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Moreno-Santos I, Garcia-Serrano S, Boughanem H, Garrido-Sanchez L, Tinahones FJ, Garcia-Fuentes E, Macias-Gonzalez M. The Antagonist Effect of Arachidonic Acid on GLUT4 Gene Expression by Nuclear Receptor Type II Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040963. [PMID: 30813326 PMCID: PMC6412497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity is a complex disease that has a strong association with diet and lifestyle. Dietary factors can influence the expression of key genes connected to insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, and adipose tissue composition. In this study, our objective was to determine gene expression and fatty acid (FA) profiles in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) from lean and morbidly obese individuals. We also aimed to study the agonist effect of dietary factors on glucose metabolism. DESIGN AND METHODS Lean and low and high insulin resistance morbidly obese subjects (LIR-MO and HIR-MO) were included in this study. The gene expression of liver X receptor type alpha (LXR-α) and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and the FA profiles in VAT were determined. Additionally, the in vivo and in vitro agonist effects of oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), and arachidonic acid (AA) by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type gamma 2 (PPAR-γ2) on the activity of GLUT4 were studied. RESULTS Our results showed a dysregulation of GLUT4 and LXR-α in VAT of morbidly obese subjects. In addition, a specific FA profile for morbidly obese individuals was found. Finally, AA was an PPAR-γ2 agonist that activates the expression of GLUT4. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests a dysregulation of LXR-α and GLUT4 expression in VAT of morbidly obese individuals. FA profiles in VAT could elucidate their possible role in lipolysis and adipogenesis. Finally, AA binds to PPAR-γ2 to activate the expression of GLUT4 in the HepG2 cell line, showing an alternative insulin-independent activation of GLUT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Moreno-Santos
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, University of Malaga (IBIMA), 29010 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Sara Garcia-Serrano
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Hatim Boughanem
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sanchez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, University of Malaga (IBIMA), 29010 Malaga, Spain.
- CIBEROBN (CIBER in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03/0018), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco José Tinahones
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, University of Malaga (IBIMA), 29010 Malaga, Spain.
- CIBEROBN (CIBER in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03/0018), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Fuentes
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Manuel Macias-Gonzalez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, University of Malaga (IBIMA), 29010 Malaga, Spain.
- CIBEROBN (CIBER in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03/0018), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Lee YS, Choi SS, Yonezawa T, Teruya T, Woo JT, Kim HJ, Cha BY. Honokiol, magnolol, and a combination of both compounds improve glucose metabolism in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Della-Morte D, Palmirotta R, Rehni AK, Pastore D, Capuani B, Pacifici F, De Marchis ML, Dave KR, Bellia A, Fogliame G, Ferroni P, Donadel G, Cacciatore F, Abete P, Dong C, Pileggi A, Roselli M, Ricordi C, Sbraccia P, Guadagni F, Rundek T, Lauro D. Pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics of thiazolidinediones: role in diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:2063-82. [PMID: 25521362 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important goal in the treatment of patients with diabetes is to prevent the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the first cause of mortality in these subjects. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of antidiabetic drugs, act as insulin sensitizers increasing insulin-dependent glucose disposal and reducing hepatic glucose output. TZDs including pioglitazone, rosiglitazone and troglitazone, by activating PPAR-γ have shown pleiotropic effects in reducing vascular risk factors and atherosclerosis. However, troglitazone was removed from the market due to its hepatoxicity, and rosiglitazone and pioglitazone both have particular warnings due to being associated with heart diseases. Specific genetic variations in genes involved in the pathways regulated by TDZs have demonstrated to modify the variability in treatment with these drugs, especially in their side effects. Therefore, pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics are an important tool in further understand intersubject variability per se but also to assess the therapeutic potential of such variability in drug individualization and therapeutic optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Della-Morte
- Department of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Zhai J, Liu CX, Tian ZR, Jiang QH, Sun YP. Effects of metformin on the expression of GLUT4 in endometrium of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:29. [PMID: 22572996 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.099788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to explore the effects of metformin on the expression of endometrial glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and analyze the related factors of GLUT4 in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study included 20 obese patients with PCOS (PCOS group) and 20 obese patients who had infertility caused by oviducal or pelvic factors but had no PCOS (control group). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol-2 (E(2)), testosterone (T), fasting serum glucose (FSG), fasting insulin serum (FINS), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and endometrial GLUT4 expression were determined in the two groups. In PCOS group, patients were given 500 mg of metformin three times per day for 3 mo, and then the parameters above were determined again and compared with that before metformin treatment. The parameters above also were compared between PCOS and control groups. The correlation of GLUT4 with its related factors was analyzed. The levels of T, FINS, and HOMA-IR were higher in PCOS group than in the control group (P < 0.01). The levels of protein and mRNA of endometrial GLUT4 were lower in the PCOS group than in the control group (P < 0.001). The expression of protein and mRNA of endometrial GLUT4 increased after metformin treatment (P < 0.001). HOMA-IR was negatively correlated with GLUT4 expression (P = 0.027). In patients with PCOS, the levels of protein and mRNA of endometrial GLUT4 were lower compared with that in non-PCOS women, and HOMA-IR was strongly associated with endometrial GLUT4 expression. Metformin may up-regulate endometrial GLUT4 expression to improve endometrial IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhai
- Reproductive Medical Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Pita J, Panadero A, Soriano-Guillén L, Rodríguez E, Rovira A. The insulin sensitizing effects of PPAR-γ agonist are associated to changes in adiponectin index and adiponectin receptors in Zucker fatty rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 174:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ding L, Li P, Lau CBS, Chan YW, Xu D, Fung KP, Su W. Mechanistic Studies on the Antidiabetic Activity of a Polysaccharide-rich Extract of Radix Ophiopogonis. Phytother Res 2011; 26:101-5. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Ding
- School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; 510275; PR China
| | - Peibo Li
- School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; 510275; PR China
| | - Clara Bik San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin; New Territories; Hong Kong
| | | | - Dingzhou Xu
- School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; 510275; PR China
| | | | - Weiwei Su
- School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; 510275; PR China
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Uemura T, Hirai S, Mizoguchi N, Goto T, Lee JY, Taketani K, Nakano Y, Shono J, Hoshino S, Tsuge N, Narukami T, Takahashi N, Kawada T. Diosgenin present in fenugreek improves glucose metabolism by promoting adipocyte differentiation and inhibiting inflammation in adipose tissues. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 54:1596-608. [PMID: 20540147 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In obesity, adipocyte hypertrophy and chronic inflammation in adipose tissues cause insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) can ameliorate hyperglycemia and diabetes. However, the effects of fenugreek on adipocyte size and inflammation in adipose tissues have not been demonstrated. In this study, we determined the effects of fenugreek on adipocyte size and inflammation in adipose tissues in diabetic obese KK-Ay mice, and identified the active substance in fenugreek. Treatment of KK-Ay mice with a high fat diet supplemented with 2% fenugreek ameliorated diabetes. Moreover, fenugreek miniaturized the adipocytes and increased the mRNA expression levels of differentiation-related genes in adipose tissues. Fenugreek also inhibited macrophage infiltration into adipose tissues and decreased the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory genes. In addition, we identified diosgenin, a major aglycone of saponins in fenugreek to promote adipocyte differentiation and to inhibit expressions of several molecular candidates associated with inflammation in 3T3-L1 cells. These results suggest that fenugreek ameliorated diabetes by promoting adipocyte differentiation and inhibiting inflammation in adipose tissues, and its effects are mediated by diosgenin. Fenugreek containing diosgenin may be useful for ameliorating the glucose metabolic disorder associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Uemura
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
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Wheatley KE, Nogueira LM, Perkins SN, Hursting SD. Differential effects of calorie restriction and exercise on the adipose transcriptome in diet-induced obese mice. J Obes 2011; 2011:265417. [PMID: 21603264 PMCID: PMC3092555 DOI: 10.1155/2011/265417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that obesity reversal by calorie restriction (CR) versus treadmill exercise (EX) differentially modulates adipose gene expression using 48 female C57BL/6 mice administered a diet-induced obesity (DIO) regimen for 8 weeks, then randomized to receive for 8 weeks either: (1) a control (AIN-76A) diet, fed ad libitum (DIO control); (2) a 30% CR regimen; (3) a treadmill EX regimen (with AIN-76A diet fed ad libitum); or (4) continuation of the DIO diet. Relative to the DIO controls, both CR and EX reduced adiposity by 35-40% and serum leptin levels by 80%, but only CR increased adiponectin and insulin sensitivity. Gene expression microarray analysis of visceral white adipose tissue revealed 209 genes responsive to both CR and EX, relative to the DIO group. However, CR uniquely altered expression of an additional 496 genes, whereas only 20 were uniquely affected by EX. Of the genes distinctly responsive to CR, 17 related to carbohydrate metabolism and glucose transport, including glucose transporter (GLUT) 4. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays of the Glut4 promoter revealed that, relative to the DIO controls, CR significantly increased histone 4 acetylation, suggesting epigenetic regulation may underlie some of the differential effects of CR versus EX on the adipose transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrie E. Wheatley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, UT-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Leticia M. Nogueira
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, UT-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Susan N. Perkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Stephen D. Hursting
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, UT-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- *Stephen D. Hursting:
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Cross-Talk between PPARgamma and Insulin Signaling and Modulation of Insulin Sensitivity. PPAR Res 2010; 2009:818945. [PMID: 20182551 PMCID: PMC2826877 DOI: 10.1155/2009/818945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARγ activation in type 2 diabetic patients results in a marked improvement in insulin and glucose parameters, resulting from an improvement of whole-body insulin sensitivity. Adipose tissue is the major mediator of PPARγ action on insulin sensitivity. PPARγ activation in mature adipocytes induces the expression of a number of genes involved in the insulin signaling cascade, thereby improving insulin sensitivity. PPARγ is the master regulator of adipogenesis, thereby stimulating the production of small insulin-sensitive adipocytes. In addition to its importance in adipogenesis, PPARγ plays an important role in regulating lipid, metabolism in mature adipocytes by increasing fatty acid trapping. Finally, adipose tissue produces several cytokines that regulate energy homeostasis, lipid and glucose metabolism. Disturbances in the production of these factors may contribute to metabolic abnormalities, and PPARγ activation is also associated with beneficial effects on expression and secretion of a whole range of cytokines.
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Nizamutdinova IT, Jin YC, Chung JI, Shin SC, Lee SJ, Seo HG, Lee JH, Chang KC, Kim HJ. The anti-diabetic effect of anthocyanins in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through glucose transporter 4 regulation and prevention of insulin resistance and pancreatic apoptosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 53:1419-29. [PMID: 19785000 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, abnormal lipid and antioxidant profiles are the most usual complications in diabetes mellitus. Thus, in this study, we investigated the anti-diabetic and anti-oxidative effects of anthocyanins (ANT) from black soybean seed coats in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The administration of ANT markedly decreased glucose levels and improved heart hemodynamic function (left ventricular end diastolic pressure, +/-dp/dt parameters). ANT not only enhanced STZ-mediated insulin level decreases, but also decreased the triglyceride levels induced by STZ injection in serum. Diabetic rats exhibited a lower expression of glucose transporter 4 proteins in the membrane fractions of heart and skeletal muscle tissues, which was enhanced by ANT. In addition, ANT activated insulin receptor phosphorylation, suggesting an increased utilization of glucose by tissues. Moreover, ANT protected pancreatic tissue from STZ-induced apoptosis through regulation of caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 proteins. Furthermore, ANT significantly suppressed malondialdehyde levels and restored superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in diabetic rats. Interestingly, the observed effects of ANT were superior to those of glibenclamide. Taken together, ANT from black soybean seed coat have anti-diabetic effects that are due, in part, to the regulation of glucose transporter 4 and prevention of insulin resistance and pancreatic apoptosis, suggesting a possible use as a drug to regulate diabetes.
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Martinez L, Berenguer M, Bruce MC, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Govers R. Rosiglitazone increases cell surface GLUT4 levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through an enhancement of endosomal recycling. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 79:1300-9. [PMID: 20026082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin induces a translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 from intracellular storage compartments towards the cell surface in adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells, allowing the cells to take up glucose. In type 2 diabetes-associated insulin resistance, the efficiency of this process is reduced. The thiazolidinediones, widely prescribed as anti-diabetic therapy, are generally regarded as insulin-sensitizers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) on GLUT4 in adipocytes. When applied during differentiation, rosiglitazone dose dependently augmented GLUT4 expression along with the formation of lipid droplets. Intriguingly, its presence during differentiation led to increases in both cell surface GLUT4 levels and insulin sensitivity of GLUT4 translocation in mature adipocytes. Treatment of fully differentiated adipocytes with rosiglitazone also led to increases in GLUT4 at the plasma membrane. Rosiglitazone similarly affected cell surface levels of the endosomal transferrin receptor, but did not alter the GLUT4 internalization rate. The augmentation in cell surface GLUT4 levels was maintained in adipocytes that were rendered insulin-resistant in vitro by a 24h insulin treatment and moreover in these cells rosiglitazone also fully restored insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation. We conclude that in adipocytes, rosiglitazone increases cell surface GLUT4 levels by increasing its endosomal recycling and restores insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation in insulin resistance. These results implicate novel modes of action on GLUT4 that are all likely to contribute to the insulin-sensitizing effect of rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurène Martinez
- Inserm U895, Mediterranean Research Center for Molecular Medicine (C3M), Avenir Team 9, Nice F-06204, France
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Dhar A, Desai KM, Wu L. Alagebrium attenuates acute methylglyoxal-induced glucose intolerance in Sprague-Dawley rats. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 159:166-75. [PMID: 20002105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Alagebrium is a breaker of cross-links in advanced glycation endproducts. However, the acute effects of alagebrium on methylglyoxal (MG), a major precursor of advanced glycation endproducts have not been reported. MG is a highly reactive endogenous metabolite, and its levels are elevated in diabetic patients. We investigated whether alagebrium attenuated the acute effects of exogenous MG on plasma MG levels, glucose tolerance and distribution of administered MG in different organs in Sprague-Dawley rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We measured MG levels (by HPLC), glucose tolerance, adipose tissue glucose uptake, GLUT4, insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) protein expression, and phosporylated IRS-1 in rats treated with MG at doses of either 17.25 mg*kg(-1) i.p. (MG-17 i.p.) or 50 mg*kg(-1) i.v. (MG-50 i.v.) with or without alagebrium, 100 mg*kg(-1) i.p. KEY RESULTS Alagebrium attenuated the increased MG levels in the plasma, aorta, heart, kidney, liver, lung and urine after MG administration. In MG-treated rats, glucose tolerance was impaired, plasma insulin levels were higher and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by adipose tissue was reduced, relative to the corresponding control groups. In rats treated with MG-50 i.v., GLUT4 protein expression and IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation were decreased. Alagebrium pretreatment attenuated these effects of MG. In an in vitro assay, alagebrium reduced the amount of detectable MG. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Alagebrium acutely attenuated MG-induced glucose intolerance, suggesting a possible preventive role for alagebrium against the harmful effects of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Dhar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Effect of food restriction on adipose tissue in spontaneously diabetic Torii fatty rats. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2009; 2009:715057. [PMID: 19696902 PMCID: PMC2729098 DOI: 10.1155/2009/715057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-fa/fa (SDT fatty) rat is a new model of obese type 2 diabetes. SDT fatty rat exhibits obesity associated with hyperphagia. In this study, SDT fatty rats were subjected to pair-feeding with SDT-+/+ (SDT) rats from 6 to 22 weeks of age. The ratio of visceral fat weight to subcutaneous fat weight (V/S) decreased at 12 weeks of age in the pair-feeding rats. The intraperitoneal fat weight such as epididymal and retroperitoneal fat weight decreased, whereas mesenteric fat weight had no change. Cell size of the epididymal fat in the pair-feeding rats tended to decrease. Glucose oxidation level in epididymal fat in the pair-feeding rats at 12 weeks of age was recovered to a similar level with that in SDT rats. These results indicated that SDT fatty rat is a useful model to evaluate the functional or the morphological features in adipose tissue and develop a novel drug for antiobesity.
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Lipogenic enzyme activities and glucose uptake in fat tissue of dyslipemic, insulin-resistant rats: effects of fish oil. Nutrition 2009; 26:209-17. [PMID: 19665871 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purposes of the present work were twofold: (1) investigate same mechanisms involved in the development of fat cell hypertrophy in the experimental model of dyslipidemia and whole-body insulin resistance induced in rats chronically fed a sucrose-rich diet (SRD); and (2) analyze the possible beneficial effect of fish oil on these mechanisms. METHODS For 6 mo, male Wistar rats received a sucrose-rich diet (62.5% w/w sucrose, 8% corn oil) or a control diet in which sucrose was replaced by starch. After this period, the sucrose-fed animals were divided randomly into two groups: the first one continued with the same diet up to 8 mo and the second one received the same diet, but with corn oil replaced by 7% fish oil+1 % corn oil. Rats were fed with this diet for the next 2 mo. RESULTS Although an enlarged fat cell lipolysis and an impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake were present in the fat cells of SRD-fed rats, an increase of several key enzymes of the novo lipogenesis could be one of the possible mechanisms involved in visceral adiposity. The addition of dietary fish oil restored or improved the above abnormalities. CONCLUSION This study shows possible mechanisms conditioning the influence of nutrients on the development and management of dyslipidemia, insulin sensitivity, and fat cell accretion, all abnormalities present in the metabolic syndrome.
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Wang PH, Tsai MJ, Hsu CY, Wang CY, Hsu HK, Weng CF. Toona sinensis Roem (Meliaceae) leaf extract alleviates hyperglycemia via altering adipose glucose transporter 4. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2554-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Asai M, Higuchi S, Kubota M, Iguchi K, Usui S, Hirano K. Regulators for Blood Glucose Level Affect Gene Expression of Aquaporin 3. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:991-6. [PMID: 16651733 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin 3 (AQP3), a membrane protein, is known to permeabilize water and other small molecules such as glycerol and urea and is localized in the bowel, skin, kidney, and erythrocytes. Since glycerol is a nutrient and serves as a source material in glycolytic metabolism, absorption of glycerol in the gastrointestinal tract may be under some control. Therefore we first investigated whether insulin regulating the glycolytic pathway took part in glycerol transport through AQP3 in the gastrointestinal tract and found that insulin significantly suppressed mRNA and protein expressions of AQP3 in Caco-2 cells. The antidiabetic drugs troglitazone and tolbutamide were also observed to suppress significantly AQP3 expression, but the biguanides metformin and buformin did not induce such suppression. Epinephrine was found to increase expression of AQP3, although glucagon showed no change of expression. Wortmannin and rapamycin were demonstrated to deactivate suppression of AQP3 expression by insulin and troglitazone, suggesting that the signal transducers, phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), are involved in the signal pathway for regulating transcription of AQP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Asai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Hammarstedt A, Andersson CX, Rotter Sopasakis V, Smith U. The effect of PPARgamma ligands on the adipose tissue in insulin resistance. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 73:65-75. [PMID: 15936183 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is frequently accompanied by obesity and both obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with a mild chronic inflammation. Elevated levels of various cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-6, are typically found in the adipose tissue in these conditions. It has been suggested that many cytokines produced in the adipose tissue are derived from infiltrated inflammatory cells. However, the adipose tissue itself has proven to be an important endocrine organ, secreting several hormones and cytokines, usually referred to as adipokines. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma is essential for adipocyte proliferation and differentiation. In recent years, PPARgamma and its ligands, the thiazolidinediones (TZD), have achieved great attention due to their insulin sensitizing and anti-inflammatory properties. Treatment with TZDs result in improved insulin signaling and adipocyte differentiation, increased adipose tissue influx of free fatty acids and inhibition of cytokine expression and action. As a result, PPARgamma plays a central role in maintaining a functional and differentiated adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hammarstedt
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45, Göteborg, Sweden
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Tejero ME, Proffitt JM, Cole SA, Freeland-Graves JH, Cai G, Peebles KW, Cox LA, Mahaney MC, Rogers J, Vandeberg JL, Blangero J, Comuzzie AG. Quantitative genetic analysis of glucose transporter 4 mRNA levels in baboon adipose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:1652-7. [PMID: 15536229 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is an insulin-responsive glucose transporter expressed in adipose tissue. A decrease of the mRNA abundance of GLUT4 in adipose tissue has been observed in conditions of insulin resistance. The objective was to conduct quantitative genetic analyses using GLUT4 mRNA levels in omental adipose tissue of baboons as a novel phenotype. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES A blood sample and a biopsy of omental adipose tissue were collected from 418 adult, pedigreed baboons. Total RNA was isolated from adipose tissue biopsies, and GLUT4 mRNA abundance was assayed by quantitative, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Insulin and glucose were determined in fasting plasma by standard methods. Quantitative genetic analyses were conducted using GLUT4 mRNA, insulin, and glucose as quantitative traits. RESULTS GLUT4 mRNA expression in omental adipose tissue was heritable (h(2) = 0.23, p = 0.001). Bivariate genetic analyses revealed a significant genetic correlation (rho(G)) between GLUT4 mRNA abundance and both body weight (rho(G) = 0.63, p = 0.007), BMI (rho(G) = 0.59, p = 0.02) and insulin (rho(G) = 0.72, p = 0.04). A genome scan was conducted, and a quantitative trait locus was detected on chromosome 10p12 with a logarithm of the odds ratio score of 1.1. DISCUSSION GLUT4 mRNA abundance in omental adipose tissue has a significant genetic component. These findings suggest that expression of GLUT4 mRNA, plasma insulin levels, and body weight may be regulated by common genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Tejero
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227-5301, USA
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Hammarstedt A, Sopasakis VR, Gogg S, Jansson PA, Smith U. Improved insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue dysregulation after short-term treatment with pioglitazone in non-diabetic, insulin-resistant subjects. Diabetologia 2005; 48:96-104. [PMID: 15624096 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-004-1612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We examined whether short-term treatment with a thiazolidinedione improves insulin sensitivity in non-obese but insulin-resistant subjects and whether this is associated with an improvement in dysregulated adipose tissue (reduced expression of IRS-1, GLUT4, PPARgamma co-activator 1 and markers of terminal differentiation) that we have previously documented to be associated with insulin resistance. METHODS Ten non-diabetic subjects, identified as having low IRS-1 and GLUT-4 protein in adipose cells as markers of insulin resistance, underwent 3 weeks of treatment with pioglitazone. The euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique was used to measure insulin sensitivity before and after treatment. Serum samples were analysed for glucose, insulin, lipids, total and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin levels. Biopsies from abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue were taken, cell size measured, mRNA and protein extracted and quantified using real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS Insulin sensitivity was improved after 3 weeks treatment and circulating total as well as HMW adiponectin increased in all subjects, while no effect was seen on serum lipids. In the adipose cells, gene and protein expression of IRS-1 and PPARgamma co-activator 1 remained unchanged, while adiponectin, adipocyte P 2, uncoupling protein 2, GLUT4 and liver X receptor-alpha increased. Insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation and p-ser-PKB/Akt increased, while no significant effect of thiazolidinedione treatment was seen on the inflammatory status of the adipose tissue in these non-obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Short-term treatment with pioglitazone improved insulin sensitivity in the absence of any changes in circulating NEFA or lipid levels. Several markers of adipose cell differentiation, previously shown to be reduced in insulin resistance, were augmented, supporting the concept that insulin resistance in these individuals is associated with impaired terminal differentiation of the adipose cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hammarstedt
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Banno R, Arima H, Sato I, Hayashi M, Goto M, Sugimura Y, Murase T, Oiso Y. The melanocortin agonist melanotan II increases insulin sensitivity in OLETF rats. Peptides 2004; 25:1279-86. [PMID: 15350695 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2004] [Revised: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Effects of peripheral administration of melanotan II (MTII), a melanocortin agonist, on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance were examined in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. Subcutaneous administration of MTII with osmotic mini-pumps decreased food intake and body weight in OLETF rats. MTII group showed more sensitivity to insulin compared with that allowed to eat ad libitum or pair-fed group in insulin tolerance tests on day 9. MTII group also showed significantly lower glucose values than ad libitum group in glucose tolerance tests on days 11 and 23. Thus, MTII increased insulin sensitivity and improved glucose tolerance in OLETF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouichi Banno
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Field of Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Brown JM, Boysen MS, Jensen SS, Morrison RF, Storkson J, Lea-Currie R, Pariza M, Mandrup S, McIntosh MK. Isomer-specific regulation of metabolism and PPARgamma signaling by CLA in human preadipocytes. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:1287-300. [PMID: 12730300 PMCID: PMC1351019 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300001-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has previously been shown to be the CLA isomer responsible for CLA-induced reductions in body fat in animal models, and we have shown that this isomer, but not the cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomer, specifically decreased triglyceride (TG) accumulation in primary human adipocytes in vitro. Here we investigated the mechanism behind the isomer-specific, CLA-mediated reduction in TG accumulation in differentiating human preadipocytes. Trans-10,cis-12 CLA decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and oxidation, and reduced insulin-dependent glucose transporter 4 gene expression. Furthermore, trans-10,cis-12 CLA reduced oleic acid uptake and oxidation when compared with all other treatments. In parallel to CLA's effects on metabolism, trans-10,cis-12 CLA decreased, whereas cis-9,trans-11 CLA increased, the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and several of its downstream target genes when compared with vehicle controls. Transient transfections demonstrated that both CLA isomers antagonized ligand-dependent activation of PPARgamma. Collectively, trans-10,cis-12, but not cis-9, trans-11, CLA decreased glucose and lipid uptake and oxidation and preadipocyte differentiation by altering preadipocyte gene transcription in a manner that appeared to be due, in part, to decreased PPARgamma expression.
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Key Words
- conjugated linoleic acid
- fatty acids
- lipid metabolism
- glucose metabolism
- triglycerides
- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- acbp, acyl-coa binding protein
- acc, acetyl-coa carboxylase
- ap2/fabp, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein
- bca, bicinchoninic acid
- bmi, body mass index
- bsa, bovine serum albumin
- cd-36, fatty acid translocase
- c/ebpα, caat/enhancer binding protein α
- cla, conjugated linoleic acid
- gc, gas chromatography
- glut4, insulin-dependent glucose transporter 4
- gpdh, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- hsl, hormone-sensitive lipase
- ibmx, isobutylmethylxanthine
- la, linoleic acid
- lpl, lipoprotein lipase
- mufa, monounsaturated fatty acid
- oro, oil red o
- ppar, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- ppre, peroxisome proliferator response element
- scd-1, stearoyl-coa desaturase-1
- sfa, saturated fatty acid
- sv, stromal vascular
- tg, triglyceride
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Mark Brown
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Maria Sandberg Boysen
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology
| | - Søren Skov Jensen
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology
| | - Ron F. Morrison
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Jayne Storkson
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706; and
| | - Renee Lea-Currie
- Zen Bio, Inc., 3200 Chapel Hill-Nelson Boulevard, Suite 104, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Michael Pariza
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706; and
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology
| | - Michael K. McIntosh
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
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Current literature in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2002; 18:491-8. [PMID: 12469363 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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