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Donders Z, Skorupska IJ, Willems E, Mussen F, Broeckhoven JV, Carlier A, Schepers M, Vanmierlo T. Beyond PDE4 inhibition: A comprehensive review on downstream cAMP signaling in the central nervous system. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117009. [PMID: 38908196 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a key second messenger that regulates signal transduction pathways pivotal for numerous biological functions. Intracellular cAMP levels are spatiotemporally regulated by their hydrolyzing enzymes called phosphodiesterases (PDEs). It has been shown that increased cAMP levels in the central nervous system (CNS) promote neuroplasticity, neurotransmission, neuronal survival, and myelination while suppressing neuroinflammation. Thus, elevating cAMP levels through PDE inhibition provides a therapeutic approach for multiple CNS disorders, including multiple sclerosis, stroke, spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer's disease. In particular, inhibition of the cAMP-specific PDE4 subfamily is widely studied because of its high expression in the CNS. So far, the clinical translation of full PDE4 inhibitors has been hampered because of dose-limiting side effects. Hence, focusing on signaling cascades downstream activated upon PDE4 inhibition presents a promising strategy, offering novel and pharmacologically safe targets for treating CNS disorders. Yet, the underlying downstream signaling pathways activated upon PDE(4) inhibition remain partially elusive. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge regarding downstream mediators of cAMP signaling induced by PDE4 inhibition or cAMP stimulators. Furthermore, we highlight existing gaps and future perspectives that may incentivize additional downstream research concerning PDE(4) inhibition, thereby providing novel therapeutic approaches for CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Donders
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229ER, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Iga Joanna Skorupska
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229ER, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium; Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht 6629ER, the Netherlands
| | - Emily Willems
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229ER, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Femke Mussen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229ER, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Jana Van Broeckhoven
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium; University MS Centre (UMSC) Hasselt - Pelt, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Carlier
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht 6629ER, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229ER, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium; University MS Centre (UMSC) Hasselt - Pelt, Belgium
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229ER, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium; University MS Centre (UMSC) Hasselt - Pelt, Belgium.
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Matrella ML, Valletti A, Gigante I, De Rasmo D, Signorile A, Russo S, Lobasso S, Lobraico D, Dibattista M, Pacelli C, Cocco T. High OXPHOS efficiency in RA-FUdr-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells: involvement of cAMP signalling and respiratory supercomplexes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7411. [PMID: 38548913 PMCID: PMC10978939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly dependent on mitochondria to meet their bioenergetic needs and understanding the metabolic changes during the differentiation process is crucial in the neurodegeneration context. Several in vitro approaches have been developed to study neuronal differentiation and bioenergetic changes. The human SH-SY5Y cell line is a widely used cellular model and several differentiation protocols have been developed to induce a neuron-like phenotype including retinoic acid (RA) treatment. In this work we obtained a homogeneous functional population of neuron-like cells by a two-step differentiation protocol in which SH-SY5Y cells were treated with RA plus the mitotic inhibitor 2-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (FUdr). RA-FUdr treatment induced a neuronal phenotype characterized by increased expression of neuronal markers and electrical properties specific to excitable cells. In addition, the RA-FUdr differentiated cells showed an enrichment of long chain and unsaturated fatty acids (FA) in the acyl chain composition of cardiolipin (CL) and the bioenergetic analysis evidences a high coupled and maximal respiration associated with high mitochondrial ATP levels. Our results suggest that the observed high oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity may be related to the activation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway and the assembly of respiratory supercomplexes (SCs), highlighting the change in mitochondrial phenotype during neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Matrella
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessio Valletti
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124, Bari, Italy
- MASMEC Biomed S.p.A, 70026, Modugno, Italy
| | - Isabella Gigante
- National Institute of Gastroenterology- IRCCS "Saverio De Bellis", Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico De Rasmo
- Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR-Institute of Biomembranes, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Signorile
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Russo
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Lobasso
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Donatella Lobraico
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Dibattista
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Consiglia Pacelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Cocco
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124, Bari, Italy.
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3
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Voogd EJHF, Doorn N, Levers MR, Hofmeijer J, Frega M. Degree of differentiation impacts neurobiological signature and resistance to hypoxia of SH-SY5Y cells. J Neural Eng 2024; 20:066038. [PMID: 38128130 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad17f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective.SH-SY5Y cells are valuable neuronalin vitromodels for studying patho-mechanisms and treatment targets in brain disorders due to their easy maintenance, rapid expansion, and low costs. However, the use of various degrees of differentiation hampers appreciation of results and may limit the translation of findings to neurons or the brain. Here, we studied the neurobiological signatures of SH-SY5Y cells in terms of morphology, expression of neuronal markers, and functionality at various degrees of differentiation, as well as their resistance to hypoxia. We compared these to neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), a well-characterized neuronalin vitromodel.Approach.We cultured SH-SY5Y cells and neurons derived from hiPSCs on glass coverslips or micro-electrode arrays. We studied expression of mature neuronal markers, electrophysiological activity, and sensitivity to hypoxia at various degrees of differentiation (one day up to three weeks) in SH-SY5Y cells. We used hiPSC derived neurons as a reference.Main results.Undifferentiated and shortly differentiated SH-SY5Y cells lacked neuronal characteristics. Expression of neuronal markers and formation of synaptic puncta increased during differentiation. Longer differentiation was associated with lower resistance to hypoxia. At three weeks of differentiation, MAP2 expression and vulnerability to hypoxia were similar to hiPSC-derived neurons, while the number of synaptic puncta and detected events were significantly lower. Our results show that at least three weeks of differentiation are necessary to obtain neurobiological signatures that are comparable to those of hiPSC-derived neurons, as well as similar sensitivities to metabolic stress. Significance.This indicates that extended differentiation protocols should be used to study neuronal characteristics and to model brain disorders with SH-SY5Y cells. We provided insights that may offer the basis for the utilization of SH-SY5Y cells as a more relevant neuronal model in the study of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J H F Voogd
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - N Doorn
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - M R Levers
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - J Hofmeijer
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - M Frega
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
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Ren L, Zhang H, Tao W, Chen Y, Zou Z, Guo X, Shen Q, Feng Q, Hu J. The Rapid and Long-Lasting Antidepressant Effects of Iridoid Fraction in Gardenia Jasminoides J.Ellis Are Dependent on Activating PKA-CREB Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:896628. [PMID: 35754496 PMCID: PMC9213885 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.896628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lag periods of therapeutic efficacy cause poor compliance of patients, which has made solutions for rapid antidepressants the most urgent need in the depression study field at present. We have identified through our previous studies the rapid antidepressant effects of the traditional herb Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis [Rubiaceae] (GJ) and its standardized fractions. Through screening different fractions of GJ, we decided to place our focus on the iridoid fraction of GJ (GJ-IF). Methods: 1. Tail suspension test (TST), forced swimming test (FST), and novelty suppressed-feeding test (NSFT) were performed in sequence on mice after GJ-IF administration. 2. Mice in the model group were under chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 3 w. After GJ-IF treatment, mice were placed in an open field test (OFT), Sucrose preference test (SPT), NSFT, TST, and FST. 3. Western Blot was performed to examine the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Synapsin 1, cyclic-AMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA), phosphorylated cyclic-AMP responsive element-binding protein (p-CREB), and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). 4. Mice in the test group were administrated with GJ-IF after intraperitoneal injection of PKA blocker H89. Results: 1. GJ-IF treatment significantly reduced the immobility time of TST at 1 d and FST at 26 h. 2. GJ-IF reversed the deficits induced by 3 w CUMS in SPT, TST, FST, and NSFT at 1 d and 26 h. The antidepressant effects of a single dose of iridoid fraction could also last for at least 14 d. 3. The results of molecule studies suggested that a single dose of GJ-IF activated p-CREB at 2 h and the PKA-CREB pathway at 1 d. The expression of BDNF did not significantly change from 30 min to 1 d after GJ-IF administration. 4. Blockade of PKA-CREB signaling pathway reversed the antidepressant effects of GJ-IF at 1 d, but not 30 min and 2 h. Conclusion: GJ-IF is the crucial component in the rapid antidepressant of GJ. Rapid and sustained antidepressant effects of GJ-IF were dependent on activating the PKA-CREB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hailou Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders and School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- Basic Teaching and Research Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Chen
- Basic Teaching and Research Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhilu Zou
- Basic Teaching and Research Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - XiaoYan Guo
- Basic Teaching and Research Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinqin Shen
- Basic Teaching and Research Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Quansheng Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingqing Hu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ravinder D, Rampogu S, Dharmapuri G, Pasha A, Lee KW, Pawar SC. Inhibition of DDX3 and COX-2 by forskolin and evaluation of anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic effects on cervical cancer cells: molecular modelling and in vitro approaches. Med Oncol 2022; 39:61. [PMID: 35478276 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported up-regulation of both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and DEAD-box RNA helicase3 (DDX3) and have validated their oncogenic role in many cancers. Inhibition of COX-2 and DDX3 offers a potential pharmacological strategy for prevention of cancer progression. The COX-2 isoform is expressed in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli in premalignant lesions, including cervical tissues. This study elucidates the potential role of plant derived compound Forskolin (FSK) in plummeting the expression of COX-2 and DDX3 in cervical cancer. To establish this, the cervical cancer cells were treated with the FSK compound which induced a dose dependent significant inhibition of COX-2 and DDX3 expression. The FSK treatment also significantly induced apoptosis in cancer cells by modulating the expression of apoptotic markers like caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, cleaved caspase-9, full length-poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), cleaved-poly ADP ribose polymerase (C-PARP) and Bcl2 in dose dependent manner. Further FSK significantly modulated the cell survival pathway Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt signalling pathway upon 24 h of incubation in cervical cancer cells. The molecular docking studies revealed that the FSK engaged the active sites of both the targets by interacting with key residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doneti Ravinder
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Shailima Rampogu
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Gangappa Dharmapuri
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Akbar Pasha
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Smita C Pawar
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India.
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Morris G, Walder K, Berk M, Carvalho AF, Marx W, Bortolasci CC, Yung AR, Puri BK, Maes M. Intertwined associations between oxidative and nitrosative stress and endocannabinoid system pathways: Relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 114:110481. [PMID: 34826557 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) appears to regulate metabolic, cardiovascular, immune, gastrointestinal, lung, and reproductive system functions, as well as the central nervous system. There is also evidence that neuropsychiatric disorders are associated with ECS abnormalities as well as oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways. The goal of this mechanistic review is to investigate the mechanisms underlying the ECS's regulation of redox signalling, as well as the mechanisms by which activated oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways may impair ECS-mediated signalling. Cannabinoid receptor (CB)1 activation and upregulation of brain CB2 receptors reduce oxidative stress in the brain, resulting in less tissue damage and less neuroinflammation. Chronically high levels of oxidative stress may impair CB1 and CB2 receptor activity. CB1 activation in peripheral cells increases nitrosative stress and inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) activity, reducing mitochondrial activity. Upregulation of CB2 in the peripheral and central nervous systems may reduce iNOS, nitrosative stress, and neuroinflammation. Nitrosative stress may have an impact on CB1 and CB2-mediated signalling. Peripheral immune activation, which frequently occurs in response to nitro-oxidative stress, may result in increased expression of CB2 receptors on T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages, reducing the production of inflammatory products and limiting the duration and intensity of the immune and oxidative stress response. In conclusion, high levels of oxidative and nitrosative stress may compromise or even abolish ECS-mediated redox pathway regulation. Future research in neuropsychiatric disorders like mood disorders and deficit schizophrenia should explore abnormalities in these intertwined signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Wolf Marx
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Alison R Yung
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; School of Health Science, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Basant K Puri
- University of Winchester, UK, and C.A.R., Cambridge, UK.
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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7
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Novel Synthetic Coumarin-Chalcone Derivative (E)-3-(3-(4-(Dimethylamino)Phenyl)Acryloyl)-4-Hydroxy-2 H-Chromen-2-One Activates CREB-Mediated Neuroprotection in A β and Tau Cell Models of Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3058861. [PMID: 34812274 PMCID: PMC8605905 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3058861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal accumulations of misfolded Aβ and tau proteins are major components of the hallmark plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. These abnormal protein deposits cause neurodegeneration through a number of proposed mechanisms, including downregulation of the cAMP-response-element (CRE) binding protein 1 (CREB) signaling pathway. Using CRE-GFP reporter cells, we investigated the effects of three coumarin-chalcone derivatives synthesized in our lab on CREB-mediated gene expression. Aβ-GFP- and ΔK280 tauRD-DsRed-expressing SH-SY5Y cells were used to evaluate these agents for possible antiaggregative, antioxidative, and neuroprotective effects. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration was assessed by pharmacokinetic studies in mice. Of the three tested compounds, (E)-3-(3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)acryloyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one (LM-021) was observed to increase CREB-mediated gene expression through protein kinase A (PKA), Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in CRE-GFP reporter cells. LM-021 exhibited antiaggregative, antioxidative, and neuroprotective effects mediated by the upregulation of CREB phosphorylation and its downstream brain-derived neurotrophic factor and BCL2 apoptosis regulator genes in Aβ-GFP- and ΔK280 tauRD-DsRed-expressing SH-SY5Y cells. Blockage of the PKA, CaMKII, or ERK pathway counteracted the beneficial effects of LM-021. LM-021 also exhibited good BBB penetration ability, with brain to plasma ratio of 5.3%, in in vivo pharmacokinetic assessment. Our results indicate that LM-021 works as a CREB enhancer to reduce Aβ and tau aggregation and provide neuroprotection. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of LM-021 in treating AD.
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Xie X, Li M, Feng B, Li J, Sun Z, Zhao Y, Lu C. The Cellular Mechanisms of Dopamine Modulation on the Neuronal Network Oscillations in the CA3 Area of Rat Hippocampal Slices. Neuroscience 2021; 475:83-92. [PMID: 34534635 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Network oscillations at γ frequency band (30-80 Hz), generated by the interaction between inhibitory interneurons and excitatory neurons, have been proposed to be associated with higher brain functions such as learning and memory. Dopamine (DA), one of the major CNS transmitters, modulates hippocampal γ oscillations but the intracellular mechanisms involved remain elusive. In this study, we recorded kainate-induced γ oscillations in the CA3 area of rat hippocampal slices, and found that DA strongly enhanced γ power, which was largely blocked by dopamine receptor 1 (DR1) antagonist SCH23390, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor UNC569 and ERK inhibitor U0126, partially blocked by D2/3R antagonist raclopride, PKA inhibitor H89 and PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, but not affected by AKT inhibitor TCBN or NMDAR antagonist D-AP5. Our results indicate that DA-mediated γ enhancement is involved in the activation of signaling pathway of DR1/2-RTK-ERK. Our data demonstrate a strong, rapid modulation of DA on hippocampal γ oscillations and provide a new insight into cellular mechanisms of DA-mediated γ oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin'e Xie
- Henan International-Joint Laboratory for Non-invasive Neural Modulation/The Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; The Second Hospital of Jinhua, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, China
| | - Mingcan Li
- Henan International-Joint Laboratory for Non-invasive Neural Modulation/The Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Psychopharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Bingyan Feng
- Henan International-Joint Laboratory for Non-invasive Neural Modulation/The Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Junmei Li
- Henan International-Joint Laboratory for Non-invasive Neural Modulation/The Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Zhongyu Sun
- Henan International-Joint Laboratory for Non-invasive Neural Modulation/The Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Psychopharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Chengbiao Lu
- Henan International-Joint Laboratory for Non-invasive Neural Modulation/The Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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9
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An J, Chen B, Tian D, Guo Y, Yan Y, Yang H. Regulation of Neurogenesis and Neuronal Differentiation by Natural Compounds. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 17:756-771. [PMID: 34493197 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x16666210907141447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal damage or degeneration is the main feature of neurological diseases. Regulation of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation is important in developing therapies to promote neuronal regeneration or synaptic network reconstruction. Neurogenesis is a multistage process in which neurons are generated and integrated into existing neuronal circuits. Neuronal differentiation is extremely complex because it can occur in different cell types and can be caused by a variety of inducers. Recently, natural compounds that induce neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation have attracted extensive attention. In this paper, the potential neural induction effects of medicinal plant-derived natural compounds on neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs), the cultured neuronal cells, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are reviewed. The natural compounds that are efficacious in inducing neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation include phenolic acids, polyphenols, flavonoids, glucosides, alkaloids, terpenoids, quinones, coumarins, and others. They exert neural induction effects by regulating signal factors and cell-specific genes involved in the process of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation, including specific proteins (β-tubulin III, MAP-2, tau, nestin, neurofilaments, GFAP, GAP-43, NSE), related genes and proteins (STAT3, Hes1, Mash1, NeuroD1, notch, cyclin D1, SIRT1, reggie-1), transcription factors (CREB, Nkx-2.5, Ngn1), neurotrophins (BDNF, NGF, NT-3) and signaling pathways (JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, GSK-3β/β-catenin, Ca2+/CaMKII/ATF1, Nrf2/HO-1, BMP). The natural compounds with neural induction effects are of great value for neuronal regenerative medicine and provide promising prevention and treatment strategies for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing An
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an. China
| | - Ding Tian
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an. China
| | - Yunshan Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an. China
| | - Yuzhu Yan
- Clinical Lab, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an. China
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an. China
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10
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Sampieri L, Funes Chabán M, Di Giusto P, Rozés-Salvador V, Alvarez C. CREB3L2 Modulates Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Cell Differentiation. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:650338. [PMID: 34421533 PMCID: PMC8370844 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.650338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulates numerous cellular physiological processes, including growth, differentiation, and survival, and maintains the phenotype of several neuronal types. Most of these NGF-induced processes require adaptation of the secretory pathway since they involve extensive remodeling of membranes and protein redistribution along newly formed neuritic processes. CREB3 transcription factors have emerged as signaling hubs for the regulation of numerous genes involved in the secretory pathway and Golgi homeostasis, integrating stimuli from multiple sources to control secretion, posttranslational modifications and trafficking of proteins. Although recent studies have focused on their role in the central nervous system, little is known about their participation in cell differentiation. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the expression and signaling mechanism of CREB3 transcription factor family members, using the NGF-induced PC12 cell differentiation model. Results show that NGF treatment causes Golgi enlargement and a parallel increased expression of proteins and mRNAs encoding for proteins required for membrane transport (transport factors). Additionally, a significant increase in CREB3L2 protein and mRNA levels is detected in response to NGF. Both MAPK and cAMP signaling pathways are required for this response. Interestingly, CREB3L2 overexpression hampers the NGF-induced neurite outgrowth while its inhibition enhances the morphological changes driven by NGF. In agreement, CREB3L2 overexpressing cells display higher immunofluorescence intensity of Rab5 GTPase (a negative regulator of PC12 differentiation) than control cells. Also, Rab5 immunofluorescence levels decrease in CREB3L2-depleted cells. Taken together, our findings imply that CREB3L2 is an important downstream effector of NGF-activated pathways, leading to neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Sampieri
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Macarena Funes Chabán
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Di Giusto
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victoria Rozés-Salvador
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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11
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Morris G, Walder K, Kloiber S, Amminger P, Berk M, Bortolasci CC, Maes M, Puri BK, Carvalho AF. The endocannabinoidome in neuropsychiatry: Opportunities and potential risks. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105729. [PMID: 34119623 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) comprises two cognate endocannabinoid receptors referred to as CB1R and CB2R. ECS dysregulation is apparent in neurodegenerative/neuro-psychiatric disorders including but not limited to schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and potentially bipolar disorder. The aim of this paper is to review mechanisms whereby both receptors may interact with neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative pathways, which play a pathophysiological role in these disorders. CB1R is located in the presynaptic terminals of GABAergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons where it regulates the retrograde suppression of neurotransmission. CB1R plays a key role in long-term depression, and, to a lesser extent, long-term potentiation, thereby modulating synaptic transmission and mediating learning and memory. Optimal CB1R activity plays an essential neuroprotective role by providing a defense against the development of glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, which is achieved, at least in part, by impeding AMPA-mediated increase in intracellular calcium overload and oxidative stress. Moreover, CB1R activity enables optimal neuron-glial communication and the function of the neurovascular unit. CB2R receptors are detected in peripheral immune cells and also in central nervous system regions including the striatum, basal ganglia, frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala as well as the ventral tegmental area. CB2R upregulation inhibits the presynaptic release of glutamate in several brain regions. CB2R activation also decreases neuroinflammation partly by mediating the transition from a predominantly neurotoxic "M1" microglial phenotype to a more neuroprotective "M2" phenotype. CB1R and CB2R are thus novel drug targets for the treatment of neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative disorders including schizophrenia and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Amminger
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Andre F Carvalho
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
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12
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Ferreira GC, Karimi AJ, Waddell J, McKenna MC. Metabolism of [1,6- 13 C]glucose in the cerebellum of 18-day-old rats: Comparison with cerebral metabolism. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1946-1962. [PMID: 33619759 PMCID: PMC9733799 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is little information on metabolism in developing cerebellum despite the known importance of this region in cognition and motor tasks. Ex vivo 1 H- and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy were used to determine metabolism during late postnatal development in cerebellum and cerebrum from 18-day-old rat pups after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of [1,6-13 C]glucose. The concentration of several metabolites in cerebellum was distinctly different than cerebrum; alanine, glutamine, creatine and myo-inositol were higher in cerebellum than cerebrum, the concentrations of lactate, GABA, aspartate and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) were lower in cerebellum than in cerebrum, and levels of glutamate, succinate, choline and taurine were similar in both brain regions. The incorporation of label from the metabolism of [1,6-13 C]glucose into most isotopomers of glutamate (GLU), glutamine (GLN), GABA and aspartate was lower in cerebellum than in cerebrum. Incorporation of label into the C2 position of lactate via the pyruvate recycling pathway was found in both brain regions. The ratio of newly synthesized GLN/GLU was significantly higher in cerebellum than in cerebrum indicating relatively active metabolism via glutamine synthetase in cerebellar astrocytes at postnatal day 18. This is the first study to determine metabolism in the cerebellum and cerebrum of male and female rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo C. Ferreira
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21201,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arman J. Karimi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21201
| | - Jaylyn Waddell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21201
| | - Mary C. McKenna
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21201,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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13
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Bell M, Zempel H. SH-SY5Y-derived neurons: a human neuronal model system for investigating TAU sorting and neuronal subtype-specific TAU vulnerability. Rev Neurosci 2021; 33:1-15. [PMID: 33866701 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein (MAP) TAU is mainly sorted into the axon of healthy brain neurons. Somatodendritic missorting of TAU is a pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cause, consequence and (patho)physiological mechanisms of TAU sorting and missorting are understudied, in part also because of the lack of readily available human neuronal model systems. The human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y is widely used for studying TAU physiology and TAU-related pathology in AD and related tauopathies. SH-SY5Y cells can be differentiated into neuron-like cells (SH-SY5Y-derived neurons) using various substances. This review evaluates whether SH-SY5Y-derived neurons are a suitable model for (i) investigating intracellular TAU sorting in general, and (ii) with respect to neuron subtype-specific TAU vulnerability. (I) SH-SY5Y-derived neurons show pronounced axodendritic polarity, high levels of axonally localized TAU protein, expression of all six human brain isoforms and TAU phosphorylation similar to the human brain. As SH-SY5Y cells are highly proliferative and readily accessible for genetic engineering, stable transgene integration and leading-edge genome editing are feasible. (II) SH-SY5Y-derived neurons display features of subcortical neurons early affected in many tauopathies. This allows analyzing brain region-specific differences in TAU physiology, also in the context of differential vulnerability to TAU pathology. However, several limitations should be considered when using SH-SY5Y-derived neurons, e.g., the lack of clearly defined neuronal subtypes, or the difficulty of mimicking age-related tauopathy risk factors in vitro. In brief, this review discusses the suitability of SH-SY5Y-derived neurons for investigating TAU (mis)sorting mechanisms and neuron-specific TAU vulnerability in disease paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bell
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Zempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931Cologne, Germany
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14
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Klochkov S, Neganova M. Unique indolizidine alkaloid securinine is a promising scaffold for the development of neuroprotective and antitumor drugs. RSC Adv 2021; 11:19185-19195. [PMID: 35478659 PMCID: PMC9033663 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02558a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids, secondary plant metabolites, are used in traditional medicine in many countries to treat various pathological conditions. Securinine, a unique indolizidine alkaloid combining four cycles, “6-azobicyclo[3.2.1]octane” as a key structure fused with α,β-unsaturated-γ-lactone and piperidine ring, has a broad spectrum of actions including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, neuroprotective and antitumor, and has been previously used in medical practice. It has several reactive centers, which are double bonds at positions 12–13 and 14–15, and this is a challenging scaffold for the synthesis of biologically active compounds. In this review, works on the production of modified securinine derivatives and their biological activity are addressed. Both monovalent and bivalent derivatives that are most promising in our opinion, and have potential for further research, are considered. Derivatives of unique indolizidine alkaloid securinine used for neuroprotection and as antitumor agents.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Klochkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences
- Chernogolovka
- Russia
| | - Margarita Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences
- Chernogolovka
- Russia
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15
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Abstract
The use of primary mammalian neurons derived from embryonic central nervous system tissue is limited by the fact that once terminally differentiated into mature neurons, the cells can no longer be propagated. Transformed neuronal-like cell lines can be used in vitro to overcome this limitation. However, several caveats exist when utilizing cells derived from malignant tumors. In this context, the popular SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line and its use in in vitro systems is described. Originally derived from a metastatic bone tumor biopsy, SH-SY5Y (ATCC® CRL-2266™) cells are a subline of the parental line SK-N-SH (ATCC® HTB-11™). SK-N-SH were subcloned three times; first to SH-SY, then to SH-SY5, and finally to SH-SY5Y. SH-SY5Y were deposited to the ATCC® in 1970 by June L. Biedler. Three important characteristics of SH-SY5Y cells should be considered when using these cells in in vitro studies. First, cultures include both adherent and floating cells, both types of which are viable. Few studies address the biological significance of the adherent versus floating phenotypes, but most reported studies utilize adherent populations and discard the floating cells during media changes. Second, early studies by Biedler's group indicated that the parental differentiated SK-N-SH cells contained two morphologically distinct phenotypes: neuroblast-like cells and epithelial-like cells (Ross et al., J Natl Cancer Inst 71(4):741-747, 1983). These two phenotypes may correspond to the "N" and "S" types described in later studies in SH-SY5Y by Encinas et al. (J Neurochem 75(3):991-1003, 2000). Cells with neuroblast-like morphology are positive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase characteristic of catecholaminergic neurons, whereas the epithelial-like counterpart cells lacked these enzymatic activities (Ross et al., J Natl Cancer Inst 71(4):741-747, 1983). Third, SH-SY5Y cells can be differentiated to a more mature neuron-like phenotype that is characterized by neuronal markers. There are several methods to differentiate SH-SY5Y cells and are mentioned below. Retinoic acid is the most commonly used means for differentiation and will be addressed in detail.
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16
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Guo Q, Mizuno K, Okuyama K, Lin N, Zhang Y, Hayashi H, Takagi N, Sato T. Antineuropathic pain actions of Wu-tou decoction resulted from the increase of neurotrophic factor and decrease of CCR5 expression in primary rat glial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 123:109812. [PMID: 31945696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wu-tou decoction (WTD), a classic Traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been extensively used in the treatment of neuropathic pain (NP) such as chronic inflammatory pain, trigeminal neuralgia, and cancer-induced pain. Our previous studies have shown that the severity of mechanical allodynia and thermo hypersensitivity in NP rats are reduced by WTD, of which analgesic candidates are paeoniflorin (Pae) and liquiritin (Liq). The aim of this study was to clarify the molecular mechanisms of WTD, Pae and Liq against NP based on the primary rat glial cells in vitro. The gene expression levels of neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and Artemin and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) were augmented by inflammatory cytokines, while chemokines increased only CCR5 gene expression. The constitutive and cytokine-augmented neurotrophic factor gene expression was enhanced by WTD, Pae, and Liq through PI3K- and PKA-dependent pathways in rat glial cells, leading to the increase of NGF and BDNF production. Furthermore, the CCR5 gene expression under basal and chemokine-treated conditions was suppressed by these reagents, in which signal pathway(s) was independent on the activation of PI3K and PKA. Moreover, there was no cytotoxicity in the WTD, Pae, and Liq treatments in glial cells. Thus, these results provide a novel evidence that WTD may exert the anti-NP actions by predominantly increasing the production of neurotrophic factors through PI3K- and PKA-signaling pathways in rat glial cells. Furthermore, Pae and Liq may play as analgesic candidates in WTD-mediated NP management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Koji Mizuno
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Katsuki Okuyama
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yanqiong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Norio Takagi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
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17
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George S, Hamblin MR, Abrahamse H. Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Neuroglia: in the Context of Cell Signalling. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2019; 15:814-826. [PMID: 31515658 PMCID: PMC6925073 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The promise of engineering specific cell types from stem cells and rebuilding damaged or diseased tissues has fascinated stem cell researchers and clinicians over last few decades. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have the potential to differentiate into non-mesodermal cells, particularly neural-lineage, consisting of neurons and glia. These multipotent adult stem cells can be used for implementing clinical trials in neural repair. Ongoing research identifies several molecular mechanisms involved in the speciation of neuroglia, which are tightly regulated and interconnected by various components of cell signalling machinery. Growing MSCs with multiple inducers in culture media will initiate changes on intricately interlinked cell signalling pathways and processes. Net result of these signal flow on cellular architecture is also dependent on the type of ligands and stem cells investigated in vitro. However, our understanding about this dynamic signalling machinery is limited and confounding, especially with spheroid structures, neurospheres and organoids. Therefore, the results for differentiating neurons and glia in vitro have been inconclusive, so far. Added to this complication, we have no convincing evidence about the electrical conductivity and functionality status generated in differentiating neurons and glia. This review has taken a step forward to tailor the information on differentiating neuroglia with the common methodologies, in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajan George
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
- Wellman Centre for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
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18
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Xu ML, Zheng ZY, Xia YJ, Liu EYL, Chan SKH, Hu WH, Duan R, Dong TTX, Zhan CS, Shang XH, Tsim KWK. Shexiang Baoxin Pill, a Formulated Chinese Herbal Mixture, Induces Neuronal Differentiation of PC12 Cells: A Signaling Triggered by Activation of Protein Kinase A. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1130. [PMID: 31649530 PMCID: PMC6794430 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Shexiang Baoxin Pill (SBP) is a well-known composite formula of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which is commonly used today in treating cardiovascular diseases. SBP consists of seven materials thereof, including Moschus, extract of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Bovis Calculus Artifactus, Cinnamomi Cortex, Styrax, Bufonis Venenum, and Borneolum Syntheticum. Here, we are investigating the potential roles of SBP in inducing neuron differentiation, i.e., seeking possible application in neurodegenerative diseases. Methods: Water and ethanol extracts of SBP, denoted as SBPwater and SBPEtOH, respectively, as well as its individual herbal materials, were standardized and applied onto cultured rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. The potential effect of SBP extracts in neuronal differentiation was suggested by following parameters: (i) induction of neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells, (ii) increase of neurofilament expression, and (iii) activation of transcription of neurofilament. Results: The treatments of SBPwater and SBPEtOH, or extracts from individual herbal materials, with or without low concentration of nerve growth factor (NGF), could potentiate the differentiation of cultured PC12 cells. The differentiation was indicated by increase of neurite outgrowth, as well as expression of neurofilaments. In addition, application of H89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, suppressed the SBP-induced neurofilament expressions, as well as the phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) in cultures. Conclusion: SBP is proposed to possess trophic activity in modulating neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells, and this induction is shown to be mediated partly by a cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. These results indicate the neurite-promoting SBP could be useful in developing potential drug in treating or preventing neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Li Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong-Yu Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ying-Jie Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Etta Yun-Le Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Stanley Ka-Ho Chan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wei-Hui Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ran Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tina Ting-Xia Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chang-Sen Zhan
- Shanghai Hutchison Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Innovation of Solid Preparation of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Shang
- Shanghai Hutchison Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Innovation of Solid Preparation of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Karl Wah-Keung Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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19
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Liu EYL, Xu ML, Xia Y, Kong X, Wu Q, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK. Activation of G protein-coupled receptor 30 by flavonoids leads to expression of acetylcholinesterase in cultured PC12 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 306:147-151. [PMID: 31034797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids, considered as phytoestrogen mainly deriving from fruit and vegetable, are known to have beneficial effects in brain functions. The role of flavonoids in induction of a cholinergic enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), was being explored here. In cultured PC12 cells, twenty-four commonly found flavonoids were tested for its induction on AChE activity. Fourteen flavonoids showed induction, and five of them had robust effect, i.e. daidzin, alpinetin, irisflorentin, cardamonin and lysionotin. The induction of AChE was fully blocked by pre-treatment of G15 (a selective G protein-coupled receptor 30 [GPR 30] antagonist), suggesting a direct involvement of a membrane-bound estrogen receptor, named as GPR 30, in the cultures. In addition, daidzin was further identified to induce expression of tetrameric globular form of proline-rich membrane anchor (PRiMA)-linked AChE. In parallel, application of daidzin in cultured PC12 cells significantly induced expression of neurofilaments, markers for neuronal differentiation. Taken together, flavonoids could induce the expression of AChE via GPR 30 in cultured PC12 cells, which could be a good candidate for possible treatment of the brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etta Y L Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Miranda L Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingjie Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangpeng Kong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiyun Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina T X Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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20
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Park HJ, Zhao TT, Park KH, Lee MK. Repeated treatments with the D 1 dopamine receptor agonist SKF-38393 modulate cell viability via sustained ERK-Bad-Bax activation in dopaminergic neuronal cells. Behav Brain Res 2019; 367:166-175. [PMID: 30930179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The D1 dopamine receptor agonist, SKF-38393, induces cytotoxicity in striatal dopaminergic neurons via an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We hypothesized that repeated activation of dopaminergic receptors by agonists could lead to neuronal cell death. This study investigated the effects of SKF-38393 on dopaminergic neuronal cell death in a 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) and PC12 cells. In the PD model, SKF-38393 administration (3 and 10 mg/kg per day, s.c.) for 8 weeks significantly increased the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive neuronal cells in nigrostriatal regions. SKF-38393 administration for 8 weeks induced phosphorylation of sustained ERK1/2 and Bad (Bcl-2-associated death promoter) at Ser155 (BadSer155), and augmented Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein) expression. However, SKF-38393 only increased Bad phosphorylation at Ser112 (BadSer112) when administered for 4 weeks. In PC12 cells, toxic levels of SKF-38393 (20 and 50 μM) rapidly induced formation of neurite-like processes, but not in the presence of an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor (MDL-12330 A). SKF-38393 (20 and 50 μM) induced sustained ERK1/2 and BadSer155 phosphorylation as well as caspase-3 activation. At a non-toxic level (5 μM), SKF-38393 produced only transient ERK1/2 and BadSer112 phosphorylation. Repeated treatments with SKF-38393 (5 μM) for 1-3 days activated BadSer112. Repeated treatments for 4-7 days induced sustained ERK1/2 and BadSer155 phosphorylation as well as Bax and caspase-3 activation. These results suggest that SKF-38393 induces neurotoxicity by activation of the sustained ERK-Bad-Bax system. These findings contribute to an understanding of the adverse effects of D1 dopamine receptor agonists in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Park
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-21, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ting Ting Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-21, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Hong Park
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-21, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Koo Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-21, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Xie K, Ngo S, Rong J, Sheppard A. Modulation of mitochondrial respiration underpins neuronal differentiation enhanced by lutein. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:87-99. [PMID: 30531082 PMCID: PMC6262990 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.243713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein is a dietary carotenoid of particular nutritional interest as it is preferentially taken up by neural tissues. Often linked with beneficial effects on vision, a broader role for lutein in neuronal differentiation has emerged recently, although the underlying mechanisms for these effects are not yet clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lutein on neuronal differentiation and explore the associated underpinning mechanisms. We found that lutein treatment enhanced the differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells, specifically increasing neuronal arborization and expression of the neuronal process filament protein microtubule-associated protein 2. This effect was mediated by the intracellular phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. While PI3K activity is a known trigger of neuronal differentiation, more recently it has also been shown to modulate the metabolic state of cells. Our analysis of bioenergetics found that lutein treatment increased glucose consumption, rates of glycolysis and enhanced respiratory activity of mitochondrial complexes. Concomitantly, the generation of reactive oxygen species was increased (consistent with previous reports that reactive oxygen species promote neuronal differentiation), as well as the production of the key metabolic intermediate acetyl-CoA, an essential determinant of epigenetic status in the cell. We suggest that lutein-stimulated neuronal differentiation is mediated by PI3K-dependent modulation of mitochondrial respiration and signaling, and that the consequential metabolic shifts initiate epigenetically dependent transcriptomic reprogramming in support of this morphogenesis. These observations support the potential importance of micronutrients supplementation to neurogenesis, both during normal development and in regenerative repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xie
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sherry Ngo
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jing Rong
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Allan Sheppard
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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22
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Abstract
The transport of specific molecules across lipid membranes is an essential function of all living organisms. The processes are usually mediated by specific transporters. One of the largest transporter families is the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family. More than 40 ABC transporters have been identified in human, which are divided into 7 subfamilies (ABCA to ABCG) based on their gene structure, amino acid sequence, domain organization, and phylogenetic analysis. Of them, at least 11 ABC transporters including P-glycoprotein (P-GP/ABCB1), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs/ABCCs), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) are involved in multidrug resistance (MDR) development. These ABC transporters are expressed in various tissues such as the liver, intestine, kidney, and brain, playing important roles in absorption, distribution, and excretion of drugs. Some ABC transporters are also involved in diverse cellular processes such as maintenance of osmotic homeostasis, antigen processing, cell division, immunity, cholesterol, and lipid trafficking. Several human diseases such as cystic fibrosis, sitosterolemia, Tangier disease, intrahepatic cholestasis, and retinal degeneration are associated with mutations in corresponding transporters. This chapter will describe function and expression of several ABC transporters (such as P-GP, BCRP, and MRPs), their substrates and inhibitors, as well as their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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23
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Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, Rasà DM, Saccone S, Federico C, Cavallaro S, D'Agata V. PACAP and VIP regulate hypoxia-inducible factors in neuroblastoma cells exposed to hypoxia. Neuropeptides 2018; 69:84-91. [PMID: 29699729 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two related peptides acting as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators in central and peripheral nervous system. They are also involved in cancer showing a controversial role. Particulary, they are implicated in neuroblastoma differentiation (NB). This pediatric tumor can evolve to a malignant metastatic disease or spontaneously regress towards a benign form, known as ganglioneuroblastoma/ganglioneuroma. A negative hallmark of neoplasia progression is represented by hypoxic microenvironment. Low oxygen tension induces activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) promoting cells proliferation and metastasis formation. Moreover, HIFs trigger vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release favouring high-risk NB phenotype development. In the present work, we have investigated for the first time, if PACAP and VIP interfere with NB differentiation through modulation of hypoxic/angiogenic process. To this end, we analyzed their effect in malignant undifferentiated and all-trans retinoic acid (RA) differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, representing the benign form of this tumor. Our results have suggested tha both peptides, but predominantly VIP, induce NB differentiation into benign form by regulating HIFs, VEGF and VEGFRs expression and distribution. All these data give new insight regarding PACAP/VIP regulatory role in NB progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Maria Rasà
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | | | - Velia D'Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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24
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Liu EYL, Xu ML, Jin Y, Wu Q, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK. Genistein, a Phytoestrogen in Soybean, Induces the Expression of Acetylcholinesterase via G Protein-Coupled Receptor 30 in PC12 Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29535608 PMCID: PMC5835133 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genistein, 4′,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone, is a major isoflavone in soybean, which is known as phytestrogen having known benefit to brain functions. Being a common phytestrogen, the possible role of genistein in the brain protection needs to be further explored. In cultured PC12 cells, application of genistein significantly induced the expression of neurofilaments (NFs), markers for neuronal differentiation. In parallel, the expression of tetrameric form of proline-rich membrane anchor (PRiMA)-linked acetyl-cholinesterase (G4 AChE), a key enzyme to hydrolyze acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses, was induced in a dose-dependent manner: this induction included the associated protein PRiMA. The genistein-induced AChE expression was fully blocked by the pre-treatment of H89 (an inhibitor of protein kinase A, PKA) and G15 (a selective G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) antagonist), which suggested a direct involvement of a membrane-bound estrogen receptor (ER), named as GPR30 in the cultures. In parallel, the estrogen-induced activation of GPR30 induced AChE expression in a dose-dependent manner. The genistein/estrogen-induced AChE expression was triggered by a cyclic AMP responding element (CRE) located on the ACHE gene promoter. The binding of this CRE site by cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) induced ACHE gene transcription. In parallel, increased expression levels of miR132 and miR212 were found when cultured PC12 cells were treated with genistein or G1. Thus, a balance between production and destruction of AChE by the activation of GPR30 was reported here. We have shown for the first time that the activation of GPR30 could be one way for estrogen or flavonoids, possessing estrogenic properties, to enhance cholinergic functions in the brain, which could be a good candidate for possible treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etta Y L Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Miranda L Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Jin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Qiyun Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tina T X Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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25
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Petrov I, Suntsova M, Ilnitskaya E, Roumiantsev S, Sorokin M, Garazha A, Spirin P, Lebedev T, Gaifullin N, Larin S, Kovalchuk O, Konovalov D, Prassolov V, Roumiantsev A, Buzdin A. Gene expression and molecular pathway activation signatures of MYCN-amplified neuroblastomas. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83768-83780. [PMID: 29137381 PMCID: PMC5663553 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a pediatric cancer arising from sympathetic nervous system. Remarkable heterogeneity in outcomes is one of its widely known features. One of the traits strongly associated with the unfavorable subtype is the amplification of oncogene MYCN. Here, we performed cross-platform biomarker detection by comparing gene expression and pathway activation patterns from the two literature reports and from our experimental dataset, combining profiles for the 761 neuroblastoma patients with known MYCN amplification status. We identified 109 / 25 gene expression / pathway activation biomarkers strongly linked with the MYCN amplification. The marker genes/pathways are involved in the processes of purine nucleotide biosynthesis, ATP-binding, tetrahydrofolate metabolism, building mitochondrial matrix, biosynthesis of amino acids, tRNA aminoacylation and NADP-linked oxidation-reduction processes, as well as in the tyrosine phosphatase activity, p53 signaling, cell cycle progression and the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints. To connect molecular functions of the genes involved in MYCN-amplified phenotype, we built a new molecular pathway using known intracellular protein interaction networks. The activation of this pathway was highly selective in discriminating MYCN-amplified neuroblastomas in all three datasets. Our data also suggest that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors may provide new opportunities for the treatment of the MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Petrov
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia.,First Oncology Research and Advisory Center, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,V.A. Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Suntsova
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia.,Group for Genomic Regulation of Cell Signaling Systems, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergey Roumiantsev
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Radiology, N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Sorokin
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Centre for Convergence of Nano-, Bio-, Information and Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Moscow, Russia.,Pathway Pharmaceuticals, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew Garazha
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia.,Centre for Biogerontology and Regenerative Medicine, IC Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Spirin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Mosow, Russia
| | - Timofey Lebedev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Mosow, Russia
| | - Nurshat Gaifullin
- Moscow State University, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Larin
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Dmitry Konovalov
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia.,Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Prassolov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Mosow, Russia
| | - Alexander Roumiantsev
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Buzdin
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia.,Group for Genomic Regulation of Cell Signaling Systems, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.,National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Centre for Convergence of Nano-, Bio-, Information and Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Moscow, Russia
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26
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Jahan S, Singh S, Srivastava A, Kumar V, Kumar D, Pandey A, Rajpurohit CS, Purohit AR, Khanna VK, Pant AB. PKA-GSK3β and β-Catenin Signaling Play a Critical Role in Trans-Resveratrol Mediated Neuronal Differentiation in Human Cord Blood Stem Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2828-2839. [PMID: 28455695 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of resveratrol (RV), a natural polyphenol, is well documented, although its role on neurogenesis is still controversial and poorly understood. Therefore, to decipher the cellular insights of RV on neurogenesis, we investigated the potential effects of the compound on the survival, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation of human cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hCBMSCs). For neuronal differentiation, purified and characterized hCBMSCs were exposed to biological safe doses of RV (10 μM) alone and in combination with nerve growth factor (NGF-50 ng). The cells exposed only to NGF (50 ng/mL) served as positive control for neuronal differentiation. The genes showing significant involvement in the process of neuronal differentiation were further funneled down at transcriptional and translational level. It was observed that RV promotes PKA-mediated neuronal differentiation in hCBMSCs by inducing canonical pathway. The studies with pharmacological inhibitors also confirmed that PKA significantly induces β-catenin expression via GSK3β induction and stimulates CREB phosphorylation and pERK1/2 induction. Besides that, the studies also revealed that RV additionally possesses the binding sites for molecules other than PKA and GSK3β, with which it interacts. The present study therefore highlights the positive impact of RV over the survival, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation in hCBMSCs via PKA-mediated induction of GSK3β, β catenin, CREB, and ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jahan
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - S Singh
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - A Srivastava
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
- BBD College of Dental Sciences, BBD University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V Kumar
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - D Kumar
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - A Pandey
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - C S Rajpurohit
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - A R Purohit
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - V K Khanna
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - A B Pant
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India.
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27
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Effects of asarinin on dopamine biosynthesis and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:631-639. [PMID: 28397192 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of asarinin on dopamine biosynthesis and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cytotoxicity in rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Treatment with asarinin (25-50 μM) increased intracellular dopamine levels and enhanced L-DOPA-induced increases in dopamine levels. Asarinin (25 μM) induced cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, leading to increased cyclic AMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylation, which in turn stimulated dopamine production. Asarinin (25 μM) also activated transient phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and Bad phosphorylation at Ser 112, both of which have been shown to promote cell survival. In contrast, asarinin (25 μM) inhibited sustained ERK1/2, Bax, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) phosphorylation and caspase-3 activity, which were induced by 6-OHDA (100 μM). These results suggest that asarinin induces dopamine biosynthesis via activation of the PKA-CREB-TH system and protects against 6-OHDA-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting the sustained activation of the ERK-p38MAPK-JNK1/2-caspase-3 system in PC12 cells.
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28
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Muñoz-Llancao P, de Gregorio C, Las Heras M, Meinohl C, Noorman K, Boddeke E, Cheng X, Lezoualc'h F, Schmidt M, Gonzalez-Billault C. Microtubule-regulating proteins and cAMP-dependent signaling in neuroblastoma differentiation. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2017; 74:143-158. [PMID: 28164467 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are highly differentiated cells responsible for the conduction and transmission of information in the nervous system. The proper function of a neuron relies on the compartmentalization of their intracellular domains. Differentiated neuroblastoma cells have been extensively used to study and understand the physiology and cell biology of neuronal cells. Here, we show that differentiation of N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells is more pronounced upon exposure of a chemical analog of cyclic AMP (cAMP), db-cAMP. We next analysed the expression of key microtubule-regulating proteins in differentiated cells and the expression and activation of key cAMP players such as EPAC, PKA and AKAP79/150. Most of the microtubule-promoting factors were up regulated during differentiation of N1E-115 cells, while microtubule-destabilizing proteins were down regulated. We observed an increase in tubulin post-translational modifications related to microtubule stability. As expected, db-cAMP increased PKA- and EPAC-dependent signalling. Consistently, pharmacological modulation of EPAC activity instructed cell differentiation, number of neurites, and neurite length in N1E-115 cells. Moreover, disruption of the PKA-AKAP interaction reduced these morphometric parameters. Interestingly, PKA and EPAC act synergistically to induce neuronal differentiation in N1E-115. Altogether these results show that the changes observed in the differentiation of N1E-115 cells proceed by regulating several microtubule-stabilizing factors, and the acquisition of a neuronal phenotype is a process involving concerted although independent functions of EPAC and PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Muñoz-Llancao
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristian de Gregorio
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Las Heras
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | - Christopher Meinohl
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Noorman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
| | - Frank Lezoualc'h
- Inserm UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse III, Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Martina Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile.,The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, USA
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29
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Salehi H, Amirpour N, Niapour A, Razavi S. An Overview of Neural Differentiation Potential of Human Adipose Derived Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 12:26-41. [PMID: 26490462 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is wide interest in application of adult stem cells due to easy to obtain with a minimal patient discomfort, capable of producing cell numbers in large quantities and their immunocompatible properties without restriction by ethical concerns. Among these stem cells, multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from human adipose tissue are considered as an ideal source for various regenerative medicine. In spite of mesodermal origin of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs), these cells have differentiation potential toward mesodermal and non-mesodermal lineages. Up to now, several studies have shown that hADSCs can undergo transdifferentiation and produce cells outside of their lineage, especially into neural cells when they are transferred to a specific cell environment. The purpose of this literature review is to provide an overview of the existing state of knowledge of the differentiation potential of hADSCs, specifically their ability to give rise to neuronal cells. The following review discusses different protocols considered for differentiation of hADSCs to neural cells, the neural markers that are used in each procedure and possible mechanisms that are involved in this differentiation.
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Tang G, Liu X, Ma N, Huang X, Wu ZL, Zhang W, Wang Y, Zhao BX, Wang ZY, Ip FCF, Ip NY, Ye WC, Shi L, Chen WM. Design and Synthesis of Dimeric Securinine Analogues with Neuritogenic Activities. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1442-1451. [PMID: 27467236 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth is crucial during neuronal development and regeneration, and strategies that aim at promoting neuritogenesis are beneficial for reconstructing synaptic connections after neuronal degeneration and injury. Using a bivalent analogue strategy as a successful approach, the current study identifies a series of novel dimeric securinine analogues as potent neurite outgrowth enhancers. Compounds 13, 14, 17-19, and 21-23, with different lengths of carbon chain of N,N-dialkyl substituting diacid amide linker between two securinine molecules at C-15 position, exhibited notable positive effects on both neuronal differentiation and neurite extension of neuronal cells. Compound 14, one of the most active compounds, was used as a representative compound for mechanistic studies. Its action on neurite outgrowth was through phosphorylation/activation of multiple signaling molecules including Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt. These findings collectively identify a new group of beneficial compounds for neuritogenesis, and may provide insights on drug discovery of neural repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fanny C. F. Ip
- Division
of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and
Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon,
Hong Kong, China
| | - Nancy Y. Ip
- Division
of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and
Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon,
Hong Kong, China
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Lam KYC, Chen J, Lam CTW, Wu Q, Yao P, Dong TTX, Lin H, Tsim KWK. Asarone from Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma Potentiates the Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Neuronal Differentiation in Cultured PC12 Cells: A Signaling Mediated by Protein Kinase A. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163337. [PMID: 27685847 PMCID: PMC5042514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma (ATR), the rhizome of Acorus tatarinowii Schott, is being used clinically to treat neurological disorders. The volatile oil of ATR is being considered as an active ingredient. Here, α-asarone and β-asarone, accounting about 95% of ATR oil, were evaluated for its function in stimulating neurogenesis. In cultured PC12 cells, application of ATR volatile oil, α-asarone or β-asarone, stimulated the expression of neurofilaments, a bio-marker for neurite outgrowth, in a concentration-dependent manner. The co-treatment of ATR volatile oil, α-asarone or β-asarone, with low concentration of nerve growth factor (NGF) potentiated the NGF-induced neuronal differentiation in cultured PC12 cells. In addition, application of protein kinase A inhibitors, H89 and KT5720, in cultures blocked the ATR-induced neurofilament expression, as well as the phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). In the potentiation of NGF-induced signaling in cultured PC12 cells, α-asarone and β-asarone showed synergistic effects. These results proposed the neurite-promoting asarone, or ATR volatile oil, could be useful in finding potential drugs for treating various neurodegenerative diseases, in which neurotrophin deficiency is normally involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Y. C. Lam
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hospital Chinese Medicine Preparation, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Candy T. W. Lam
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiyun Wu
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping Yao
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina T. X. Dong
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huangquan Lin
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Karl W. K. Tsim
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Sequential regulatory loops as key gatekeepers for neuronal reprogramming in human cells. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:807-15. [PMID: 27110916 PMCID: PMC4882254 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Direct conversion of somatic cells into neurons holds great promise for regenerative medicine. However, as neuronal conversion is relatively inefficient on human cells compared to mouse cells, it has been unclear what might be key barriers to reprogramming in human cells. We recently elucidated an RNA program mediated by the polypyrimidine tract binding protein PTB to convert mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into functional neurons. On human adult fibroblasts (HAFs), however, we unexpectedly find that invoke of the documented PTB-REST-miR-124 loop only generates immature neurons. We now report that the functionality requires sequential inactivation of PTB and the PTB paralog nPTB in HAFs. Inactivation of nPTB triggers another self-enforcing loop essential for neuronal maturation, which comprises nPTB, the transcription factor BRN2, and miR-9. These findings suggest two separate gatekeepers to control neuronal conversion and maturation and consecutively overcoming these gatekeepers enables deterministic reprogramming of HAFs into functional neurons.
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McKenna MC, Scafidi S, Robertson CL. Metabolic Alterations in Developing Brain After Injury: Knowns and Unknowns. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2527-43. [PMID: 26148530 PMCID: PMC4961252 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain development is a highly orchestrated complex process. The developing brain utilizes many substrates including glucose, ketone bodies, lactate, fatty acids and amino acids for energy, cell division and the biosynthesis of nucleotides, proteins and lipids. Metabolism is crucial to provide energy for all cellular processes required for brain development and function including ATP formation, synaptogenesis, synthesis, release and uptake of neurotransmitters, maintaining ionic gradients and redox status, and myelination. The rapidly growing population of infants and children with neurodevelopmental and cognitive impairments and life-long disability resulting from developmental brain injury is a significant public health concern. Brain injury in infants and children can have devastating effects because the injury is superimposed on the high metabolic demands of the developing brain. Acute injury in the pediatric brain can derail, halt or lead to dysregulation of the complex and highly regulated normal developmental processes. This paper provides a brief review of metabolism in developing brain and alterations found clinically and in animal models of developmental brain injury. The metabolic changes observed in three major categories of injury that can result in life-long cognitive and neurological disabilities, including neonatal hypoxia-ischemia, pediatric traumatic brain injury, and brain injury secondary to prematurity are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C McKenna
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Room 13-019, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Susanna Scafidi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Courtney L Robertson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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A natural diarylheptanoid promotes neuronal differentiation via activating ERK and PI3K-Akt dependent pathways. Neuroscience 2015; 303:389-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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McKenna MC, Scafidi S, Robertson CL. Metabolic Alterations in Developing Brain After Injury: Knowns and Unknowns. Neurochem Res 2015. [PMID: 26148530 DOI: 10.1007/s11064‐015‐1600‐7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain development is a highly orchestrated complex process. The developing brain utilizes many substrates including glucose, ketone bodies, lactate, fatty acids and amino acids for energy, cell division and the biosynthesis of nucleotides, proteins and lipids. Metabolism is crucial to provide energy for all cellular processes required for brain development and function including ATP formation, synaptogenesis, synthesis, release and uptake of neurotransmitters, maintaining ionic gradients and redox status, and myelination. The rapidly growing population of infants and children with neurodevelopmental and cognitive impairments and life-long disability resulting from developmental brain injury is a significant public health concern. Brain injury in infants and children can have devastating effects because the injury is superimposed on the high metabolic demands of the developing brain. Acute injury in the pediatric brain can derail, halt or lead to dysregulation of the complex and highly regulated normal developmental processes. This paper provides a brief review of metabolism in developing brain and alterations found clinically and in animal models of developmental brain injury. The metabolic changes observed in three major categories of injury that can result in life-long cognitive and neurological disabilities, including neonatal hypoxia-ischemia, pediatric traumatic brain injury, and brain injury secondary to prematurity are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C McKenna
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Room 13-019, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Susanna Scafidi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Courtney L Robertson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Park SW, Lee JG, Seo MK, Cho HY, Lee CH, Lee JH, Lee BJ, Baek JH, Seol W, Kim YH. Effects of mood-stabilizing drugs on dendritic outgrowth and synaptic protein levels in primary hippocampal neurons. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:278-90. [PMID: 25307211 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mood-stabilizing drugs, such as lithium (Li) and valproate (VPA), are widely used for the treatment of bipolar disorder, a disease marked by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. Growing evidence suggests that Li exerts neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects, leading to an increase in neural plasticity. The present study investigated whether other mood-stabilizing drugs produce similar effects in primary hippocampal neurons. METHODS The effects of the mood-stabilizing drugs Li, VPA, carbamazepine (CBZ), and lamotrigine (LTG) on hippocampal dendritic outgrowth were examined. Western blotting analysis was used to measure the expression of synaptic proteins - that is, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), neuroligin 1 (NLG1), β-neurexin, and synaptophysin (SYP). To determine neuroprotective effects, we used a B27-deprivation cytotoxicity model which causes hippocampal cell death upon removal of B27 from the culture medium. RESULTS Li (0.5-2.0 mM), VPA (0.5-2.0 mM), CBZ (0.01-0.10 mM), and LTG (0.01-0.10 mM) significantly increased dendritic outgrowth. The neurotrophic effect of Li and VPA was blocked by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and protein kinase A signaling; the effects of CBZ and LTG were not affected by inhibition of these signaling pathways. Li, VPA, and CBZ prevented B27 deprivation-induced decreases in BDNF, PSD-95, NLG1, β-neurexin, and SYP levels, whereas LTG did not. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Li, VPA, CBZ, and LTG exert neurotrophic effects by promoting dendritic outgrowth; however, the mechanism of action differs. Furthermore, certain mood-stabilizing drugs may exert neuroprotective effects by enhancing synaptic protein levels against cytotoxicity in hippocampal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Woo Park
- Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University, Busan, Korea; Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School of Inje University, Busan, Korea
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Park HJ, Zhao TT, Lee KS, Lee SH, Shin KS, Park KH, Choi HS, Lee MK. Effects of (-)-sesamin on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and dopaminergic neuronal cells of Parkinson's disease rat models. Neurochem Int 2015; 83-84:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kovalevich J, Yen W, Ozdemir A, Langford D. Cocaine induces nuclear export and degradation of neuronal retinoid X receptor-γ via a TNF-α/JNK- mediated mechanism. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:55-73. [PMID: 25586717 PMCID: PMC4336643 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse represents an immense societal health and economic burden for which no effective treatment currently exists. Among the numerous intracellular signaling cascades impacted by exposure to cocaine, increased and aberrant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the CNS has been observed. Additionally, we have previously reported a decrease in retinoid-X-receptor-gamma (RXR-γ) in brains of mice chronically exposed to cocaine. Through obligate heterodimerization with a number of nuclear receptors, RXRs serve as master regulatory transcription factors, which can potentiate or suppress expression of a wide spectrum of genes. Little is known about the regulation of RXR levels, but previous studies indicate cellular stressors such as cytokines negatively regulate levels of RXRs in vitro. To evaluate the mechanism underlying the cocaine-induced decreases in RXR-γ levels observed in vivo, we exposed neurons to cocaine in vitro and examined pathways which may contribute to disruption in RXR signaling, including activation of stress pathways by cytokine induction. In these studies, we provide the first evidence that cocaine exposure disrupts neuronal RXR-γ signaling in vitro by promoting its nuclear export and degradation. Furthermore, we demonstrate this effect may be mediated, at least in part, by cocaine-induced production of TNF-α and its downstream effector c-Jun-NH-terminal kinase (JNK). Findings from this study are therefore applicable to both cocaine abuse and to pathological conditions characterized by neuroinflammatory factors, such as neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kovalevich
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Medical Education Research Building, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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Hallaq R, Volpicelli F, Cuchillo-Ibanez I, Hooper C, Mizuno K, Uwanogho D, Causevic M, Asuni A, To A, Soriano S, Giese KP, Lovestone S, Killick R. The Notch intracellular domain represses CRE-dependent transcription. Cell Signal 2014; 27:621-9. [PMID: 25479589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the cyclic-AMP response-element binding protein (CREB) transcription factor family regulate the expression of genes needed for long-term memory formation. Loss of Notch impairs long-term, but not short-term, memory in flies and mammals. We investigated if the Notch-1 (N1) exerts an effect on CREB-dependent gene transcription. We observed that N1 inhibits CREB mediated activation of cyclic-AMP response element (CRE) containing promoters in a γ-secretase-dependent manner. We went on to find that the γ-cleaved N1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) sequesters nuclear CREB1α, inhibits cAMP/PKA-mediated neurite outgrowth and represses the expression of specific CREB regulated genes associated with learning and memory in primary cortical neurons. Similar transcriptional effects were observed with the N2ICD, N3ICD and N4ICDs. Together, these observations indicate that the effects of Notch on learning and memory are, at least in part, via an effect on CREB-regulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Hallaq
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Floriana Volpicelli
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Inmaculada Cuchillo-Ibanez
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Claudie Hooper
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Keiko Mizuno
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Dafe Uwanogho
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Mirsada Causevic
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Ayodeji Asuni
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Alvina To
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Salvador Soriano
- Department of Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, Evans Hall B08, 24785 Stewart Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - K Peter Giese
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Simon Lovestone
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Richard Killick
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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Proteolytic control of neurite outgrowth inhibitor NOGO-A by the cAMP/PKA pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15729-34. [PMID: 25331889 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1410274111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) controls major aspects of neurite outgrowth and morphogenesis and plays an essential role in synaptic plasticity and memory. However, the molecular mechanism(s) of PKA action on neurite sprouting and activity are still unknown. Here, we report that in response to neurotrophin or cAMP stimulation the RING ligase praja2 ubiquitinates and degrades NOGO-A, a major inhibitor of neurite outgrowth in mammalian brain. Genetic silencing of praja2 severely inhibited neurite extension of differentiating neuroblastoma cells and mesencephalic neurons and axon outgrowth and sprouting of striatal terminals in developing rat brain. This phenotype was rescued when both praja2 and NOGO-A were depleted, suggesting that NOGO-A is, indeed, a biologically relevant target of praja2 in neuronal cells. Our findings unveil a novel mechanism that functionally couples cAMP signaling with the proteolytic turnover of NOGO-A, positively impacting on neurite outgrowth in mammalian brain.
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Park KH, Park HJ, Shin KS, Lee MK. Multiple treatments with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine modulate dopamine biosynthesis and neurotoxicity through the protein kinase A-transient extracellular signal-regulated kinase and exchange protein activation by cyclic AMP-sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1746-56. [PMID: 25044243 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple treatments with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA; 20 µM) induce neurite-like outgrowth and reduce dopamine biosynthesis in rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC) 12 cells. We therefore investigated the effects of multiple treatments with L-DOPA (MT-LD) on cell survival and death over a duration of 6 days by using PC12 cells and embryonic rat midbrain primary cell cultures. MT-LD (10 and 20 µM) decreased cell viability, and both types of cells advanced to the differentiation process at 4-6 days. MT-LD induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation and exchange protein activation by cAMP (Epac) expression at 1-3 days, which led to transient extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in both cells. In these states, MT-LD activated cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB; Ser133) and tyrosine hydroxylase (Ser40) phosphorylation in PC12 cells, which led to an increase in intracellular dopamine levels. In contrast, MT-LD induced prolonged Epac expression at 4-5 days in both cells, which led to sustained ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In these states, the dopamine levels were decreased in PC12 cells. In addition, MT-LD induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase1/2 phosphorylation and cleaved caspase-3 expression at 4-6 days in both cells. These results suggest that MT-LD maintains cell survival via PKA-transient ERK1/2 activation, which stimulates dopamine biosynthesis. In contrast, at the later time period, MT-LD induces differentiation via both prolonged Epac and sustained ERK1/2 activation, which subsequently leads to the cell death process. Our data demonstrate that L-DOPA can cause neurotoxicity by modulating the Epac-ERK pathways in neuronal and PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Hong Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Funes HA, Apostolova N, Alegre F, Blas-Garcia A, Alvarez A, Marti-Cabrera M, Esplugues JV. Neuronal bioenergetics and acute mitochondrial dysfunction: a clue to understanding the central nervous system side effects of efavirenz. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1385-95. [PMID: 24813473 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological pathogenesis is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and differences in neuronal/glial handling of oxygen and glucose. The main side effects attributed to efavirenz involve the CNS, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. METHODS Human cell lines and rat primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes were treated with clinically relevant efavirenz concentration. RESULTS Efavirenz alters mitochondrial respiration, enhances reactive oxygen species generation, undermines mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in a concentration-dependent fashion in both neurons and glial cells. However, it activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase only in glial cells, upregulating glycolysis and increasing intracellular ATP levels, which do not occur in neurons. To reproduce the conditions that often exist in human immunodeficiency virus-related neuroinflammatory disorders, the effects of efavirenz were evaluated in the presence of exogenous nitric oxide, an inflammatory mediator and mitochondrial inhibitor. The combination potentiated the effects on mitochondrial parameters in both neurons and glial cells, but ATP generation and lactate production were enhanced only in glial cells. CONCLUSIONS Efavirenz affects the bioenergetics of neurons through a mechanism involving acute mitochondrial inhibition, an action exacerbated in neuroinflammatory conditions. A similar scenario of glial cells survival and degeneration of neurons with signs of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress has been associated with neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haryes A Funes
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- CIBERehd, Valencia Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Jaime I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Fernando Alegre
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset
| | - Ana Blas-Garcia
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset
| | - Angeles Alvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Fundación General, Universidad de Valencia CIBERehd, Valencia
| | | | - Juan V Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset CIBERehd, Valencia
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MSTMP, a Stilbene Derivative, Protects SH-SY5Y Cells Against Oxidative Stress. Can J Neurol Sci 2014; 41:382-8. [PMID: 24718825 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100017340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE the protective effects of a novel stilbene derivative, (e)-2-(3,4,5- trimethoxystyryl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine (MStMp), on hydrogen peroxide (h2o2)-induced human derived neuroblastoma cell (Sh-Sy5y) damage and its molecular mechanisms were investigated. METHODS Sh-Sy5y cells were exposed to 200 μmol.l-1 h2o2 for 12 h. the effect of MStMp on cell viability and apoptosis was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl- thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (Mtt) assay and flow cytometry method. the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), superoxide dismutase (Sod) and nitric oxide synthetase (noS) and the content of malondialdehyde (Mda), reduced glutathione (gSh) and nitric oxide (no) in cells were determined by commercial kits. the expressions of pro-apoptotic factor caspase-3, caspase-9 and inducible noS (inoS) were detected by Western blotting. intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (roS) was assessed using 6-carboxy-2’,7’-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (dCfh-da) fluorescent probe. RESULTS MStMp increased the Sh-Sy5y cell viability by inhibition of cell apoptosis induced by h2o2. these effects were accompanied by an increase of Sod activity, gSh level, and a decrease of Mda content. Moreover, MStMp showed stronger effects on inhibition of ldh leakage, apoptotic cells, intracellular roS level and the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 than tMp. furthermore, MStMp induced a decrease of no level and the activity of inoS, tnoS in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS MStMp prevents h2o2-induced cell injury through anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis via roS-no pathway.
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Seo MK, Lee CH, Cho HY, Lee JG, Lee BJ, Kim JE, Seol W, Kim YH, Park SW. Effects of antidepressant drugs on synaptic protein levels and dendritic outgrowth in hippocampal neuronal cultures. Neuropharmacology 2014; 79:222-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Kovalevich J, Langford D. Considerations for the use of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in neurobiology. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1078:9-21. [PMID: 23975817 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-640-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The use of primary mammalian neurons derived from embryonic central nervous system tissue is limited by the fact that once terminally differentiated into mature neurons, the cells can no longer be propagated. Transformed neuronal-like cell lines can be used in vitro to overcome this limitation. However, several caveats exist when utilizing cells derived from malignant tumors. In this context, the popular SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line and its use in in vitro systems is described. Originally derived from a metastatic bone tumor biopsy, SH-SY5Y (ATCC(®) CRL-2266™) cells are a subline of the parental line SK-N-SH (ATCC(®) HTB-11™). SK-N-SH were subcloned three times; first to SH-SY, then to SH-SY5, and finally to SH-SY5Y. SH-SY5Y were deposited to the ATCC(®) in 1970 by June L. Biedler.Three important characteristics of SH-SY5Y cells should be considered when using these cells in in vitro studies. First, cultures include both adherent and floating cells, both types of which are viable. Few studies address the biological significance of the adherent versus floating phenotypes, but most reported studies utilize adherent populations and discard the floating cells during media changes. Second, early studies by Biedler's group indicated that the parental differentiated SK-N-SH cells contained two morphologically distinct phenotypes: neuroblast-like cells and epithelial-like cells (Ross et al., J Nat Cancer Inst 71:741-747, 1983). These two phenotypes may correspond to the "N" and "S" types described in later studies in SH-SY5Y by Encinas et al. (J Neurochem 75:991-1003, 2000). Cells with neuroblast-like morphology are positive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase characteristic of catecholaminergic neurons, whereas the epithelial-like counterpart cells lacked these enzymatic activities (Ross et al., J Nat Cancer Inst 71:741-747, 1983). Third, SH-SY5Y cells can be differentiated to a more mature neuron-like phenotype that is characterized by neuronal markers. There are several methods to differentiate SH-SY5Y cells and are mentioned below. Retinoic acid is the most commonly used means for differentiation and will be addressed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kovalevich
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Lekhraj R, Cynamon DE, DeLuca SE, Taub ES, Pilla AA, Casper D. Pulsed electromagnetic fields potentiate neurite outgrowth in the dopaminergic MN9D cell line. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:761-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rukmani Lekhraj
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
| | - Deborah E. Cynamon
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
| | - Stephanie E. DeLuca
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
| | - Eric S. Taub
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
| | - Arthur A. Pilla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Columbia University; New York New York
- Department of Orthopedics; Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York New York
| | - Diana Casper
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
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Park HJ, Park KH, Shin KS, Lee MK. The roles of cyclic AMP-ERK-Bad signaling pathways on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell survival and death in PC12 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2233-41. [PMID: 24055892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The roles of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-ERK1/2-Bad signaling pathways in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cell survival and death were investigated. In PC12 cells, 6-OHDA (10-100μM) concentration-dependently increased the intracellular levels of cAMP mediated by the Ca(2+)-CaMKII-adenylyl cyclase system. 6-OHDA at the non-toxic level (10μM) induced transient ERK1/2 phosphorylation and BadSer112 phosphorylation, which maintained cell survival. In contrast, the high levels of cAMP induced by toxic levels (50 and 100μM) of 6-OHDA induced sustained ERK1/2 phosphorylaton and BadSer155 phosphorylation. The cells then moved to cell death process through Bcl2 phosphorylation and caspase-3 activation. BadSer155 phosphorylation by 6-OHDA was inhibited by PKA (H89) and MEK (U0126) inhibitors, indicating that it was mediated via the cAMP-PKA-sustained ERK1/2 system. In SK-N-BE(2)C cells, the non-toxic level of 6-OHDA also showed transient ERK1/2 phosphorylation and BadSer112 phosphorylation, and toxic levels of 6-OHDA exhibited sustained ERK1/2 phosphorylation and BadSer155 phosphorylation. These results suggest that ERK1/2 phosphorylation by 6-OHDA shows biphasic functions on cell survival and death in PC12 cells. It is, therefore, proposed that the cAMP-ERK1/2-Bad signaling pathways incurred by toxic levels of 6-OHDA play a role in dopamine neuron death of animal models of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 52, Naesudong-ro, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Huynh T, Norris MD, Haber M, Henderson MJ. ABCC4/MRP4: a MYCN-regulated transporter and potential therapeutic target in neuroblastoma. Front Oncol 2012; 2:178. [PMID: 23267433 PMCID: PMC3526013 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to cytotoxic drugs is thought to be a major cause of treatment failure in childhood neuroblastoma, and members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily may contribute to this phenomenon by active efflux of chemotherapeutic agents from cancer cells. As a member of the C subfamily of ABC transporters, multidrug resistance-associated protein MRP4/ABCC4 has the ability to export a variety of endogenous and exogenous substances across the plasma membrane. In light of its capacity for chemotherapeutic drug efflux, MRP4 has been studied in the context of drug resistance in a number of cancer cell types. However, MRP4 also influences cancer cell biology independently of chemotherapeutic drug exposure, which highlights the potential importance of endogenous MRP4 substrates in cancer biology. Furthermore, MRP4 is a direct transcriptional target of Myc family oncoproteins and expression of this transporter is a powerful independent predictor of clinical outcome in neuroblastoma. Together, these features suggest that inhibition of MRP4 may be an attractive therapeutic approach for neuroblastoma and other cancers that rely on MRP4. In this respect, existing options for MRP4 inhibition are relatively non-selective and thus development of more specific anti-MRP4 compounds should be a major focus of future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Huynh
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales and Sydney Children's Hospital Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Shi D, Xu S, Waddell J, Scafidi S, Roys S, Gullapalli RP, McKenna MC. Longitudinal in vivo developmental changes of metabolites in the hippocampus of Fmr1 knockout mice. J Neurochem 2012; 123:971-81. [PMID: 23046047 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited mental retardation and is studied in the Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse, which models both the anatomical and behavioral changes observed in FXS patients. In vitro studies have shown many alterations in synaptic plasticity and increased density of immature dendritic spines in the hippocampus, a region involved in learning and memory. In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and (1) H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were used to determine in vivo longitudinal changes in volume and metabolites in the hippocampus during the critical period of early myelination and synaptogenesis at post-natal days (PND) 18, 21, and 30 in Fmr1 KO mice compared with wild-type (WT) controls. MRI demonstrated an increase in volume of the hippocampus in the Fmr1 KO mouse compared with controls. MRS revealed significant developmental changes in the ratios of hippocampal metabolites N-acetylaspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (Ins), and taurine to total creatine (tCr) in Fmr1 KO mice compared with WT controls. Ins was decreased at PND 30, and taurine was increased at all ages studied in Fmr1 KO mice compared with controls. An imbalance of brain metabolites in the hippocampus of Fmr1 KO mice during the critical developmental period of synaptogenesis and early myelination could have long-lasting effects that adversely affect brain development and contribute to ongoing alterations in brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Shi
- Core for Translational Research in Imaging @ Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Owlanj H, Jie Yang H, Wei Feng Z. Nucleoside diphosphate kinase Nm23-M1 involves in oligodendroglial versus neuronal cell fate decision in vitro. Differentiation 2012; 84:281-93. [PMID: 23023023 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The adult glial progenitor cells were recently shown to be able to produce neurons in central nervous system (CNS) and to become multipotent in vitro. Although the fate decision of glial progenitors was studied extensively, the signals and factors which regulate the timing of neuronal differentiation still remain unknown. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the neuronal differentiation from glial progenitors, we modified the gene expression profile in NG2(+) glial progenitor cells using enhanced retroviral mutagen (ERM) technique followed by phenotype screening to identify possible gene(s) responsible for glial-neuronal cell fate determination. Among the identified molecules, we found the gene named non-metastatic cell 1 which encodes a nucleoside diphosphate kinase protein A (Nm23-M1 or NME1). So far, the Nm23 members have been shown to be involved in various molecular processes including tumor metastasis, cell proliferation, differentiation and cell fate determination. In the present study, we provide evidence suggesting the role of NME1 in glial-neuronal cell fate determination in vitro. We showed that NME1 is widely expressed in neuronal structures throughout adult mouse CNS. Our immunohistochemical results revealed that NME1 is strongly colocalized with NF200 through white matter of spinal cord and brain. Interestingly, NME1 overexpression in oligodendrocyte progenitor OLN-93 cells potently induced the acquisition of neuronal fate, while its silencing was shown to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that dual-functional role of NME1 is achieved through cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Our data therefore suggested that NME1 acts as a switcher or reprogramming factor which involves in oligodentrocyte versus neuron cell fate specification in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Owlanj
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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