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Hoch CC, Shoykhet M, Weiser T, Griesbaum L, Petry J, Hachani K, Multhoff G, Bashiri Dezfouli A, Wollenberg B. Isothiocyanates in medicine: A comprehensive review on phenylethyl-, allyl-, and benzyl-isothiocyanates. Pharmacol Res 2024; 201:107107. [PMID: 38354869 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, isothiocyanates (ITCs), bioactive compounds primarily derived from Brassicaceae vegetables and herbs, have gained significant attention within the biomedical field due to their versatile biological effects. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth exploration of the therapeutic potential and individual biological mechanisms of the three specific ITCs phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), and benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), as well as their collective impact within the formulation of ANGOCIN® Anti-Infekt N (Angocin). Angocin comprises horseradish root (Armoracia rusticanae radix, 80 mg) and nasturtium (Tropaeoli majoris herba, 200 mg) and is authorized for treating inflammatory diseases affecting the respiratory and urinary tract. The antimicrobial efficacy of this substance has been confirmed both in vitro and in various clinical trials, with its primary effectiveness attributed to ITCs. PEITC, AITC, and BITC exhibit a wide array of health benefits, including potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, along with noteworthy anticancer potentials. Moreover, we highlight their ability to modulate critical biochemical pathways, such as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways, shedding light on their involvement in cellular apoptosis and their intricate role to guide immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima C Hoch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Shoykhet
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Weiser
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Griesbaum
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Julie Petry
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Khouloud Hachani
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Bashiri Dezfouli
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Wollenberg
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany.
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2
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Kyriakou S, Demosthenous N, Amery T, Stewart KJ, Winyard PG, Franco R, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. Naturally Derived Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Modulates Induction of Oxidative Stress via Its N-Acetylated Cysteine Conjugated form in Malignant Melanoma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:82. [PMID: 38247506 PMCID: PMC10812449 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a secondary metabolic product yielded upon the hydrolysis of gluconasturtiin and it is highly accumulated in the flowers of watercress. The aim of the current study was to assess the role of a naturally derived PEITC-enriched extract in the induction of oxidative stress and to evaluate its anti-melanoma potency through the regulation of its metabolism with the concurrent production of the N-acetyl cysteine conjugated by-product. For this purpose, an in vitro melanoma model was utilized consisting of human primary (A375) cells as well as metastatic (COLO-679) malignant melanoma cells together with non-tumorigenic immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT). Cytotoxicity was assessed via the Alamar Blue assay whereas the antioxidant/prooxidant activity of PEITC was determined via spectrophotometric assays. Finally, kinetic characterization of the end-product of PEITC metabolism was monitored via UPLC coupled to a tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Our results indicate that although PhEF showed very minor antioxidant activity in a cell-free system, in a cell-based system, it can modulate the activity of key enzyme(s) involved in cellular antioxidant defense mechanism(s). In addition, we have shown that PhEF induces lipid and protein oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner, while its cytotoxicity is not only dependent on PEITC itself but also on its N-acetylated cysteine conjugated form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiris Kyriakou
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (S.K.); (N.D.)
| | - Nikoletta Demosthenous
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (S.K.); (N.D.)
| | - Tom Amery
- The Watercress Company, Dorchester DT2 8QY, UK;
| | - Kyle J. Stewart
- Watercress Research Limited, Unit 24, De Havilland Road, Exeter EX5 2GE, UK; (K.J.S.); (P.G.W.)
| | - Paul G. Winyard
- Watercress Research Limited, Unit 24, De Havilland Road, Exeter EX5 2GE, UK; (K.J.S.); (P.G.W.)
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- Redox Biology Centre, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Mihalis I. Panayiotidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (S.K.); (N.D.)
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Li BL, Zhao SZ, Zhou H, Li CC, Li LL, Yu XX, Sun LX. Synthesis and antitumor activity of erysolin and its metabolites. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2023; 25:369-378. [PMID: 35763370 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2022.2091989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Erysolin and its two metabolites which were found in blood, ERY-GSH and ERY-NAC, were synthesized by alkylation, amination, isothiocyanation and oxidation reactions from 1-bromo-4-chlorobutane and sodium methyl mercaptide. The reaction temperature, time, feed ratios and purification method were also optimized. The synthesis method was simple, green, safe and low-cost. Erysolin, ERY-GSH and ERY-NAC showed good antitumor activities against MCF-7, HeLa, HepG2, A549 and SW480 cells, which suggested that the antitumor mechanism of erysolin can also be clarified from its metabolites in addition to itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Long Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Shi-Zhen Zhao
- School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lin-Lin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Xin-Xiang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Li-Xin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Salami SA, Smith VJ, Krause RWM. Aqueous microwave assisted novel synthesis of isothiocyanates by amine catalyzed thionation of isocyanides with Lawesson's reagent. J Sulphur Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2022.2164196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Rui W. M. Krause
- Department of Chemistry Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
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Nakamura T, Tsutsui C, Okuda Y, Abe-Kanoh N, Okazawa S, Munemasa S, Murata Y, Kato Y, Nakamura Y. Benzyl isothiocyanate and its metabolites inhibit cell proliferation through protein modification in mouse preosteoclast RAW264.7 cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23184. [PMID: 35920443 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), derived from cruciferous vegetables, is an organosulfur compound exerting antiproliferative effects in several human cancer cells. In this study, we assessed BITC as a potential osteoclastogenesis inhibitor and investigated its underlying mechanism. BITC at 5 μM significantly decreased the viability of the osteoclast-like differentiating RAW264.7 cells, coinciding with the downregulation of the primary biomarkers for osteoclast differentiation, such as the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity and nuclear factor of activated T-cells gene expression. Not only BITC but also its metabolites, inhibited cell proliferation in the normal RAW264.7 cells, suggesting that BITC shows an anti-osteoclastogenesis effect in vivo after its ingestion and metabolism, possibly through an antiproliferative action. Both BITC and its metabolites also enhanced the DNA fragmentation and the caspase-3 activity, whereas their higher concentrations tended to suppress these effects. BITC was intracellularly accumulated when the cells were treated with its metabolites via their degradation into the free form. A quantitative experiment using the proteolysis/high performance liquid chromatography technique showed that the amount of BITC-lysine thiourea in the cells was also increased in a time-dependent manner, suggesting that lysine modification of the cellular proteins actually took place in the cells treated by BITC. Among the cellular proteins, the cleaved caspase-3 was identified as a potential target for lysine modification by BITC. Taken together, BITC dissociated from its metabolites as well as its free form might modulate osteoclastogenesis, possibly through inhibition of cell proliferation by protein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tsutsui
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yu Okuda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naomi Abe-Kanoh
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Food Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Saori Okazawa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoji Kato
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan.,Research Institute for Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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6
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Janczewski Ł. Sulforaphane and Its Bifunctional Analogs: Synthesis and Biological Activity. Molecules 2022; 27:1750. [PMID: 35268851 PMCID: PMC8911885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, various plants have been studied as sources of biologically active compounds. Compounds with anticancer and antimicrobial properties are the most frequently desired. Cruciferous plants, including Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and wasabi, have a special role in the research studies. Studies have shown that consumption of these plants reduce the risk of lung, breast, and prostate cancers. The high chemopreventive and anticancer potential of cruciferous plants results from the presence of a large amount of glucosinolates, which, under the influence of myrosinase, undergo an enzymatic transformation to biologically active isothiocyanates (ITCs). Natural isothiocyanates, such as benzyl isothiocyanate, phenethyl isothiocyanate, or the best-tested sulforaphane, possess anticancer activity at all stages of the carcinogenesis process, show antibacterial activity, and are used in organic synthesis. Methods of synthesis of sulforaphane, as well as its natural or synthetic bifunctional analogues with sulfinyl, sulfanyl, sulfonyl, phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphine oxide, carbonyl, ester, carboxamide, ether, or additional isothiocyanate functional groups, and with the unbranched alkyl chain containing 2-6 carbon atoms, are discussed in this review. The biological activity of these compounds are also reported. In the first section, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, and mercapturic acids (their metabolites) are briefly characterized. Additionally, the most studied anticancer and antibacterial mechanisms of ITC actions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Janczewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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7
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Janczewski Ł, Kręgiel D, Kolesińska B. Synthesis of Isothiocyanates Using DMT/NMM/TsO - as a New Desulfurization Reagent. Molecules 2021; 26:2740. [PMID: 34066597 PMCID: PMC8125326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-three alkyl and aryl isothiocyanates, as well as isothiocyanate derivatives from esters of coded amino acids and from esters of unnatural amino acids (6-aminocaproic, 4-(aminomethyl)benzoic, and tranexamic acids), were synthesized with satisfactory or very good yields (25-97%). Synthesis was performed in a "one-pot", two-step procedure, in the presence of organic base (Et3N, DBU or NMM), and carbon disulfide via dithiocarbamates, with 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium toluene-4-sulfonate (DMT/NMM/TsO-) as a desulfurization reagent. For the synthesis of aliphatic and aromatic isothiocyanates, reactions were carried out in a microwave reactor, and selected alkyl isothiocyanates were also synthesized in aqueous medium with high yields (72-96%). Isothiocyanate derivatives of L- and D-amino acid methyl esters were synthesized, under conditions without microwave radiation assistance, with low racemization (er 99 > 1), and their absolute configuration was confirmed by circular dichroism. Isothiocyanate derivatives of natural and unnatural amino acids were evaluated for antibacterial activity on E. coli and S. aureus bacterial strains, where the most active was ITC 9e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Janczewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Dorota Kręgiel
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Beata Kolesińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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8
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3,4-dimethoxybenzyl isothiocyanate enhances doxorubicin efficacy in LoVoDX doxorubicin-resistant colon cancer and attenuates its toxicity in vivo. Life Sci 2019; 231:116530. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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9
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Janczewski Ł, Burchacka E, Psurski M, Ciekot J, Gajda A, Gajda T. New diaryl ω-(isothiocyanato)alkylphosphonates and their mercapturic acids as potential antibacterial agents. Life Sci 2019; 219:264-271. [PMID: 30658100 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-four novel, diaryl ω-(isothiocyanato)alkylphosphonates with chlorine atom and methoxy, dimethoxy, methylsulfanyl, or methoxycarbonyl groups at ortho, meta, or para positions of the phenyl ring, and with an unbranched alkyl chain (n = 2-6) were designed and synthesized in a one-pot reaction in 11-76% yields. All isothiocyanates thus generated were evaluated for the first time for antibacterial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains, and had satisfactory antibacterial activity in most cases. The highest activity, similar to that of reference gentamicin activity against S. aureus, was seen in compounds 9 and 13 (1.5 ± 0.1 and 2.5 ± 0.2 μM, respectively), whereas for P. aeruginosa more than half of tested compounds proved to be more effective than gentamicin. Additionally, selected isothiocyanates (9, 13, 18, and 23) were transformed in 52-73% yields into mercapturic acids 42-45, which also exhibited satisfactory antibacterial effect against S. aureus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Janczewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Żeromskiego St., 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewa Burchacka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Psurski
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Rudolfa Weigla St., 53-144 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Ciekot
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Rudolfa Weigla St., 53-144 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Gajda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Żeromskiego St., 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Gajda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Żeromskiego St., 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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10
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Anderson RH, Lensing CJ, Forred BJ, Amolins MW, Aegerter CL, Vitiello PF, Mays JR. Differentiating Antiproliferative and Chemopreventive Modes of Activity for Electron-Deficient Aryl Isothiocyanates against Human MCF-7 Cells. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1695-1710. [PMID: 29924910 PMCID: PMC6105534 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of Brassica vegetables provides beneficial effects through organic isothiocyanates (ITCs), products of the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolate secondary metabolites. The ITC l-sulforaphane (l-SFN) is the principle agent in broccoli that demonstrates several modes of anticancer action. While the anticancer properties of ITCs like l-SFN have been extensively studied and l-SFN has been the subject of multiple human clinical trials, the scope of this work has largely been limited to those derivatives found in nature. Previous studies have demonstrated that structural changes in an ITC can lead to marked differences in a compound's potency to 1) inhibit the growth of cancer cells, and 2) alter cellular transcriptional profiles. This study describes the preparation of a library of non-natural aryl ITCs and the development of a bifurcated screening approach to evaluate the dose- and time-dependence on antiproliferative and chemopreventive properties against human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Antiproliferative effects were evaluated using a commercial MTS cell viability assay. Chemopreventive properties were evaluated using an antioxidant response element (ARE)-promoted luciferase reporter assay. The results of this study have led to the identification of 1) several key structure-activity relationships and 2) lead ITCs for continued development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthellen H. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry Augustana University 2001 S. Summit Ave. Sioux Falls, SD 57197
| | - Cody J. Lensing
- Department of Chemistry Augustana University 2001 S. Summit Ave. Sioux Falls, SD 57197
| | - Benjamin J. Forred
- Environmental Influences on Health and Disease Group Sanford Research 2301 E. 60 St. N. Sioux Falls, SD 57104
| | - Michael W. Amolins
- Department of Chemistry Augustana University 2001 S. Summit Ave. Sioux Falls, SD 57197
- Environmental Influences on Health and Disease Group Sanford Research 2301 E. 60 St. N. Sioux Falls, SD 57104
| | - Cassandra L. Aegerter
- Environmental Influences on Health and Disease Group Sanford Research 2301 E. 60 St. N. Sioux Falls, SD 57104
| | - Peter F. Vitiello
- Environmental Influences on Health and Disease Group Sanford Research 2301 E. 60 St. N. Sioux Falls, SD 57104
| | - Jared R. Mays
- Department of Chemistry Augustana University 2001 S. Summit Ave. Sioux Falls, SD 57197
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11
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Psurski M, Janczewski Ł, Świtalska M, Gajda A, Goszczyński TM, Ciekot J, Winiarski Ł, Oleksyszyn J, Wietrzyk J, Gajda T. Phosphorus-containing isothiocyanate-derived mercapturic acids as a useful alternative for parental isothiocyanates in experimental oncology. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2611-2615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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12
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New Mild and Simple Approach to Isothiocyanates: A Class of Potent Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060773. [PMID: 28587167 PMCID: PMC6152774 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In our current work, acetyl chloride-mediated synthesis of phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) derivatives proves to be convenient and provides the expected products at good to excellent yields. Biological evaluation and structure-activity relationship analysis found that the novel compound 7 showed the best anticancer activity against human cancer cell line Panc1 and HGC27 compared with PEITC. Compounds 6 and 7 induced more apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells but less toxicity in non-cancer cells. Further biological study demonstrated that 7 substantially increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and depleted glutathione (GSH), leading to an oxidative stress to kill cancer cell.
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13
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Cierpiał T, Łuczak J, Kwiatkowska M, Kiełbasiński P, Mielczarek L, Wiktorska K, Chilmonczyk Z, Milczarek M, Karwowska K. Organofluorine Isoselenocyanate Analogues of Sulforaphane: Synthesis and Anticancer Activity. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2398-2409. [PMID: 27714934 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A series of previously unknown sulforaphane analogues with organofluorine substituents bonded to the sulfinyl sulfur atom, an isoselenocyanate moiety in place of the isothiocyanate group, the central sulfur atom in various oxidation states, and different numbers of methylene groups in the central alkyl chain were synthesized and fully characterized. All new compounds were tested for their biological properties in vitro and demonstrated much higher anticancer activity against two breast cancer cell lines than that shown by native sulforaphane; at the same time, the compounds were less toxic for normal cells. The influence of the particular structural changes in the molecules on the cytotoxicity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Cierpiał
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90363, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jerzy Łuczak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90363, Łódź, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kwiatkowska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90363, Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Kiełbasiński
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90363, Łódź, Poland
| | - Lidia Mielczarek
- National Medicines Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Chełmska 30/34, 00725, Warszawa, Poland.,Warsaw University of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutics and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Banacha 1, 02097, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wiktorska
- National Medicines Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Chełmska 30/34, 00725, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Chilmonczyk
- National Medicines Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Chełmska 30/34, 00725, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Milczarek
- National Medicines Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Chełmska 30/34, 00725, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Karwowska
- Warsaw University of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutics and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Banacha 1, 02097, Warszawa, Poland
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Pilipczuk T, Kusznierewicz B, Chmiel T, Przychodzeń W, Bartoszek A. Simultaneous determination of individual isothiocyanates in plant samples by HPLC-DAD-MS following SPE and derivatization with N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Food Chem 2016; 214:587-596. [PMID: 27507514 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The procedure for the isothiocyanates (ITCs) determination that involves derivatization with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and separation by HPLC was developed. Prior to derivatization, plant ITCs were isolated and purified using solid-phase extraction (SPE). The optimum conditions of derivatization are: 500μL of isopropanolic eluate obtained by SPE combined with 500μL of derivatizing reagent (0.2M NAC and 0.2M NaHCO3 in water) and reaction time of 1h at 50°C. The formed dithiocarbamates are directly analyzed by HPLC coupled with diode array detector and mass spectrometer if required. The method was validated for nine common natural ITCs. Calibration curves were linear (R(2)⩾0.991) within a wide range of concentrations and limits of detection were below 4.9nmol/mL. The recoveries were in the range of 83.3-103.7%, with relative standard deviations <5.4%. The developed method has been successfully applied to determine ITCs in broccoli, white cabbage, garden cress, radish, horseradish and papaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Pilipczuk
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Barbara Kusznierewicz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Chmiel
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Witold Przychodzeń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bartoszek
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Shi YH, Dai DF, Li J, Dong YW, Jiang Y, Li HG, Gao Y, Chong CK, Li HY, Chu XQ, Yang C, Zhang Q, Tong ZS, Bai CG, Chen Y. Sulforaphane Analogues with Heterocyclic Moieties: Syntheses and Inhibitory Activities against Cancer Cell Lines. Molecules 2016; 21:514. [PMID: 27110751 PMCID: PMC6274066 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that sulforaphane (SFN) selectively inhibits the growth of ALDH⁺ breast cancer stem-like cells.Herein, a series of SFN analogues were synthesized and evaluated against breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and SUM-159, and the leukemia stem cell-like cell line KG-1a. These SFN analogues were characterized by the replacement of the methyl group with heterocyclic moieties, and the replacement of the sulfoxide group with sulfide or sulfone. A growth inhibitory assay indicated that the tetrazole analogs 3d, 8d and 9d were significantly more potent than SFN against the three cancer cell lines. Compound 14c, the water soluble derivative of tetrazole sulfide 3d, demonstrated higher potency against KG-1a cell line than 3d. SFN, 3d and 14c significantly induced the activation of caspase-3, and reduced the ALDH⁺ subpopulation in the SUM159 cell line, while the marketed drug doxrubicin(DOX) increased the ALDH⁺ subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Hui Shi
- Department of Breast Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 30060, China.
| | - Dong-Fang Dai
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
- High-throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of BioMedicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Jing Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
- High-throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of BioMedicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Yan-Wei Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
- High-throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of BioMedicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Yin Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
- High-throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of BioMedicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Huan-Gong Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
- High-throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of BioMedicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
- High-throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of BioMedicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Chuan-Ke Chong
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
- High-throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of BioMedicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Hui-Ying Li
- High-throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of BioMedicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xiao-Qian Chu
- High-throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of BioMedicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Cheng Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
- High-throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of BioMedicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Quan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Zhong-Sheng Tong
- Department of Breast Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 30060, China.
| | - Cui-Gai Bai
- High-throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of BioMedicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Yue Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relations in Allylsulfide and Isothiocyanate Compounds From Garlic and Broccoli Against In Vitro Cancer Cell Growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63749-9.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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17
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Grzywa R, Winiarski Ł, Psurski M, Rudnicka A, Wietrzyk J, Gajda T, Oleksyszyn J. Synthesis and biological activity of diisothiocyanate-derived mercapturic acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:667-671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Piberger AL, Keil C, Platz S, Rohn S, Hartwig A. Sulforaphane inhibits damage-induced poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation via direct interaction of its cellular metabolites with PARP-1. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:2231-42. [PMID: 26310710 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The isothiocyanate sulforaphane, a major breakdown product of the broccoli glucosinolate glucoraphanin, has frequently been proposed to exert anticarcinogenic properties. Potential underlying mechanisms include a zinc release from Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 followed by the induction of detoxifying enzymes. This suggests that sulforaphane may also interfere with other zinc-binding proteins, e.g. those essential for DNA repair. Therefore, we explored the impact of sulforaphane on poly (ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1), poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), and DNA single-strand break repair (SSBR) in cell culture. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunofluorescence analyses showed that sulforaphane diminished H2 O2 -induced PARylation in HeLa S3 cells starting from 15 μM despite increased lesion induction under these conditions. Subcellular experiments quantifying the damage-induced incorporation of (32) P-ADP-ribose by PARP-1 displayed no direct impact of sulforaphane itself, but cellular metabolites, namely the glutathione conjugates of sulforaphane and its interconversion product erucin, reduced PARP-1 activity concentration dependently. Interestingly, this sulforaphane metabolite-induced PARP-1 inhibition was prevented by thiol compounds. PARP-1 is a stimulating factor for DNA SSBR-rate and we further demonstrated that 25 μM sulforaphane also delayed the rejoining of H2 O2 -induced DNA strand breaks, although this might be partly due to increased lesion frequencies. CONCLUSION Sulforaphane interferes with damage-induced PARylation and SSBR, which implies a sulforaphane-dependent impairment of genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Liza Piberger
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Bioscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Keil
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Bioscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefanie Platz
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hartwig
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Bioscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Platz S, Piberger AL, Budnowski J, Herz C, Schreiner M, Blaut M, Hartwig A, Lamy E, Hanske L, Rohn S. Bioavailability and biotransformation of sulforaphane and erucin metabolites in different biological matrices determined by LC–MS–MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:1819-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Bricker GV, Riedl KM, Ralston RA, Tober KL, Oberyszyn TM, Schwartz SJ. Isothiocyanate metabolism, distribution, and interconversion in mice following consumption of thermally processed broccoli sprouts or purified sulforaphane. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1991-2000. [PMID: 24975513 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Broccoli sprouts are a rich source of glucosinolates, a group of phytochemicals that when hydrolyzed, are associated with cancer prevention. Our objectives were to investigate the metabolism, distribution, and interconversion of isothiocyanates (ITCs) in mice fed thermally processed broccoli sprout powders (BSPs) or the purified ITC sulforaphane. METHODS AND RESULTS For 1 wk, mice were fed a control diet (n = 20) or one of four treatment diets (n = 10 each) containing nonheated BSP, 60°C mildly heated BSP, 5-min steamed BSP, or 3 mmol purified sulforaphane. Sulforaphane and erucin metabolite concentrations in skin, liver, kidney, bladder, lung, and plasma were quantified using HPLC-MS/MS. Thermal intensity of BSP processing had disparate effects on ITC metabolite concentrations upon consumption. Mild heating generally resulted in the greatest ITC metabolite concentrations in vivo, followed by the nonheated and steamed BSP diets. We observed interconversion between sulforaphane and erucin species or metabolites, and report that erucin is the favored form in liver, kidney, and bladder, even when only sulforaphane is consumed. CONCLUSION ITC metabolites were distributed to all tissues analyzed, suggesting the potential for systemic benefits. We report for the first time tissue-dependent ratio of sulforaphane and erucin, though further investigation is warranted to assess biological activity of individual forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory V Bricker
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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21
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Kiełbasiński P, Łuczak J, Cierpiał T, Błaszczyk J, Sieroń L, Wiktorska K, Lubelska K, Milczarek M, Chilmończyk Z. New enantiomeric fluorine-containing derivatives of sulforaphane: synthesis, absolute configurations and biological activity. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:332-42. [PMID: 24589488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Three pairs of enantiomers of the unknown sulforaphane analogs bearing organofluorine substituents bonded to the sulfinyl sulfur atom and having different number of methylene groups in the central carbon chain were synthesized and fully characterized, including determination of their absolute configurations. All the new compounds were tested in vitro for their cytotoxicity against melanoma cells to show increased activity in comparison with the natural sulforaphane. The influence of the particular structural changes in the molecule on the cytotoxicity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kiełbasiński
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Łuczak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cierpiał
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jarosław Błaszczyk
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Lesław Sieroń
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Technical University of Łódź, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wiktorska
- National Medicines Institute, Cell Biology Department, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Lubelska
- National Medicines Institute, Cell Biology Department, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Milczarek
- National Medicines Institute, Cell Biology Department, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Chilmończyk
- National Medicines Institute, Cell Biology Department, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warszawa, Poland
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Ramos LA, Ulic SE, Romano RM, Beckers H, Willner H, Della Védova CO. Matrix Photochemical Study and Conformational Analysis of CH 3C(O)NCS and CF 3C(O)NCS. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:697-707. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4110085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Ramos
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET), Departamento de Química,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 esq. 115, 1900 La Plata, República Argentina
| | - Sonia E. Ulic
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET), Departamento de Química,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 esq. 115, 1900 La Plata, República Argentina
| | - Rosana M. Romano
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET), Departamento de Química,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 esq. 115, 1900 La Plata, República Argentina
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Fachbereich
C - Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Helge Willner
- Fachbereich
C - Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Carlos O. Della Védova
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET), Departamento de Química,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 esq. 115, 1900 La Plata, República Argentina
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Platz S, Kühn C, Schiess S, Schreiner M, Mewis I, Kemper M, Pfeiffer A, Rohn S. Determination of benzyl isothiocyanate metabolites in human plasma and urine by LC-ESI-MS/MS after ingestion of nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.). Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7427-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Ramos LA, Ulic SE, Romano RM, Vishnevskiy YV, Mitzel NW, Beckers H, Willner H, Tong S, Ge M, Della Védova CO. Chlorodifluoroacetyl isothiocyanate, ClF2CC(O)NCS: preparation and structural and spectroscopic studies. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:5597-606. [PMID: 23746282 DOI: 10.1021/jp403549f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlorodifluoroacetyl isothiocyanate, ClF2CC(O)NCS, was synthesized by the reaction of ClF2CC(O)Cl with an excess of AgNCS. The colorless product melts at -85 °C, and its vapor pressure follows the equation ln p = -4471.1 (1/T) + 11.35 (p [atm], T [K]) in the range -38 to 22 °C. The compound has been characterized by IR (gas phase, Ar matrix, and matrix photochemistry), by liquid Raman, by (19)F and (13)C NMR, gas UV-vis, and photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), by photoionization mass spectrometry (PIMS), and by gas electron diffraction (GED). The conformational properties of ClF2CC(O)NCS have been analyzed by joint application of vibrational spectroscopy, GED and quantum chemical calculations. The existence of two conformers has been detected in the gas and liquid phases, in which the C-Cl bond adopts a gauche orientation with respect to the C═O group; the C═O group is in syn- or anti-position with respect to the N═C double bond of the NCS group. The computed ΔG° difference between these two gauche-syn and gauche-anti forms is ΔG° = 0.63 kcal mol(-1) in the B3LYP/6-31G(d) approximation. The most significant gas-phase structural parameters for gauche-syn ClF2CC(O)NCS are re(NC═S) 1.559(2) Å, re(N═CS) 1.213(2) Å, re(N-C) 1.399(7) Å, re(C═O) 1.199(2) Å, and ∠e(CNC) 134.7(13)°. Photolysis of ClF2CC(O)NCS using an ArF excimer laser (193 nm) mainly yields ClF2CNCS, CO, and ClC(O)CF2NCS. The valence electronic properties of the title compound were studied using PES and PIMS. The experimental first vertical ionization energy of 10.43 eV corresponds to the ejection primarily of the sulfur lone-pair electrons of the in-plane nonbonding orbital on the NCS group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Ramos
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET, CCT-La Plata), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 esq. 115, 1900 La Plata, República Argentina
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Hu K, Qi YJ, Zhao J, Jiang HF, Chen X, Ren J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of sulforaphane derivatives as potential antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 64:529-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Parada-Aliste J, Megia-Fernandez A, De la Torre-Gonzalez D, Hernandez-Mateo F, Santoyo-Gonzalez F. Synthesis ofS- andN-Functionalized Dithiocarbamates from Cyclic Sulfates. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Determination of bioactive, free isothiocyanates from a glucosinolate-containing phytotherapeutic agent: A pilot study with in vitro models and human intervention. Fitoterapia 2013; 85:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Ganin H, Rayo J, Amara N, Levy N, Krief P, Meijler MM. Sulforaphane and erucin, natural isothiocyanates from broccoli, inhibit bacterial quorum sensing. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20196h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane and erucin, two natural isothiocyanates that are highly abundant in broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, were found to strongly inhibit quorum sensing and virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Ganin
- Department of Chemistry and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Be'er-Sheva 84105
- Israel
| | - Josep Rayo
- Department of Chemistry and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Be'er-Sheva 84105
- Israel
| | - Neri Amara
- Department of Chemistry and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Be'er-Sheva 84105
- Israel
| | - Niva Levy
- Department of Chemistry and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Be'er-Sheva 84105
- Israel
| | - Pnina Krief
- Department of Chemistry and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Be'er-Sheva 84105
- Israel
| | - Michael M. Meijler
- Department of Chemistry and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Be'er-Sheva 84105
- Israel
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Abbaoui B, Riedl KM, Ralston RA, Thomas-Ahner JM, Schwartz SJ, Clinton SK, Mortazavi A. Inhibition of bladder cancer by broccoli isothiocyanates sulforaphane and erucin: characterization, metabolism, and interconversion. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1675-87. [PMID: 23038615 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Epidemiologic evidence suggests diets rich in cruciferous vegetables, particularly broccoli, are associated with lower bladder cancer risk. Our objectives are to investigate these observations and determine the role of isothiocyanates in primary or secondary bladder cancer prevention. METHODS AND RESULTS We initially investigate the mechanisms whereby broccoli and broccoli sprout extracts and pure isothiocyanates inhibit normal, noninvasive (RT4), and invasive (J82, UMUC3) human urothelial cell viability. Sulforaphane (IC(50) = 5.66 ± 1.2 μM) and erucin (IC(50) = 8.79 ± 1.3 μM) are found to be the most potent inhibitors and normal cells are least sensitive. This observation is associated with downregulation of survivin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu), G(2) /M cell cycle accumulation, and apoptosis. In a murine UMUC3 xenograft model, we fed semipurified diets containing 4% broccoli sprouts, or 2% broccoli sprout isothiocyanate extract; or gavaged pure sulforaphane or erucin (each at 295 μmol/kg, similar to dietary exposure); and report tumor weight reduction of 42% (p = 0.02), 42% (p = 0.04), 33% (p = 0.04), and 58% (p < 0.0001), respectively. Sulforaphane and erucin metabolites are present in mouse plasma (micromolar range) and tumor tissue, with N-acetylcysteine conjugates as the most abundant. Interconversion of sulforaphane and erucin metabolites was observed. CONCLUSION This work supports development of fully characterized, novel food products containing broccoli components for phase I/II human studies targeting bladder cancer prevention.
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Aroonsri A, Kitani S, Ikeda H, Nihira T. Kitasetaline, a novel β-carboline alkaloid from Kitasatospora setae NBRC 14216T. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 114:56-8. [PMID: 22561881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
With the genetically modified Kitasatospora setae NBRC 14216(T) strain, a new β-carboline alkaloid, kitasetaline (1), was produced on solid medium. The structure was elucidated on the basis of physicochemical evidence. This is the first report of this type of alkaloid found in the genus Kitasatospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyada Aroonsri
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abe N, Okuhira M, Tsutsui C, Murata Y, Nakamura Y. Cytotoxicity of benzyl isothiocyanate in normal renal proximal tubular cells and its modulation by glutathione. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:1887-1892. [PMID: 22296293 DOI: 10.1021/jf2052042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the toxicity of benzyl ITC (BITC) and its urinary mercapturic acid metabolite (BITC-NAC), using a normal renal proximal tubular cell line, pig LLC-PK1. BITC increased cell death with an IC(50) value of about 7 μM, whereas the cytotoxic effect of BITC-NAC was five times weaker than that of BITC. We observed a significant necrosis of the compounds on LLC-PK1 cells with oxidative stress. In the presence of 5 mM glutathione (GSH), comparable to physiological levels, the cytotoxicity of BITC-NAC as well as BITC was significantly reduced. Furthermore, the increase in intracellular GSH levels by pretreatment with NAC before the BITC treatment resulted in inhibition of the BITC-induced necrotic events as well as intracellular oxidative stress. These results suggest that GSH is a determinant of cellular resistance against the BITC-mediated and oxidative stress-dependent cytotoxicity in renal proximal tubular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Abe
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Bhattacharya A, Li Y, Geng F, Munday R, Zhang Y. The principal urinary metabolite of allyl isothiocyanate, N-acetyl-S-(N-allylthiocarbamoyl)cysteine, inhibits the growth and muscle invasion of bladder cancer. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:394-8. [PMID: 22131350 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) was recently shown to be selectively delivered to bladder cancer tissue via urinary excretion and to inhibit bladder cancer growth and muscle invasion in an animal model. AITC is excreted in urine mainly as N-acetyl-S-(N-allylthiocarbamoyl)cysteine, more commonly known as the N-acetylcysteine conjugate (NAC-AITC). We show here that treatment of human bladder cancer UM-UC-3 cells or rat bladder cancer AY-27 cells with NAC-AITC at 15 μM results in significant inhibition of cell growth and proliferation, together with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We also show that NAC-AITC administered orally at 10 μmol/kg body wt inhibits cancer growth by 40% and muscle invasion by 49% in an orthotopic rat bladder cancer model. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of NAC-AITC is associated with the modulation of several important molecular targets, including downregulation of both α-tubulin and β-tubulin, activation of caspase-3 and downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor. These results are similar to those shown previously for AITC and are consistent with the understanding that NAC-AITC is a carrier of AITC. Furthermore, comparison of the pharmacokinetic and physical properties of NAC-AITC with those of AITC suggests that NAC-AITC is superior to AITC for potential use for prevention and therapy of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Clarke JD, Riedl K, Bella D, Schwartz SJ, Stevens JF, Ho E. Comparison of isothiocyanate metabolite levels and histone deacetylase activity in human subjects consuming broccoli sprouts or broccoli supplement. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10955-63. [PMID: 21928849 PMCID: PMC3201700 DOI: 10.1021/jf202887c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Increased consumption of cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli may reduce the risk of various cancers. Myrosinase is required to convert dietary glucosinolates from broccoli into bioactive isothiocyanates. We evaluated isothiocyanate excretion profiles in healthy subjects who consumed broccoli sprouts or broccoli supplement (no myrosinase) with equivalent glucosinolate content. Urinary metabolites of two major isothiocyanates, sulforaphane and erucin, were measured by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Peak excretion of sulforaphane and erucin was higher and occurred sooner in subjects who consumed broccoli sprouts as compared to subjects who consumed the supplement. A subject-dependent shift in the ratio of urinary sulforaphane to erucin metabolites was observed in both groups, indicating conversion of sulforaphane to erucin. Lower histone deacetylase activity was observed in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells only in subjects consuming sprouts. Fresh broccoli sprouts differ from broccoli supplements in regards to excretion of isothiocyanates and bioactivity in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Clarke
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Ken Riedl
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Deborah Bella
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | | | - Jan F. Stevens
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Emily Ho
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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35
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Novel platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes of thiosemicarbazones derived from 5-substitutedthiophene-2-carboxaldehydes and their antiviral and cytotoxic activities. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5616-24. [PMID: 21993152 PMCID: PMC7126824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of thiosemicarbazones and their platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes have been synthesized. The chemical structures of ligands and their complexes were characterized by UV–Vis, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS spectra, elemental analysis and TGA. The antiviral and cytotoxic activities of all compounds have been tested. Results of broad antiviral evaluation showed that none of the compounds evaluated endowed with anti-DNA or -RNA virus activity at subtoxic concentrations except for the palladium complex 1b. This compound exhibited slightly selective inhibition against cytomegalovirus. The platinum complex 4a exhibited the best cytostatic activities against human cervix carcinoma. Ligands 2, 4 and 5 showed cytostatic potential. The palladium complexes were in general less cytostatic than the corresponding platinum complexes or unliganded congeners.
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36
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Clarke JD, Hsu A, Riedl K, Bella D, Schwartz SJ, Stevens JF, Ho E. Bioavailability and inter-conversion of sulforaphane and erucin in human subjects consuming broccoli sprouts or broccoli supplement in a cross-over study design. Pharmacol Res 2011; 64:456-63. [PMID: 21816223 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Broccoli consumption may reduce the risk of various cancers and many broccoli supplements are now available. The bioavailability and excretion of the mercapturic acid pathway metabolites isothiocyanates after human consumption of broccoli supplements has not been tested. Two important isothiocyanates from broccoli are sulforaphane and erucin. We employed a cross-over study design in which 12 subjects consumed 40 g of fresh broccoli sprouts followed by a 1 month washout period and then the same 12 subjects consumed 6 pills of a broccoli supplement. As negative controls for isothiocyanate consumption four additional subjects consumed alfalfa sprouts during the first phase and placebo pills during the second. Blood and urine samples were collected for 48h during each phase and analyzed for sulforaphane and erucin metabolites using LC-MS/MS. The bioavailability of sulforaphane and erucin is dramatically lower when subjects consume broccoli supplements compared to fresh broccoli sprouts. The peaks in plasma concentrations and urinary excretion were also delayed when subjects consumed the broccoli supplement. GSTP1 polymorphisms did not affect the metabolism or excretion of sulforaphane or erucin. Sulforaphane and erucin are able to interconvert in vivo and this interconversion is consistent within each subject but variable between subjects. This study confirms that consumption of broccoli supplements devoid of myrosinase activity does not produce equivalent plasma concentrations of the bioactive isothiocyanate metabolites compared to broccoli sprouts. This has implications for people who consume the recommended serving size (1 pill) of a broccoli supplement and believe they are getting equivalent doses of isothiocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Clarke
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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37
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Vermeulen M, Boerboom AMM, Blankvoort BM, Aarts JM, Rietjens IM, van Bladeren PJ, Vaes WH. Potency of isothiocyanates to induce luciferase reporter gene expression via the electrophile-responsive element from murine glutathione S-transferase Ya. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:617-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yehuda H, Khatib S, Sussan I, Musa R, Vaya J, Tamir S. Potential skin antiinflammatory effects of 4-methylthiobutylisothiocyanate (MTBI) isolated from rocket (Eruca sativa) seeds. Biofactors 2009; 35:295-305. [PMID: 19459144 DOI: 10.1002/biof.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs), which are organosulfur compounds present in cruciferous vegetables, have anticarcinogenic, antiinflammatory, and antiproliferative activities. These biological activities, and the knowledge that rocket seed (Eruca sativa) extract is used in skin disorders in traditional Middle Eastern medicine, led to the isolation and assessment of 4-methylthiobutylisothiocyanate (MTBI), the major ITC in rocket seeds, for its potential in the prevention of inflammatory skin diseases, such as psoriasis. MTBI was found to depress the growth of activated keratinocytes and to arrest the activated THP-1 monocytes in the G2 stage. Both MTBI and its oxidized derivative sulforaphane (SFN), which was found in the rocket seed at a low concentration, downregulated the expression of the proinflammatory genes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-12/23 p40, as well as that of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, in activated THP-1 cells. These results demonstrate that MTBI may deter the inflammation process, as has been reported for SFN. Furthermore, pretreatment with MTBI hindered the induction of the inflammatory state in the THP-1 cells, as shown by the inhibition of cytokine mRNA expression of IL-1beta, IL-12/23 p40, and TNF-alpha. Overall, our results imply that MTBI may represent a new family of natural compounds possessing significant skin inflammation-preventive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Yehuda
- Laboratory of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, MIGAL-Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat-Shmona 11016, Israel
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Lamy E, Crössmann C, Saeed A, Schreiner PR, Kotke M, Mersch-Sundermann V. Three structurally homologous isothiocyanates exert "Janus" characteristics in human HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:164-170. [PMID: 19253337 DOI: 10.1002/em.20470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay and the micronucleus (MN) test to investigate the DNA damaging effects and the antigenotoxic potencies of three structurally related ITCs in human HepG2 cells. The results show that all three ITCs possess the characteristic of a "Janus" compound, i.e., they exert both significant genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity, depending on the concentrations used in the test systems applied. Regression line analysis of the results derived by SCGE analysis showed genotoxic potency of the ITCs in the following order: 3-methylthiopropyl ITC (MTPITC) > 4-methylthiobutyl ITC (MTBITC) > 5-methylthiopentyl ITC (MTPeITC); however, this order in genotoxic potency was not confirmed by MN analysis. Additionally, the MN test showed significant mutagenicity of the test substances at higher concentrations when compared with the SCGE assay. Twenty-four hour-treatment of the cells with the ITCs, followed by a 1-hr recovery period, showed significant DNA repair in the SCGE assay at a concentration > or =10 microM MTPITC, > or =3 microM MTBITC, and > or =0.1 microM MTPeITC, respectively. In antigenotoxicity studies, the most effective concentration of MTPITC and MTPeITC toward B(a)P-induced DNA damage was 0.1 muM in both test systems. MTBITC suppressed MN formation in B(a)P-treated cells to the background level at a concentration of 1 muM. The ambivalent character of the ITCs under studymust be further clarified, especially in the possiblecontext of high dose therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Lamy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 115b, Freiburg 79106, Germany.
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Vermeulen M, Klöpping-Ketelaars IWAA, van den Berg R, Vaes WHJ. Bioavailability and kinetics of sulforaphane in humans after consumption of cooked versus raw broccoli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:10505-10509. [PMID: 18950181 DOI: 10.1021/jf801989e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the bioavailability and kinetics of the supposed anticarcinogen sulforaphane, the hydrolysis product of glucoraphanin, from raw and cooked broccoli. Eight men consumed 200 g of crushed broccoli, raw or cooked, with a warm meal in a randomized, free-living, open cross-over trial. Higher amounts of sulforaphane were found in the blood and urine when broccoli was eaten raw (bioavailability of 37%) versus cooked (3.4%, p ) 0.002). Absorption of sulforaphane was delayed when cooked broccoli was consumed (peak plasma time ) 6 h) versus raw broccoli (1.6 h, p ) 0.001). Excretion half-lives were comparable, 2.6 and 2.4 h on average, for raw and cooked broccoli, respectively (p ) 0.5). This study gives complete kinetic data and shows that consumption of raw broccoli results in faster absorption, higher bioavailability, and higher peak plasma amounts of sulforaphane, compared to cooked broccoli.
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Mays JR, Weller Roska RL, Sarfaraz S, Mukhtar H, Rajski SR. Identification, synthesis, and enzymology of non-natural glucosinolate chemopreventive candidates. Chembiochem 2008; 9:729-47. [PMID: 18327862 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are one of the many classes of breakdown products of glucosinolates found in crucifers such as broccoli and are thought to be partially responsible for the reduced risk of degenerative diseases associated with the consumption of vegetables. The production of ITCs such as L-sulforaphane is dependent on the hydrolytic bioactivities of myrosinase, localized both within vegetable tissues and within flora of the human GI tract, and is associated with important cancer chemopreventive activities. We hypothesized that novel isothiocyanates with enhanced chemopreventive properties relative to L-sulforaphane could be identified and that their glucosinolate precursors could be synthesized. From a library of 30 synthetic ITCs, we identified several with bioactivities equal or superior to those of L-sulforaphane. The corresponding non-natural glucosinolate precursors to these novel ITCs were constructed and found to be substrates for myrosinase. By utilizing a novel RP-HPLC assay to monitor myrosinase-dependent hydrolysis reactions, 2,2-diphenylethyl glucosinolate and (biphenyl-2-yl)methyl glucosinolate were shown to exhibit 26.5 and 2.8 %, respectively, of the relative activity of sinigrin and produced their corresponding ITCs in varying yields. These data support the notion that non-natural glucosinolates can act as prodrugs for novel ITCs, with a mechanism of action reliant on their hydrolytic cleavage by myrosinase. Such non-natural glucosinolates may serve as very economical chemopreventive agents for individuals at risk for cancers of and around the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared R Mays
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Pharmacy, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA
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Kristensen M, Krogholm KS, Frederiksen H, Duus F, Cornett C, Bügel SH, Rasmussen SE. Improved synthesis methods of standards used for quantitative determination of total isothiocyanates from broccoli in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 852:229-34. [PMID: 17307405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A well-known method for quantification of isothiocyanates (ITCs) and their metabolites is the condensation reaction with 1,2-benzenedithiole to produce 1,3-benzodithiole-2-thione, which can be quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Standards of an ITC metabolite and 1,3-benzodithiole-2-thione are required for this assay but are not commercially available. In the present study, we report on an improved synthesis of the ITC metabolite N-acetyl-S-(N-4-methylsulfinylbutylthiocarbamoyl)-L-cysteine and 1,3-benzodithiole-2-thione. The standards were used to quantify the urinary excretion of ITCs from 10 healthy subjects who consumed 350 g broccoli. The excretion was investigated throughout 48 h showing a cumulative urinary ITC excretion of 49.1+/-25.2% of the dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Kristensen
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, 2860 Søborg, Denmark.
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Hinman A, Chuang HH, Bautista DM, Julius D. TRP channel activation by reversible covalent modification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:19564-8. [PMID: 17164327 PMCID: PMC1748265 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609598103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 696] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allyl isothiocyanate, the pungent principle of wasabi and other mustard oils, produces pain by activating TRPA1, an excitatory ion channel on sensory nerve endings. Isothiocyanates are membrane-permeable electrophiles that form adducts with thiols and primary amines, suggesting that covalent modification, rather than classical lock-and-key binding, accounts for their agonist properties. Indeed, we show that thiol reactive compounds of diverse structure activate TRPA1 in a manner that relies on covalent modification of cysteine residues within the cytoplasmic N terminus of the channel. These findings suggest an unusual paradigm whereby natural products activate a receptor through direct, reversible, and covalent protein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hinman
- Departments of Physiology and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | | | - Diana M. Bautista
- Departments of Physiology and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - David Julius
- Departments of Physiology and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Vermeulen M, van den Berg R, Freidig AP, van Bladeren PJ, Vaes WHJ. Association between consumption of cruciferous vegetables and condiments and excretion in urine of isothiocyanate mercapturic acids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:5350-8. [PMID: 16848516 DOI: 10.1021/jf060723n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A high intake of cruciferous vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This protective effect has been linked to isothiocyanates, enzymatic hydrolysis products of glucosinolates. In this study, the metabolic fate of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates after ingestion of 19 different cruciferous vegetables was studied in three male subjects. After the consumption of 13 cruciferous vegetables (glucosinolate content, 0.01-0.94 mmol/kg) and six condiments (isothiocyanate content, 0.06-49.3 mmol/kg), eight different isothiocyanate mercapturic acids were determined in urine samples. Excretion levels after the consumption of raw vegetables and condiments were higher (bioavailability, 8.2-113%) as compared to cooked vegetables (bioavailability, 1.8-43%), but the excretion rate was similar (t1/2=2.1-3.9 h). Isothiocyanates in urine remain longer at a nonzero level after the consumption of glucosinolates from cooked vegetables, as compared to raw vegetables and condiments, and maximal levels in urine were reached about 4 h later. Isothiocyanate mercapturic acids can be used as a biomarker to reflect the active dose of isothiocyanates absorbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Vermeulen
- Business Unit Analytical Research, TNO Quality of Life, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
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