similar to that observed in human patients suffering from schizophrenia or autism), while other aspects of tested behavior remain unaffected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Vojtechova
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 12108, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Petrasek
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Kristyna Maleninska
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Brozka
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Tejkalova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Horacek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Ales Stuchlik
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Vales
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Klemm LC, Czerwonka E, Hall ML, Williams PG, Mayer AMS. Cyanobacteria Scytonema javanicum and Scytonema ocellatum Lipopolysaccharides Elicit Release of Superoxide Anion, Matrix-Metalloproteinase-9, Cytokines and Chemokines by Rat Microglia In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10040130. [PMID: 29561785 PMCID: PMC5923296 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosmopolitan Gram-negative cyanobacteria may affect human and animal health by contaminating terrestrial, marine and freshwater environments with toxins, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The cyanobacterial genus Scytonema (S) produces several toxins, but to our knowledge the bioactivity of genus Scytonema LPS has not been investigated. We recently reported that cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. LPS elicited classical and alternative activation of rat microglia in vitro. Thus, we hypothesized that treatment of brain microglia in vitro with either cyanobacteria S. javanicum or S. ocellatum LPS might stimulate classical and alternative activation with concomitant release of superoxide anion (O₂-), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), cytokines and chemokines. Microglia were isolated from neonatal rats and treated in vitro with either S. javanicum LPS, S. ocellatum LPS, or E. coli LPS (positive control), in a concentration-dependent manner, for 18 h at 35.9 °C. We observed that treatment of microglia with either E. coli LPS, S. javanicum or S. ocellatum LPS generated statistically significant and concentration-dependent O₂-, MMP-9 and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, pro-inflammatory chemokines MIP-2/CXCL-2, CINC-1/CXCL-1 and MIP-1α/CCL3, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Thus, our results provide experimental support for our working hypothesis because both S. javanicum and S. ocellatum LPS elicited classical and alternative activation of microglia and concomitant release of O₂-, MMP-9, cytokines and chemokines in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro. To our knowledge this is the first report on the toxicity of cyanobacteria S. javanicum and S. ocellatum LPS to microglia, an immune cell type involved in neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Klemm
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Evan Czerwonka
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Mary L Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Philip G Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96882, USA.
| | - Alejandro M S Mayer
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Harrison IF, Smith AD, Dexter DT. Pathological histone acetylation in Parkinson's disease: Neuroprotection and inhibition of microglial activation through SIRT 2 inhibition. Neurosci Lett 2017; 666:48-57. [PMID: 29273397 PMCID: PMC5821898 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s is associated with Braak dependent histone hyperacetylation in the SNpc. SNpc SIRT 2 expression remains relatively stable with disease progression. Degenerating dopaminergic neurons in vitro exhibit histone hypoacetylation. Activated microglia in vitro exhibit histone hyperacetylation. Pharmacological SIRT 2 inhibition reduces neurodegeneration and microglial activation.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons due to intracytoplasmic inclusions composed predominantly of a synaptic protein called α-synuclein. Accumulations of α-synuclein are thought to ‘mask’ acetylation sites on histone proteins, inhibiting the action of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) enzymes in their equilibrium with histone deacetylases (HDACs), thus deregulating the dynamic control of gene transcription. It is therefore hypothesised that the misbalance in the actions of HATs/HDACs in neurodegeneration can be rectified with the use of HDAC inhibitors, limiting the deregulation of transcription and aiding neuronal homeostasis and neuroprotection in disorders such as PD. Here we quantify histone acetylation in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the brains of control, early and late stage PD cases to determine if histone acetylation is a function of disease progression. PD development is associated with Braak-dependent increases in histone acetylation. Concurrently, we show that as expected disease progression is associated with reduced markers of dopaminergic neurons and increased markers of activated microglia. We go on to demonstrate that in vitro, degenerating dopaminergic neurons exhibit histone hypoacetylation whereas activated microglia exhibit histone hyperacetylation. This suggests that the disease-dependent increase in histone acetylation observed in human PD cases is likely a combination of the contributions of both degenerating dopaminergic neurons and infiltrating activated microglia. The HDAC SIRT 2 has become increasingly implicated as a novel target for mediation of neuroprotection in PD: the neuronal and microglial specific effects of its inhibition however remain unclear. We demonstrate that SIRT 2 expression in the SNpc of PD brains remains relatively unchanged from controls and that SIRT 2 inhibition, via AGK2 treatment of neuronal and microglial cultures, results in neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons and reduced activation of microglial cells. Taken together, here we demonstrate that histone acetylation is disease-dependently altered in PD, likely due the effects of dopaminergic neurodegeneration and microglial infiltration; yet SIRT 2 remains relatively unaltered with disease. Given the stable nature of SIRT 2 expression with disease and the effects of SIRT 2 inhibitor treatment on degenerating dopaminergic neurons and activated microglia detected in vitro, SIRT 2 inhibitors warrant further investigation as potential therapeutics for the treatment of the PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Harrison
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK; Parkinson's Disease Research Group, Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Andrew D Smith
- Parkinson's Disease Research Group, Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - David T Dexter
- Parkinson's Disease Research Group, Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kawai T, Tatsumi S, Kihara S, Sakimura K, Okamura Y. Mechanistic insight into the suppression of microglial ROS production by voltage-gated proton channels (VSOP/Hv1). Channels (Austin) 2017; 12:1-8. [PMID: 28961043 PMCID: PMC5972804 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2017.1385684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated proton channels (VSOP/Hv1) reportedly promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in several immune cell types. However, we recently reported that primary microglia from VSOP/Hv1-deficient mice show higher ROS production than those from WT mice. Microglia may show a distinct activation status between WT and VSOP/Hv1-deficient cells, leading to a distinct level of ROS production between them. This is unlikely, however, because ROS production in VSOP/Hv1-deficient microglia remained higher than in WT microglia when the cells were exposed to LPS. Further, this increase in ROS production in VSOP/Hv1-deficient cells was not observed in macrophages, which suggests microglia have a unique mechanism of VSOP/Hv1-dependent ROS regulation. The mechanism underlying this unconventional ROS regulation by VSOP/Hv1 in microglia is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Kawai
- a Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka University , Osaka , JAPAN
| | - Shoki Tatsumi
- a Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka University , Osaka , JAPAN.,b Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University , Osaka , JAPAN.,c Department of Biomedical Informatics , Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University , Osaka , JAPAN
| | - Shinji Kihara
- c Department of Biomedical Informatics , Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University , Osaka , JAPAN
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- d Department of Cellular Neurobiology , Brain Research Institute, Niigata University , Niigata , JAPAN
| | - Yasushi Okamura
- a Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka University , Osaka , JAPAN.,b Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University , Osaka , JAPAN
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kozareva DA, Hueston CM, Ó'Léime CS, Crotty S, Dockery P, Cryan JF, Nolan YM. Absence of the neurogenesis-dependent nuclear receptor TLX induces inflammation in the hippocampus. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 331:87-96. [PMID: 28844503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor TLX (Nr2e1) is a key regulator of hippocampal neurogenesis. Impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis has been reported in neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions including dementia and stress-related depression. Neuroinflammation is also implicated in the neuropathology of these disorders, and has been shown to negatively affect hippocampal neurogenesis. To investigate a role for TLX in hippocampal neuroinflammation, we assessed microglial activation in the hippocampus of mice with a spontaneous deletion of TLX. Results from our study suggest that a lack of TLX is implicated in deregulation of microglial phenotype and that consequently, the survival and function of newborn cells in the hippocampus is impaired. TLX may be an important target in understanding inflammatory-associated impairments in neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danka A Kozareva
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Cara M Hueston
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Ciarán S Ó'Léime
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Crotty
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Peter Dockery
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Yvonne M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang J, Yang C, Zhao Q, Zhu Z, Li Y, Yang P. Microglia activation induced by serum of SLE patients. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 310:135-142. [PMID: 28778438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the potential involvement of microglia in the neuropathology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we examined whether SLE patient sera could activate BV2 microglia in vitro. Exposure to SLE patient sera resulted in morphological changes in the microglia, an increase in MHC II and CD86 protein expression, and an obvious release of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines. However, the SLE sera did not induce a specific change in the production of immunoregulatory cytokines. Inactivating complements or neutralizing proinflammatory cytokines in the SLE sera did not suppress microglial activation. Our results highlight the potential role of microglia in neuroinflammation in SLE patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunshu Yang
- Department of 1st Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingting Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Pinto S, Cunha C, Barbosa M, Vaz AR, Brites D. Exosomes from NSC-34 Cells Transfected with hSOD1-G93A Are Enriched in miR-124 and Drive Alterations in Microglia Phenotype. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:273. [PMID: 28567000 PMCID: PMC5434170 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons (MNs). Evidences indicate that ALS is a non-cell autonomous disease in which glial cells participate in both disease onset and progression. Exosomal transfer of mutant copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (mSOD1) from cell-to-cell was suggested to contribute to disease dissemination. Data from our group and others showed that exosomes from activated cells contain inflammatory-related microRNAs (inflamma-miRNAs) that recapitulate the donor cell. While glia-derived exosomes and their effects in neurons have been addressed by several studies, only a few investigated the influence of motor neuron (MN)-derived exosomes in other cell function, the aim of the present study. We assessed a set of inflamma-miRs in NSC-34 MN-like cells transfected with mutant SOD1(G93A) and extended the study into their derived exosomes (mSOD1 exosomes). Then, the effects produced by mSOD1 exosomes in the activation and polarization of the recipient N9 microglial cells were investigated. Exosomes in coculture with N9 microglia and NSC-34 cells [either transfected with either wild-type (wt) human SOD1 or mutant SOD1(G93A)] showed to be transferred into N9 cells. Increased miR-124 expression was found in mSOD1 NSC-34 cells and in their derived exosomes. Incubation of mSOD1 exosomes with N9 cells determined a sustained 50% reduction in the cell phagocytic ability. It also caused a persistent NF-kB activation and an acute generation of NO, MMP-2, and MMP-9 activation, as well as upregulation of IL-1β, TNF-α, MHC-II, and iNOS gene expression, suggestive of induced M1 polarization. Marked elevation of IL-10, Arginase 1, TREM2, RAGE, and TLR4 mRNA levels, together with increased miR-124, miR-146a, and miR-155, at 24 h incubation, suggest the switch to mixed M1 and M2 subpopulations in the exosome-treated N9 microglial cells. Exosomes from mSOD1 NSC-34 MNs also enhanced the number of senescent-like positive N9 cells. Data suggest that miR-124 is translocated from the mSOD1 MNs to exosomes, which determine early and late phenotypic alterations in the recipient N9-microglial cells. In conclusion, modulation of the inflammatory-associated miR-124, in mSOD1 NSC-34 MNs, with potential benefits in the cargo of their exosomes may reveal a promising therapeutic strategy in halting microglia activation and associated effects in MN degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pinto
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Cunha
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Barbosa
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana R Vaz
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Au NPB, Ma CHE. Recent Advances in the Study of Bipolar/Rod-Shaped Microglia and their Roles in Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:128. [PMID: 28522972 PMCID: PMC5415568 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and they contribute to primary inflammatory responses following CNS injuries. The morphology of microglia is closely associated with their functional activities. Most previous research efforts have attempted to delineate the role of ramified and amoeboid microglia in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to ramified and amoeboid microglia, bipolar/rod-shaped microglia were first described by Franz Nissl in 1899 and their presence in the brain was closely associated with the pathology of infectious diseases and sleeping disorders. However, studies relating to bipolar/rod-shaped microglia are very limited, largely due to the lack of appropriate in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Recent studies have reported the formation of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia trains in in vivo models of CNS injury, including diffuse brain injury, focal transient ischemia, optic nerve transection and laser-induced ocular hypertension (OHT). These bipolar/rod-shaped microglia formed end-to-end alignments in close proximity to the adjacent injured axons, but they showed no interactions with blood vessels or other types of glial cell. Recent studies have also reported on a highly reproducible in vitro culture model system to enrich bipolar/rod-shaped microglia that acts as a powerful tool with which to characterize this form of microglia. The molecular aspects of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia are of great interest in the field of CNS repair. This review article focuses on studies relating to the morphology and transformation of microglia into the bipolar/rod-shaped form, along with the differential gene expression and spatial distribution of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia in normal and pathological CNSs. The spatial arrangement of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia is crucial in the reorganization and remodeling of neuronal and synaptic circuitry following CNS injuries. Finally, we discuss the potential neuroprotective roles of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia, and the possibility of transforming ramified/amoeboid microglia into bipolar/rod-shaped microglia. This will be of considerable clinical benefit in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating various neurodegenerative diseases and promoting CNS repair after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Pan Bennett Au
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong KongKowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Him Eddie Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong KongKowloon Tong, Hong Kong.,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong KongKowloon Tong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong KongKowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Microglia Endocytose Amyloid β Through the Binding of Transglutaminase 2 and Milk Fat Globule EGF Factor 8 Protein. Neurochem Res 2017; 43:41-49. [PMID: 28466190 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of glial cells has been observed in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) is profusely observed as characteristic pathology in AD brain. In our previous study using microglial cell line BV-2, tissue-type transglutaminase (TG2) was found to be involved in phagocytosis (Kawabe et al., in Neuroimmunomodulation 22(4):243-249, 2015; Kawabe et al., Neurochem Res 2017). In the present study, we examined whether TG2 and milk fat globule EGF factor 8 protein (MFG-E8), an adaptor protein promotes macrophage to engulf apoptotic cells, were involved in Aβ endocytosis. When the neuronal/glial mixed culture was stimulated freshly prepared Aβ1-42 for 3 days, the incorporation of Aβ was observed by immunofluorescence staining technique in Iba-1-positive microglia. Cystamine, a broad competitive inhibitor of TGs, suppressed it. When aggregated Aβ was added to the mixed culture, the immunoreactivity of MFG-E8 surrounding Aβ was observed, and then followed by microglial endocytosis. Using western blotting technique, MFG-E8 was detected in cell lysate of astrocyte culture, and was also detected in the medium. When microglia culture was incubated with astrocyte conditioned medium, MFG-E8 levels in microglia tended to increase. It is likely that microglia might utilize MFG-E8 released from astrocytes as well as that expressed in themselves in order to endocytose Aβ aggregation. Furthermore, we confirmed that MFG-E8 could bind with TG2 in microglia culture by immunoprecipitate technique. These results suggest that microglia might uptake Aβ as a complex of aggregated Aβ/MFG-E8/TG2.
Collapse
|
48
|
Sex Differences in Microglia Activity within the Periaqueductal Gray of the Rat: A Potential Mechanism Driving the Dimorphic Effects of Morphine. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3202-3214. [PMID: 28219988 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2906-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although morphine remains the primary drug prescribed for alleviation of severe or persistent pain, both preclinical and clinical studies have shown that females require two to three times more morphine than males to produce comparable levels of analgesia. In addition to binding to the neuronal μ-opioid receptor, morphine binds to the innate immune receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) localized primarily on microglia. Morphine action at TLR4 initiates a neuroinflammatory response that directly opposes the analgesic effects of morphine. Here, we test the hypothesis that the attenuated response to morphine observed in females is the result of increased microglia activation in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a central locus mediating the antinociceptive effects of morphine. We report that, whereas no overall sex differences in the density of microglia were noted within the PAG of male or female rats, microglia exhibited a more "activated" phenotype in females at baseline, with the degree of activation a significant predictor of morphine half-maximal antinociceptive dose (ED50) values. Priming microglia with LPS induced greater microglia activation in the PAG of females compared with males and was accompanied by increased transcription levels of IL-1β and a significant rightward shift in the morphine dose-response curve. Blockade of morphine binding to PAG TLR4 with (+)-naloxone potentiated morphine antinociception significantly in females such that no sex differences in ED50 were observed. These results demonstrate that PAG microglia are sexually dimorphic in both basal and LPS-induced activation and contribute to the sexually dimorphic effects of morphine in the rat.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We demonstrate that periaqueductal gray (PAG) microglia contribute to the sexually dimorphic effects of morphine. Specifically, we report that increased activation of microglia in the PAG contributes to the attenuated response to morphine observed in females. Our data further implicate the innate immune receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as an underlying mechanism mediating these effects and establish that TLR4 inhibition in the PAG of females reverses the sex differences in morphine responsiveness. These data suggest novel methods to improve current opioid-based pain management via inhibition of glial TLR4 and illustrate the necessity for sex-specific research and individualized treatment strategies for the management of pain in men and women.
Collapse
|
49
|
Karababa A, Groos-Sahr K, Albrecht U, Keitel V, Shafigullina A, Görg B, Häussinger D. Ammonia Attenuates LPS-Induced Upregulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine mRNA in Co-Cultured Astrocytes and Microglia. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:737-749. [PMID: 27655254 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is associated with cerebral microglia activation. Ammonia, a major toxin of HE, activates microglia in vitro but does not trigger pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. In the present study we analysed effects of ammonia on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of microglia activation and cytokine mRNA as well as on cytokine secretion in mono-cultured microglia and co-cultured astrocytes and microglia. In mono-cultured microglia LPS (100 ng/ml, 18 h) strongly elevated mRNA levels of the microglia activation marker CD14 and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α/β, IL-6 and TNF-α. NH4Cl (5 mmol/l) had no effect on LPS-induced upregulation of CD14, IL-1α/β and IL-6 mRNA but enhanced LPS-induced upregulation of TNF-α mRNA in mono-cultured microglia. In co-cultured astrocytes and microglia, however, LPS-induced upregulation of IL-1α/β, TNF-α, IL-6, CD14 but not of IL-10, IL-12A/B or TGFβ1-3 mRNA was attenuated by NH4Cl. LPS-induced upregulation of IL-1α/β, IL-6 and TNF-α was also diminished by the TGR5-ligands allopregnanolone and taurolithocholic acid in mono-cultured microglia. NH4Cl also attenuated LPS-induced release of MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-10 in mono-cultured microglia. mRNA level of surrogate marker for microglia activation (CD14) and for the anti-inflammatory M2-type microglia (CD163, CXCL1, CXCL2) were also elevated in post mortem brain tissue taken from the fusiforme gyrus of patients with liver cirrhosis and HE. The findings suggest that ammonia attenuates LPS-induced microglia reactivity in an astrocyte-dependent way. One may speculate that these anti-inflammatory effects of ammonia may be triggered by neurosteroids derived from astrocytes and may account for absence of microglia reactivity in cerebral cortex of cirrhotic patients with HE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Karababa
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katerina Groos-Sahr
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aygul Shafigullina
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Boris Görg
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Maraviroc reduces neuropathic pain through polarization of microglia and astroglia – Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies. Neuropharmacology 2016; 108:207-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|