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Kim CW, Yoon Y, Kim MY, Baik SK, Ryu H, Park IH, Eom YW. 12- O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate Reduces Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells by Inhibiting the Hippo Pathway Transcriptional Coactivator YAP. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010091. [PMID: 36611885 PMCID: PMC9818550 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although protein kinase C (PKC) regulates various biological activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, tissue remodeling, gene expression, and cell death, the antifibrotic effect of PKC in myofibroblasts is not fully understood. We investigated whether 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a PKC activator, reduced the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and explored the involvement of the Hippo pathway transcriptional coactivator YAP. We analyzed the effect of TPA on the proliferation and expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) in the LX-2 HSC line. We also analyzed the phosphorylation of the Hippo pathway molecules YAP and LATS1 and investigated YAP nuclear translocation. We examined whether Gö 6983, a pan-PKC inhibitor, restored the TPA-inhibited activities of HSCs. Administration of TPA decreased the growth rate of LX-2 cells and inhibited the expression of α-SMA and collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1). In addition, TPA induced phosphorylation of PKCδ, LATS1, and YAP and inhibited the nuclear translocation of YAP compared with the control. These TPA-induced phenomena were mostly ameliorated by Gö 6983. Our results indicate that PKCδ exerts an antifibrotic effect by inhibiting the Hippo pathway in HSCs. Therefore, PKCδ and YAP can be used as therapeutic targets for the treatment of fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wan Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongdae Yoon
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Koo Baik
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Hwan Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (I.H.P.); (Y.W.E.); Tel.: +82-33-741-0260 (Y.W.E.)
| | - Young Woo Eom
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (I.H.P.); (Y.W.E.); Tel.: +82-33-741-0260 (Y.W.E.)
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Park Y, Thadasina D, Bolujo I, Isidan A, Cross-Najafi AA, Lopez K, Li P, Dahlem AM, Kennedy L, Sato K, Francis H, Alpini G, Zhang W, Ekser B. Three-Dimensional Organoids as a Model to Study Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42:423-433. [PMID: 36044928 DOI: 10.1055/a-1934-5588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rising prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the underlying disease pathophysiology remains unclear. There is a great need for an efficient and reliable "human" in vitro model to study NAFLD and the progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which will soon become the leading indication for liver transplantation. Here, we review the recent developments in the use of three-dimensional (3D) liver organoids as a model to study NAFLD and NASH pathophysiology and possible treatments. Various techniques that are currently used to make liver organoids are discussed, such as the use of induced pluripotent stem cells versus primary cell lines and human versus murine cells. Moreover, methods for inducing lipid droplet accumulation and fibrosis to model NAFLD are explored. Finally, the limitations specific to the 3D organoid model for NAFLD/NASH are reviewed, highlighting the need for further development of multilineage models to include hepatic nonparenchymal cells and immune cells. The ultimate goal is to be able to accurately recapitulate the complex liver microenvironment in which NAFLD develops and progresses to NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Park
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Deepthi Thadasina
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ifeoluwa Bolujo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Abdulkadir Isidan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Arthur A Cross-Najafi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kevin Lopez
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andrew M Dahlem
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Division of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Keisaku Sato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Division of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Heather Francis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Division of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Division of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Yamamoto H, Usui T, Sasaki K. [Development of liver organoids from NASH model mice and their application to drug discovery]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2021; 156:275-281. [PMID: 34470931 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.21027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease, with the increased prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic disorders in recent years. As the disease progresses, it leads to hepatic fibrosis, which may progress to hepatocellular carcinoma, but there is still no cure for severe hepatic fibrosis. Currently, in order to develop drugs for the treatment of NASH, the effects of candidate drugs are evaluated by a long-term administration to mice and rats that are fed a high-fat or methionine-deficient diet to reproduce the pathology of fatty liver and liver fibrosis. Since drug development using these experimental animals is time-consuming and costly, in vitro models that reproduce the pathology of NASH have recently been developing. In this review, we will outline the current issues in the diagnosis and treatment of NASH, and introduce our research for the discovery of early diagnostic markers and the development of new therapeutic agents using liver organoid cultures derived from mouse models of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haru Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Tatsuya Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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4
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Wu L, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Li M, Guo L. Targeting DUSP7 signaling alleviates hepatic steatosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice via suppression of TAK1. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 153:140-158. [PMID: 32311490 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as a critical liver disease, is still lack of effective treatments because the molecular mechanism revealing the NAFLD pathogenesis remains unclear. Dual specific phosphatase 6 (DUSP7) shows effects on inflammatory response and is a negative feedback mechanism of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily, which are critical factors in regulating NAFLD progression. However, the effects of DUSP7 on hepatic steatosis are still not fully understood. Here, we found that DUSP7 functioned as a negative regulator of NAFLD and in various metabolic disorders. DUSP7 expression was markedly reduced in liver samples from patients with simple hepatic steatosis or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as well as in liver tissues from high fat diet (HFD)-challenged mice or genetically obese (ob/ob) mice. DUSP7 knockout markedly accelerated insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, liver dysfunction, fibrosis and hepatic steatosis in HFD-fed mice. In addition, inflammatory response was significantly exacerbated in HFD-challenged mice with DUSP7 deletion, which was associated with the elevated activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and MAPKs signaling pathways. Moreover, oxidative stress was detected in liver of HFD-induced mice, and this phenomenon was aggravated in mice with DUSP7 knockout. Importantly, we demonstrated that DUSP7 physically interacted with transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-activated kinase (TAK1). DUSP7 deletion considerably promoted the activation of TAK1 in mice after HFD feeding, contributing to the lipid deposition, inflammatory response and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Taken together, DUSP7 might function as a protective factor against NAFLD development and metabolic disorder through alleviating dyslipidemia, inflammation and oxidative stress by directly interacting with TAK1 in hepatocytes, which was involved in the suppression of fibrosis. Thus, we may provide an effective strategy for the treatment of hepatic steatosis via targeting DUSP7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Yongcun Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Xianyang, Xianyang, 712000, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Gerontology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospita, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Xianyang, Xianyang, 712000, China
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Elbadawy M, Yamanaka M, Goto Y, Hayashi K, Tsunedomi R, Hazama S, Nagano H, Yoshida T, Shibutani M, Ichikawa R, Nakahara J, Omatsu T, Mizutani T, Katayama Y, Shinohara Y, Abugomaa A, Kaneda M, Yamawaki H, Usui T, Sasaki K. Efficacy of primary liver organoid culture from different stages of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mouse model. Biomaterials 2020; 237:119823. [PMID: 32044522 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, which eventually leads to hepatocellular carcinoma. Although several animal models were developed to understand the mechanisms of NASH pathogenesis and progression, it remains obscure. A 3D organoid culture system can recapitulate organ structures and maintain gene expression profiles of original tissues. We therefore tried to generate liver organoids from different degrees [defined as mild (NASH A), moderate (NASH B) and severe (NASH C)] of methionine- and choline-deficient diet-induced NASH model mice and analyzed the difference of their architecture, cell components, organoid-forming efficacy, and gene expression profiles. Organoids from each stage of NASH model mice were successfully generated. Interestingly, epithelial-mesenchymal transition was observed in NASH C organoids. Expression of Collagen I and an activated hepatic stellite cell marker, α-sma was upregulated in the liver organoids from NASH B and C mice. The analysis of RNA sequencing revealed that several novel genes were upregulated in all NASH liver organoids. These results suggest that our generated liver organoids from different stages of NASH diseased mice might become a useful tool for in vitro studies of the molecular mechanism of NASH development and also for identifying novel biomarkers for early diagnosis of NASH disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elbadawy
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, 13736, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya, Egypt
| | - Megumi Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuta Goto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kimika Hayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan; Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics Against Cancer, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryo Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junta Nakahara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yukie Katayama
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuta Shinohara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Pet Health & Food Division, Iskara Industry CO., LTD, 1-14-2, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan
| | - Amira Abugomaa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kaneda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1, Higashi 23 Ban-cho, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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Dou X, Feng L, Ying N, Ding Q, Song Q, Jiang F, Wang C, Li S. RNA Sequencing Reveals a Comprehensive Circular RNA Expression Profile in a Mouse Model of Alcoholic Liver Disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:415-422. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.14265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Dou
- College of Life Science (XD, LF, NY, QD, QS, FJ, CW) Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China
- Molecular Medicine Institute (XD, QS, FJ, CW, SL) Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China
| | - Luyan Feng
- College of Life Science (XD, LF, NY, QD, QS, FJ, CW) Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China
| | - Na Ying
- College of Life Science (XD, LF, NY, QD, QS, FJ, CW) Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China
| | - Qinchao Ding
- College of Life Science (XD, LF, NY, QD, QS, FJ, CW) Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China
| | - Qing Song
- College of Life Science (XD, LF, NY, QD, QS, FJ, CW) Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China
- Molecular Medicine Institute (XD, QS, FJ, CW, SL) Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China
| | - Fusheng Jiang
- College of Life Science (XD, LF, NY, QD, QS, FJ, CW) Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China
- Molecular Medicine Institute (XD, QS, FJ, CW, SL) Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China
| | - Cui Wang
- College of Life Science (XD, LF, NY, QD, QS, FJ, CW) Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China
- Molecular Medicine Institute (XD, QS, FJ, CW, SL) Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China
| | - Songtao Li
- College of Basic Medicine & Public Health (SL) Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China
- Molecular Medicine Institute (XD, QS, FJ, CW, SL) Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China
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Teschke R. Alcoholic Liver Disease: Current Mechanistic Aspects with Focus on Their Clinical Relevance. Biomedicines 2019; 7:E68. [PMID: 31491888 PMCID: PMC6783919 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is broad and includes alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic fibrosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and alcoholic hepatocellular carcinoma, best explained as a five-hit sequelae of injurious steps. ALD is not primarily the result of malnutrition as assumed for many decades but due to the ingested alcohol and its metabolic consequences although malnutrition may marginally contribute to disease aggravation. Ethanol is metabolized in the liver to the heavily reactive acetaldehyde via the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the cytochrome P450 isoform 2E1 of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS). The resulting disturbances modify not only the liver parenchymal cells but also non-parenchymal cells such as Kupffer cells (KCs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). These are activated by acetaldehyde, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and endotoxins, which are produced from bacteria in the gut and reach the liver due to gut leakage. A variety of intrahepatic signaling pathways and innate or acquired immune reactions are under discussion contributing to the pathogenesis of ALD via the five injurious hits responsible for disease aggravation. As some of the mechanistic steps are based on studies with in vitro cell systems or animal models, respective proposals for humans may be considered as tentative. However, sufficient evidence is provided for clinical risk factors that include the amount of alcohol used daily for more than a decade, gender differences with higher susceptibility of women, genetic predisposition, and preexisting liver disease. In essence, efforts within the last years were devoted to shed more light in the pathogenesis of ALD, much has been achieved but issues remain to what extent results obtained from experimental studies can be transferred to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, D-63450 Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Esler WP, Bence KK. Metabolic Targets in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:247-267. [PMID: 31004828 PMCID: PMC6698700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is on the rise worldwide and currently has no FDA-approved pharmacotherapy. The increase in disease burden of NAFLD and a more severe form of this progressive liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), largely mirrors the increase in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and reflects the hepatic manifestation of an altered metabolic state. Indeed, metabolic syndrome, defined as a constellation of obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension, is the major risk factor predisposing the NAFLD and NASH. There are multiple potential pharmacologic strategies to rebalance aspects of disordered metabolism in NAFLD. These include therapies aimed at reducing hepatic steatosis by directly modulating lipid metabolism within the liver, inhibiting fructose metabolism, altering delivery of free fatty acids from the adipose to the liver by targeting insulin resistance and/or adipose metabolism, modulating glycemia, and altering pleiotropic metabolic pathways simultaneously. Emerging data from human genetics also supports a role for metabolic drivers in NAFLD and risk for progression to NASH. In this review, we highlight the prominent metabolic drivers of NAFLD pathogenesis and discuss the major metabolic targets of NASH pharmacotherapy.
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Key Words
- acc, acetyl-coa carboxylase
- alt, alanine aminotransferase
- aso, anti-sense oligonucleotide
- ast, aspartate aminotransferase
- chrebp, carbohydrate response element binding protein
- ci, confidence interval
- dgat, diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase
- dnl, de novo lipogenesis
- fas, fatty acid synthase
- ffa, free fatty acid
- fgf, fibroblast growth factor
- fxr, farnesoid x receptor
- glp-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- hdl, high-density lipoprotein
- homa-ir, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
- ldl, low-density lipoprotein
- nafld, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- nas, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score
- nash, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- or, odds ratio
- pdff, proton density fat fraction
- ppar, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- sglt2, sodium glucose co-transporter 2
- srebp-1c, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c
- t2d, type 2 diabetes
- t2dm, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- tg, triglyceride
- th, thyroid hormone
- thr, thyroid hormone receptor
- treg, regulatory t cells
- tzd, thiazolidinedione
- vldl, very low-density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Esler
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kendra K Bence
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Pingitore P, Sasidharan K, Ekstrand M, Prill S, Lindén D, Romeo S. Human Multilineage 3D Spheroids as a Model of Liver Steatosis and Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071629. [PMID: 30986904 PMCID: PMC6480107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder in western countries. Despite the high prevalence of NAFLD, the underlying biology of the disease progression is not clear, and there are no approved drugs to treat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the most advanced form of the disease. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing advanced in vitro human cellular systems to study disease mechanisms and drug responses. We attempted to create an organoid system genetically predisposed to NAFLD and to induce steatosis and fibrosis in it by adding free fatty acids. We used multilineage 3D spheroids composed by hepatocytes (HepG2) and hepatic stellate cells (LX-2) with a physiological ratio (24:1). HepG2 and LX-2 cells are homozygotes for the PNPLA3 I148M sequence variant, the strongest genetic determinant of NAFLD. We demonstrate that hepatic stellate cells facilitate the compactness of 3D spheroids. Then, we show that the spheroids develop accumulations of fat and collagen upon exposure to free fatty acids. Finally, this accumulation was rescued by incubating spheroids with liraglutide or elafibranor, drugs that are in clinical trials for the treatment of NASH. In conclusion, we have established a simple, easy to handle, in vitro model of genetically induced NAFLD consisting of multilineage 3D spheroids. This tool may be used to understand molecular mechanisms involved in the early stages of fibrogenesis induced by lipid accumulation. Moreover, it may be used to identify new compounds to treat NASH using high-throughput drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Pingitore
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Kavitha Sasidharan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Matias Ekstrand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Sebastian Prill
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Lindén
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Cardiology Department, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Teschke R. Alcoholic Liver Disease: Alcohol Metabolism, Cascade of Molecular Mechanisms, Cellular Targets, and Clinical Aspects. Biomedicines 2018; 6:E106. [PMID: 30424581 PMCID: PMC6316574 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease is the result of cascade events, which clinically first lead to alcoholic fatty liver, and then mostly via alcoholic steatohepatitis or alcoholic hepatitis potentially to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathogenetic events are linked to the metabolism of ethanol and acetaldehyde as its first oxidation product generated via hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS), which depends on cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP 2E1), and is inducible by chronic alcohol use. MEOS induction accelerates the metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde that facilitates organ injury including the liver, and it produces via CYP 2E1 many reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as ethoxy radical, hydroxyethyl radical, acetyl radical, singlet radical, superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, alkoxyl radical, and peroxyl radical. These attack hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, stellate cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and their signaling mediators such as interleukins, interferons, and growth factors, help to initiate liver injury including fibrosis and cirrhosis in susceptible individuals with specific risk factors. Through CYP 2E1-dependent ROS, more evidence is emerging that alcohol generates lipid peroxides and modifies the intestinal microbiome, thereby stimulating actions of endotoxins produced by intestinal bacteria; lipid peroxides and endotoxins are potential causes that are involved in alcoholic liver injury. Alcohol modifies SIRT1 (Sirtuin-1; derived from Silent mating type Information Regulation) and SIRT2, and most importantly, the innate and adapted immune systems, which may explain the individual differences of injury susceptibility. Metabolic pathways are also influenced by circadian rhythms, specific conditions known from living organisms including plants. Open for discussion is a 5-hit working hypothesis, attempting to define key elements involved in injury progression. In essence, although abundant biochemical mechanisms are proposed for the initiation and perpetuation of liver injury, patients with an alcohol problem benefit from permanent alcohol abstinence alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Leimenstrasse 20, D-63450 Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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11
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Weaver L, Hamoud AR, Stec DE, Hinds TD. Biliverdin reductase and bilirubin in hepatic disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G668-G676. [PMID: 29494209 PMCID: PMC6032063 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00026.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The buildup of fat in the liver (hepatic steatosis) is the first step in a series of incidents that may drive hepatic disease. Obesity is the leading cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in which hepatic steatosis progresses to liver disease. Chronic alcohol exposure also induces fat accumulation in the liver and shares numerous similarities to obesity-induced NAFLD. Regardless of whether hepatic steatosis is due to obesity or long-term alcohol use, it still may lead to hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, or possibly hepatocellular carcinoma. The antioxidant bilirubin and the enzyme that generates it, biliverdin reductase A (BVRA), are components of the heme catabolic pathway that have been shown to reduce hepatic steatosis. This review discusses the roles for bilirubin and BVRA in the prevention of steatosis, their functions in the later stages of liver disease, and their potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Weaver
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Abdul-rizaq Hamoud
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio
| | - David E. Stec
- 2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Terry D. Hinds
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio
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12
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Melatonin Modulation of Sirtuin-1 Attenuates Liver Injury in a Hypercholesterolemic Mouse Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018. [PMID: 29516009 PMCID: PMC5817311 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7968452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia increases and exacerbates stress signals leading also to liver damage (LD) and failure. Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) is involved in lifespan extension and it plays an essential role in hepatic lipid metabolism. However, its involvement in liver hypercholesterolemic damage is not yet completely defined. This in vivo study evaluated the role of SIRT1 in the hypercholesterolemic-related LD and, then, investigated how oral supplementation of melatonin, pleiotropic indoleamine, may be protective. Control mice and apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (ApoE−/−) of 6 and 15 weeks of age were treated or not treated with melatonin at the dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 9 weeks. In this study, we evaluated serum biochemical markers, liver SIRT1 expression, and oxidative stress markers. We observed that hypercholesterolemia increased significantly serum cholesterol and triglycerides, reduced significantly liver SIRT1, and, in turn, induced hepatic oxidative stress in untreated ApoE−/− mice with respect to control mice. Interestingly, melatonin treatment improved serum biochemical markers and hepatic morphological impairment and inhibited oxidative stress through its antioxidant properties and also by SIRT1 upregulation. In summary, melatonin oral supplementation may represent a new protective approach to block hypercholesterolemic liver alterations involving also a SIRT1-dependent mechanism.
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13
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Zhang D, Zhuang R, Guo Z, Gao M, Huang L, You L, Zhang P, Li J, Su X, Wu H, Chen X, Zhang X. Desmin- and vimentin-mediated hepatic stellate cell-targeting radiotracer 99mTc-GlcNAc-PEI for liver fibrosis imaging with SPECT. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:1340-1349. [PMID: 29507624 PMCID: PMC5835940 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation in liver fibrosis is caused by the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The goal of this study was to develop a 99mTc-labeled N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) that specifically interacts with desmin and vimentin expressed on activated HSCs to monitor the progression and prognosis of liver fibrosis using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. Methods: GlcNAc-conjugated polyethylenimine (PEI) was first prepared and radiolabeled with 99mTc. Noninvasive SPECT imaging with 99mTc-GlcNAc-PEI was used to assess liver fibrosis in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) mouse model. The liver uptake value (LUV) of 99mTc-GlcNAc-PEI was measured by drawing the region of interest (ROI) of the whole liver as previously suggested. The LUV of the CCl4 groups was compared with that of the olive oil group. Next, we estimated the correlation between the results of SPECT imaging and physiological indexes. After treatment with clodronate liposome, the LUV of 99mTc-GlcNAc-PEI in fibrotic mice was compared with that in control mice. Results:99mTc-GlcNAc-PEI is a hydrophilic compound with high radiochemical purity (>98%) and good stability. It could specifically target desmin and vimentin on the surface of activated HSCs with high affinity (the Kd values were 53.75 ± 9.50 nM and 20.98 ± 3.56 nM, respectively). The LUV of 99mTc-GlcNAc-PEI was significantly different between the CCl4 and control groups as early as 4 weeks of CCl4 administration (3.30 ± 0.160 vs 2.34 ± 0.114%/cc; P ˂ 0.05). There was a strong correlation between the LUV and Sirius Red quantification (R = 0.92, P ˂ 0.001). Compared with control, clodronate liposome treatment reduced the LUV of 99mTc-GlcNAc-PEI (4.62 ± 0.352 vs 2.133 ± 0.414%/cc; P ˂ 0.05). Conclusion:99mTc-GlcNAc-PEI SPECT/CT was useful in assessing liver fibrosis and monitoring the treatment response.
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14
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Hamarneh SR, Kim BM, Kaliannan K, Morrison SA, Tantillo TJ, Tao Q, Mohamed MMR, Ramirez JM, Karas A, Liu W, Hu D, Teshager A, Gul SS, Economopoulos KP, Bhan AK, Malo MS, Choi MY, Hodin RA. Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Attenuates Alcohol-Induced Hepatosteatosis in Mice. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:2021-2034. [PMID: 28424943 PMCID: PMC5684583 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bacterially derived factors from the gut play a major role in the activation of inflammatory pathways in the liver and in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. The intestinal brush-border enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) detoxifies a variety of bacterial pro-inflammatory factors and also functions to preserve gut barrier function. The aim of this study was to investigate whether oral IAP supplementation could protect against alcohol-induced liver disease. METHODS Mice underwent acute binge or chronic ethanol exposure to induce alcoholic liver injury and steatosis ± IAP supplementation. Liver tissue was assessed for biochemical, inflammatory, and histopathological changes. An ex vivo co-culture system was used to examine the effects of alcohol and IAP treatment in regard to the activation of hepatic stellate cells and their role in the development of alcoholic liver disease. RESULTS Pretreatment with IAP resulted in significantly lower serum alanine aminotransferase compared to the ethanol alone group in the acute binge model. IAP treatment attenuated the development of alcohol-induced fatty liver, lowered hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine and serum LPS levels, and prevented alcohol-induced gut barrier dysfunction. Finally, IAP ameliorated the activation of hepatic stellate cells and prevented their lipogenic effect on hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS IAP treatment protected mice from alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity and steatosis. Oral IAP supplementation could represent a novel therapy to prevent alcoholic-related liver disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman R Hamarneh
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Byeong-Moo Kim
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Kanakaraju Kaliannan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sara A Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tyler J Tantillo
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Qingsong Tao
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Mussa M Rafat Mohamed
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Juan M Ramirez
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Aaron Karas
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Dong Hu
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Abeba Teshager
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sarah Shireen Gul
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Konstantinos P Economopoulos
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Atul K Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Madhu S Malo
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Michael Y Choi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Richard A Hodin
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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15
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Avila DV, Barker DF, Zhang J, McClain CJ, Barve S, Gobejishvili L. Dysregulation of hepatic cAMP levels via altered Pde4b expression plays a critical role in alcohol-induced steatosis. J Pathol 2017; 240:96-107. [PMID: 27287961 DOI: 10.1002/path.4760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis is a significant risk factor for progressive liver disease. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling has been shown to significantly regulate lipid metabolism; however, the role of altered cAMP homeostasis in alcohol-mediated hepatic steatosis has never been studied. Our previous work demonstrated that increased expression of hepatic phosphodiesterase 4 (Pde4), which specifically hydrolyses and decreases cAMP levels, plays a pathogenic role in the development of liver inflammation/injury. The aim of this study was to examine the role of PDE4 in alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis. C57BL/6 wild-type and Pde4b knockout (Pde4b(-/-) ) mice were pair-fed control or ethanol liquid diets. One group of wild-type mice received rolipram, a PDE4-specific inhibitor, during alcohol feeding. We demonstrate for the first time that an early increase in PDE4 enzyme expression and a resultant decrease in hepatic cAMP levels are associated with the significant reduction in carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (Cpt1a) expression. Notably, alcohol-fed (AF) Pde4b(-/-) mice and AF wild-type mice treated with rolipram had significantly lower hepatic free fatty acid content compared with AF wild-type mice. Importantly, PDE4 inhibition in alcohol-fed mice prevented the decrease in hepatic Cpt1a expression via the Pparα/Sirt1/Pgc1α pathway. These results demonstrate that the alcohol- induced increase in hepatic Pde4, specifically Pde4b expression, and compromised cAMP signalling predispose the liver to impaired fatty acid oxidation and the development of steatosis. Moreover, these data also suggest that hepatic PDE4 may be a clinically relevant therapeutic target for the treatment of alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Avila
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - David F Barker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - JingWen Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Shirish Barve
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Leila Gobejishvili
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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16
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El-Sisi AEDES, Sokar SS, Shebl AM, Mohamed DZ. Antifibrotic effect of diethylcarbamazine combined with hesperidin against ethanol induced liver fibrosis in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:1196-1206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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17
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Transaminase abnormalities and adaptations of the liver lobule manifest at specific cut-offs of steatosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40977. [PMID: 28106158 PMCID: PMC5247698 DOI: 10.1038/srep40977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There is little documented evidence suggesting that liver fat is responsible for liver injury in the absence of other disease processes. We investigated the relationships between liver fat, aminotransferases and hepatic architecture in liver biopsies with simple steatosis. We identified 136 biopsies with simple steatosis from the Royal Free Hospital Archives with both clinical data and sufficient material. Digital image analysis was employed to measure fat proportionate area (mFPA). Hepatocyte area (HA) and lobule radius (LR) were also measured. There were significant increases in ALT (p < 0.001) and AST (p = 0.013) with increased fat content and evidence to suggest both 5% and 20% mFPA as a cut-off for raised ALT. In liver with increased fat content there were significant increases in HA (p < 0.001). LR also increased as mFPA increased to 10% (p < 0.001), at which point the lobule ceased to expand further and was counterbalanced with a decrease in the number of hepatocytes per lobule (p = 0.029). Consequently there are mechanisms of adaption in the liver architecture to accommodate the accumulation of fat and these are accompanied by significant increases in transaminases. These results support the generally accepted cut-off of 5% fat for steatosis and indicate 20% as a threshold of more severe liver injury.
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18
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Chaudhuri D, Ghate NB, Panja S, Basu T, Shendge AK, Mandal N. Glycoside rich fraction from Spondias pinnata bark ameliorate iron overload induced oxidative stress and hepatic damage in Swiss albino mice. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:262. [PMID: 27472924 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron in the overloaded condition in liver promotes the overproduction of free radicals that lead to oxidative stress and ultimately hepatic damage. The present study was designed to evaluate the ameliorating potential from iron overloaded hepatotoxicity by the glycosidic fraction from Spondious pinnata bark (SPW1) along with its antioxidant property. METHODS The fraction was tested for its in vitro antioxidant, free radical scavenging property and iron chelation potential via standard biochemical assays. Iron overload condition was generated by the intraperitoneal administration of iron dextran in mice. The levels of serum enzymes, antioxidant enzymes in liver, markers of hepatic damage, liver iron, and ferritin content were measured in response to the oral treatment of SPW1. Histopathology of the liver sections was performed for visual confirmation of the amelioration potential of SPW1. RESULTS The fraction exhibited excellent in vitro antioxidant as well as free radical scavenging potential against both reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. Administration of SPW1 significantly normalized the disturbed levels of antioxidant enzymes, liver iron, lipid peroxidation, liver fibrosis, serum enzyme and ferritin better than standard desirox which were also supported by the morphological study of the liver sections. Phytochemical analysis as well as HPLC study, confirmed that the fraction mainly consisted of glycosidic phenolics and flavonoids that attributed to its biological activities. CONCLUSIONS The above results suggested that beneficial effects of SPW1 on iron overload induced hepatotoxicity that can be considered as a possible candidate against iron overload diseases.
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Chaudhuri D, Ghate NB, Panja S, Mandal N. Role of phenolics from Spondias pinnata bark in amelioration of iron overload induced hepatic damage in Swiss albino mice. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 17:34. [PMID: 27459849 PMCID: PMC4962386 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-016-0077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crude Spondias pinnata bark extract was previously assessed for its antioxidant, anticancer and iron chelating potentials. The isolated compounds gallic acid (GA) and methyl gallate (MG) were evaluated for their curative potential against iron overload-induced liver fibrosis and hepatocellular damage. Methods In vitro iron chelation property and in vivo ameliorating potential from iron overload induced liver toxicity of GA and MG was assessed by different biochemical assays and histopathological studies. Results MG and GA demonstrated excellent reducing power activities but iron chelation potential of MG is better than GA. Oral MG treatment in mice displayed excellent efficacy (better than GA) to significantly restore the levels of liver antioxidants, serum markers and cellular reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent fashion. Apart from these, MG exceptionally prevented lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation whereas GA demonstrated better activity to reduce collagen content, thereby strengthening its position as an efficient drug against hepatic damage/fibrosis, which was further supported by histopathological studies. Alongside, MG efficiently eliminated the cause of liver damage, i.e., excess iron, by chelating free iron and reducing the ferritin-bound iron. Conclusions The present study confirmed the curative effect of GA and MG against iron overload hepatic damage via their potent antioxidant and iron-chelating potential. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40360-016-0077-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Chaudhuri
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P 1/12, C. I. T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Nikhil Baban Ghate
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P 1/12, C. I. T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Panja
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P 1/12, C. I. T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Nripendranath Mandal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P 1/12, C. I. T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India.
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20
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Li D, He L, Guo H, Chen H, Shan H. Targeting activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) for liver fibrosis imaging. EJNMMI Res 2015; 5:71. [PMID: 26650603 PMCID: PMC4674461 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-015-0151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following injurious stimuli, quiescent hepatic stellate cells (qHSCs) transdifferentiate into activated HSCs (aHSCs). aHSCs play pivotal roles in the onset and progression of liver fibrosis. Therefore, molecular imaging of aHSCs in liver fibrosis will facilitate early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and instruction and evaluation of aHSC-targeted treatment. To date, several receptors, such as integrin αvβ3, mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor (M6P/IGF-IIR), collagen type VI receptor (CVIR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β), vimentin, and desmin, have been identified as biomarkers of aHSCs. Corresponding ligands to these receptors have also been developed. This review will discuss strategies for developing aHSC-targeted imaging in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Huizhuang Guo
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Hanwei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China.
| | - Hong Shan
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangzhou, 510630, China. .,Interventional Radiology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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21
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Anavi S, Eisenberg-Bord M, Hahn-Obercyger M, Genin O, Pines M, Tirosh O. The role of iNOS in cholesterol-induced liver fibrosis. J Transl Med 2015; 95:914-24. [PMID: 26097999 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of cholesterol in the liver is associated with the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related fibrosis. However, underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The present study investigated the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cholesterol-induced liver fibrosis by feeding wild-type (WT) and iNOS-deficient mice with control or high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 6 weeks. WT mice fed with HCD developed greater liver fibrosis, compared with iNOS-deficient mice, as evident by Sirius red staining and higher expression levels of profibrotic genes. Enhanced liver fibrosis in the presence of iNOS was associated with hypoxia-inducible factor-1α stabilization, matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression, and enhanced hepatic DNA damage. The profibrotic role of iNOS was also demonstrated in vivo using a selective inhibitor of iNOS as well as in vitro in a rat liver stellate cell line (HSC-T6). In conclusion, these findings suggest that iNOS is an important mediator in HCD-induced liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Anavi
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Eisenberg-Bord
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Hahn-Obercyger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Olga Genin
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Mark Pines
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Oren Tirosh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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22
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Giraudi PJ, Becerra VJB, Marin V, Chavez-Tapia NC, Tiribelli C, Rosso N. The importance of the interaction between hepatocyte and hepatic stellate cells in fibrogenesis induced by fatty accumulation. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 98:85-92. [PMID: 25533546 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by an initial accumulation of triglycerides that can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which can ultimately evolve to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatic stellate cells play a key role in liver fibrogenesis by an increased activation and an altered profile of genes involved in the turnover of extracellular matrix components. To reproduce in-vitro the functional cell connections observed in vivo it is essential to consider cell-to-cell proximity and interaction. The aim of this study was to determine the response to free fatty acids in a simultaneous co-culture model of hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. METHODS Simultaneous co-culture model and monoculture of each cell type (control) were exposed to FFA for 24 up to 144 h. Quantification of steatosis; stellate cell activation; assessment of fibrogenic response; expression and activity of metalloproteinases as well as collagen biosynthesis were evaluated. RESULTS Free fatty acids induced comparable steatosis in simultaneous co-culture and monoculture. However, the activation of the stellate cells assessed by alpha-smooth muscle actin expression is greater when cells were in close contact. Furthermore, a time-dependent increment of tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-2 protein was observed, which was inversely correlated with protein expression and activity of matrix-metalloproteinases, suggesting enhanced collagen biosynthesis. This behavior was absent in cell monoculture. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that cell-to-cell proximity between hepatocytes and stellate cells is necessary for the initiation of the fibrotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo J Giraudi
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, Centro Studi Fegato, Area Science Park Basovizza Bldg. Q SS14 Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Varenka J Barbero Becerra
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, Centro Studi Fegato, Area Science Park Basovizza Bldg. Q SS14 Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy; Liver Research Unit, Médica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150, Col. Toriello Guerra, Tlalpan, C.P. 14050 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Veronica Marin
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, Centro Studi Fegato, Area Science Park Basovizza Bldg. Q SS14 Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Norberto C Chavez-Tapia
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, Centro Studi Fegato, Area Science Park Basovizza Bldg. Q SS14 Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy; Liver Research Unit, Médica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150, Col. Toriello Guerra, Tlalpan, C.P. 14050 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, Centro Studi Fegato, Area Science Park Basovizza Bldg. Q SS14 Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Natalia Rosso
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, Centro Studi Fegato, Area Science Park Basovizza Bldg. Q SS14 Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
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Kim JE, Lee S, Lee AY, Seo HW, Chae C, Cho MH. Intratracheal exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes induces a nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-like phenotype in C57BL/6J mice. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:613-23. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.963186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Mikuriya Y, Tashiro H, Kuroda S, Nambu J, Kobayashi T, Amano H, Tanaka Y, Ohdan H. Fatty liver creates a pro-metastatic microenvironment for hepatocellular carcinoma through activation of hepatic stellate cells. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:E3-13. [PMID: 25053237 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fatty liver (FL) is associated with development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, whether FL itself promotes the progression of HCC is unclear. We recently found that hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were prominently activated in the steatotic liver. Here, we investigated whether steatotic livers promote HCC progression and whether HSCs of steatotic liver are associated with HCC progression. We implanted rat HCC cells into diet-induced steatotic livers in rats via portal vein injection. Thereafter, HSCs and HCC cells were co-implanted subcutaneously into nude rats. Migration and proliferation of HCC cells were measured, and activation of ERK and Akt in these cells was determined by western blotting. Chemokines secreted from HSCs and HCC cells were also evaluated by ELISA. Steatotic livers significantly promoted HCC metastasis compared with non-steatotic livers. Additionally, co-implantation of HCC cells with HSCs from steatotic livers produced significantly larger tumors in recipient rats as compared to those induced by HCC cells co-implanted with HSCs from normal livers (NLs). HSCs isolated from steatotic livers, compared with HSCs isolated from NLs, secreted greater amounts of interleukin-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, and transforming growth factor-β. These cytokines may enhance the proliferation and migration of HCC cells by increasing the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt in HCC cells. Moreover, we noted that the Rho-kinase inhibitor deactivated activated HSCs and attenuated HCC progression. In conclusion, the rat steatotic liver microenvironment favors HCC metastasis, and this effect appears to be promoted by activated HSCs in the steatotic liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Mikuriya
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
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25
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Tung YT, Tang TY, Chen HL, Yang SH, Chong KY, Cheng WTK, Chen CM. Lactoferrin protects against chemical-induced rat liver fibrosis by inhibiting stellate cell activation. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3281-91. [PMID: 24731632 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases, which can be caused by alcohol abuse, chemical intoxication, viral hepatitis infection, and autoimmune disorders, are a significant health issue because they can develop into liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Lactoferrin (LF), a siderophilic protein with 2 iron-binding sites, has been demonstrated to possess a multitude of biological functions, including antiinflammation, anticancer, and antimicrobial effects, as well as immunomodulatory-enhancing functions. In the current study, we induced hepatotoxicity in rats with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) to establish a situation that would enable us to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of LF against hepatic injury. Our results showed that DMN-induced hepatic pathological damage significantly decreased the body weight and liver index, increased the mRNA and protein levels of collagen α-1(I) (ColIα-1) and α-smooth muscle actin, and increased the hydroxyproline content. However, treatment with LF significantly increased body weight and liver index, decreased the mRNA and protein levels of ColIα-1 and α-smooth muscle actin, and suppressed the hydroxyproline content when compared with the DMN-treated group. Liver histopathology also showed that low-dose LF (100mg/kg of body weight) or high-dose LF (300 mg/kg of body weight) could significantly reduce the incidences of liver lesions induced by DMN. These results suggest that the LF exhibits potent hepatoprotection against DMN-induced liver damage in rats and that the hepatoprotective effects of LF may be due to the inhibition of collagen production and to stellate cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tang Tung
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Tang
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ling Chen
- Department of Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhwa 515, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hsun Yang
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 404, Taiwan
| | - Kowit-Yu Chong
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Winston T K Cheng
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, and Integrative Evolutionary Galliform Genomics Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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26
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Elshazly SM, Mahmoud AAA. Antifibrotic activity of hesperidin against dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 387:559-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-0968-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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27
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Eid N, Ito Y, Otsuki Y. The autophagic response to alcohol toxicity: the missing layer. J Hepatol 2013; 59:398. [PMID: 23624249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Rastogi A, Bihari C, Maiwall R, Ahuja A, Sharma MK, Kumar A, Sarin SK. Hepatic stellate cells are involved in the pathogenesis of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Virchows Arch 2012; 461:393-8. [PMID: 22886437 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ACLF is a condition with varied acute and chronic underlying etiologies and high mortality. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are known to play an important role in hepatic fibrogenesis. Experimental data suggest that HSCs also display characteristics of hepatic stem/progenitor cells (HPCs). We investigated the number of activated HSC and their relationship to HPCs in ACLF in comparison to acute and chronic stages of other liver diseases. Immunohistochemical analysis of the number of activated HSCs and HPCs was performed in liver biopsies of 70 cases of ACLF and in the biopsies of patients with cirrhosis (45), acute hepatitis (25), chronic hepatitis (25), and normal live-related liver transplantation (LDLT) donor biopsies (15). The number of α-SMA-positive HSCs was assessed both quantitatively and semi-quantitatively. Keratin-19 (K19)-positive HPCs were estimated semi-quantitatively, and we looked for correlations between numbers of HSCs and HPCs. We found significantly more α-SMA activated HSCs/1,000 hepatocytes in ACLF biopsies (231 ± 91) than in biopsies of patients with acute hepatitis (147 ± 77), cirrhosis (73 ± 35), chronic hepatitis (66 ± 30), and normal LDLT donor biopsies (25 ± 10), respectively (p < 0.0001). A significant correlation between the presence of HPCs and ACLF versus other etiologies of liver disease was found (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the numbers of HPCs and of activated HSCs (p < 0.001). ACLF is associated with more significant HSC activation than in acute hepatitis and other chronic liver diseases. There is a significant relationship between the presence of HSCs and that of HPCs, indicating a possible dynamic role of HSCs in liver regeneration and pathobiology of ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, D-1, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India.
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29
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Huangqi decoction inhibits apoptosis and fibrosis, but promotes Kupffer cell activation in dimethylnitrosamine-induced rat liver fibrosis. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 12:51. [PMID: 22531084 PMCID: PMC3495215 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, Huangqi decoction (HQD) has been found to have a potential therapeutic effect on DMN-induced liver cirrhosis. Here, the mechanisms of HQD action against liver fibrosis were investigated in relation to hepatocyte apoptosis and hepatic inflammation regulation. METHODS Liver fibrosis was induced by DMN administration for 2 or 4 weeks. Hepatocyte apoptosis and of Kupffer cells (KC) and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) interaction were investigated using confocal microscopy. The principle cytokines, fibrogenic proteins and apoptotic factors were investigated using western blot analysis. RESULTS Compared with the DMN-water group, HQD showed decreased hepatocyte apoptosis and reduced expression of apoptotic effectors, cleaved-caspase-3, and fibrotic factors, such as smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1). However, the KC marker CD68 increased significantly in DMN-HQD liver. Confocal microscopy demonstrated widespread adhesion of KCs to HSCs in DMN-water and DMN-HQD rats liver. CONCLUSIONS HQD exhibited positive protective effects against liver fibrosis; its mechanism of action was associated with protection from hepatocyte apoptosis and the promotion of CD68 expression in the devolopment of liver fibrosis to cirrhosis development.
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Bruha R, Dvorak K, Petrtyl J. Alcoholic liver disease. World J Hepatol 2012; 4:81-90. [PMID: 22489260 PMCID: PMC3321494 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v4.i3.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders affect millions of individuals worldwide. Alcohol consumption is directly associated with liver disease mortality and accounts for elevated social and economic costs. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) may take the form of acute involvement (alcoholic hepatitis) or chronic liver disease (steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis). The severity and prognosis of alcohol-induced liver disease depends on the amount, pattern and duration of alcohol consumption, as well as on the presence of liver inflammation, diet, nutritional status and genetic predisposition of an individual. While steatosis is an almost completely benign disease, liver cirrhosis is associated with marked morbidity, mortality and life expectancy shortening. The median survival of patients with advanced cirrhosis is 1-2 years. Severe acute alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is associated with mortality as high as 50%. It has been managed with corticoids, pentoxifylline and enteral nutrition, although evidence based data are still conflicting. Some author suggest that pentoxifylline could be a better first-line treatment in patients with severe AH. Absolute abstinence is a basic condition for any treatment of acute or chronic ALD, the other therapeutical procedure being of a supportive nature and questionable significance. Acamprosate appears to be an effective treatment strategy for supporting continuous abstinence in alcohol dependent patients. Patients with advanced liver cirrhosis who demonstrably abstain can be considered for liver transplantation, which leads to a markedly prolonged life expectancy. The crucial step in ALD prevention is in the prevention of alcohol abuse, whereas the prevention of liver injury in active alcohol abusers is not clinically applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radan Bruha
- Radan Bruha, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, General Teaching Hospital, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12808 Prague, Czech Republic
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31
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Guo Y, Wu XQ, Zhang C, Liao ZX, Wu Y, Wang H. Protective effect of sodium ferulate on acetaldehyde-treated precision-cut rat liver slices. J Med Food 2012; 15:557-62. [PMID: 22404575 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a key role in hepatic fibrogenesis, and inhibition of HSC activation may prevent liver fibrosis. Acetaldehyde, the most deleterious metabolite of alcohol, triggers HSC activation in alcoholic liver injury. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of sodium ferulate (SF), a sodium salt of ferulic acid that is rich in fruits and vegetables, on acetaldehyde-stimulated HSC activation using precision-cut liver slices (PCLSs). Rat PCLSs were co-incubated with 350 μM acetaldehyde and different concentrations of SF. Hepatotoxicity was assessed by measuring enzyme leakage and malondialdehyde content in tissue. α-Smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor-β(1), and hydroxyproline were determined to assess the activation of HSCs. In addition, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) were determined to evaluate collagen degradation. SF prominently prevented the enzyme leakage in acetaldehyde-treated slices and also inhibited HSC activation and collagen production stimulated by acetaldehyde. In addition, SF increased MMP-1 expression and decreased TIMP-1 expression. These results showed that SF protected PCLSs from acetaldehyde-stimulated HSC activation and liver injury, which may be associated with the attenuation of oxidative injury and acceleration of collagen degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Kuroda S, Tashiro H, Igarashi Y, Tanimoto Y, Nambu J, Oshita A, Kobayashi T, Amano H, Tanaka Y, Ohdan H. Rho inhibitor prevents ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat steatotic liver. J Hepatol 2012; 56:146-52. [PMID: 21756846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic stellate cells are thought to play a role in modulating intrahepatic vascular resistance based on their capacity to contract via Rho signaling. We investigated the effect of a Rho-kinase inhibitor on ischemia-reperfusion injury in the steatotic liver. METHODS Steatotic livers, induced by a choline-deficient diet in rats, were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Hepatic stellate cells isolated from steatotic livers were analyzed for contractility and Rho signaling activity. The portal pressure of the perfused rat liver and the survival rate after ischemia-reperfusion were also investigated. RESULTS Hepatic stellate cells from steatotic livers showed increased contractility and upregulation of Rho-kinase 2 compared with those from normal livers. Furthermore, endothelin-1 significantly enhanced the contractility and phosphorylation level of myosin light chain and cofilin in hepatic stellate cells isolated from steatotic livers. A specific Rho-kinase inhibitor, fasudil, significantly suppressed the contractility and decreased the phosphorylation levels of myosin light chain and cofilin. Serum levels of endothelin-1 were markedly increased after IR in rats with steatotic livers, whereas fasudil significantly decreased endothelin-1 serum levels. Rats with steatotic livers showed a significant increase in portal perfusion pressure after ischemia-reperfusion and a significant decrease in survival rate; fasudil treatment significantly reduced these effects. CONCLUSIONS Activation of Rho/Rho-kinase signaling in hepatic stellate cells isolated from steatotic livers is associated with an increased susceptibility to ischemia-reperfusion injury. A Rho-kinase inhibitor attenuated the activation of hepatic stellate cells isolated from steatotic livers and improved ischemia-reperfusion injury in steatotic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kuroda
- Department of Surgery, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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The steatohepatitic variant of hepatocellular carcinoma and its association with underlying steatohepatitis. Hum Pathol 2011; 43:737-46. [PMID: 22018903 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Steatohepatitis and metabolic syndrome are increasingly recognized as important risk factors for development of hepatocellular carcinoma. We have recently described a histologic subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma termed steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma, which shows features resembling steatohepatitis in the nonneoplastic liver. The present study is undertaken to assess the association between the steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma variant and underlying steatohepatitis and features of metabolic syndrome. We examined all hepatocellular carcinomas diagnosed on resections and explant specimens over a 3.5-year period at our institution. Tumors were classified as either conventional hepatocellular carcinoma or steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma variant based on their predominant histopathologic pattern. The underlying chronic liver disease in each case was determined. The steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma variant represented 13.5% (16/118) of cases. All but one case of steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma occurred in patients with underlying steatohepatitis. Steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed in 35.7% of patients with either nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or alcoholic liver disease compared with 1.3% of patient with other chronic liver diseases (P < .0001). The steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma group had a significantly higher number of metabolic syndrome risk factors (2.44 versus 1.48, P = .01) and a higher percentage of patients with at least 3 metabolic syndrome components (50% versus 22.5%, P = .02). Immunohistochemically, there were diffuse loss of cytoplasmic CK8/18 and increased numbers of activated hepatic stellate cells within steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma, in a pattern identical to that seen in steatohepatitis in nonneoplastic liver. Hepatocellular carcinomas showing a "steatohepatitic" histologic phenotype are strongly associated with underlying steatohepatitis and metabolic syndrome. This association further supports a possible role of steatohepatitis in human hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Cheng CF, Pan TM. Protective effect of Monascus-fermented red mold rice against alcoholic liver disease by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory response. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:9950-9957. [PMID: 21861523 DOI: 10.1021/jf202577t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Monascus purpureus NTU 568 fermented rice is reported to exhibit a wide variety of biological effects, including antitumor, antihypertriglyceridemia, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease remains obscure. In this study, the hepatoprotective effects of Monascus-fermented red mold rice (RMR) was evaluated in vivo using chronic alcohol-induced mice as an experimental model. The alcohol-induced mice were orally treated with RMR at 307.5 mg/kg (1-fold), 615 mg/kg (2-fold), and 1537.5 mg/kg (5-fold) for 5 weeks, whereas controls received vehicle only. Treatment with RMR significantly attenuated the increased level of serum transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) and hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol accumulation. Furthermore, RMR elevates hepatic antioxidant ability that reduced hepatic cell damage (steatosis) and decreased tissue inflammatory cytokine levels. These findings suggest that Monascus-fermented RMR may represent a novel, protective strategy against alcoholic liver disease by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Fu Cheng
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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35
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Guo Y, Wu XQ, Zhang C, Liao ZX, Wu Y, Xia ZY, Wang H. Effect of indole-3-carbinol on ethanol-induced liver injury and acetaldehyde-stimulated hepatic stellate cells activation using precision-cut rat liver slices. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 37:1107-13. [PMID: 20880187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a major indole compound found in high levels in cruciferous vegetables, shows a broad spectrum of biological activities. However, few studies have reported the effect of I3C on alcoholic liver injury. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of I3C on acute ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity and acetaldehyde-stimulated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activation using precision-cut liver slices (PCLS). 2. Rat PCLS were incubated with 50 mmol/L ethanol or 350 μmol/L acetaldehyde, and different concentrations (100-400 μmol/L) of I3C were added into the culture system of these two liver injury models, respectively. Hepatotoxicity was assessed by measuring enzyme leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in tissue. Activities of alcoholic enzymes were also determined. α-Smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor (TGF-β(1) ) and hydroxyproline (HYP) were used as indices to evaluate the activation of HSC. In addition, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) were observed to estimate collagen degradation. 3. I3C significantly reduced the enzyme leakage in ethanol-treated slices. In I3C groups, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 activities were inhibited by 40.9-51.8%, whereas alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity was enhanced 1.6-fold compared with the ethanol-treated group. I3C also showed an inhibitory effect against HSC activation and collagen production stimulated by acetaldehyde. After being incubated with I3C (400 μmol/L), the expression of MMP-1 was markedly enhanced, whereas TIMP-1 was decreased. 4. These results showed that I3C protected PCLS against alcoholic liver injury, which might be associated with the regulation of ethanol metabolic enzymes, attenuation of oxidative injury and acceleration of collagen degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Wobser H, Dorn C, Weiss TS, Amann T, Bollheimer C, Büttner R, Schölmerich J, Hellerbrand C. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes induces fibrogenic activation of hepatic stellate cells. Cell Res 2009; 19:996-1005. [PMID: 19546889 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the initial belief that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a benign disorder, it is now recognized that fibrosis progression occurs in a significant number of patients. Furthermore, hepatic steatosis has been identified as a risk factor for the progression of hepatic fibrosis in a wide range of other liver diseases. Here, we established an in vitro model to study the effect of hepatic lipid accumulation on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the central mediators of liver fibrogenesis. Primary human hepatocytes were incubated with the saturated fatty acid palmitate to induce intracellular lipid accumulation. Subsequently, human HSCs were incubated with conditioned media (CM) from steatotic or control hepatocytes. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes induced the release of factors that accelerated the activation and proliferation of HSC, and enhanced their resistance to apoptosis, largely mediated via activation of the PI-3-kinase pathway. Furthermore, CM from steatotic hepatocytes induced the expression of the profibrogenic genes TGF-beta, tissue inhibitor of metallo-proteinase-1 (TIMP-1), TIMP-2 and matrix-metallo-proteinase-2, as well as nuclear-factor kappaB-dependent MCP-1 expression in HSC. In summary, our in vitro data indicate a potential mechanism for the pathophysiological link between hepatic steatosis and fibrogenesis in vivo. Herewith, this study provides an attractive in vitro model to study the molecular mechanisms of steatosis-induced fibrogenesis, and to identify and test novel targets for antifibrotic therapies in fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Wobser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
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37
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Fujimiya T, Liu J, Kojima H, Shirafuji S, Kimura H, Fujimiya M. Pathological roles of bone marrow-derived stellate cells in a mouse model of alcohol-induced fatty liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G451-60. [PMID: 19608736 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00055.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption activates hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and causes fatty degeneration in the liver. However, the origin of HSCs and the mechanism of fatty changes of the liver have not been fully elucidated. Here, we examined the roles of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) in a mouse model with chronic alcohol consumption. We performed bone marrow transplantation from transgenic mice expressing green fluorescence protein (GFP) to female wild-type and ROSA mice (B6.129S7-Gt 26Sor/J, transgenic mice expressing beta-galactosidase, beta-gal) and treated them with ethanol (EtOH) for 8 or 16 wk. GFP-expressing BMDCs increased in the liver with EtOH treatment in a time-dependent manner. In response to excess alcohol consumption, approximately 68% of the BMDCs became activated HSCs in that they expressed alpha-smooth muscle actin. Meanwhile, approximately 67% and approximately 66% of these BMDCs expressed Tnf-alpha and transforming growth factor (Tgf)-beta1, respectively, and the activities were further supported by the excessive mRNA expression of Tnf-alpha and Tgf-beta1 in RT-PCR, respectively. Cell fusion occurs between BMDCs and nonparenchymal cells but scarcely occurs between BMDCs and hepatocytes, demonstrated by double staining of beta-gal/GFP and further supported by the Y-chromosome staining. The EtOH withdrawal normalized most of the abnormalities produced by chronic alcohol consumption. These results indicate that excess alcohol consumption stimulates both the homing of HSCs from the bone marrow and their profibrogenic cytokine production in a mouse model of alcohol-induced fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Fujimiya
- Department of Legal Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Schotanus BA, van den Ingh TSGAM, Penning LC, Rothuizen J, Roskams TA, Spee B. Cross-species immunohistochemical investigation of the activation of the liver progenitor cell niche in different types of liver disease. Liver Int 2009; 29:1241-52. [PMID: 19490419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When hepatocyte replication during liver disease is insufficient for regeneration, liver progenitor cells (LPCs) are activated. The cells and stroma in the immediate environment of LPCs, together termed the LPC niche, are thought to play an important role in this activation. Among these cells are the hepatic stellate cells (HSCs)/myofibroblasts (MFs). AIMS/METHODS We assessed the activation of HSC/MFs and LPCs in relation to the histological location and extent of liver disease in immunohistochemically (double) stained serial sections. Markers of HSC/MFs [alpha-smooth muscle actin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurotrophin 3 and neural-cell adhesion molecule], markers of LPCs (keratin 7 and keratin 19) and a proliferation marker (Ki67) were used. A very relevant spontaneous model to evaluate LPC niche activation in a translational approach seems to be the dog. Therefore, both human and canine liver diseases with different degree of fibrosis and disease activity were included. RESULTS In human and canine liver disease, type and extent of LPC niche activation depended on type and severity of disease (P<0.05) and corresponded to the main location of disease. Activated HSCs surrounded the activated LPCs. In chronic hepatitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis lobular-type HSCs were activated, while during biliary disease portal/septal MFs were mainly activated. In canine liver, GFAP further presented as an early marker of HSC activation. Activation of the LPCs correlated with disease location and severity (P<0.01), and was inversely related to hepatocyte proliferation, as was previously shown in man. CONCLUSION A shared involvement of HSC/MFs, LPCs and disease severity during hepatic disease processes is shown, which is highly similar in man and dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baukje A Schotanus
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Naveau S, Thaury J, Barri-Ova N, Balian A, Dauvois B, Njiké-Nakseu M, Prévot S, Agostini H, Perlemuter G. Predictive factors for pure steatosis in alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:1104-10. [PMID: 19382900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bearing in mind the mechanisms involved in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, this study aims to verify whether metabolic syndrome or its various individual components are independent predictive factors for steatosis > or =10% in alcoholic patients. METHODS This study included 281 consecutive alcoholic patients with abnormal liver tests and either normal liver histology or steatosis <10% (n = 119) or steatosis > or =10% (n = 162). Logistic regression analysis was used to study the relationship between metabolic syndrome components and various risk factors and the presence of steatosis > or =10%. We assessed apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA-1) levels, a major protein component of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL), rather than HDL-cholesterol levels. RESULTS Plasma ApoA-1 levels (p < 0.01), body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.01), and waist circumference (p < 0.05) were significantly higher in patients with steatosis > or =10% than in patients with normal liver histology or steatosis <10%. A higher percentage of patients with steatosis > or =10% had high blood pressure (p = 0.003) than patients with normal liver histology or steatosis <10%. In the logistic regression, ApoA-1 [odds ratio (OR) = 1.57 (1.10-2.22)], BMI [OR = 1.10 (1.01-1.23)], and high blood pressure [OR = 1.84 (1.10-3.06)] were positively and independently correlated with the presence of steatosis > or =10%. In the multivariate regression high blood pressure was independently and positively correlated with steatosis score (r = 0.55 +/- 0.26; p < 0.05). On the other hand, when the presence of high blood pressure was the dependent variable, the presence of steatosis > or =10% positively and independently correlated with it [OR = 1.82 (1.05-3.15)]. CONCLUSION In alcoholic patients without fibrosis, ApoA-1, BMI, and high blood pressure on the next morning after the admission were predictive of steatosis > or =10%. High blood pressure was the only metabolic syndrome component associated with the presence of alcoholic steatosis >/=10% and was not correlated with other metabolic syndrome components. These findings suggest that steatosis mechanisms are different in alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Naveau
- AP-HP, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Service d'Hépato-gastroenterologie, 157 rue de la Porte de Trivaux, Clamart, France.
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Atzori L, Poli G, Perra A. Hepatic stellate cell: a star cell in the liver. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:1639-42. [PMID: 19433304 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells represent a highly versatile cytotype that plays a significant role in liver development and differentiation, regeneration, xenobiotic response, immunoregulation, control of hepatic blood flow and inflammatory reactions. Because of the wide panel of molecular intermediates they may produce and secrete, particularly after their sustained activation in a disease state, hepatic stellate cells are definitely involved in the pathogenesis of various liver pathologies, besides the well know key role in fibrosis and extracellular matrix remodelling. In particular, they can actively contribute to the progression of hepatitis and steatohepatitis of different aetiology, and of liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Atzori
- Department of Toxicology, Oncology Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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Chung C, Shugrue C, Nagar A, Doll JA, Cornwell M, Gattu A, Kolodecik T, Pandol SJ, Gorelick F. Ethanol exposure depletes hepatic pigment epithelium-derived factor, a novel lipid regulator. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:331-340.e2. [PMID: 18996124 PMCID: PMC2833423 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Ethanol abuse can lead to hepatic steatosis and evolve into cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional secreted glycoprotein that is expressed by hepatocytes. Proteomic, experimental, and clinical studies implicate PEDF's role in lipid regulation. Because matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/9 activity regulates PEDF levels, we investigated whether PEDF degradation by MMPs has a permissive role in ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis. METHODS PEDF levels were examined in liver biopsy specimens from patients with ethanol-induced steatosis. Hepatic PEDF levels and MMP activity were assessed in 2 animal models of ethanol feeding (rats on an alcohol-containing liquid diet and mice given intragastric infusion of ethanol). The consequences of PEDF depletion in the liver were examined in PEDF-null mice. RESULTS Liver biopsy samples from patients with ethanol-induced steatosis had reduced PEDF levels, compared with normal liver samples. Ethanol-fed animals had histologic steatosis and increased liver triglyceride content (P< .05), as well as reduced levels of hepatic PEDF and increased MMP-2/9 activity. Ethanol-exposed hepatic lysates degraded PEDF in a MMP-2/9-dependent manner, and liver sections demonstrated abundant MMP-2/9 activity in situ. Addition of recombinant PEDF to PEDF-null hepatocytes, reduced their triglyceride content. CONCLUSIONS Ethanol exposure leads to marked loss of hepatic PEDF in human livers and in 2 animal models of ethanol feeding. Loss of PEDF contributes to the accumulation of lipids in ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhan Chung
- Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA.
| | - Christine Shugrue
- Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
| | - Anil Nagar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jennifer A. Doll
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mona Cornwell
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arijeet Gattu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
| | - Tom Kolodecik
- Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
| | | | - Fred Gorelick
- Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
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Abstract
Sustained progress in defining the molecular pathophysiology of hepatic fibrosis has led to a comprehensive framework for developing antifibrotic therapies. Indeed, the single greatest limitation in bringing new drugs to the clinical setting is a lack of clarity regarding clinical trial and treatment end points, not a lack of promising agents. A range of treatments, including those developed for other indications, as well as those specifically developed for hepatic fibrosis, are nearing or in clinical trials. Most are focused on attacking features of either hepatic injury and/or activated stellate cells and myofibroblasts, which are the primary sources of extracellular matrix (scar) proteins. Thus, features of injury and stellate cell activation provide a useful template for classifying these emerging agents and point to a new class of therapies for patients with fibrosing liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghiassi-Nejad
- Division of Liver Diseases, Box 1123, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Comparative studies on expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin in hepatic stellate cells in chronic hepatitis B and C. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:1364-9. [PMID: 17934809 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-9997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C are common causes of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. We performed a comparative study on the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), a marker of HSC activation, in patients with chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using immunohistochemistry and a semi-quantitative scoring method, the expression of alpha-SMA in HSCs was studied in patients with chronic hepatitis B (n = 50) and hepatitis C (n = 50). The HSC activation index was correlated with age, sex, AST, ALT, viral genotype, viral titers, degrees of hepatic steatosis, necroinflammatory grades and fibrotic stages. RESULTS The HSC activation index correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with necroinflmmatory grades and fibrotic stages in chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Besides, the HSC activation index also correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with hepatic steatosis and marginally significantly (P = 0.08) with serum viral titers in chronic hepatitis C. There was no significant difference in biochemical and histological activities between patients with hepatitis B and hepatitis C, but the latter had a significantly higher HSC activation index than the former. Multiple regression analysis in all 100 patients showed that the HSC activation index correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with necroinflammatory grades, fibrotic stages and hepatitis C (versus hepatitis B). CONCLUSION In chronic viral hepatitis, the HSC activation index correlated significantly and independently with necroinflammation and fibrosis. Additionally, the HSC activation index was significantly higher in patients with chronic hepatitis C. These data may be compatible with the postulation that hepatitis C virus can directly activate HSCs.
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Abstract
Cannabinoid signaling by CB1 receptors drives fibrogenesis and fat accumulation in liver. A report in this issue of Cell Metabolism (Jeong et al., 2008) now links hepatic stellate cells, a resident liver fibrogenic cell type, to the generation of steatosis through production of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) after ethanol feeding, leading to paracrine stimulation of hepatocyte CB1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Abstract
The hepatic stellate cell has surprised and engaged physiologists, pathologists, and hepatologists for over 130 years, yet clear evidence of its role in hepatic injury and fibrosis only emerged following the refinement of methods for its isolation and characterization. The paradigm in liver injury of activation of quiescent vitamin A-rich stellate cells into proliferative, contractile, and fibrogenic myofibroblasts has launched an era of astonishing progress in understanding the mechanistic basis of hepatic fibrosis progression and regression. But this simple paradigm has now yielded to a remarkably broad appreciation of the cell's functions not only in liver injury, but also in hepatic development, regeneration, xenobiotic responses, intermediary metabolism, and immunoregulation. Among the most exciting prospects is that stellate cells are essential for hepatic progenitor cell amplification and differentiation. Equally intriguing is the remarkable plasticity of stellate cells, not only in their variable intermediate filament phenotype, but also in their functions. Stellate cells can be viewed as the nexus in a complex sinusoidal milieu that requires tightly regulated autocrine and paracrine cross-talk, rapid responses to evolving extracellular matrix content, and exquisite responsiveness to the metabolic needs imposed by liver growth and repair. Moreover, roles vital to systemic homeostasis include their storage and mobilization of retinoids, their emerging capacity for antigen presentation and induction of tolerance, as well as their emerging relationship to bone marrow-derived cells. As interest in this cell type intensifies, more surprises and mysteries are sure to unfold that will ultimately benefit our understanding of liver physiology and the diagnosis and treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA.
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Abstract
AIM: To investigate if iron deposition and fat accumulation in the liver play a pathogenetic role in dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced liver fibrosis in rat.
METHODS: Thirty rats were treated with DMN at does consecutive days of 10 μL/kg daily, i.p., for 3 consecutive day each week for 4 wk. Rats (n = 30) were sacrificed on the first day (model group A) and 21st d (model group B) after cessation of DMN injection. The control group (n = 10) received an equivalent amount of saline. Liver tissues were stained with hematoxylin & eosin (HE) and Masson and Prussian blue assay and oberserved under electron microscopy. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and liver tissue hydroxyproline (Hyp) content were tested.
RESULTS: The liver fibrosis did not automatically reverse, which was similar to previous reports, the perilobular deposition of iron accompanied with collagen showed marked characteristics at both the first and 21st d after cessation of DMN injection. However, fat accumulation in hepatocytes occurred only at the 21st d after cessation of DMN injection.
CONCLUSION: Iron deposition and fat accumulation may play important roles in pathological changes in DMN-induced rat liver fibrosis. The detailed mechanisms of these characteristics need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yang He
- Tropical Medicine Institute of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, China.
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Paula TPD, Peres WAF, Ramalho RA, Coelho HSM. Vitamin A metabolic aspects and alcoholic liver disease. REV NUTR 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732006000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a strategic organ in the metabolism of macro and micronutrients; when its functioning is compromised, it may cause some change in the nutritional status of vitamin A. The purpose of this article is to review scientific evidence in literature on the liver metabolism of vitamin A, the role of ethanol and retinol interactions on hepatic morphology, besides the alterations in the metabolism of this vitamin in alcoholic liver disease. Data were collected from Medline database. The liver is the main organ responsible for the storage, metabolism and distribution of vitamin A to peripheral tissues. This organ uses retinol for its normal functioning such as cell proliferation and differentiation. This way, vitamin A deficiency seems to alter liver morphology. Patients with alcoholic liver disease have been found to have low hepatic levels of retinol in all stages of their disease. In alcoholic liver disease, vitamin A deficiency may result from decreased ingestion or absorption, reduction in retinoic acid synthesis or increased degradation. Long-term alcohol intake results in reduced levels of retinoic acid, which may promote the development of liver tumor. So, in chronic alcoholic subjects, vitamin A status needs to be closely monitored to avoid its deficiency and clinical effects, however its supplementation must be done with caution since the usual dose may be toxic for those who consume ethanol.
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Mathurin P, Gonzalez F, Kerdraon O, Leteurtre E, Arnalsteen L, Hollebecque A, Louvet A, Dharancy S, Cocq P, Jany T, Boitard J, Deltenre P, Romon M, Pattou F. The evolution of severe steatosis after bariatric surgery is related to insulin resistance. Gastroenterology 2006; 130:1617-24. [PMID: 16697725 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In severely obese patients, factors implicated in the evolution of severe steatosis after bariatric surgery remain unresolved. Our aim was to determine whether insulin resistance (IR) influences the histologic effects induced by bariatric surgery. METHODS We prospectively included 185 severely obese patients (body mass index >/=35 kg/m(2)) referred for bariatric surgery. The evolution of IR (IR index = 1/quantitative insulin sensitivity check index) and liver injury with consecutive biopsy was concomitantly assessed before and 1 year after surgery. RESULTS At preoperative biopsy, 27% of severely obese patients disclosed severe steatosis (>/=60%). The alanine aminotransferase (P = .01) and IR indexes (P = .04) were independent predictive factors of severe steatosis at baseline. One year after surgery, surgical treatment induced a decrease in body mass index (9.5 kg/m(2); P < .0001), steatosis score (8.5%; P < .0001), and IR index (0.29; P < .0001). The preoperative IR index (P = .01) and preoperative steatosis (P = .006) were independent predictive factors in the persistence of severe steatosis after surgery. Moderate or severe steatosis was more frequently observed in patients who had conserved a higher IR index after surgery than in patients who had improved their IR index (44% vs 20.2%; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS IR was independently associated with severe steatosis and predicted its persistence after surgery. The amelioration of IR after surgery is associated with a decrease in the amount of fat. Taken together, the results of this prospective study in severely obese patients demonstrate that severe steatosis and its evolution after surgery are intimately connected with IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Mathurin
- Service Maladie de l'Appareil digestif, Hôpital Huriez, CHRU Lille, Lille, France.
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Gullo L, Casadei R, Migliori M, Manca M, Bastagli L, Pezzilli R, Santini D. A search for acute necrotic pancreatitis in early stages of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40:435-9. [PMID: 16721227 DOI: 10.1097/00004836-200605000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Various investigators believe that alcoholic chronic pancreatitis is the result of recurrent episodes of acute necrotic pancreatitis. The aim of this work is to study pancreatic histology in early stages of the disease to search for evidence of these acute episodes. STUDY Of about 650 patients with alcoholic pancreatitis seen during the 30-year period from 1972 to 2002, 45 underwent surgery for this disease, all within 2 years of clinical onset. Of these 45, tissue samples adequate for study were obtained from 42, and this was the study material. Tissue samples were prepared for histologic examination by standard procedures. RESULTS Areas of pancreatic necrosis were seen in tissue samples of only three (7%) of the 42 patients, and in all three cases chronic lesions were also present. No evidence of localized scarring that could be attributed to prior episodes of focal necrotic pancreatitis was found. A typical feature was the patchy distribution of the lesions in largely normal pancreatic tissue. The main lesions observed were perilobular and intralobular fibrosis, dilation of acini and ducts, and protein plugs in dilated ducts surrounded by periductal fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that, in the early stages of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis, signs of acute necrotic pancreatitis are very infrequent and, when present, they are associated with chronic lesions. These findings suggest that alcoholic pancreatitis begins as a chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Gullo
- Institutes of Internal Medicine, General Surgery, and Pathology, University of Bologna, St. Orsola Hospital, Italy.
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