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Sharma P, Kale S, Phugare S, Pendharkar S, Shinde P, Mandhan A, Goel SK, Gairola S. Molecular size distribution in pentavalent (A, C, Y, W, X) meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine by HPSEC-UV-MALS-RI method- a conceivable stability indicating parameter. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1236:124048. [PMID: 38430603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Molecular size distribution (MSD) of polysaccharides serves as a key parameter that directly correlates to the immunogenicity of vaccine. MSD at meningococcal polysaccharide (A, C, Y and W) or conjugate bulk level is well established under detailed pharmacopeial and WHO guidelines. We report here, a newly developed method for determination of molecular size distribution of pentavalent Meningococcal conjugate vaccine comprising of A, C, Y, W and X (MenFive). Although serogroup specific molecular size could not be estimated here; lot to lot consistency monitoring, molecular aggregates distribution in final lot, are key takeaways of this method. Determination of MSD in pentavalent fill finished product was quite challenging. Various columns/detectors combination, buffers, physico-chemical conditions (temperature, 2-8 °C, 25 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C; flow rate, 0.3 mL to 0.8 mL), liquid/lyophilized formulations, were explored. Polymer-based packed columns were explored for estimation for MSD by aqueous size exclusion chromatography, using combinations of- Shodex OHPAK SB 807 HQ, Shodex OHPAK SB 806 HQ, G6000 PWXL, coupled with guard Shodex OHPAK SB-G-6B. MenFive showed heterogenous distribution of molecules ranging from 200 to 19000 kDa, indicating its complex nature. However, 1000-8000 kDa was dominant range, comprising of ≥ 50 % distribution of molecules, in both liquid as well as lyophilized formulations, with average molecular weight around 6000-6500 kDa. The molar mass distribution after slicing would provide an insight to the conformation of molecules through its presentation as HMW, LMW, aggregates and subsequently, the presence of dominant population of molecules of a particular molecular weight and its total contribution in the sample.
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Ghosh S, Pawar R, Kangralkar V, Mallya AD, Dhere RM, Bolgiano B, Ravenscroft N. Acid hydrolysis conditions for quantification of meningococcal X polysaccharide in a pentavalent vaccine using HPAEC-PAD/ESI-MS. Anal Biochem 2023; 683:115363. [PMID: 37866526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
A selective and sensitive method was evaluated for quantitation of meningococcal X (Men X) polysaccharide in pentavalent meningococcal A, C, W, Y and X conjugate vaccine using different acid hydrolysis conditions like HCl, TFA, HF, HF-TFA, and HF-HCl. High-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) using CarboPac PA10 column was used to identify the hydrolyzed products based on retention time and its comparison with monosaccharide standards. Complete release of glucosamine (GlcN) from Men X in monovalent bulk and pentavalent vaccine samples was achieved using HF hydrolysis at 80 °C for 2 h. The Men X HF-hydrolyzed polysaccharide to glucosamine along with the reference standard was identified using collision-induced dissociation (CID) electrospray mass spectroscopy and the MS/MS fragments of m/z 162, m/z 144 and m/z 84. Meningococcal polysaccharide concentration was determined with a correlation coefficient r2 >0.99 using polysaccharide reference standard. The serogroups A, W, and Y were converted to their monosaccharides units and quantified using this method however, milder acid hydrolysis 0.1 M HCl 80 °C 2 h for release of sialic acid for Men C polysaccharide was found to be more suitable. These methods will provide necessary tools and prove to be beneficial to laboratories developing new saccharide-based vaccine combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Ghosh
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh Pawar
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vivek Kangralkar
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asha D Mallya
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Rajeev M Dhere
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Barbara Bolgiano
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, AL3 6DP, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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3
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Kale S, Phugare S, Sharma P, Goel SK, Gairola S. Method development and validation of unbound saccharide content (serogroup A, C, Y, W, X) in novel pentavalent meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine with two different carrier proteins. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115679. [PMID: 37660546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Exclusive DOC-HCl formulations were developed for free polysaccharide content estimation in Meningococcal serogroup A, C, Y, W and X from pentavalent meningococcal vaccine (A, C, Y, W, X). The DOC precipitation method reported herein stands as an alternative to the ultra-filtration method for free polysaccharide estimation. DOC content was optimized for all the serogroups at a single concentration, where as effective acid concentration was altered as per serogroup. Briefly, two DOC-HCl formulations were developed for intended purpose, one for TT conjugated serogroups Men A & Men X where as other for CRM conjugated serogroups Men C, Men Y and Men W with effective HCl concentration of 23 mM and 193 mM for precipitation of Protein-DOC complex respectively. Furthermore, an exclusive buffer/DOC-HCl formulation for estimation of Men X free polysaccharide in fill finished product was developed. Accuracy of the method was proven at 12.5 %, 25 %, 50 % and 100 % of test specification where recoveries were found in the range of 70-130 %. In case of repeatability, intra assay variation ranged from 2 % to 7 % whereas inter assay variation was noted to be 2-14 %. Specificity studied revealed no interference of assay components such as sample excipients, DOC, acids. Critical quality and stability-indicating characteristics were measured. Monovalent polysaccharide standards of Men A, C, Y, W and X were developed and assigned the unitage concentration 1.01, 1.10, 1.09, 1.08 and 1.00 mg/mL respectively. Linearity curve was optimized from 0.17 to 27 µg/mL for Men A and C whereas from 0.33 to 27 µg/mL for Men Y and W considering free polysaccharide content estimation. The study suggests that DOC-HCl method meets all the criteria for free polysaccharide estimation in multivalent vaccines with additional advantages of high throughput and sized independent separation hence can be used for quality control testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Kale
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411028, India
| | | | - Pankaj Sharma
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411028, India
| | | | - Sunil Gairola
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411028, India.
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Anish C, Beurret M, Poolman J. Combined effects of glycan chain length and linkage type on the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:150. [PMID: 34893630 PMCID: PMC8664855 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and use of antibacterial glycoconjugate vaccines have significantly reduced the occurrence of potentially fatal childhood and adult diseases such as bacteremia, bacterial meningitis, and pneumonia. In these vaccines, the covalent linkage of bacterial glycans to carrier proteins augments the immunogenicity of saccharide antigens by triggering T cell-dependent B cell responses, leading to high-affinity antibodies and durable protection. Licensed glycoconjugate vaccines either contain long-chain bacterial polysaccharides, medium-sized oligosaccharides, or short synthetic glycans. Here, we discuss factors that affect the glycan chain length in vaccines and review the available literature discussing the impact of glycan chain length on vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, we evaluate the available clinical data on licensed glycoconjugate vaccine preparations with varying chain lengths against two bacterial pathogens, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis group C, regarding a possible correlation of glycan chain length with their efficacy. We find that long-chain glycans cross-linked to carrier proteins and medium-sized oligosaccharides end-linked to carriers both achieve high immunogenicity and efficacy. However, end-linked glycoconjugates that contain long untethered stretches of native glycan chains may induce hyporesponsiveness by T cell-independent activation of B cells, while cross-linked medium-sized oligosaccharides may suffer from suboptimal saccharide epitope accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakkumkal Anish
- grid.497529.40000 0004 0625 7026Bacterial Vaccines Discovery and Early Development, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Michel Beurret
- Bacterial Vaccines Discovery and Early Development, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Jan Poolman
- grid.497529.40000 0004 0625 7026Bacterial Vaccines Discovery and Early Development, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
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5
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Micoli F, Alfini R, Di Benedetto R, Necchi F, Schiavo F, Mancini F, Carducci M, Oldrini D, Pitirollo O, Gasperini G, Balocchi C, Bechi N, Brunelli B, Piccioli D, Adamo R. Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens as Carrier for Polysaccharides: Impact of Sugar Length, Density, and Attachment Site on the Immune Response Elicited in Animal Models. Front Immunol 2021; 12:719315. [PMID: 34594333 PMCID: PMC8477636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.719315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle systems are being explored for the display of carbohydrate antigens, characterized by multimeric presentation of glycan epitopes and special chemico-physical properties of nano-sized particles. Among them, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are receiving great attention, combining antigen presentation with the immunopotentiator effect of the Toll-like receptor agonists naturally present on these systems. In this context, we are testing Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA), OMVs naturally released from Gram-negative bacteria mutated to increase blebbing, as carrier for polysaccharides. Here, we investigated the impact of saccharide length, density, and attachment site on the immune response elicited by GMMA in animal models, using a variety of structurally diverse polysaccharides from different pathogens (i.e., Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A and C, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and streptococcus Group A Carbohydrate and Salmonella Typhi Vi). Anti-polysaccharide immune response was not affected by the number of saccharides per GMMA particle. However, lower saccharide loading can better preserve the immunogenicity of GMMA as antigen. In contrast, saccharide length needs to be optimized for each specific antigen. Interestingly, GMMA conjugates induced strong functional immune response even when the polysaccharides were linked to sugars on GMMA. We also verified that GMMA conjugates elicit a T-dependent humoral immune response to polysaccharides that is strictly dependent on the nature of the polysaccharide. The results obtained are important to design novel glycoconjugate vaccines using GMMA as carrier and support the development of multicomponent glycoconjugate vaccines where GMMA can play the dual role of carrier and antigen. In addition, this work provides significant insights into the mechanism of action of glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabiola Schiavo
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Davide Oldrini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
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6
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Zhao J, Hu G, Huang Y, Huang Y, Wei X, Shi J. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine: A kind of vaccine with great development potential. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Stark JC, Jaroentomeechai T, Moeller TD, Hershewe JM, Warfel KF, Moricz BS, Martini AM, Dubner RS, Hsu KJ, Stevenson TC, Jones BD, DeLisa MP, Jewett MC. On-demand biomanufacturing of protective conjugate vaccines. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe9444. [PMID: 33536221 PMCID: PMC7857678 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe9444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Conjugate vaccines are among the most effective methods for preventing bacterial infections. However, existing manufacturing approaches limit access to conjugate vaccines due to centralized production and cold chain distribution requirements. To address these limitations, we developed a modular technology for in vitro conjugate vaccine expression (iVAX) in portable, freeze-dried lysates from detoxified, nonpathogenic Escherichia coli. Upon rehydration, iVAX reactions synthesize clinically relevant doses of conjugate vaccines against diverse bacterial pathogens in 1 hour. We show that iVAX-synthesized vaccines against Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis (type A) strain Schu S4 protected mice from lethal intranasal F. tularensis challenge. The iVAX platform promises to accelerate development of new conjugate vaccines with increased access through refrigeration-independent distribution and portable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Stark
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
| | - Thapakorn Jaroentomeechai
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tyler D Moeller
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jasmine M Hershewe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
| | - Katherine F Warfel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
| | - Bridget S Moricz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd 3-403 Bowen Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Anthony M Martini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd 3-403 Bowen Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rachel S Dubner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive Hogan Hall 2144, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA
| | - Karen J Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute B224, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
| | - Taylor C Stevenson
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bradley D Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd 3-403 Bowen Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, 431 Newton Rd, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA.
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 676 N. St Clair St, Suite 1200, Chicago, IL 60611-3068, USA
- Simpson-Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior St, Suite 11-131 Chicago, IL 60611-2875, USA
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8
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Gao F, Beresford N, Lockyer K, Burkin K, Rigsby P, Bolgiano B. Saccharide dosage content of meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines determined using WHO International Standards for serogroup A, C, W, Y and X polysaccharides. Biologicals 2021; 70:53-58. [PMID: 33518432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Potency of meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines relies on the polysaccharide content to prevent meningitis. NIBSC, as the official national control laboratory in UK, analysed ten different mono- and multi-meningococcal conjugate vaccines, using established International Standards for meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, Y and X, by resorcinol or HPAEC-PAD assay. Most saccharide contents were within ±20% of their claimed content for licensure with taking different O-acetylation levels into consideration, with only MenC content in two vaccines below (by 60% and 54%) the labelled value, however, previous study showed different dosage was not necessarily correlated to the immunogenicity of those vaccines. This study demonstrated the use of International Standards to quantify saccharide content in polysaccharide-based vaccines with different percentage of O-acetylation. These International Standards are suitable to serve as either quantitative standard or calibrator of in-house standards, with supplied stability data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gao
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Nicola Beresford
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Kay Lockyer
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Karena Burkin
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Peter Rigsby
- Biostatistics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Barbara Bolgiano
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
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9
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Micoli F, Alfini R, Di Benedetto R, Necchi F, Schiavo F, Mancini F, Carducci M, Palmieri E, Balocchi C, Gasperini G, Brunelli B, Costantino P, Adamo R, Piccioli D, Saul A. GMMA Is a Versatile Platform to Design Effective Multivalent Combination Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E540. [PMID: 32957610 PMCID: PMC7564227 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Technology platforms are an important strategy to facilitate the design, development and implementation of vaccines to combat high-burden diseases that are still a threat for human populations, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and to address the increasing number and global distribution of pathogens resistant to antimicrobial drugs. Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA), outer membrane vesicles derived from engineered Gram-negative bacteria, represent an attractive technology to design affordable vaccines. Here, we show that GMMA, decorated with heterologous polysaccharide or protein antigens, leads to a strong and effective antigen-specific humoral immune response in mice. Importantly, GMMA promote enhanced immunogenicity compared to traditional formulations (e.g., recombinant proteins and glycoconjugate vaccines), without negative impact to the anti-GMMA immune response. Our findings support the use of GMMA as a "plug and play" technology for the development of effective combination vaccines targeting different bugs at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (R.D.B.); (F.N.); (F.S.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (E.P.); (G.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (R.D.B.); (F.N.); (F.S.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (E.P.); (G.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Roberta Di Benedetto
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (R.D.B.); (F.N.); (F.S.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (E.P.); (G.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Francesca Necchi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (R.D.B.); (F.N.); (F.S.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (E.P.); (G.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Fabiola Schiavo
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (R.D.B.); (F.N.); (F.S.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (E.P.); (G.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Francesca Mancini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (R.D.B.); (F.N.); (F.S.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (E.P.); (G.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Martina Carducci
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (R.D.B.); (F.N.); (F.S.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (E.P.); (G.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Elena Palmieri
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (R.D.B.); (F.N.); (F.S.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (E.P.); (G.G.); (A.S.)
| | | | - Gianmarco Gasperini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (R.D.B.); (F.N.); (F.S.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (E.P.); (G.G.); (A.S.)
| | | | | | - Roberto Adamo
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.B.); (B.B.); (P.C.); (R.A.); (D.P.)
| | - Diego Piccioli
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.B.); (B.B.); (P.C.); (R.A.); (D.P.)
| | - Allan Saul
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (R.D.B.); (F.N.); (F.S.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (E.P.); (G.G.); (A.S.)
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Rohrer JS. Vaccine Quality Ensured by High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection. SLAS Technol 2019; 25:320-328. [PMID: 31771418 DOI: 10.1177/2472630319890309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many important vaccines use bacterial capsular polysaccharides, or shorter polysaccharides or oligosaccharides, derived from the capsular polysaccharides, conjugated to protein. It is imperative that manufacturers understand the carbohydrate composition of these vaccines and deliver a product with a consistent polysaccharide or polysaccharide conjugate composition and content. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE-PAD) is a major technique used to understand the carbohydrate composition of these vaccines and ensure product quality. HPAE-PAD separates and detects carbohydrates without analyte derivatization. This paper describes the basics of the HPAE-PAD technique and then reviews how it has been applied to Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcal, meningococcal, group B streptococcal, and Salmonella polysaccharide and corresponding conjugate vaccines.
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11
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Di Mambro T, Guerriero I, Aurisicchio L, Magnani M, Marra E. The Yin and Yang of Current Antifungal Therapeutic Strategies: How Can We Harness Our Natural Defenses? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:80. [PMID: 30804788 PMCID: PMC6370704 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections have aroused much interest over the last years because of their involvement in several human diseases. Immunocompromission due to transplant-related therapies and malignant cancer treatments are risk factors for invasive fungal infections, but also aggressive surgery, broad-spectrum antibiotics and prosthetic devices are frequently associated with infectious diseases. Current therapy is based on the administration of antifungal drugs, but the occurrence of resistant strains to the most common molecules has become a serious health-care problem. New antifungal agents are urgently needed and it is essential to identify fungal molecular targets that could offer alternatives for development of treatments. The fungal cell wall and plasma membrane are the most important structures that offer putative new targets which can be modulated in order to fight microbial infections. The development of monoclonal antibodies against new targets is a valid therapeutic strategy, both to solve resistance problems and to support the immune response, especially in immunocompromised hosts. In this review, we summarize currently used antifungal agents and propose novel therapeutic approaches, including new fungal molecular targets to be considered for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Di Mambro
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy.,Diatheva s.r.l., Cartoceto, Italy
| | - Ilaria Guerriero
- Takis s.r.l., Rome, Italy.,Veterinary Immunotherapy and Translational Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Aurisicchio
- Takis s.r.l., Rome, Italy.,Veterinary Immunotherapy and Translational Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy.,Diatheva s.r.l., Cartoceto, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marra
- Takis s.r.l., Rome, Italy.,Veterinary Immunotherapy and Translational Research, Rome, Italy
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12
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Evaluation of impact of temperature and pH alterations on the size and antigenicity of meningococcal serogroup A and X polysaccharides and conjugates. Vaccine 2019; 37:965-972. [PMID: 30651197 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The changes in the recommended storage conditions of the glycoconjugate vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis (Men) serogroup A and serogroup X can affect its activity or potency. Elevated temperature and the change in pH may result in the physical instability leading to the size degradation of the polysaccharide (PS) and subsequent loss of PS epitopes. Moreover, high temperature may also result in protein aggregation and altered tertiary structure of the protein in the conjugate. Consequently, the construction of a potent glycoconjugate is dependent on optimal temperature and pH. The changes in both these conditions can also affect the production of a capsular polysaccharide (PS) and its conjugation to a protein carrier and may also affect the integrity of the vaccine molecule including the maintenance of the protective epitopes. In our study we have used inhibition ELISA as a tool to assess the impact of temperature and pH alterations on the antigenicity of N. meningitidis serogroup A and X, PS and conjugates and their correlation with the size distribution analysis using high pressure size exclusion chromatography. The studies on pH alterations from 5 to 9 led to minimal impact on size and antigenicity of all antigens, however, an elevated temperature adversely impacted the antigen size as well as antigenicity to varying extent. Results indicate the higher stability of MenX PS and conjugate as compared to that for MenA counterparts at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, both the MenA and MenX conjugates appears to be more stable as compared to the corresponding PSs.
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13
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Helminth eggs as parasitic indicators of fecal contamination in agricultural irrigation water, biosolids, soils and pastures. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2018; 38:42-53. [PMID: 29668133 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v38i0.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A very common practice in agriculture is the disposal of wastewater and biosolids from water treatment systems due to their high nutrient content, which substantially improves crop yields. However, the presence of pathogens of fecal origin creates a sanitary risk to farmers and consumers. OBJECTIVE To determine the presence and concentration of helminth eggs in irrigation waters, biosolids, agricultural soils, and pastures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Water, biosolids, soil, and pasture samples were collected and analyzed for helminth egg detection, total eggs and viable eggs counts. The behavior of helminth eggs was evaluated in irrigation waters and dairy cattle grassland, where biosolids had been used as an organic amendment. RESULTS Concentrations between 0.1-3 total helminth eggs/L, and 0.1-1 viable helminth eggs/L were found in water. In biosolids and soil, we found 3-22 total helminth eggs/4 g of dry weight, and 2-12 viable helminth eggs/4 g of dry weight, and in grass, we found <2-9 total helminth eggs/g of fresh weight, and <1-3 viable helminth eggs/g of fresh weight. The presence of helminth eggs in each matrix varied from days to months, which may represent a sanitary risk to farmers as well as to consumers. CONCLUSIONS The presence of helminth eggs in the assessed matrixes confirms the sanitary risk of such practices. Therefore, it is important to control and incorporate regulations related to the use of wastewater and biosolids in agriculture.
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Hennessey JP, Costantino P, Talaga P, Beurret M, Ravenscroft N, Alderson MR, Zablackis E, Prasad AK, Frasch C. Lessons Learned and Future Challenges in the Design and Manufacture of Glycoconjugate Vaccines. CARBOHYDRATE-BASED VACCINES: FROM CONCEPT TO CLINIC 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2018-1290.ch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philippe Talaga
- Department of Analytical Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l’Etoile 69280, France
| | - Michel Beurret
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, 2301 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Earl Zablackis
- Analytical Process Technology, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania 18370, United States
| | - A. Krishna Prasad
- Pfizer Vaccines Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Carl Frasch
- Consultant, Martinsburg, West Virginia 25402, United States
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15
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Bastos RC, Corrêa MB, de Souza IM, da Silva MN, da Silva Gomes Pereira D, Martins FO, da Silva Faria C, Ano Bom APD, de Lourdes Leal M, Jessouroun E, da Silva JG, de Andrade Medronho R, da Silveira IAFB. Brazilian meningococcal C conjugate vaccine: physicochemical, immunological, and thermal stability characteristics. Glycoconj J 2017; 35:3-13. [PMID: 28929266 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High temperature is known to cause some instability in polysaccharide-protein conjugated vaccines and studies under stress conditions may be useful in determining whether short-term accidental exposure to undesired conditions can compromise product quality. In this study, we examined the structural stability of three industrial batches of Brazilian Meningococcal C conjugate bulk (MPCT) incubated at 4, 37, and 55 °C for 5 weeks. The effect of exposure to the storage temperatures was monitored by HPLC-SEC, CZE, CD and NMR techniques. The immunological significance of any physicochemical changes observed in MPCT was determined by SBA and ELISA assays of serum from immunized mice. Fluorescence emission spectra at 4 and 37 °C were similar among all samples and compatible with the native fold of the carrier protein. Fluorescence spectra of MPCT stored at 55 °C decreased in intensity and had a significant red-shift, indicating conformational changes. Far-UV CD spectra revealed a trend toward loss of structural conformation as storage temperature was increased to 55 °C. The NMR data showed modified signal intensity of the aromatic and aliphatic residues, mainly for samples incubated at 55 °C, suggesting a partial loss of tertiary structure. About 50% free saccharide content was found in bulks stored at 55 °C, but no difference was observed in the IgG or SBA titers. The present study showed physicochemical methods alone are insufficient to predict the biological activity of a MPCT conjugate vaccine without extensive validation against immunological data. However, they provide a sensitive means of detecting changes induced in a vaccine exposed to adverse environmental condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Chagas Bastos
- Laboratório de Macromoléculas, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marilza Batista Corrêa
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Bacteriana, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Milton Neto da Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Bacteriana, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila da Silva Faria
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Bacteriana, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dinis Ano Bom
- Laboratório de Macromoléculas, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Leal
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Bacteriana, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ellen Jessouroun
- Programa de Vacinas Bacterianas, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Godinho da Silva
- Laboratório de Macromoléculas, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Weissmueller NT, Marsay L, Schiffter HA, Carlisle RC, Rollier CS, Prud’homme RK, Pollard AJ. Alternative vaccine administration by powder injection: Needle-free dermal delivery of the glycoconjugate meningococcal group Y vaccine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183427. [PMID: 28837693 PMCID: PMC5570268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Powder-injectors use gas propulsion to deposit lyophilised drug or vaccine particles in the epidermal and sub epidermal layers of the skin. We prepared dry-powder (Tg = 45.2 ± 0.5°C) microparticles (58.1 μm) of a MenY-CRM197 glyconjugate vaccine (0.5% wt.) for intradermal needle-free powder injection (NFPI). SFD used ultrasound atomisation of the liquid vaccine-containing excipient feed, followed by lyophilisation above the glass transition temperature (Tg' = - 29.9 ± 0.3°C). This resulted in robust particles (density~ 0.53 ±0.09 g/cm3) with a narrow volume size distribution (mean diameter 58.1 μm, and span = 1.2), and an impact parameter (ρvr ~ 11.5 kg/m·s) sufficient to breach the Stratum corneum (sc). The trehalose, manitol, dextran (10 kDa), dextran (150 kDa) formulation, or TMDD (3:3:3:1), protected the MenY-CRM197 glyconjugate during SFD with minimal loss, no detectable chemical degradation or physical aggregation. In a capsular group Y Neisseria meningitidis serum bactericidal assay (SBA) with human serum complement, the needle free vaccine, which contained no alum adjuvant, induced functional protective antibody responses in vivo of similar magnitude to the conventional vaccine injected by hypodermic needle and syringe and containing alum adjuvant. These results demonstrate that needle-free vaccination is both technically and immunologically valid, and could be considered for vaccines in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas T. Weissmueller
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Institute, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Ultrasonics, Biotherapy & Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory (BUBBL), Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Marsay
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Institute, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Heiko A. Schiffter
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Ultrasonics, Biotherapy & Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory (BUBBL), Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C. Carlisle
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Ultrasonics, Biotherapy & Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory (BUBBL), Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christine S. Rollier
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Institute, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Robert K. Prud’homme
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Institute, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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17
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Beresford NJ, Martino A, Feavers IM, Corbel MJ, Bai X, Borrow R, Bolgiano B. Quality, immunogenicity and stability of meningococcal serogroup ACWY-CRM 197 , DT and TT glycoconjugate vaccines. Vaccine 2017; 35:3598-3606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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A High-Throughput Size Exclusion Chromatography Method to Determine the Molecular Size Distribution of Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine. Int J Anal Chem 2016; 2016:9404068. [PMID: 27688770 PMCID: PMC5027369 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9404068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular size distribution of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine is a readily identifiable parameter that directly correlates with the immunogenicity. In this paper, we report a size exclusion chromatography method to determine the molecular size distribution and distribution coefficient value of meningococcal polysaccharide serogroups A, C, W, and Y in meningococcal polysaccharide (ACWY) vaccines. The analyses were performed on a XK16/70 column packed with sepharose CL-4B with six different batches of Ingovax® ACWY, a meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine produced by Incepta Vaccine Ltd., Bangladesh. A quantitative rocket immunoelectrophoresis assay was employed to determine the polysaccharide contents of each serogroup. The calculated distribution coefficient values of serogroups A, C, W, and Y were found to be 0.26 ± 0.16, 0.21 ± 0.11, 0.21 ± 0.11, and 0.14 ± 0.12, respectively, and met the requirements of British Pharmacopeia. The method was proved to be robust for determining the distribution coefficient values which is an obligatory requirement for vaccine lot release.
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19
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Pecetta S, Tontini M, Faenzi E, Cioncada R, Proietti D, Seubert A, Nuti S, Berti F, Romano M. Carrier priming effect of CRM 197 is related to an enhanced B and T cell activation in meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccination. Immunological comparison between CRM 197 and diphtheria toxoid. Vaccine 2016; 34:2334-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Bröker M, Berti F, Costantino P. Factors contributing to the immunogenicity of meningococcal conjugate vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1808-24. [PMID: 26934310 PMCID: PMC4964817 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1153206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various glycoprotein conjugate vaccines have been developed for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease, having significant advantages over pure polysaccharide vaccines. One of the most important features of the conjugate vaccines is the induction of a T-cell dependent immune response, which enables both the induction of immune memory and a booster response after repeated immunization. The nature of the carrier protein to which the polysaccharides are chemically linked, is often regarded as the main component of the vaccine in determining its immunogenicity. However, other factors can have a significant impact on the vaccine's profile. In this review, we explore the physico-chemical properties of meningococcal conjugate vaccines, which can significantly contribute to the vaccine's immunogenicity. We demonstrate that the carrier is not the sole determining factor of the vaccine's profile, but, moreover, that the conjugate vaccine's immunogenicity is the result of multiple physico-chemical structures and characteristics.
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21
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Evaluation of the non-toxic mutant of the diphtheria toxin K51E/E148K as carrier protein for meningococcal vaccines. Vaccine 2016; 34:1405-11. [PMID: 26845738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 is a common carrier protein for glycoconjugate vaccines, which has been proven an effective protein vector for, among others, meningococcal carbohydrates. The wide-range use of this protein in massive vaccine production requires constant increase of production yields and adaptability to an ever-growing market. Here we compare CRM197 with the alternative diphtheria non-toxic variant DT-K51E/E148K, an inactive mutant that can be produced in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. Biophysical characterization of DT-K51E/E148K suggested high similarity with CRM197, with main differences in their alpha-helical content, and a suitable purity for conjugation and vaccine preparation. Meningococcal serogroup A (MenA) glycoconjugates were synthesized using CRM197 and DT-K51E/E148K as carrier proteins, obtaining the same conjugation yields and comparable biophysical profiles. Mice were then immunized with these CRM197 and DT-K51E/E148K conjugates, and essentially identical immunogenic and protective effects were observed. Overall, our data indicate that DT-K51E/E148K is a readily produced protein that now allows the added flexibility of E. coli production in vaccine development and that can be effectively used as protein carrier for a meningococcal conjugate vaccine.
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22
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Badahdah AM, Rashid H, Khatami A. Update on the use of meningococcal serogroup C CRM₁₉₇-conjugate vaccine (Meningitec) against meningitis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:9-29. [PMID: 26560735 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1115726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Meningitec is a CRM197-conjugated meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) vaccine, first licensed in 1999. It has been used as a primary and booster vaccine in infants, toddlers, older children and adults, and has been shown to be immunogenic and well-tolerated in all age groups, including premature infants. Vaccine effectiveness has been demonstrated using combined data on all three licensed MenC conjugate vaccines. Evidence from clinical trials, however, suggests that the different MenC conjugate vaccines behave differently with respect to the induction and persistence of bactericidal antibody and generation of immune memory. It appears that Meningitec has a less favorable immunologic profile compared particularly to tetanus toxoid (TT) MenC conjugate vaccines. Data from comparative trials have raised interesting questions on priming of the immune system by conjugate vaccines, particularly in infants. The results from these and other studies are reviewed here with specific focus on Meningitec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Mamoon Badahdah
- a National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, and the Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,b Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Harunor Rashid
- a National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, and the Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,c Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Ameneh Khatami
- d Department of Paediatrics , Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
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Otto RBD, Burkin K, Amir SE, Crane DT, Bolgiano B. Patterns of binding of aluminum-containing adjuvants to Haemophilus influenzae type b and meningococcal group C conjugate vaccines and components. Biologicals 2015; 43:355-62. [PMID: 26194164 PMCID: PMC4582044 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The basis of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (MenC) glycoconjugates binding to aluminum-containing adjuvants was studied. By measuring the amount of polysaccharide and protein in the non-adsorbed supernatant, the adjuvant, aluminum phosphate, AlPO4, was found to be less efficient than aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3 at binding to the conjugates, at concentrations relevant to licensed vaccine formulations and when equimolar. At neutral pH, binding of TT conjugates to AlPO4 was facilitated through the carrier protein, with only weak binding of AlPO4 to CRM197 being observed. There was slightly higher binding of either adjuvant to tetanus toxoid conjugates, than to CRM197 conjugates. This was verified in AlPO4 formulations containing DTwP-Hib, where the adsorption of TT-conjugated Hib was higher than CRM197-conjugated Hib. At neutral pH, the anionic Hib and MenC polysaccharides did not appreciably bind to AlPO4, but did bind to Al(OH)3, due to electrostatic interactions. Phosphate ions reduced the binding of the conjugates to the adjuvants. These patterns of adjuvant adsorption can form the basis for future formulation studies with individual and combination vaccines containing saccharide-protein conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B D Otto
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
| | - Karena Burkin
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
| | - Saba Erum Amir
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
| | - Dennis T Crane
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
| | - Barbara Bolgiano
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
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Gao F, Lockyer K, Burkin K, Crane DT, Bolgiano B. A physico-chemical assessment of the thermal stability of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine components. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:2744-53. [PMID: 25483488 PMCID: PMC4977451 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Physico-chemical analysis of pneumococcal polysaccharide (PS)-protein conjugate vaccine components used for two commercially licensed vaccines was performed to compare the serotype- and carrier protein-specific stabilities of these vaccines. Nineteen different monovalent pneumococcal conjugates from commercial vaccines utilizing CRM197, diphtheria toxoid (DT), Protein D (PD) or tetanus toxoid (TT) as carrier proteins were incubated at temperatures up to 56°C for up to eight weeks or were subjected to freeze-thawing (F/T). Structural stability was evaluated by monitoring their size, integrity and carrier protein conformation. The molecular size of the vaccine components was well maintained for Protein D, TT and DT conjugates at -20°C, 4°C and F/T, and for CRM197 conjugates at 4°C and F/T. It was observed that four of the eight serotypes of Protein D conjugates tended to form high molecular weight complexes at 37°C or above. The other conjugated carrier proteins also appeared to form oligomers or ‘aggregates’ at elevated temperatures, but rarely when frozen and thawed. There was evidence of degradation in some of the conjugates as evidenced by the formation of lower molecular weight materials which correlated with measured free saccharide. In conclusion, pneumococcal-Protein D/TT/DT and most CRM197 bulk conjugate vaccines were stable when stored at 2–8°C, the recommended temperature. In common between the conjugates produced by the two manufacturers, serotypes 1, 5, and 19F were relatively less stable and 6B was the most stable, with types 7F and 23F also showing good stability.
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Key Words
- CRM197, Cross-Reacting Material- 197
- DT, diphtheria toxoid
- F/T, freeze-thawing, HPAEC-PAD, high pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection
- HPAEC-PAD
- HPLC
- MW, molecular weight
- PD, Protein D
- PS, polysaccharide
- Pn, pneumococcal
- Protein D
- SEC, size-exclusion chromatography
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- TT, tetanus toxoid
- conjugate vaccine
- fluorescence spectroscopy
- pneumococcal
- polysaccharide
- stability
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gao
- a Division of Bacteriology ; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control ; Hertfordshire , UK
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25
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Development and validation of high-performance size exclusion chromatography methods to determine molecular size parameters of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharides and conjugates. Anal Biochem 2014; 453:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Quantitation of serogroups in multivalent polysaccharide-based meningococcal vaccines: Optimisation of hydrolysis conditions and chromatographic methods. Vaccine 2013; 31:3702-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Meningococcal meningitis is feared because of the rapid onset of severe disease from mild symptoms and, therefore, is an important target for vaccine research. Five serogroups, defined by the structures of their capsular polysaccharides, are responsible for the vast majority of disease. Protection against four of these five serogroups can be obtained with polysaccharide or glycoconjugate vaccines, in which fragments of the capsular polysaccharides attached to a carrier protein generate anticarbohydrate immune responses, whilst protection against group B disease requires protein immunogens, often presented in vesicles containing outer membrane proteins. Glycoconjugate vaccines are now an established technology, but outer-membrane protein vaccines are still under development and present significant challenges. This review discusses physicochemical approaches to the characterization and quality control of these vaccines, as well as highlighting the problems and differences in vaccine design required for protection against different serogroups of the same species of pathogen.
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Immunogenicity and thermal stability of a combined vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C diseases. Vaccine 2010; 28:6228-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Joshi VS, Bajaj IB, Survase SA, Singhal RS, Kennedy JF. Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hutcheon CJ, Becker JO, Russell BA, Bariola PA, Peterson GJ, Stroop SD. Physiochemical and functional characterization of antigen proteins eluted from aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Vaccine 2006; 24:7214-25. [PMID: 16860908 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized protein antigens after quantitative dissociation from aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and a multi-antigen vaccine for Group A Streptococcus (GrAS Vaccine) were formulated on aluminum hydroxide, stored for > or =10 days then eluted with a 48-h treatment at 4 degrees C with 0.85% H(3)PO(4) plus 4M guanidine HCl (GnHCl). BSA is recovered from adjuvant at 92+/-2%. GrAS antigens are equally recovered from GrAS Vaccine (95+/-11% of total protein expected using multiple lots stored for up to 12 months). Recovery after elution is similar when determined by RP-HPLC, SEC-HPLC, UV absorbance, or Bradford methods. Eluted antigens are structurally and functionally intact as judged relative to both treated and untreated antigen controls by SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC, SEC-HPLC, and after desalting by circular dichroism, bis-ANS binding, and antigenicity determined by ELISA. When formulated and stored for a few weeks, BSA has more dimer (31+/-5%) relative to the elution control (9% dimer) as detected by SEC-HPLC, suggesting that BSA microaggregation is promoted on aluminum. Antigens eluted from very aged GrAS Vaccine (>12 months) show marked changes by RP-HPLC. Structural changes in the antigens under elution conditions were evaluated using bis-ANS, a fluorescent probe of protein structure. Binding of bis-ANS increases fluorescence approximately 100-fold and is significantly diminished with increasing GnHCl concentrations indicating a progressive denaturing of the proteins. At 4M GnHCl (with or without 0.85% H(3)PO(4)) the GrAS antigens are fully denatured and BSA is partially denatured. Interestingly, the addition of 0.85% H(3)PO(4) increases bis-ANS binding on GrAS antigens and reduces the denaturing of GrAS antigens and BSA by chaotropes. Desalting or diluting the eluted antigens results in renaturing of the proteins as judged by bis-ANS fluorescence, circular dichroism and antigenicity testing. The elution method provides a novel approach for high recovery and characterization of GrAS Vaccine antigens and may be applicable to the study of many aluminum hydroxide-bound vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Aluminum Hydroxide/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Chemical Phenomena
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
- Chemistry, Physical
- Chromatography, Gel
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Circular Dichroism
- Drug Stability
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Protein Denaturation
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
- Streptococcus pyogenes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Hutcheon
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals North America, 19204 North Creek Parkway, Bothell, WA 98011, USA
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32
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Schöndorf I, Banzhoff A, Nicolay U, Diaz-Mitoma F. Overcoming the need for a cold chain with conjugated meningococcal Group C vaccine: A controlled, randomized, double-blind study in toddlers on the safety and immunogenicity of Menjugate, stored at room temperature for 6 months. Vaccine 2006; 25:1175-82. [PMID: 17095129 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Millions of vaccine doses are wasted each year due to a lapse in recommended storage conditions. Maintaining the cold chain for vaccines is both expensive and difficult, especially in developing countries. The present study investigated the safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of the conjugated meningococcal Group C vaccine, Menjugate, stored for 6 months at room temperature (25+/-2 degrees C, N=250) or at 2-8 degrees C (N=250) when administered to 12-23 months toddlers. In the two respective groups, 87 and 88% of toddlers reached bactericidal antibodies titers of at least 1:8. The immunogenicity of Menjugate stored at room temperature was not inferior to that stored at 2-8 degrees C. The safety profile and immunogenicity of the vaccine was not influenced by the storage condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Schöndorf
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH & Co. KG, Marburg, Germany.
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33
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Colino J, Snapper CM. Exosomes from Bone Marrow Dendritic Cells Pulsed with Diphtheria Toxoid Preferentially Induce Type 1 Antigen-Specific IgG Responses in Naive Recipients in the Absence of Free Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3757-62. [PMID: 16951336 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.3757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes derived from dendritic cells (DC) activate T cells in vivo, but whether exosomes are able to induce and/or modulate humoral immune responses is still unknown. We show that murine bone marrow DC pulsed in vitro with an intact protein (diphtheria toxoid (DT)) produce exosomes that induce, in the absence of free protein, in vivo Ig responses specific for DT in naive recipients. Furthermore, these exosomes stimulate secondary IgG anti-DT responses in mice primed with intact DT. Exosomes from mature, relative to immature, DC were more effective at inducing primary, although not secondary, IgG anti-DT responses. Whereas intact DT preferentially induced a type 2 (IgG1) anti-DT response, exosomes from DT-pulsed bone marrow DC favored induction of type 1 (IgG2b and IgG2a) DT-specific IgG. These results are the first to demonstrate the ability of exosomes derived from Ag-pulsed DC to induce and modulate Ag-specific humoral immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Colino
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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34
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Qazi O, Sesardic D, Tierney R, Söderbäck Z, Crane D, Bolgiano B, Fairweather N. Reduction of the ganglioside binding activity of the tetanus toxin HC fragment destroys immunogenicity: implications for development of novel tetanus vaccines. Infect Immun 2006; 74:4884-91. [PMID: 16861677 PMCID: PMC1539629 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00500-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the immunogenicities of the nontoxic H(C) fragment of tetanus toxin and derivatives lacking ganglioside binding activity were compared with that of tetanus toxoid after subcutaneous immunization of mice. Wild-type H(C) (H(C)WT) protein and tetanus toxoid both elicited strong antibody responses against toxoid and H(C) antigens and provided complete protection against toxin challenge. Mutants of H(C) containing deletions essential for ganglioside binding elicited lower responses than H(C)WT. H(C)M115, containing two amino acid substitutions within the ganglioside binding site, provided reduced protection against tetanus toxin challenge compared with H(C)WT, consistent with lower anti-H(C) and anti-toxoid antibody titers. Circular-dichroism spectroscopy and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy showed minimal structural perturbation in H(C)M115. We conclude that the presence of the ganglioside binding site within H(C) may be essential for induction of a fully protective anti-tetanus response comparable to that induced by tetanus toxoid by subcutaneous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Qazi
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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35
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Torosantucci A, Bromuro C, Chiani P, De Bernardis F, Berti F, Galli C, Norelli F, Bellucci C, Polonelli L, Costantino P, Rappuoli R, Cassone A. A novel glyco-conjugate vaccine against fungal pathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 202:597-606. [PMID: 16147975 PMCID: PMC2212864 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To generate a vaccine to protect against a variety of human pathogenic fungi, we conjugated laminarin (Lam), a well-characterized but poorly immunogenic beta-glucan preparation from the brown alga Laminaria digitata, with the diphtheria toxoid CRM197, a carrier protein used in some glyco-conjugate bacterial vaccines. This Lam-CRM conjugate proved to be immunogenic and protective as immunoprophylactic vaccine against both systemic and mucosal (vaginal) infections by Candida albicans. Protection probably was mediated by anti-beta-glucan antibodies as demonstrated by passive transfer of protection to naive mice by the whole immune serum, the immune vaginal fluid, and the affinity-purified anti-beta-glucan IgG fractions, as well as by administration of a beta-glucan-directed IgG2b mAb. Passive protection was prevented by adsorption of antibodies on Candida cells or beta-glucan particles before transfer. Anti-beta-glucan antibodies bound to C. albicans hyphae and inhibited their growth in vitro in the absence of immune-effector cells. Remarkably, Lam-CRM-vaccinated mice also were protected from a lethal challenge with conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus, and their serum also bound to and markedly inhibited the growth of A. fumigatus hyphae. Thus, this novel conjugate vaccine can efficiently immunize and protect against two major fungal pathogens by mechanisms that may include direct antifungal properties of anti-beta-glucan antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Torosantucci
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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36
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Turula VE, Kim J, Michon F, Pankratz J, Zhang Y, Yoo C. An integrity assay for a meningococcal type B conjugate vaccine. Anal Biochem 2004; 327:261-70. [PMID: 15051544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of an analytical procedure for the evaluation of a conjugate vaccine's structural wholeness or integrity is described. The principle component of the vaccine was the N-propionylated group B meningococcal polysaccharide (NPr-GBMP) covalently attached to a carrier protein. The goal of the procedure was to determine whether any whole polysaccharide, oligosaccharide, or monosaccharide, from minute to moderate levels, became detached off the conjugate. Free saccharide was isolated from the formulation, which included an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant for analysis. Due to its linkage, the NPr-GBMP did not release sialic acid efficiently with acid hydrolysis to the extent necessary for accurate quantitation. To accomplish depolymerization, the NPr-GBMP was subjected to methanolysis, 3N hydrochloric acid in methanol for 16h at 80 degrees C. The main product of the methanolysis reaction was a de-N-acylated methyl glycoside of sialic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid oligomers and colominic acid were used to confirm the methanolysis depolymerization efficiency of the alpha(2 --> 8) saccharides; with the treatment all oligomers produced a common methyl glycoside. For this determination anion exchange chromatography and size exclusion chromatography were both interfaced to an integrated pulsed amperometric detector. Sensitivity and linearity were demonstrated to be sufficient for the application with vaccine dose formulations with low total saccharide concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent E Turula
- BioScience Division, Baxter Healthcare Corp., 12140 Indian Creek Ct., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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37
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Jódar L, Griffiths E, Feavers I. Scientific challenges for the quality control and production of group C meningococcal conjugate vaccines. Vaccine 2004; 22:1047-53. [PMID: 15161082 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2002] [Accepted: 08/11/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recommendations (formerly known as requirements) for meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines were adopted by the World Health Organisation (WHO) Expert Committee on Biological Standardisation in 1976 and amended in 1978 and 1981. In clinical studies, these vaccines have been shown to have efficacy of at least 90% and have proved to be highly effective in vaccination programmes. Nevertheless, their inability to elicit protective responses in young infants or to induce good immunological memory has prevented their implementation in national infant immunisation schedules. Following the successful introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate (Hib) vaccines, considerable progress has been made in the development of similar conjugate vaccines based on meningococcal group C capsular polysaccharide. Controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that they induce protective levels of antibodies to group C polysaccharide in all age groups and, as T-cell dependent antigens, induce immunological memory and affinity maturation of anti-capsular antibodies. Such vaccines have been shown to offer protective immunity following the introduction of group C conjugates in the UK. The World Health Organisation has produced recommendations for the production and control of these new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Jódar
- World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
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38
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Ho MM, Mawas F, Bolgiano B, Lemercinier X, Crane DT, Huskisson R, Corbel MJ. Physico-chemical and immunological examination of the thermal stability of tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines. Vaccine 2002; 20:3509-22. [PMID: 12297396 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The thermal stability of meningococcal C (MenC)- and Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib)-tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugate vaccines was investigated using spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques and immunogenicity assays in animal models. In this stability study, both the bulk concentrate and final fills were incubated at -20, 4, 23, 37 or 55 degrees C for 5 weeks or subjected to cycles of freeze-thawing. The structural stability, hydrodynamic size and molecular integrity of the treated vaccines were monitored by circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques, size exclusion chromatography (FPLC-SEC), and high performance anion exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Only storage at 55 degrees C for 5 weeks caused some slight unfolding and modification in the tertiary structure of the carrier protein in the MenC-TT conjugate. Substantial loss of saccharide content from the MenC conjugates was observed at 37 and 55 degrees C. Unexpectedly, the experimental immunogenicity of MenC-TT vaccine adsorbed to Alhydrogel was significantly reduced only by repeated freeze-thawing, but not significantly decreased by thermal denaturation. Neither the molecular integrity nor the immunogenicity of the lyophilised Hib-TT vaccines was significantly affected by freeze-thawing or by storage at high temperature. In conclusion, the MenC- and Hib-TT conjugate vaccines were relatively stable when stored at higher temperatures, though when MenC-TT vaccine was adsorbed to Alhydrogel, it was more vulnerable to repeated freeze-thawing. When compared with CRM(197) conjugate vaccines studied previously using similar techniques, the tetanus toxoid conjugates were found to have higher relative thermal stability in that they retained immunogenicity following storage at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei M Ho
- Bacteriology Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Herts, EN6 3QG, Potters Bar, UK.
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39
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Burrage M, Robinson A, Borrow R, Andrews N, Southern J, Findlow J, Martin S, Thornton C, Goldblatt D, Corbel M, Sesardic D, Cartwight K, Richmond P, Miller E. Effect of vaccination with carrier protein on response to meningococcal C conjugate vaccines and value of different immunoassays as predictors of protection. Infect Immun 2002; 70:4946-54. [PMID: 12183540 PMCID: PMC128295 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.9.4946-4954.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to plan for the wide-scale introduction of meningococcal C conjugate (MCC) vaccine for United Kingdom children up to 18 years old, phase II trials were undertaken to investigate whether there was any interaction between MCC vaccines conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) or a derivative of diphtheria toxin (CRM(197)) and diphtheria-tetanus vaccines given for boosting at school entry or leaving. Children (n = 1,766) received a diphtheria-tetanus booster either 1 month before, 1 month after, or concurrently with one of three MCC vaccines conjugated to CRM(197) or TT. All of the MCC vaccines induced high antibody responses to the serogroup C polysaccharide that were indicative of protection. The immune response to the MCC-TT vaccine was reduced as a result of prior immunization with a tetanus-containing vaccine, but antibody levels were still well above the lower threshold for protection. Prior or simultaneous administration of a diphtheria-containing vaccine did not affect the response to MCC-CRM(197) vaccines. The immune responses to the carrier proteins were similar to those induced by a comparable dose of diphtheria or tetanus vaccine. The results also demonstrate that, for these conjugate vaccines in these age groups, both standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and those that measure high-avidity antibodies to meningococcal C polysaccharide correlated equally well with assays that measure serum bactericidal antibodies, the established serological correlate of protection for MCC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moya Burrage
- Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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40
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Metz B, Hendriksen CFM, Jiskoot W, Kersten GFA. Reduction of animal use in human vaccine quality control: opportunities and problems. Vaccine 2002; 20:2411-30. [PMID: 12057596 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In vivo assays play a crucial role in the assessment of the potency and safety of human vaccines. Robust vaccine production procedures, improved characterisation methods and development of well-characterised vaccines create possibilities to reduce animal use. In this paper the current status in this field is reviewed. Achievements with regard to in vivo and in vitro potency and safety testing are discussed as well as new developments and possibilities in the field of in vitro characterisation of vaccine components. Finally, validation and implementation issues will be dealt with. Although replacement of in vivo tests for batch release of existing vaccines is difficult, emerging technologies allow well-considered reduction of in vivo experiments during product and process development and improvement. Inextricably bound up with this approach is good manufacturing practice (GMP), resulting in robust, validated production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Metz
- Laboratory for Product and Process Development, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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41
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Abstract
Meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia are important causes of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. More than 90% of the cases are caused by serogroups A, B and C; the remaining 10% are largely caused by the W-135 and Y strains. During the mid-to-late 1990s there was an increase in meningococcal serogroup (MS) C disease in the UK and some parts of Europe. MS C polysaccharide vaccines that were developed in the 1960s are weakly immunogenic and not protective in infants under 2 years of age, but are effective in older recipients. Meningitec (Wyeth-Ayerst) is produced by conjugation of serogroup C oligosaccharide with a mutant diphtheria protein (CRM197), with the aim of inducing T-cell dependent immune responses. It has been found to be immunogenic in infants, toddlers, older children and adults. The vaccine has also been shown to induce immunological memory and therefore is likely to give long-term protection against disease. It received a license for use in the UK in October 1999 and was introduced into the UK immunisation schedule in November 1999. Surveillance studies after introduction of this and similar vaccines have demonstrated a dramatic fall in the incidence of MS C disease. Pre-licensure research studies and post-licensure adverse event data have confirmed that the vaccine is safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Lakshman
- Institute of Child Health, UBHT Education Centre, c/o Paul O'Gorman Building, Royal Hospital for Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8BJ UK
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42
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Miller E, Salisbury D, Ramsay M. Planning, registration, and implementation of an immunisation campaign against meningococcal serogroup C disease in the UK: a success story. Vaccine 2001; 20 Suppl 1:S58-67. [PMID: 11587814 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of meningococcal C conjugate (MCC) vaccine in the UK in November 1999 as a routine 3 dose infant immunisation course, with a single catch-up dose for all children aged between 12 months and 17 years, was the result of an intensive 5 year collaborative research programme funded by the Department of Health for England and involving public bodies, academia and vaccine manufacturers. The research programme established the safety and immunogenicity of MCC vaccines in infants, toddlers, pre-school and school-aged children. The nature and frequency of common adverse events in school-aged children was similar to that after a booster dose of diphtheria and tetanus vaccine given to the same age groups. The recommendation that a single dose was adequate for children aged 12 months and above was based on antibody levels measured by serum bactericidal assay and evidence of induction of immunological memory as shown by maturation of antibody avidity. Licensure by the Medicines Control Agency was based on serological criteria alone without direct evidence of efficacy and has set a precedent for other meningococcal conjugate polysaccharide vaccines. Vaccine coverage of around 85% was achieved in the targeted age groups and has resulted in a drop in the incidence of serogroup C disease in these groups of over 80% within 18 months of the start of the vaccination programme. Early post-licensure efficacy estimates for toddlers and teenagers (88 and 96%, respectively, in the first 16 months after vaccination) validate the serological criteria used for licensure. Surveillance of the prevalent serogroups and serosubtypes among invasive case isolates has shown no evidence of any capsular switching to serogroup B during the first 18 months of the MCC vaccination programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Miller
- Immunisation Division, Public Health Laboratory Service, Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, 61 Colindale Avenue, NW9 5EQ, London, UK.
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43
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Bolgiano B, Mawas F, Yost SE, Crane DT, Lemercinier X, Corbel MJ. Effect of physico-chemical modification on the immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b oligosaccharide-CRM(197) conjugate vaccines. Vaccine 2001; 19:3189-200. [PMID: 11312015 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) poly-ribosyl-ribityl phosphate (PRP) oligosaccharide-CRM(197) conjugate vaccines from two different manufacturers (Hib A and Hib B) were subjected to adverse storage conditions and used to establish correlates between physico-chemical characteristics and immunogenicity. There were manufacturer-specific differences in the effect of freezing or freeze-thawing on the carrier protein conformation and the anti-CRM(197) or anti-PRP IgG response in rabbits whereas both conjugates showed similar stability when stored at elevated temperatures. Both oligosaccharide-CRM(197) conjugate vaccines formed apparent 'aggregates' of non-specifically associated higher molecular weight material when subjected to elevated temperatures or repeated freeze-thawing. Following subcutaneous injection of samples into CBA mice and New Zealand White rabbits, the amount of IgG raised against CRM(197) was significantly lower for samples incubated at 37 or 55 degrees C compared with those kept at 4 degrees C, consistent with the less well-folded conformation of the carrier protein observed at elevated temperatures. Moreover, there was a parallel reduction in the amount of IgG raised against PRP and the level of bactericidal antibodies induced by vaccines A and B stored at 55 degrees C consistent with the observed depolymerisation of the oligosaccharide chains. Carrier protein conformational changes resulting from storage under adverse conditions did not affect the immunogenicity to Hib PRP in laboratory animals unless associated with loss of bound saccharide presumably because the carrier protein retains continuous T(H) cell epitopes which are unaffected by conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bolgiano
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, Hertfordshire, UK
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