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Paulsen P, Csadek I, Bauer A, Bak KH, Weidinger P, Schwaiger K, Nowotny N, Walsh J, Martines E, Smulders FJM. Treatment of Fresh Meat, Fish and Products Thereof with Cold Atmospheric Plasma to Inactivate Microbial Pathogens and Extend Shelf Life. Foods 2022; 11:3865. [PMID: 36496672 PMCID: PMC9740106 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Assuring the safety of muscle foods and seafood is based on prerequisites and specific measures targeted against defined hazards. This concept is augmented by 'interventions', which are chemical or physical treatments, not genuinely part of the production process, but rather implemented in the framework of a safety assurance system. The present paper focuses on 'Cold Atmospheric pressure Plasma' (CAP) as an emerging non-thermal intervention for microbial decontamination. Over the past decade, a vast number of studies have explored the antimicrobial potential of different CAP systems against a plethora of different foodborne microorganisms. This contribution aims at providing a comprehensive reference and appraisal of the latest literature in the area, with a specific focus on the use of CAP for the treatment of fresh meat, fish and associated products to inactivate microbial pathogens and extend shelf life. Aspects such as changes to organoleptic and nutritional value alongside other matrix effects are considered, so as to provide the reader with a clear insight into the advantages and disadvantages of CAP-based decontamination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Paulsen
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Csadek
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Kathrine H. Bak
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Weidinger
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - James Walsh
- Centre for Plasma Microbiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Emilio Martines
- Department of Physics “G. Occhialini”, University of Milano—Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Frans J. M. Smulders
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Csadek I, Paulsen P, Weidinger P, Bak KH, Bauer S, Pilz B, Nowotny N, Smulders FJM. Nitrogen Accumulation in Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) Slurry Exposed to Virucidal Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121333. [PMID: 34947864 PMCID: PMC8709485 DOI: 10.3390/life11121333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral contamination of edible bivalves is a major food safety issue. We studied the virucidal effect of a cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) source on two virologically different surrogate viruses [a double-stranded DNA virus (Equid alphaherpesvirus 1, EHV-1), and a single-stranded RNA virus (Bovine coronavirus, BCoV)] suspended in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM). A 15 min exposure effectuated a statistically significant immediate reduction in intact BCoV viruses by 2.8 (ozone-dominated plasma, “low power”) or 2.3 log cycles (nitrate-dominated, “high power”) of the initial viral load. The immediate effect of CAP on EHV-1 was less pronounced, with “low power” CAP yielding a 1.4 and “high power” a 1.0 log reduction. We observed a decline in glucose contents in DMEM, which was most probably caused by a Maillard reaction with the amino acids in DMEM. With respect to the application of the virucidal CAP treatment in oyster production, we investigated whether salt water could be sanitized. CAP treatment entailed a significant decline in pH, below the limits acceptable for holding oysters. In oyster slurry (a surrogate for live oysters), CAP exposure resulted in an increase in total nitrogen, and, to a lower extent, in nitrate and nitrite; this was most probably caused by absorption of nitrate from the plasma gas cloud. We could not observe a change in colour, indicative for binding of NOx to haemocyanin, although this would be a reasonable assumption. Further studies are necessary to explore in which form this additional nitrogen is deposited in oyster flesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Csadek
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärpl. 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.P.); (K.H.B.); (S.B.); (B.P.); (F.J.M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1250-77-3325
| | - Peter Paulsen
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärpl. 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.P.); (K.H.B.); (S.B.); (B.P.); (F.J.M.S.)
| | - Pia Weidinger
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärpl. 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.W.); (N.N.)
| | - Kathrine H. Bak
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärpl. 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.P.); (K.H.B.); (S.B.); (B.P.); (F.J.M.S.)
| | - Susanne Bauer
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärpl. 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.P.); (K.H.B.); (S.B.); (B.P.); (F.J.M.S.)
| | - Brigitte Pilz
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärpl. 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.P.); (K.H.B.); (S.B.); (B.P.); (F.J.M.S.)
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärpl. 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.W.); (N.N.)
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Frans J. M. Smulders
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärpl. 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.P.); (K.H.B.); (S.B.); (B.P.); (F.J.M.S.)
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3
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Lattos A, Chaligiannis I, Papadopoulos D, Giantsis IA, Petridou EI, Vafeas G, Staikou A, Michaelidis B. How Safe to Eat Are Raw Bivalves? Host Pathogenic and Public Health Concern Microbes within Mussels, Oysters, and Clams in Greek Markets. Foods 2021; 10:2793. [PMID: 34829074 PMCID: PMC8623680 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw-bivalves consumption is a wide trend in Mediterranean countries. Despite the unambiguous nutritional value of seafood, raw consumption of bivalves may involve risks that could pose a significant threat to consumers' health. Their filter-feeding behavior is responsible for the potential hosting of a wide variety of microorganisms, either pathogenic for the bivalves or public health threats. Under this prism, the current study was conducted in an effort to evaluate the risk of eating raw bivalves originating from the two biggest seafood markets in Thessaloniki, the largest production area of bivalves in Greece. Both microbiological and molecular methodologies were applied in order to assess the presence of various harmful microbes, including noroviruses, Bonamia, Marteilia, Esherichia coli, Salmonella, and Vibrio. Results indicated the presence of several Vibrio strains in the analyzed samples, of which the halophilic Vibrio harveyi was verified by 16S rRNA sequencing; other than this, no enteropathogenic Vibrio spp. was detected. Furthermore, although Esherichia coli was detected in several samples, it was mostly below the European Union (EU) legislation thresholds. Interestingly, the non-target Photobacterium damselae was also detected, which is associated with both wound infections in human and aquatic animals. Regarding host pathogenic microorganisms, apart from Vibrio harveyi, the protozoan parasite Marteilia refrigens was identified in oysters, highlighting the continuous infection of this bivalve in Greece. In conclusion, bivalves can be generally characterized as a safe-to-eat raw food, hosting more bivalve pathogenic microbes than those of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lattos
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ilias Chaligiannis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioannis A. Giantsis
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece
| | - Evanthia I. Petridou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - George Vafeas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Alexandra Staikou
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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Di Cola G, Fantilli AC, Pisano MB, Ré VE. Foodborne transmission of hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses: A literature review. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 338:108986. [PMID: 33257099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne viruses have been recognized as a growing concern to the food industry and a serious public health problem. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is responsible for the majority of viral outbreaks of food origin worldwide, while hepatitis E virus (HEV) has also been gaining prominence as a foodborne viral agent in the last years, due to its zoonotic transmission through the consumption of uncooked or undercooked infected meat or derivatives. However, there is a lack of scientific reports that gather all the updated information about HAV and HEV as foodborne viruses. A search of all scientific articles about HAV and HEV in food until March 2020 was carried out, using the keywords "HAV", "HEV", "foodborne", "outbreak" and "detection in food". Foodborne outbreaks due to HAV have been reported since 1956, mainly in the USA, and in Europe in recent years, where the number of outbreaks has been increasing throughout time, and nowadays it has become the continent with the highest foodborne HAV outbreak report. Investigation and detection of HAV in food is more recent, and the first detections were performed in the 1990s decade, most of them carried out on seafood, first, and frozen food, later. On the other hand, HEV has been mainly looked for and detected in food derived from reservoir animals, such as meat, sausages and pate of pigs and wild boars. For this virus, only isolated cases and small outbreaks of foodborne transmission have been recorded, most of them in industrialized countries, due to HEV genotype 3 or 4. Virus detection in food matrices requires special processing of the food matrix, followed by RNA detection by molecular techniques. For HAV, a real-time PCR has been agreed as the standard method for virus detection in food; in the case of HEV, a consensus assay for its detection in food has not been reached yet. Our investigation shows that there is still little data about HAV and HEV prevalence and frequency of contamination in food, prevalent viral strains, and sources of contamination, mainly in developing countries, where there is no research and legislation in this regard. Studies on these issues are needed to get a better understanding of foodborne viruses, their maintenance and their potential to cause diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Di Cola
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Anabella C Fantilli
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Belén Pisano
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Viviana E Ré
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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5
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Randazzo W, Sánchez G. Hepatitis A infections from food. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1120-1132. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Randazzo
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies IATA‐CSIC Valencia Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | - G. Sánchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies IATA‐CSIC Valencia Spain
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6
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Bosch A, Gkogka E, Le Guyader FS, Loisy-Hamon F, Lee A, van Lieshout L, Marthi B, Myrmel M, Sansom A, Schultz AC, Winkler A, Zuber S, Phister T. Foodborne viruses: Detection, risk assessment, and control options in food processing. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 285:110-128. [PMID: 30075465 PMCID: PMC7132524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In a recent report by risk assessment experts on the identification of food safety priorities using the Delphi technique, foodborne viruses were recognized among the top rated food safety priorities and have become a greater concern to the food industry over the past few years. Food safety experts agreed that control measures for viruses throughout the food chain are required. However, much still needs to be understood with regard to the effectiveness of these controls and how to properly validate their performance, whether it is personal hygiene of food handlers or the effects of processing of at risk foods or the interpretation and action required on positive virus test result. This manuscript provides a description of foodborne viruses and their characteristics, their responses to stress and technologies developed for viral detection and control. In addition, the gaps in knowledge and understanding, and future perspectives on the application of viral detection and control strategies for the food industry, along with suggestions on how the food industry could implement effective control strategies for viruses in foods. The current state of the science on epidemiology, public health burden, risk assessment and management options for viruses in food processing environments will be highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Bosch
- University of Barcelona, Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Diagonal 643, 8028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elissavet Gkogka
- Arla Innovation Centre, Arla R&D, Agro Food Park 19, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark,.
| | - Françoise S Le Guyader
- IFREMER, Environment and Microbiology Laboratory, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21103, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Fabienne Loisy-Hamon
- bioMérieux, Centre Christophe Mérieux, 5 rue des berges, 38025 Grenoble, France.
| | - Alvin Lee
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Moffett Campus, 6502 South Archer Road, 60501-1957 Bedford Park, IL, United States.
| | - Lilou van Lieshout
- The International Life Sciences Institute, Av. E. Mounier 83/B.6, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Balkumar Marthi
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands; DaQsh Consultancy Services, 203, Laxmi Residency, Kothasalipeta, Visakhapatnam 530 002, India
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, P.O. Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Annette Sansom
- Campden BRI Group, Station Road, Chipping Campden, GL55 6LD Gloucestershire, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna Charlotte Schultz
- National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, Building H, Room 204, 2860 Søborg, Denmark.
| | - Anett Winkler
- Cargill Deutschland GmbH, Cerestarstr. 2, 47809 Krefeld, Germany.
| | - Sophie Zuber
- Nestlé Research Centre, Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Science, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Box 44, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Trevor Phister
- PepsiCo Europe, Beaumont Park 4, Leycroft Road, LE4 1ET Leicester, United Kingdom.
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7
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Sferlazzo G, Meloni D, Lamon S, Marceddu M, Mureddu A, Consolati SG, Pisanu M, Virgilio S. Evaluation of short purification cycles in naturally contaminated Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) harvested in Sardinia (Italy). Food Microbiol 2018; 74:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Cella E, Riva E, Angeletti S, Fogolari M, Blasi A, Scolamacchia V, Spoto S, Bazzardi R, Lai A, Sagnelli C, Sagnelli E, Ciccozzi M. Genotype I hepatitis A virus introduction in Italy: Bayesian phylogenetic analysis to date different epidemics. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1493-1502. [PMID: 29738070 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite a significant decrease in acute hepatitis A in the last 2 decades in Italy, outbreaks were observed occurring mostly in southern Italy. In this study, Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was used to analyze the origin of these epidemics. With this aim, 5 different data sets of hepatitis A virus sequences were built to perform genotyping by the neighbor-joining method to estimate the evolutionary rates by using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach and to investigate the demographic history by independent Markov chain Monte Carlo runs enforcing both a strict and relaxed clock. The estimated mean value of the evolutionary rate, representing Ia and Ib strains, was 1.21 × 10-3 and 2.0 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year, respectively. The Bayesian maximum clade credibility tree of hepatitis A virus (HAV) Ia and Ib strains showed that Italian sequences mostly formed separate clusters. The root of the time for the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) for HAV Ia and Ib strains dated back to 1981 and to 1988, respectively, showing in both cases different epidemic entrances. Phylodynamic analysis showed that genotype Ia increased in 1997, when the Apulia epidemic started, then suffered a bottleneck, probably consequent to vaccination and to the herd immunity, followed by a new increase in virus population in the years 2013-2014 consequent to the epidemic caused by the ingestion of mixed frozen berries. A similar trend without an evident bottleneck was observed also in the case of genotype Ib. In conclusion, the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis represents a good tool to measure the effectiveness of the public health plans used for HAV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cella
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Riva
- Unit of Virology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Fogolari
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Aletheia Blasi
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittoria Scolamacchia
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Spoto
- Internal Medicine Department, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bazzardi
- Dipartimento di Igiene degli Alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessia Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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9
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O'Hara Z, Crossan C, Craft J, Scobie L. First Report of the Presence of Hepatitis E Virus in Scottish-Harvested Shellfish Purchased at Retail Level. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:217-221. [PMID: 29442296 PMCID: PMC5951870 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Shellfish samples (n = 310) purchased from local supermarkets were analysed for the presence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) by nested RT-PCR and real-time qRT-PCR. Overall, 2.9% of samples tested positive for the presence of HEV. Phylogenetic analysis of HEV sequences revealed all as being genotype 3 HEV. This is the first report of the detection of HEV in commercially sold shellfish in Scotland. These findings may encourage further research that will help address the gaps in the knowledge in respect to foodborne transmission of HEV in Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe O'Hara
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Claire Crossan
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - John Craft
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Linda Scobie
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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10
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Elbashir S, Parveen S, Schwarz J, Rippen T, Jahncke M, DePaola A. Seafood pathogens and information on antimicrobial resistance: A review. Food Microbiol 2017; 70:85-93. [PMID: 29173644 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Seafood-borne diseases are a major public health hazard in the United States and worldwide. Per capita, seafood consumption has increased globally during recent decades. Seafood importation and domestic aquaculture farming has also increased. Moreover, several recent outbreaks of human gastroenteritis have been linked to the consumption of contaminated seafood. Investigation of seafood-borne illnesses caused by norovirus, and Vibrio, and other bacteria and viruses require a concrete knowledge about the pathogenicity and virulence properties of the etiologic agents. This review explores pathogens that have been associated with seafood and resulting outbreaks in the U.S. and other countries as well as the presence of antimicrobial resistance in the reviewed pathogens. The spectrum of such resistance is widening due to the overuse, misuse, and sub-therapeutic application of antimicrobials in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elbashir
- Food Science and Technology Ph.D. Program, Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 2116 Center for Food Science and Technology, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - S Parveen
- Food Science and Technology Ph.D. Program, Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 2116 Center for Food Science and Technology, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA.
| | - J Schwarz
- Food Science and Technology Ph.D. Program, Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 2116 Center for Food Science and Technology, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - T Rippen
- Food Science and Technology Ph.D. Program, Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 2116 Center for Food Science and Technology, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - M Jahncke
- Virginia Tech., Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 102 South King Street, Hampton, VA 23669, USA
| | - A DePaola
- Angelo DePaola Consulting, 12719 Dauphin Island Pkwy, Coden, AL 36523, USA
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11
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Costantino A, Coppola N, Spada E, Bruni R, Taffon S, Equestre M, Marcantonio C, Sagnelli C, Dell'Isola C, Tosone G, Mascolo S, Sagnelli E, Ciccaglione AR. Hepatitis A virus strains circulating during 1997-2015 in Campania, a Southern Italy region with periodic outbreaks. J Med Virol 2017. [PMID: 28621437 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In Italy, the incidence of hepatitis A has progressively declined over the last 30 years, though not homogeneously throughout the country. In Campania, Southern Italy, high annual incidence rates have been reported and several periodic outbreaks have occurred. To investigate the phylogenetic and epidemiologic relationships among HAV strains circulating in Campania over the period 1997-2015, 87 hepatitis A cases were investigated. The most frequent risk factor was the consumption of raw/undercooked shellfish (75/87, 86.2%). During 1997-2002 most viral strains were subtype IA (16/23, 70%); the phylogenetic pattern suggests that the incidence peaks observed in 2000-2001 had likely been caused by multiple strains. During a large 2004 outbreak, almost all viral variants were subtype IB (38/41, 93%); most of them (22/38, 58%) were recognized to be one of two main strains (differing for just a single nucleotide), the remaining sequences were strictly related variants. In 2014/2015, only IA strains were observed; two phylogenetically related but distinct strains were responsible, respectively, for a small cluster in 2014 and an outbreak in 2015. In each outbreak, several strains unrelated to those responsible for most cases were detected in a minority of patients, documenting a background of sporadic cases occurring even in the course of outbreaks; some of them proved to be identical to strains detected 11-14 years previously. Overall, the data suggest that several related and unrelated HAV strains have endemically circulated over the last 15 years in Campania, with some strains gaining epidemic transmission likely because of a local combination of multiple factors, including inadequate waste water purification and dietary habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Costantino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Coppola
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Enea Spada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bruni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Taffon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Equestre
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marcantonio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery F. Magrassi and A. Lanzara, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Dell'Isola
- Department of Infectious Diseases-Section of Hepatic Emergencies, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Grazia Tosone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Viral Infection and AIDS Unit, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Mascolo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Viral Infection and AIDS Unit, Naples, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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12
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Evaluation of heat treatments, different from those currently established in the EU legislation, that could be applied to live bivalve molluscs from B and C production areas, that have not been submitted to purification or relaying, in order to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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13
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Pavoni E, Arcangeli G, Dalzini E, Bertasi B, Terregino C, Montesi F, Manfrin A, Bertoli E, Brutti A, Varisco G, Losio MN. Synergistic effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and marination treatment on the inactivation of hepatitis a virus in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2015; 7:76-85. [PMID: 25344058 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked mussels contaminated with hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a major cause of infection to humans. The origin of mussels commonly used for the preparation of marinated seafood salads is often unknown, since different producers worldwide undergo a precooking treatment at the original collection site with methods and parameters not always indicated. These treatments could be insufficient for the inactivation of HAV, which is characterized by a high temperature resistance. Both high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and marinade treatments have been shown to affect HAV vitality. In this study, two treatments (HHP and marinating) were combined in order to assess a potential synergistic effect on the virus vitality. A kinetic test was conducted by subjecting the experimentally-contaminated mussels (HAV titre: 10(6)/ml TCID50) to marinating, and to different HHP treatment (4,000; 5,000; and 6,000 bar for 1, 5, and 9 min). Virus post-treatment vitality was assessed by its ability to grow on cell cultures and by quantitative real-time RT-PCR to evaluate virus resistance under such conditions. Marinating treatment alone (final pH 4.3, and NaCl 2 %) did not inactivate the virus. On the other hand, the use of HHP treatment alone on non-marinated HAV-contaminated mussels was effective only above 5,000 bar for 5 min. The results of the present study elucidate the synergistic effect of a combination between marination and HHP treatments on the inactivation of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pavoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy,
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14
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Karimi A, Mortazaei S, Moradi MT. High Prevalence of Symptomatic Hepatitis A Infection in Rural Area of Chaharmahal VA Bakhtiari Province, Iran. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:DC01-3. [PMID: 25859451 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/9798.5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most common cause of hepatitis during childhood and is an important public health problem. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate an outbreak of symptomatic viral hepatitis in children and in young adults in a rural area from Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari Province, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum samples from the 70 patients with icterus, who were suspected for HAV infection, referred to a therapeutic center in a central province of Iran from February to July, 2010 were tested for IgM specific antibody to HAV, using Enzyme linked Fluorscent assay (ELFA) Kit (General Biological Corp., Hsinchu, Taiwan). RESULTS All of the 70 children had jaundice. The ELFA results showed that 48 out of 70 (68.6%) tested positive for anti-HAV specific antibody (IgM). The mean age of the individuals were 12.81+12.2 and 23 of them (32.8%) were females. There was significant relationship between seropositivity for IgM anti-HAV antibody and age group in the patients studied (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The high number of cases identified, may indicate an outbreak of hepatitis A in this region with the children as the most susceptible age group to this symptomatic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Karimi
- Associate Professor, Department of Virology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seifollah Mortazaei
- PhD Student, Department of Virology, Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Science , Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Taghi Moradi
- PhD Student, Department of Virology, Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Science , Shahrekord, Iran
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Park S, Jeong H, Jung J, Kim K, Park S, Kim M, Kim Y, Oh Y, Jung K. Monitoring the Hepatitis A Virus in Oyster from Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2015.513087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Mohan V, Rawat S, Lokesh KM, Mohan HV, Avinash Reddy D, Kumar A, Bhilegaonkar KN. Prevalence of Rotavirus in shellfish from Southern Kerala. Vet World 2014. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.821-824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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17
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Bagordo F, Grassi T, Idolo A, Serio F, Gabutti G, De Donno A. Rotavirus Occurrence in Shellfish with Low Levels of E. coli. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2013; 5:169-175. [PMID: 23897404 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate "in field" the accumulation of virus in shellfish and compare it with the concentration of bacterial indicators. Individuals of Mytilus galloprovincialis were placed in two sampling station located in a contaminated coastal bay and in one control station located one kilometer offshore. The presence of Rotavirus and E. coli was assessed weekly both in seawater and in shellfish samples. The Rotavirus genome was detected in water, preliminarily concentrated by tangential flow ultrafiltration method, and in hepatopancreas of mussels by Real-Time PCR. E. coli was enumerated in water matrices by a filtering method and in mussels by the MPN method. Rotaviruses were not recorded in seawater, while in mussels they were detected since third week after placement. E. coli in mussels were always below the limits set in the Regulation (EC) 854/2004. This study suggests the need for a viral indicator to insure the safety for consumption of shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bagordo
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
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18
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Prato R, Martinelli D, Tafuri S, Barbuti G, Quarto M, Germinario CA, Chironna M. Safety of shellfish and epidemiological pattern of enterically transmitted diseases in Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 162:125-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Chironna M, Prato R, Sallustio A, Martinelli D, Tafuri S, Quarto M, Germinario C. Hepatitis A in Puglia (South Italy) after 10 years of universal vaccination: need for strict monitoring and catch-up vaccination. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:271. [PMID: 23098290 PMCID: PMC3527327 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Raw seafood consumption was identified as the major risk factor for hepatitis A during the large epidemic of 1996 and 1997 in Puglia (South Italy). In Puglia, vaccination for toddlers and preadolescents has been recommended since 1998. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence, seroprevalence, molecular epidemiology, and environmental circulation of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in Puglia more than ten years after the introduction of anti-HAV vaccination in the regional immunization program. Methods Data on the incidence of acute hepatitis A in Puglia were analyzed. Characteristics and risk factors of 97 acute hepatitis A cases occurring in 2008–2009 were analyzed. Serum samples from 868 individuals aged 0 to 40 years were tested for anti-HAV antibodies. Fecal samples from 49 hepatitis A cases were analyzed by sequence analysis in the VP1/P2A region. In 2008, 203 mussel samples and 202 water samples from artesian wells were tested for HAV-RNA. Results Between 1998 and 2009, the incidence of acute hepatitis A declined from 14.8 to 0.8 per 100,000. The most frequent risk factors reported by cases in 2008–2009 were shellfish consumption (85%) and travel outside of Puglia or Italy (26%). Seroepidemiologic survey revealed high susceptibility to HAV in children and adults up to age 30 (65%-70%). None of the mussel or water samples were HAV-positive. Phylogenetic analysis revealed co-circulation of subtypes IA (74%) and IB (26%) and clustering of strains with strains from Germany and France, and those previously circulating in Puglia. Conclusion Vaccination and improved sanitation reduced the incidence of hepatitis A. Strict monitoring and improved vaccination coverage are needed to prevent disease resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chironna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology-Section of Hygiene, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari, Italy.
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20
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Donia D, Dell'Amico MC, Petrinca AR, Martinucci I, Mazzei M, Tolari F, Divizia M. Presence of hepatitis E RNA in mussels used as bio-monitors of viral marine pollution. J Virol Methods 2012; 186:198-202. [PMID: 22728271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), collected from a harvesting area approved by European Community Regulation, were transplanted to four polluted sites located in the Northwestern Mediterranean area (Tuscany). They were used as bio-monitors to test the quality of the marine water pollution. At different times after the transplantation, mussels were withdrawn and tested for presence of phages and enteric viruses by molecular tests. 52.4% of the transplanted mussel samples were positive for at least one enteric virus. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) was identified in each site (17/37; 45.9%). Three samples were positive for hepatitis E virus (HEV) (8.1%) and two (5.4%) for norovirus (NoV) genogroup I. Coliphages and RYC 2056 phages were detected in all sites, while HSP 40 phages were detected in three sites. Results demonstrate the ability of transplanted mussels in accumulating and retaining different species of enteric microorganisms. Their utility as bio-monitor organisms enables testing for viral marine pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Donia
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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21
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Scientific Opinion on an update on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses. EFSA J 2011; 9:2190. [PMID: 32313582 PMCID: PMC7163696 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A review of the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis and public health importance of foodborne viruses was performed. Data needs to support a risk assessment were also identified. In addition possible control options and their anticipated impact to prevent or reduce the number of foodborne viral human infections were identified, including the scientific reasons for and against the establishment of food safety criteria and process hygiene criteria for viruses for certain food categories. Food may be contaminated by virus during all stages of the food supply chain, and transmission can occur by consumption of food contaminated during the production process (primary production, or during further processing), or contaminated by infected food handlers. Transmission of zoonotic viruses (e.g. HEV) can also occur by consumption of products of animal origin. Viruses do not multiply in foods, but may persist for extended periods of time as infectious particles in the environment, or in foods. At the EU-level it is unknown how much viral disease can be attributed to foodborne spread. The relative contribution of different sources (shellfish, fresh produce, food handler including asymptomatic shedders, food handling environment) to foodborne illness has not been determined. The Panel recommends focusing controls on preventive measures to avoid viral contamination rather than trying to remove/inactivate these viruses from food. Also, it is recommended to introduce a microbiological criteria for viruses in bivalve molluscs, unless they are labelled "to be cooked before consumption". The criteria could be used by food business operators to validate their control options. Furthermore, it is recommended to refine the regulatory standards and monitoring approaches in order to improve public health protection. Introduction of virus microbiological criteria for classification of bivalve molluscs production areas should be considered. A virus monitoring programme for compliance with these criteria should be risk based according to the findings of a sanitary survey.
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Control of hepatitis A by universal vaccination of children and adolescents: an achieved goal or a deferred appointment? Vaccine 2010; 28:6783-8. [PMID: 20688041 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Temporal trends of Hepatitis A cases and vaccination coverage data against Hepatitis A Virus have been investigated to analyse the impact of the universal routine vaccination strategy more than 10 years from its introduction in Puglia (region of Southern Italy). The basic reproductive number (R(0)) before vaccination introduction and the effective reproductive number (R(e)) after introduction have been calculated. A progressive decrease in incidence has been recorded in Puglia during last 10 years. Vaccination coverage is actually 64.8% (95% CI: 52.7-76.9%) for children aged 12-24 months and of 67.6% (95% CI: 58.4-76.8%) for 12-year-old adolescents. R(0) estimated in 1996 was 2.01; actually R(e) is 0.651. Theoretical age at infection is 31.82 years. Universal routine vaccination aimed at the control of direct transmission remains the milestone in the strategy for the containment of the disease in settings at an intermediate level of endemicity.
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Serracca L, Verani M, Battistini R, Rossini I, Carducci A, Ercolini C. Evaluation of Adenovirus andE. colias indicators for human enteric viruses presence in mussels produced in La Spezia Gulf (Italy). Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 50:462-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Di Pasquale S, Paniconi M, De Medici D, Suffredini E, Croci L. Duplex Real Time PCR for the detection of hepatitis A virus in shellfish using Feline Calicivirus as a process control. J Virol Methods 2010; 163:96-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Baert L, Debevere J, Uyttendaele M. The efficacy of preservation methods to inactivate foodborne viruses. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 131:83-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ajelli M, Merler S. An individual-based model of hepatitis A transmission. J Theor Biol 2009; 259:478-88. [PMID: 19361529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral hepatitis A, as other endemic diseases, represents a public health priority worldwide. To study long-time scale human pathogens through individual-based simulations, the development of a dynamic network of contacts is required. In this work, we introduce an individual-based model accounting for the birth and death of the individuals, the generation of new households, and the educational career of the individuals, in order to investigate viral hepatitis A dynamics in the most affected Italian areas. Intervention options such as targeted vaccination, social distancing measures (e.g., closure of day care centers and kindergartens) and improvements in standards of living and hygiene are evaluated. Results show that a very low vaccination coverage is sufficient to control hepatitis A in Italy, while its elimination is not possible since new cases are continuously imported from high endemicity areas outside the country. Finally, the considered social distancing measures can be counterproductive since the fraction of recovered individuals does not decline while the age at infection increases, thus augmenting the probability of developing acute symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ajelli
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, via Sommarive 18, I-38123 Trento Povo, Italy.
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Mcleod C, Hay B, Grant C, Greening G, Day D. Localization of norovirus and poliovirus in Pacific oysters. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:1220-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hepatitis viruses and emerging viruses. FOODBORNE PATHOGENS 2009. [PMCID: PMC7152215 DOI: 10.1533/9781845696337.3.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ajelli M, Iannelli M, Manfredi P, Ciofi degli Atti ML. Basic mathematical models for the temporal dynamics of HAV in medium-endemicity Italian areas. Vaccine 2008; 26:1697-707. [PMID: 18314231 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In some Southern Italy areas Hepatitis A still represents a serious public health issue. In 1996 a big epidemics in Puglia led that region to adopt a mass vaccination programme. In this paper a basic mathematical model for the temporal trends of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) in Southern Italy is proposed and investigated. The model includes the main distinctive features of HAV in Southern Italy, i.e. multiplicity of exposure factors, and periodic forcing caused by yearly patterns of seafood consumption. The analysis illustrates the role played by the risk factors on equilibria, stability, and the period of HAV oscillations, both natural and in presence of vaccination. The model also fits well temporal trends of HAV in Southern Italy, suggesting that it is a good starting point for more structured modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ajelli
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, via Sommarive 18, Povo (Trento), Italy.
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Cook N, Nichols RAB, Wilkinson N, Paton CA, Barker K, Smith HV. Development of a method for detection of Giardia duodenalis cysts on lettuce and for simultaneous analysis of salad products for the presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:7388-91. [PMID: 17890337 PMCID: PMC2168210 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00552-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a method for detecting Giardia duodenalis cysts on lettuce, which we subsequently use to examine salad products for the presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. The method is based on four basic steps: extraction of cysts from the foodstuffs, concentration of the extract and separation of the cysts from food materials, staining of the cysts to allow their visualization, and identification of cysts by microscopy. The concentration and separation steps are performed by centrifugation, followed by immunomagnetic separation using proprietary kits. Cyst staining is also performed using proprietary reagents. The method recovered 46.0% +/- 19.0% (n = 30) of artificially contaminating cysts in 30 g of lettuce. We tested the method on a variety of commercially available natural foods, which we also seeded with a commercially available internal control, immediately prior to concentration of the extract. Recoveries of the Texas Red-stained Giardia cyst and Cryptosporidium oocyst internal controls were 36.5% +/- 14.3% and 36.2% +/- 19.7% (n = 20), respectively. One natural food sample of organic watercress, spinach, and rocket salad contained one Giardia cyst 50 g(-1) of sample as an indigenous surface contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cook
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
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Houde A, Guévremont E, Poitras E, Leblanc D, Ward P, Simard C, Trottier YL. Comparative evaluation of new TaqMan real-time assays for the detection of hepatitis A virus. J Virol Methods 2006; 140:80-9. [PMID: 17157393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three novel real-time TaqMan RT-PCR assays targeting the 5'-UTR, the viral protease and the viral polymerase regions of the hepatitis A virus (HAV) were developed, evaluated and compared against a new published 5'-UTR TaqMan assay (JN) and a widely used conventional RT-PCR assay (HAVc). All conventional RT-PCR (HAV, SH-Prot and SH-Poly systems) and TaqMan (SH-Prot, SH-Poly, JN and SH-5U systems) assays evaluated were consistent for the detection of the three different HAV strains (HM-175, HAS-15 and LSH/S) used and reproducible for both RNA duplicates with the exception of two reproducibility discrepancies observed with both 5'-UTR real-time systems (JN and SH-5U). Limits of detection for conventional HAV, SH-Prot and SH-Poly RT-PCR systems were found to be equivalent when tested with serially diluted suspensions of the HM-175 strain. Although the four real-time RT-PCR TaqMan assays evaluated herein produced similar and consistent quantification data down to the level of one genomic equivalent copy with their respectively cloned amplicons, significant and important differences were observed for the detection of HAV genomic RNA. Results showed that the new real-time TaqMan SH-Poly and SH-Prot primer and probe systems were more consistent and sensitive by 5 logs as compared to both 5'-UTR designs (JN and SH-5U) used for the detection of HAV genomic RNA as well as for the detection in cell culture by cytopathic effect. Considering their higher analytical sensitivity, the proposed SH-Poly and SH-Prot amplification systems could therefore represent valuable tools for the detection of HAV in clinical, environmental and food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Houde
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Food Research and Development Centre, 3600 Casavant Blvd. West, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 8E3, Canada.
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Nainan OV, Xia G, Vaughan G, Margolis HS. Diagnosis of hepatitis a virus infection: a molecular approach. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:63-79. [PMID: 16418523 PMCID: PMC1360271 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.19.1.63-79.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current serologic tests provide the foundation for diagnosis of hepatitis A and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Recent advances in methods to identify and characterize nucleic acid markers of viral infections have provided the foundation for the field of molecular epidemiology and increased our knowledge of the molecular biology and epidemiology of HAV. Although HAV is primarily shed in feces, there is a strong viremic phase during infection which has allowed easy access to virus isolates and the use of molecular markers to determine their genetic relatedness. Molecular epidemiologic studies have provided new information on the types and extent of HAV infection and transmission in the United States. In addition, these new diagnostic methods have provided tools for the rapid detection of food-borne HAV transmission and identification of the potential source of the food contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omana V Nainan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Mailstop A33, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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36
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Macaluso A, Petrinca A, Lanni L, Saccares S, Amiti S, Gabrieli R, Divizia M. Identification and sequence analysis of hepatitis A virus detected in market and environmental bivalve molluscs. J Food Prot 2006; 69:449-52. [PMID: 16496593 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.2.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In Italy in 1998, hepatitis A virus (HAV) was responsible for an infectious disease transmitted by contaminated bivalve molluscs. To determine the presence of HAV in the bivalves collected during a 1-year follow-up study, hepatitis A RNA was extracted and amplified by a nested reverse transcriptase-PCR method overlapping the VP1/2A region. The HAV genome was detected in 24 (14.1%) of 170 samples: 19 clams (Tapes decussates and Tapes semidecussatus), 1 oyster (Crossostea gigas), and 4 mussels (Mytillus galloprovincialis). Eleven positive samples were collected from marketing areas, and 13 positive samples were collected from growing areas. Seventeen of the 24 positive samples had been taken from domestic products, and 7 had been imported. Sequence analysis showed the presence of genotypes IA and IB. Our results suggest significant presence of HAV in bivalves from both marketing (public consumption) and environmental (growing) areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Macaluso
- Zooprofilattico Institute of Latium and Tuscany Regions, Rome, Italy
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37
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GUIS H, CLERC S, HOEN B, VIEL J. Clusters of autochthonous hepatitis A cases in a low endemicity area. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 134:498-505. [PMID: 16207387 PMCID: PMC2870417 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805005273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
At the University Hospital of Besançon (département of Doubs, France), an unusually high number of patients were hospitalized for hepatitis A during the 1999-2000 period, some of whom had not travelled abroad. This prompted us to conduct an investigation on a population basis and search for clusters of cases possibly related to local sources of contamination. Accordingly, case definition was restricted to autochthonous cases. During the 1999-2002 period, 45 autochthonous cases were classified as possibly originating from local environmental sources. A space-time scan statistic detected one most likely cluster (standardized incidence ratio 20.63, 95% confidence interval 10.6-37.1), consisting of 11 persons (of whom five children had attended the same swimming pool). It remained significant in a sensitivity analysis, strongly supporting the hypothesis of an environmental source of contamination. This study reveals the necessity of regular surveillance for hepatitis A and raises the issue of virological surveys of pool waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. GUIS
- Department of Public Health, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Besançon, France
| | - S. CLERC
- Department of Public Health, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Besançon, France
| | - B. HOEN
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Besançon, France
| | - J. F. VIEL
- Department of Public Health, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Besançon, France
- Author for correspondence: Professor J. F. Viel, Department of Public Health, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, 2 place Saint Jacques, 25030 Besançon, France. ()
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Lopalco PL, Malfait P, Menniti-Ippolito F, Prato R, Germinario C, Chironna M, Quarto M, Salmaso S. Determinants of acquiring hepatitis A virus disease in a large Italian region in endemic and epidemic periods. J Viral Hepat 2005; 12:315-21. [PMID: 15850473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2005.00593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Viral hepatitis A is endemic in Puglia region (southeast Italy). Over the last 13 years, annual incidence rates have ranged from 4 to 138 per 100,000 inhabitants and periodical regional epidemics have been described. Between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 1997 over 11,000 cases of hepatitis A were reported accounting for an annual incidence rate over 130/100,000. To identify exposures during the epidemics, a case-control study was performed in two different rounds and since 1997, an enhanced surveillance system has permitted the monitoring of exposures of subsequent cases. Raw seafood consumption was identified as the major risk factor for hepatitis A. Adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals for this exposure from the first round of the case-control study was 38.6 (12.2-122.4) and for the second round for consumption of raw mussels it was 30.7 (16.0-52.0). Hepatitis A epidemiology in Puglia is consistent with an endemic situation sustained by locally contaminated seafood consumed raw and by the recurrence of large epidemics, where size is influenced by the accumulation of susceptible subjects in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Lopalco
- Sezione di Igiene-Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Medicina Pubblica, Università di Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
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39
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Marino A, Lombardo L, Fiorentino C, Orlandella B, Monticelli L, Nostro A, Alonzo V. Uptake of Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae non-O1 and Enterococcus durans by, and depuration of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 99:281-6. [PMID: 15808362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2003] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The uptakes of Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae non-O1 and Enterococcus durans by mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and the times for depuration were investigated in order to determine the most useful indicator of vibrio contamination. The mussels were maintained in tanks of static seawater contaminated with bacteria at 5 log10 CFU/ml for bioaccumulation. Depuration was carried out by circulating fresh seawater through the tanks. Each organism was presented alone and with others to mussels, at temperatures of 14 and 21 degrees C. In water contaminated with either single or mixed organisms, the bacteria accumulated rapidly in the mussels reaching high concentrations after 1 h. With both single and mixed organisms, the maximum numbers of E. coli in mussels were 6.6 log10 CFU/g at 14 degrees C and 5.4 log10 CFU/g at 21 degrees C. Both V. cholerae non-O1 and E. durans alone or with other organisms reached a number ranging from 6.5 to 7 log10 CFU/g at both temperatures. During depuration the numbers of all the organisms slowly decreased, with E. coli alone, numbers ranged from 2.8 to 2 log10 CFU/g after 72 h at both 14 and 21 degrees C, and the organisms were undetectable after 144 h. With mixed organisms at 14 degrees C E. coli became undetectable after 168 h but at 21 degrees C no E. coli were recovered after 72 h. At 14 degrees C V. cholerae non-O1 alone also was undetectable after 168 h, but at 21 degrees C and with mixed organisms at both temperatures. V. cholerae was recovered after 168 h at numbers about 1 log10 CFU/g. After 168 h numbers of E. durans alone ranged from 2.6 log10 CFU/g at 14 degrees C to 1.5 log10 CFU/g at 21 degrees C, and with mixed organisms the numbers ranged from 2.3 to 2.0 log10 CFU/g at both temperatures. Of the three bacteria of faecal origin, E. durans is quickly acquired by mussels and released more slowly than the others, while E. coli quickly becomes undetectable. The results suggest that, for this kind of seafood, enterococci may be a more appropriate indicator than E. coli of risks to consumers from vibrios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreana Marino
- Pharmaco-Biological Department, Microbiology Section, University of Messina, Contrada Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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Calci KR, Meade GK, Tezloff RC, Kingsley DH. High-pressure inactivation of hepatitis A virus within oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:339-43. [PMID: 15640207 PMCID: PMC544230 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.1.339-343.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous results demonstrated that hepatitis A virus (HAV) could be inactivated by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) (D. H. Kingsley, D. Hoover, E. Papafragkou, and G. P. Richards, J. Food Prot. 65:1605-1609, 2002); however, direct evaluation of HAV inactivation within contaminated oysters was not performed. In this study, we report confirmation that HAV within contaminated shellfish is inactivated by HHP. Shellfish were initially contaminated with HAV by using a flowthrough system. PFU reductions of >1, >2, and >3 log(10) were observed for 1-min treatments at 350, 375, and 400 megapascals, respectively, within a temperature range of 8.7 to 10.3 degrees C. Bioconcentration of nearly 6 log(10) PFU of HAV per oyster was achieved under simulated natural conditions. These results suggest that HHP treatment of raw shellfish will be a viable strategy for the reduction of infectious HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Calci
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
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41
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Prato R, Lopalco PL, Chironna M, Barbuti G, Germinario C, Quarto M. Norovirus gastroenteritis general outbreak associated with raw shellfish consumption in south Italy. BMC Infect Dis 2004; 4:37. [PMID: 15383150 PMCID: PMC522816 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-4-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite Noroviruses (NV, previously "Norwalk-like viruses") being a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks, the impact of NV infection is at present unknown and little information is available about strains circulating in Italy. In April 2002 an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in the province of Bari (South-east Italy), involving several households. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed in order to assess risk factors associated with illness. All households where a case occurred were included in the study. Faecal specimens were collected from ill individuals. NV-specific RT-PCR was performed. Eleven samples of mussels were collected from fish-markets involved in the outbreak. A nested PCR was used for mussel samples. RESULTS One hundred and three cases, detected by means of active surveillance, met the case definition. Raw shellfish eating was the principal risk factor for the disease, as indicated by the analytic issues (Risk Ratio: 1.50; IC 95%: 1.18 - 1.89; p < 0.001). NVs were found by means of RT-PCR of all the stool specimens from the 24 patients tested. Eleven samples of shellfish from local markets were tested for the presence or NVs; six were positive by nested PCR and genotypes were related to that found in patients' stools. CONCLUSION This is the first community outbreak caused by NVs related to sea-food consumption described in Italy. The study confirms that the present standards for human faecal contamination do not seem to be a reliable indicator of viral contaminants in mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Prato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e del Lavoro, Section of Hygiene, University of Foggia, Italy.
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42
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Anastasio A, Fariello E. Bivalve molluscs: productivity in the Campania region and related sanitary aspects. Vet Res Commun 2004; 28 Suppl 1:69-74. [PMID: 15372932 DOI: 10.1023/b:verc.0000045381.08768.8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Anastasio
- Department of Zootecnic Sciences and Food Inspection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", via Delpino 1, 80136 Naples, Italy
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43
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Chironna M, Lopalco P, Prato R, Germinario C, Barbuti S, Quarto M. Outbreak of infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) associated with a foodhandler and confirmed by sequence analysis reveals a new HAV genotype IB variant. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:2825-8. [PMID: 15184483 PMCID: PMC427829 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.6.2825-2828.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of infection with hepatitis A virus associated with a foodhandler and involving 26 subjects occurred in Southern Italy. Sequence analysis of the VP3-VP1 and VP1-P2A junctions confirmed that the outbreak was due to a point source and allowed the identification of a new genotype IB variant. This report confirms the usefulness of sequence-based molecular fingerprinting during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chironna
- Hygiene Section, Department of Internal Medicine and Public Health, University of Bari, Policlinico Piazza G, Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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44
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Fiore AE. Hepatitis A Transmitted by Food. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:705-15. [PMID: 14986256 DOI: 10.1086/381671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2003] [Accepted: 10/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A is caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV). Transmission occurs by the fecal-oral route, either by direct contact with an HAV-infected person or by ingestion of HAV-contaminated food or water. Foodborne or waterborne hepatitis A outbreaks are relatively uncommon in the United States. However, food handlers with hepatitis A are frequently identified, and evaluation of the need for immunoprophylaxis and implementation of control measures are a considerable burden on public health resources. In addition, HAV-contaminated food may be the source of hepatitis A for an unknown proportion of persons whose source of infection is not identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Fiore
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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45
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Chironna M, Grottola A, Lanave C, Villa E, Barbuti S, Quarto M. Genetic analysis of HAV strains recovered from patients with acute hepatitis from Southern Italy. J Med Virol 2003; 70:343-9. [PMID: 12766995 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Southern Italy is an endemic area for HAV infection contributing to the majority of Italian hepatitis A cases. Using molecular analysis, HAV strains have been classified in distinct genotypes and subgenotypes. To characterize HAV wild-type strains circulating in Southern Italy, sequence analysis of VP3-VP1 and VP1/2A junction regions of HAV isolates recovered from 25 patients with acute hepatitis during 2000 and 2001 was carried out. HAV isolates showed a degree of identity, after pairwise comparison with one another, ranging from 91.9-100% in the VP3-VP1 junction region and 89.9-100% in the VP1/2A junction region. All strains belonged to genotype I, with 84% (21/25) of samples clustering in subgenotype IA and 16% (4/25) in subgenotype IB. Cocirculation of subgenotypes IA and IB was observed among isolates from 2000, whereas all strains from 2001 were subgenotype IA. In addition, the subgenotype IA strains formed different clusters, one of which was related closely to some Cuban strains, showing a percent similarity of 98.8% in the 168-base pair segment encompassing the VP1/2A junction and the same amino acid substitution. The latter finding suggests that this subgenotype variant circulates also in the Mediterranean area. The results of the phylogenetic analysis confirm the genetic heterogeneity among HAV strains in Western Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chironna
- Department of Internal Medicine and Public Health, Hygiene Section, University of Bari, Italy.
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