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Cruz Cisneros MC, Anderson EJ, Hampton BK, Parotti B, Sarkar S, Taft-Benz S, Bell TA, Blanchard M, Dillard JA, Dinnon KH, Hock P, Leist SR, Madden EA, Shaw GD, West A, Baric RS, Baxter VK, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F, Heise MT, Ferris MT. Host Genetic Variation Impacts SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Response in the Diversity Outbred Mouse Population. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:103. [PMID: 38276675 PMCID: PMC10821422 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic led to the rapid and worldwide development of highly effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. However, there is significant individual-to-individual variation in vaccine efficacy due to factors including viral variants, host age, immune status, environmental and host genetic factors. Understanding those determinants driving this variation may inform the development of more broadly protective vaccine strategies. While host genetic factors are known to impact vaccine efficacy for respiratory pathogens such as influenza and tuberculosis, the impact of host genetic variation on vaccine efficacy against COVID-19 is not well understood. To model the impact of host genetic variation on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy, while controlling for the impact of non-genetic factors, we used the Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse model. We found that DO mice immunized against SARS-CoV-2 exhibited high levels of variation in vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody responses. While the majority of the vaccinated mice were protected from virus-induced disease, similar to human populations, we observed vaccine breakthrough in a subset of mice. Importantly, we found that this variation in neutralizing antibody, virus-induced disease, and viral titer is heritable, indicating that the DO serves as a useful model system for studying the contribution of genetic variation of both vaccines and disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta C. Cruz Cisneros
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.C.C.C.); (B.K.H.)
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (B.P.); (S.S.); (S.T.-B.); (T.A.B.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (G.D.S.); (F.P.-M.d.V.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Elizabeth J. Anderson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.J.A.); (V.K.B.)
| | - Brea K. Hampton
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.C.C.C.); (B.K.H.)
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (B.P.); (S.S.); (S.T.-B.); (T.A.B.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (G.D.S.); (F.P.-M.d.V.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Breantié Parotti
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (B.P.); (S.S.); (S.T.-B.); (T.A.B.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (G.D.S.); (F.P.-M.d.V.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Sanjay Sarkar
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (B.P.); (S.S.); (S.T.-B.); (T.A.B.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (G.D.S.); (F.P.-M.d.V.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Sharon Taft-Benz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (B.P.); (S.S.); (S.T.-B.); (T.A.B.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (G.D.S.); (F.P.-M.d.V.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Timothy A. Bell
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (B.P.); (S.S.); (S.T.-B.); (T.A.B.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (G.D.S.); (F.P.-M.d.V.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Matthew Blanchard
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (B.P.); (S.S.); (S.T.-B.); (T.A.B.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (G.D.S.); (F.P.-M.d.V.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Jacob A. Dillard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.A.D.); (E.A.M.); (R.S.B.)
| | - Kenneth H. Dinnon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.A.D.); (E.A.M.); (R.S.B.)
| | - Pablo Hock
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (B.P.); (S.S.); (S.T.-B.); (T.A.B.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (G.D.S.); (F.P.-M.d.V.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Sarah R. Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.R.L.)
| | - Emily A. Madden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.A.D.); (E.A.M.); (R.S.B.)
| | - Ginger D. Shaw
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (B.P.); (S.S.); (S.T.-B.); (T.A.B.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (G.D.S.); (F.P.-M.d.V.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Ande West
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.R.L.)
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.A.D.); (E.A.M.); (R.S.B.)
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.R.L.)
| | - Victoria K. Baxter
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.J.A.); (V.K.B.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (B.P.); (S.S.); (S.T.-B.); (T.A.B.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (G.D.S.); (F.P.-M.d.V.); (M.T.H.)
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mark T. Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (B.P.); (S.S.); (S.T.-B.); (T.A.B.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (G.D.S.); (F.P.-M.d.V.); (M.T.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.A.D.); (E.A.M.); (R.S.B.)
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Martin T. Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (B.P.); (S.S.); (S.T.-B.); (T.A.B.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (G.D.S.); (F.P.-M.d.V.); (M.T.H.)
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2
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Haslund MM, Sørensen JK, Graff Stensballe L. Genetics and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine response in childhood and adolescence-A systematic review. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13266. [PMID: 38157324 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) are contagious infectious diseases that can be prevented by immunization. However, MMR infections can occur in previously immunized individuals. The vaccine response is, among other factors, influenced by the combined effects of many genes. This systematic review investigates the genetic influence on measles, mumps and rubella antibody responses after childhood vaccination. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), systematic literature searches were conducted in the medical databases PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO. Search strings were adjusted for each database. Citations were included if they measured and compared the immune response with immunogenetics after vaccination with a vaccine containing one or more of the following components: measles, mumps and/or rubella, MMR. The measure of vaccine response studied was antibodies after vaccination. Forty-eight articles were included in the final analysis. The results suggest that genetic determinants, including host genes, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in immune-related genes influence the MMR antibody responses after vaccination. Specifically, replicated associations were found between HLA, CD46, RARB, IRF9, EIF2AK2, cytokine genes and MMR vaccine-induced humoral immune responses. This knowledge can be useful in understanding and predicting immune responses and may have implications for future vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mykløy Haslund
- The Child and Adolescent Clinic, The Juliane Marie Center, The Danish National University Hospital "Rigshospitalet", 9-Blegdamsvej, DK-2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Jesper Kiehn Sørensen
- The Child and Adolescent Clinic, The Juliane Marie Center, The Danish National University Hospital "Rigshospitalet", 9-Blegdamsvej, DK-2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Lone Graff Stensballe
- The Child and Adolescent Clinic, The Juliane Marie Center, The Danish National University Hospital "Rigshospitalet", 9-Blegdamsvej, DK-2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
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3
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Dudley MZ, Gerber JE, Budigan Ni H, Blunt M, Holroyd TA, Carleton BC, Poland GA, Salmon DA. Vaccinomics: A scoping review. Vaccine 2023; 41:2357-2367. [PMID: 36803903 PMCID: PMC10065969 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This scoping review summarizes a key aspect of vaccinomics by collating known associations between heterogeneity in human genetics and vaccine immunogenicity and safety. METHODS We searched PubMed for articles in English using terms covering vaccines routinely recommended to the general US population, their effects, and genetics/genomics. Included studies were controlled and demonstrated statistically significant associations with vaccine immunogenicity or safety. Studies of Pandemrix®, an influenza vaccine previously used in Europe, were also included, due to its widely publicized genetically mediated association with narcolepsy. FINDINGS Of the 2,300 articles manually screened, 214 were included for data extraction. Six included articles examined genetic influences on vaccine safety; the rest examined vaccine immunogenicity. Hepatitis B vaccine immunogenicity was reported in 92 articles and associated with 277 genetic determinants across 117 genes. Thirty-three articles identified 291 genetic determinants across 118 genes associated with measles vaccine immunogenicity, 22 articles identified 311 genetic determinants across 110 genes associated with rubella vaccine immunogenicity, and 25 articles identified 48 genetic determinants across 34 genes associated with influenza vaccine immunogenicity. Other vaccines had fewer than 10 studies each identifying genetic determinants of their immunogenicity. Genetic associations were reported with 4 adverse events following influenza vaccination (narcolepsy, GBS, GCA/PMR, high temperature) and 2 adverse events following measles vaccination (fever, febrile seizure). CONCLUSION This scoping review identified numerous genetic associations with vaccine immunogenicity and several genetic associations with vaccine safety. Most associations were only reported in one study. This illustrates both the potential of and need for investment in vaccinomics. Current research in this field is focused on systems and genetic-based studies designed to identify risk signatures for serious vaccine reactions or diminished vaccine immunogenicity. Such research could bolster our ability to develop safer and more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Z Dudley
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Gerber
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Survey Research Division, RTI International, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Haley Budigan Ni
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Office of Health Equity, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Madeleine Blunt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Taylor A Holroyd
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce C Carleton
- Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Pharmaceutical Outcomes Programme, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel A Salmon
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Leidere-Reine A, Kolesova O, Kolesovs A, Viksna L. Seroprevalence of diphtheria and measles antibodies and their association with demographics, self-reported immunity, and immunogenetic factors in healthcare workers in Latvia. Vaccine X 2022; 10:100149. [PMID: 35243323 PMCID: PMC8881727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Latvia is among European countries with outbreaks of diphtheria and measles. Healthcare workers (HCW) are exposed to infections and can transmit them to unvaccinated patients. We assessed the seroprevalence of antibodies against diphtheria and measles and their association with demographics, self-reported immunity, the presence of the HLA-B27 allele, and level of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) in Latvian HCW. Anti-diphtheria and anti-measles IgG antibodies and the level of IRF5 in serum were tested by enzyme immunoassay. The presence of the HLA-B27 allele was detected by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. The study involved 176 HCW, including 29% doctors and 44% nurses. Among HCW, 95.5% were seropositive for diphtheria. However, only 65.9% had full seroprotection against it. The seronegativity for measles (21.6%) was higher than for diphtheria (4.5%) without differences in gender and medical staff groups. Older age was associated with waning immunity against diphtheria and a higher rate of seropositivity for measles. Considered immunogenetic factors did not affect the level of antibodies, and variability of the level of IRF5 in serum can reflect ageing processes. Self-reported vaccination status had a low informative value regarding full seroprotection against diphtheria and seropositivity for measles indicating the need for pre-vaccination IgG screening in planning the booster vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aija Leidere-Reine
- Department of Infectology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 3 Linezera Street, Rīga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Oksana Kolesova
- Department of Infectology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 3 Linezera Street, Rīga LV-1006, Latvia
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Joint Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Immunogenetics, Rīga Stradiņš University, 5 Ratsupites Street, Rīga LV-1067, Latvia
- Corresponding author at: 5 Ratsupites Street, Rīga LV-1067, Latvia.
| | - Aleksandrs Kolesovs
- Department of Infectology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 3 Linezera Street, Rīga LV-1006, Latvia
- Faculty of Education, Psychology, and Art, University of Latvia, 1 Imantas 7 line, Rīga LV-1083, Latvia
| | - Ludmila Viksna
- Department of Infectology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 3 Linezera Street, Rīga LV-1006, Latvia
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5
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He J, Chen J, Han X, Gu Q, Liang J, Sun M, Liu S, Yao Y, Shi L. Association of HLA-DM and HLA class II Genes with Antibody Response Induced by Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine. HLA 2022; 99:357-367. [PMID: 35118816 DOI: 10.1111/tan.14575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
HLA (HLA) class II molecules, HLA-DR, DP, and DQ, together with HLA II-like protein DM, play a dominant role in the processing and presentation of antigens, which may influence vaccine effectiveness. We previously demonstrated that variations in the HLA-DRB1, DPB1, and DQB1 genes may affect the neutralising antibody (NAb) response induced by the inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (IJEV). In the present study, we genotyped HLA-DPA1, DQA1, DMA, and DMB genes and used previous HLA-DRB1, DPB1, and DQB1 data to evaluate the association of these genes with IJEV-induced NAbs, at both the seroconversion and geometric mean titres (GMTs). We confirmed the seropositive association of DQB1*02:01 and NAbs (0.156 vs. 0.075, Padj = 0.018; OR = 2.270; 95% CI = 1.285-3.999) and seronegative association of DQB1*02:02 (0.014 vs. 0.09, Padj = 0.0002; OR = 0.130; 95% CI = 0.047-0.400). Furthermore, the DMB*01:03-DMA*01:01-DPA1*01:03-DPB1*04:01 haplotype was associated with a negative response (0.020 vs. 0.074; Padj = 0.03; OR = 0.250; 95% CI = 0.097-0.649), whereas DRB1*15:02-DMB*01:01-DMA*01:01 was associated with a positive response (0.034 vs. 0; Padj = 0.044). In addition, DRB1*12:02, DRB1*13:02, DPB1*04:01, DPB1*05:01, DPB1*09:01, DQA1*06:01, and DQA1*01:02 were associated with a higher GMT of NAbs, whereas DRB1*11:01, DPB1*13:01, and DQA1*05:05 were associated with a lower GMT of NAbs. In conclusion, the present study suggests that variations in the HLA-DM and HLA class II genes, as well as their combined allotypes, may influence the IJEV NAbs at seroconversion and GMT levels. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Qin Gu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Jiangli Liang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Mingbo Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yufeng Yao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Li Shi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
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Oyarzun P, Kashyap M, Fica V, Salas-Burgos A, Gonzalez-Galarza FF, McCabe A, Jones AR, Middleton D, Kobe B. A Proteome-Wide Immunoinformatics Tool to Accelerate T-Cell Epitope Discovery and Vaccine Design in the Context of Emerging Infectious Diseases: An Ethnicity-Oriented Approach. Front Immunol 2021; 12:598778. [PMID: 33717077 PMCID: PMC7952308 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.598778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) caused by viruses are increasing in frequency, causing a high disease burden and mortality world-wide. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel SARS-like coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) underscores the need to innovate and accelerate the development of effective vaccination strategies against EIDs. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules play a central role in the immune system by determining the peptide repertoire displayed to the T-cell compartment. Genetic polymorphisms of the HLA system thus confer a strong variability in vaccine-induced immune responses and may complicate the selection of vaccine candidates, because the distribution and frequencies of HLA alleles are highly variable among different ethnic groups. Herein, we build on the emerging paradigm of rational epitope-based vaccine design, by describing an immunoinformatics tool (Predivac-3.0) for proteome-wide T-cell epitope discovery that accounts for ethnic-level variations in immune responsiveness. Predivac-3.0 implements both CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitope predictions based on HLA allele frequencies retrieved from the Allele Frequency Net Database. The tool was thoroughly assessed, proving comparable performances (AUC ~0.9) against four state-of-the-art pan-specific immunoinformatics methods capable of population-level analysis (NetMHCPan-4.0, Pickpocket, PSSMHCPan and SMM), as well as a strong accuracy on proteome-wide T-cell epitope predictions for HIV-specific immune responses in the Japanese population. The utility of the method was investigated for the COVID-19 pandemic, by performing in silico T-cell epitope mapping of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein according to the ethnic context of the countries where the ChAdOx1 vaccine is currently initiating phase III clinical trials. Potentially immunodominant CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitopes and population coverages were predicted for each population (the Epitope Discovery mode), along with optimized sets of broadly recognized (promiscuous) T-cell epitopes maximizing coverage in the target populations (the Epitope Optimization mode). Population-specific epitope-rich regions (T-cell epitope clusters) were further predicted in protein antigens based on combined criteria of epitope density and population coverage. Overall, we conclude that Predivac-3.0 holds potential to contribute in the understanding of ethnic-level variations of vaccine-induced immune responsiveness and to guide the development of epitope-based next-generation vaccines against emerging pathogens, whose geographic distributions and populations in need of vaccinations are often well-defined for regional epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Oyarzun
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Manju Kashyap
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Victor Fica
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Faviel F Gonzalez-Galarza
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Torreon, Mexico
| | - Antony McCabe
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Jones
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Middleton
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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7
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Jia S, Li J, Liu Y, Zhu F. Precision immunization: a new trend in human vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:513-522. [PMID: 31545124 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1670123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has been one of the major revolutions in the history of human health. Vaccination programs have targeted entire populations such as infants or elderly subjects as a matter of being efficient with time and resources. These general populations are heterogeneous in terms of factors such as ethnicity, health status, and socio-economics. Thus, there have been variations in the safety and effectiveness profiles of certain vaccinations according to current population-wide strategies. As the concept of precision medicine has been raised in recent years, many researchers have suggested that vaccines could be administered more precisely in terms of particular target populations, vaccine formulations, regimens, and dosage levels. This review addresses the concept and framework of precision immunization, summarizes recent and representative clinical trials of among specific populations, mentions important factors to be addressed in customizing vaccinations, and provides suggestions on the establishment of precision immunization with the goal of maximizing the effectiveness of vaccines in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyue Jia
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yuanbao Liu
- Expanded Program on Immunization Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, PR China.,NHC Key laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, PR China.,NHC Key laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, PR China
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8
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Yan R, He H, Zhou Y, Xie S, Deng X, Tang X. Study on factors associated with seroprotection after measles vaccination in children of 6–14 years in Eastern China. Vaccine 2019; 37:5185-5190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Abstract
There is substantial variation between individuals in the immune response to vaccination. In this review, we provide an overview of the plethora of studies that have investigated factors that influence humoral and cellular vaccine responses in humans. These include intrinsic host factors (such as age, sex, genetics, and comorbidities), perinatal factors (such as gestational age, birth weight, feeding method, and maternal factors), and extrinsic factors (such as preexisting immunity, microbiota, infections, and antibiotics). Further, environmental factors (such as geographic location, season, family size, and toxins), behavioral factors (such as smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and sleep), and nutritional factors (such as body mass index, micronutrients, and enteropathy) also influence how individuals respond to vaccines. Moreover, vaccine factors (such as vaccine type, product, adjuvant, and dose) and administration factors (schedule, site, route, time of vaccination, and coadministered vaccines and other drugs) are also important. An understanding of all these factors and their impacts in the design of vaccine studies and decisions on vaccination schedules offers ways to improve vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy.
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10
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Yao Y, Yang H, Shi L, Liu S, Li C, Chen J, Zhou Z, Sun M, Shi L. HLA Class II Genes HLA-DRB1, HLA-DPB1, and HLA-DQB1 Are Associated With the Antibody Response to Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine. Front Immunol 2019; 10:428. [PMID: 30906300 PMCID: PMC6418001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes HLA-DRB1, HLA-DPB1, and HLA-DQB1 with the humoral immune response elicited by inactivated Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine (IJEV). Methods: A total of 373 individuals aged 3–12 years in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China, who received two doses of IJEV at 0 and 7 days, were enrolled in the current study. Based on the individuals' specific JE virus (JEV)-neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), they were divided into a seropositive and a seronegative group. HLA-DRB1, HLA-DPB1, and HLA-DQB1 were genotyped using a sequencing-based typing method. Next, the association of the HLA class II genes and their haplotypes with antibody response was evaluated. Results: Based on NAbs, a total of 161 individuals were classified as seropositive and 212 as seronegative. DQB1*02:01 was significantly associated with JEV seropositivity (P < 0.001, OR = 0.364, 95% CI: 0.221–0.600), while DQB1*02:02 was significantly associated with JEV seronegativity (P = 5.03 × 10−6, OR = 7.341, 95% CI: 2.876–18.736). The haplotypes DRB1*07:01-DPB1*04:01-DQB1*02:01, DRB1*15:01-DPB1*02:01-DQB1*06:02, DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01, and DPB1*02:01-DQB1*06:02 were very frequent in the seropositive group, while DRB1*07:01-DPB1*17:01-DQB1*02:02, DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:02, and DPB1*17:01-DQB1*02:02 were very frequent in the seronegative group. The presence of DRB1*01:01, DRB1*04:05, DRB1*09:01, DRB1*12:02, DRB1*13:02, and DRB1*14:01 was associated with a higher geometric mean titer (GMT) of NAbs than that of DRB1*11:01 at the DRB1 locus (P < 0.05). At the DPB1 locus, the presence of DPB1*05:01 was associated with higher GMTs than that of DPB1*02:01 and DPB1*13:01 (P < 0.05), and the presence of DPB1*04:01 and DPB1*09:01 was associated with higher GMTs than that of DPB1*13:01 (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The present study suggests that HLA class II genes may influence the antibody response to IJEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Yao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Chuanying Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Ziyun Zhou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Mingbo Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Li Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
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11
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Ferlito C, Biselli R, Mariotti S, von Hunolstein C, Teloni R, Ralli L, Pinto A, Pisani G, Tirelli V, Biondo MI, Salerno G, Andreasi Bassi L, Lulli P, Autore A, Scagliusi A, Tomao E, Germano V, Picchianti Diamanti A, Caporuscio S, Milanetti F, Salemi S, Nisini R, D'Amelio R. Tetanus-diphtheria vaccination in adults: the long-term persistence of antibodies is not dependent on polyclonal B-cell activation and the defective response to diphtheria toxoid re-vaccination is associated to HLADRB1∗01. Vaccine 2018; 36:6718-6725. [PMID: 30269918 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cellular and humoral immune responses to tetanus-diphtheria vaccine (Td) were assessed in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-typed Italian military personnel who received multiple concomitant vaccines. Td-specific antibodies and T-lymphocytes were measured in individuals with one (group-1) and more than one (group-2) Td boosters. A third group (group-3), who received several vaccines, but not Td, was studied to verify the hypothesis of the polyclonal B-cell activation as mechanism for antibody persistence. The antibody response to Td toxoids was higher in group-1, who showed lower baseline antibody levels, than in group-2 subjects. The antibody response to tetanus was higher than to diphtheria toxoid in both groups. No correlation between antibody and cellular response, and no interference in the response to Td by co-administration of different vaccines were observed. HLA-DRB1∗01 allele was detected at significant higher frequency in subjects unable to double the baseline anti-diphtheria antibody levels after the vaccination. Anti-tetanus and diphtheria antibodies half-lives were assessed and the long-lasting persistence above the threshold for protection (0.1 IU/ml) was estimated in over 65 and 20 years, respectively. No significant increase of anti-diphtheria antibodies was observed in consequence of polyclonal B-cell activation. This study emphasizes the duration of Td vaccination-induced seroprotection, suggesting that re-vaccination should probably be performed at intervals longer than 10 years. No reciprocal interference by concomitantly administered vaccines has been observed. HLA-DRB1∗01 allele was significantly associated with anti-diphtheria defective response. Finally, this study does not confirm that anti-diphtheria antibody levels are maintained by polyclonal B-cell activation. Clinical trial registry: The study was registered with NCT01807780.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ferlito
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, A.O. Sant'Andrea, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Biselli
- Aeronautica Militare Italiana, Comando Logistico, Servizio Sanitario, Roma, Italy
| | - Sabrina Mariotti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Raffaela Teloni
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Roma, Italy
| | - Luisa Ralli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Pinto
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Roma, Italy
| | - Giulio Pisani
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Tirelli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Roma, Italy
| | - Michela Ileen Biondo
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, A.O. Sant'Andrea, Roma, Italy
| | - Gerardo Salerno
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, A.O. Sant'Andrea, Roma, Italy
| | - Livia Andreasi Bassi
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, A.O. Sant'Andrea, Roma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lulli
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, A.O. Sant'Andrea, Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Autore
- Aeronautica Militare Italiana, Comando Logistico, Centro Sperimentale di Volo, Pratica di Mare, Italy
| | - Alessandro Scagliusi
- Aeronautica Militare Italiana, Comando Logistico, Centro Sperimentale di Volo, Pratica di Mare, Italy
| | - Enrico Tomao
- Aeronautica Militare Italiana, Capo del Corpo Sanitario, Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Germano
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, A.O. Sant'Andrea, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Picchianti Diamanti
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, A.O. Sant'Andrea, Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Caporuscio
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, A.O. Sant'Andrea, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Milanetti
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, A.O. Sant'Andrea, Roma, Italy
| | - Simonetta Salemi
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, A.O. Sant'Andrea, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Roma, Italy.
| | - Raffaele D'Amelio
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, A.O. Sant'Andrea, Roma, Italy
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12
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Sheen YH. Asthma has an adverse effect on the production of antibody to vaccines. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2018. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2018.6.6.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youn Ho Sheen
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Zeltins A, West J, Zabel F, El Turabi A, Balke I, Haas S, Maudrich M, Storni F, Engeroff P, Jennings GT, Kotecha A, Stuart DI, Foerster J, Bachmann MF. Incorporation of tetanus-epitope into virus-like particles achieves vaccine responses even in older recipients in models of psoriasis, Alzheimer's and cat allergy. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:30. [PMID: 29263885 PMCID: PMC5653761 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are widely used to treat non-infectious conditions but are costly. Vaccines could offer a cost-effective alternative but have been limited by sub-optimal T-cell stimulation and/or weak vaccine responses in recipients, for example, in elderly patients. We have previously shown that the repetitive structure of virus-like-particles (VLPs) can effectively bypass self-tolerance in therapeutic vaccines. Their efficacy could be increased even further by the incorporation of an epitope stimulating T cell help. However, the self-assembly and stability of VLPs from envelope monomer proteins is sensitive to geometry, rendering the incorporation of foreign epitopes difficult. We here show that it is possible to engineer VLPs derived from a non human-pathogenic plant virus to incorporate a powerful T-cell-stimulatory epitope derived from Tetanus toxoid. These VLPs (termed CMVTT) retain self-assembly as well as long-term stability. Since Th cell memory to Tetanus is near universal in humans, CMVTT-based vaccines can deliver robust antibody-responses even under limiting conditions. By way of proof of concept, we tested a range of such vaccines against chronic inflammatory conditions (model: psoriasis, antigen: interleukin-17), neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's, β-amyloid), and allergic disease (cat allergy, Fel-d1), respectively. Vaccine responses were uniformly strong, selective, efficient in vivo, observed even in old mice, and employing low vaccine doses. In addition, randomly ascertained human blood cells were reactive to CMVTT-VLPs, confirming recognition of the incorporated Tetanus epitope. The CMVTT-VLP platform is adaptable to almost any antigen and its features and performance are ideally suited for the design of vaccines delivering enhanced responsiveness in aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andris Zeltins
- Latvian Biomedical Research & Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, LV 1067 Latvia
| | | | - Franziska Zabel
- HypoPet AG, c/o Universität Zürich, Moussonstrasse 2, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
- Saiba GmbH, Alte Tösstalstr. 20, 8487 Rämismühle, Switzerland
| | | | - Ina Balke
- Latvian Biomedical Research & Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, LV 1067 Latvia
| | - Stefanie Haas
- HypoPet AG, c/o Universität Zürich, Moussonstrasse 2, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Maudrich
- HypoPet AG, c/o Universität Zürich, Moussonstrasse 2, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Federico Storni
- Immunology, RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Engeroff
- Immunology, RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gary T. Jennings
- HypoPet AG, c/o Universität Zürich, Moussonstrasse 2, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
- Saiba GmbH, Alte Tösstalstr. 20, 8487 Rämismühle, Switzerland
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Foerster
- Medical School University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- HealVax GmbH, Bahnhofstrasse, 138808 Pfäffikon Switzerland
| | - Martin F. Bachmann
- HealVax GmbH, Bahnhofstrasse, 138808 Pfäffikon Switzerland
- HypoPet AG, c/o Universität Zürich, Moussonstrasse 2, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
- Saiba GmbH, Alte Tösstalstr. 20, 8487 Rämismühle, Switzerland
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Immunology, RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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14
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Ovsyannikova IG, Schaid DJ, Larrabee BR, Haralambieva IH, Kennedy RB, Poland GA. A large population-based association study between HLA and KIR genotypes and measles vaccine antibody responses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171261. [PMID: 28158231 PMCID: PMC5291460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human antibody response to measles vaccine is highly variable in the population. Host genes contribute to inter-individual antibody response variation. The killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are recognized to interact with HLA molecules and possibly influence humoral immune response to viral antigens. To expand on and improve our previous work with HLA genes, and to explore the genetic contribution of KIR genes to the inter-individual variability in measles vaccine-induced antibody responses, we performed a large population-based study in 2,506 healthy immunized subjects (ages 11 to 41 years) to identify HLA and KIR associations with measles vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies. After correcting for the large number of statistical tests of allele effects on measles-specific neutralizing antibody titers, no statistically significant associations were found for either HLA or KIR loci. However, suggestive associations worthy of follow-up in other cohorts include B*57:01, DQB1*06:02, and DRB1*15:05 alleles. Specifically, the B*57:01 allele (1,040 mIU/mL; p = 0.0002) was suggestive of an association with lower measles antibody titer. In contrast, the DQB1*06:02 (1,349 mIU/mL; p = 0.0004) and DRB1*15:05 (2,547 mIU/mL; p = 0.0004) alleles were suggestive of an association with higher measles antibodies. Notably, the associations with KIR genotypes were strongly nonsignificant, suggesting that KIR loci in terms of copy number and haplotypes are not likely to play a major role in antibody response to measles vaccination. These findings refine our knowledge of the role of HLA and KIR alleles in measles vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna G. Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Schaid
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Beth R. Larrabee
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Iana H. Haralambieva
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Sheen YH, Rajagopalan G, Snapper CM, Kita H, Wi CI, Umaretiya PJ, Juhn YJ. Influence of HLA-DR polymorphism and allergic sensitization on humoral immune responses to intact pneumococcus in a transgenic mouse model. HLA 2016; 88:25-34. [PMID: 27506953 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is independently associated with HLA-DR3 and increased risks of pneumococcal diseases. We aimed to determine whether HLA-DR polymorphism (HLA-DRB1*03), sensitization to house dust mite (HDM), or their interaction affects humoral immune responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide and protein antigens of intact pneumococci. Induction of serum titers of anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide and anti-surface protein IgM and IgG in response to immunization with intact pneumococci (Pn) serotype 14 was determined using humanized HLA-DR3 and DR2 transgenic mice. Transgenic mice were sensitized by injecting HDM and challenged with intranasal HDM. Mice were subsequently immunized with heat-killed Pn14 at day 24. Serum titers of anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) IgM and IgG, anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide, capsular type 14 (PPS14) IgM and IgG, and anti-pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) IgG were measured. We included a total of 44 mice (22 DR3 and 22 DR2 mice) and half of mice in each group were sensitized with HDM (i.e. 22 HDM-sensitized and 22 control mice). HDM-sensitized mice, irrespective of HLA-DR polymorphism, had significantly lower humoral immune responses. HLA-DR3 mice, irrespective of HDM sensitization, elicited a significantly lower anti-PC IgG response. In contrast, the anti-PspA IgG response was higher in DR3 relative to DR2 mice. The effect of HDM sensitization on lowering humoral immune responses to Pn14 was observed in DR3 mice regardless of the nature of the antigen, whereas such decreases were observed only for the anti-PPS14 IgG and anti-PC IgM responses in DR2 mice. HDM sensitization lowered humoral immune responses to intact pneumococcus and this effect was significantly modified by the HLA-DR polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Sheen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - G Rajagopalan
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - C M Snapper
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H Kita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - C-I Wi
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - P J Umaretiya
- Children's Hospital Primary Care Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y J Juhn
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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16
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Abstract
Vaccination has saved many lives and prevented needless suffering from disease, but it is not always effective. Immune responses are a highly "personalized" aspect of an individual's biology, as they are subject to germline genetic influences but are embodied in cell populations that continuously sample the environment. Additionally, immunity is shaped by memory of prior infectious diseases and other antigenic exposures. Here, we review examples of recent technical advances and insights into human vaccine responses that are helping to define the features associated with successful vaccination and that may enable a more predictive vaccinology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
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17
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Haralambieva IH, Kennedy RB, Ovsyannikova IG, Whitaker JA, Poland GA. Variability in Humoral Immunity to Measles Vaccine: New Developments. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:789-801. [PMID: 26602762 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the existence of an effective measles vaccine, resurgence in measles cases in the USA and across Europe has occurred, including in individuals vaccinated with two doses of the vaccine. Host genetic factors result in inter-individual variation in measles vaccine-induced antibodies, and play a role in vaccine failure. Studies have identified HLA (human leukocyte antigen) and non-HLA genetic influences that individually or jointly contribute to the observed variability in the humoral response to vaccination among healthy individuals. In this exciting era, new high-dimensional approaches and techniques including vaccinomics, systems biology, GWAS, epitope prediction and sophisticated bioinformatics/statistical algorithms provide powerful tools to investigate immune response mechanisms to the measles vaccine. These might predict, on an individual basis, outcomes of acquired immunity post measles vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana H Haralambieva
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jennifer A Whitaker
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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18
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Oberg AL, McKinney BA, Schaid DJ, Pankratz VS, Kennedy RB, Poland GA. Lessons learned in the analysis of high-dimensional data in vaccinomics. Vaccine 2015; 33:5262-70. [PMID: 25957070 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The field of vaccinology is increasingly moving toward the generation, analysis, and modeling of extremely large and complex high-dimensional datasets. We have used data such as these in the development and advancement of the field of vaccinomics to enable prediction of vaccine responses and to develop new vaccine candidates. However, the application of systems biology to what has been termed "big data," or "high-dimensional data," is not without significant challenges-chief among them a paucity of gold standard analysis and modeling paradigms with which to interpret the data. In this article, we relate some of the lessons we have learned over the last decade of working with high-dimensional, high-throughput data as applied to the field of vaccinomics. The value of such efforts, however, is ultimately to better understand the immune mechanisms by which protective and non-protective responses to vaccines are generated, and to use this information to support a personalized vaccinology approach in creating better, and safer, vaccines for the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brett A McKinney
- Tandy School of Computer Science, Department of Mathematics, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Daniel J Schaid
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - V Shane Pankratz
- UNM Health Sciences Library & Informatics Center, Division of Nephrology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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19
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Whitaker JA, Ovsyannikova IG, Poland GA. Adversomics: a new paradigm for vaccine safety and design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:935-47. [PMID: 25937189 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1038249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the enormous population benefits of routine vaccination, vaccine adverse events (AEs) and reactions, whether real or perceived, have posed one of the greatest barriers to vaccine acceptance--and thus to infectious disease prevention--worldwide. A truly integrated clinical, translational, and basic science approach is required to understand the mechanisms behind vaccine AEs, predict them, and then apply this knowledge to new vaccine design approaches that decrease, or avoid, these events. The term 'adversomics' was first introduced in 2009 and refers to the study of vaccine adverse reactions using immunogenomics and systems biology approaches. In this review, we present the current state of adversomics research, review known associations and mechanisms of vaccine AEs/reactions, and outline a plan for the further development of this emerging research field.
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20
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Deehan M, Garcês S, Kramer D, Baker MP, Rat D, Roettger Y, Kromminga A. Managing unwanted immunogenicity of biologicals. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:569-74. [PMID: 25742758 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
All protein drugs (biologicals) have an immunogenic potential and we are armed with multiple guidelines, regulatory documents and white papers to assist us in assessing the level of risk for unwanted immunogenicity of new biologicals. However, for certain biologicals, significant immunogenicity becomes only apparent after their use in patients. Causes of immunogenicity are multifactorial but not yet fully understood. Within the pharmaceutical industry there are only a few opportunities to openly discuss the causes and consequences of immunogenicity with regard to the development of new biologicals. The annual Open Scientific Symposium of the European Immunogenicity Platform (EIP) is one such meeting that brings together scientists and clinicians from academia and industry to build know-how and expertise in the field of immunogenicity. The critical topics discussed at the last EIP meeting (February 2014) will be reviewed here. The current opinion of this expert group is that the assessment of unwanted immunogenicity can be improved by using prediction tools, optimizing the performance of immunogenicity assays and learning from the clinical impact of other biologicals that have already been administered to patients. A multidisciplinary approach is warranted to better understand and minimize drug immunogenicity and its clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Deehan
- Novimmune SA, 14 Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-Les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra Garcês
- Gulbenkian Institute of Science, Portugal, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; Garcia de Orta Hospital, Portugal, Department of Rheumatology; HGO Research Center, Av. Torrado da Silva, 2801-951 Almada, Portugal.
| | - Daniel Kramer
- Sanofi, R&D, DSAR-PSI, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt/M., Germany.
| | - Matthew P Baker
- Abzena, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom.
| | - Dorothea Rat
- Sanofi, R&D, DSAR-BBB, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt/M., Germany.
| | - Yvonne Roettger
- Sanofi, R&D, DSAR-BBB, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt/M., Germany.
| | - Arno Kromminga
- Institute for Immunology, University of Kiel, Germany, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, Haus 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany; IPM Biotech, Lademannbogen 61, 22453 Hamburg, Germany.
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Newport MJ. The genetic regulation of infant immune responses to vaccination. Front Immunol 2015; 6:18. [PMID: 25699041 PMCID: PMC4313718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of factors are recognized to influence immune responses to vaccinations including age, gender, the dose, and quality of the antigen used, the number of doses given, the route of administration, and the nutritional status of the recipient. Additionally, several immunogenetic studies have identified associations between polymorphisms in genes encoding immune response proteins, both innate and adaptive, and variation in responses to vaccines. Variants in the genes encoding Toll-like receptors, HLA molecules, cytokines, and cytokine receptors have associated with heterogeneity of responses to a wide range of vaccines including measles, hepatitis B, influenza A, BCG, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and certain Neisseria meningitidis serotypes, amongst others. However, the vast majority of these studies have been conducted in older children and adults and there are very few data available from studies conducted in infants. This paper reviews the evidence to date that host genes influencing vaccines responses in these older population and identifies a large gap in our understanding of the genetic regulation of responses in early life. Given the high mortality from infection in early life and the challenges of developing vaccines that generate effective immune responses in the context of the developing immune system further research on infant populations is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Newport
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
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22
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Yoo KH, Jacobson RM, Poland GA, Weaver A, Lee L, Chang T, Juhn YJ. Asthma status and waning of measles antibody concentrations after measles immunization. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33:1016-22. [PMID: 24830696 PMCID: PMC4216609 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthmatics have increased risks of common and serious microbial infections including vaccine preventable diseases. Little is known about whether asthma influences waning of humoral immunity. We assessed whether asthma status influences waning of anti-measles virus antibody concentrations over time. METHODS The study used a cross-sectional study cohort of healthy children who had been immunized with 1 dose of MMR-II at age approximately 15 months. Between 5 and 12 years of age, measles vaccine virus-specific antibody (IgG) values were measured by enzyme immunoassay and considered seropositive if the enzyme immunoassay index unit was ≥ 1. The medical records were reviewed to determine asthma status during the first 18 years of life by applying predetermined criteria for asthma. A least squares regression model was used to evaluate the effect of asthma status on the relationship between measles antibody titer and time elapsed between the initial measles vaccination and measurement of measles antibody concentrations. RESULTS Of the 838 eligible children, 281 (34%) met criteria for asthma. Measles antibody waned over time (r = -0.19, P < 0.001), specifically more rapidly in asthmatics (r = -0.30, P < 0.001, a decrease of -0.114 unit per year) than non-asthmatics (r = -0.13, P = 0.002, a decrease of -0.046 unit per year; P value for interaction = 0.010). This differential waning rate resulted in a lower mean (SD) measles antibody concentration [1.42 (0.67) vs. 1.67 (0.69), P = 0.008] and lower seropositivity rate (73% vs. 84%, P = 0.038) in asthmatics than non-asthmatics starting around 9.3 years after the initial measles vaccination. CONCLUSION Asthma status is associated with waning kinetics of measles antibody among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Ha Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, KonKuk University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea./Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Robert M. Jacobson
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Amy Weaver
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Linda Lee
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Titus Chang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Young J. Juhn
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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Posteraro B, Pastorino R, Di Giannantonio P, Ianuale C, Amore R, Ricciardi W, Boccia S. The link between genetic variation and variability in vaccine responses: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Vaccine 2014; 32:1661-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Newport MJ, Goetghebuer T, Marchant A. Hunting for immune response regulatory genes: vaccination studies in infant twins. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 4:739-46. [PMID: 16221074 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.4.5.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of twin studies towards unraveling the complex mechanisms of multifactorial diseases is increasingly recognized. Recent twin studies using infant vaccination as a model for infectious diseases have confirmed the importance of host genetic factors as major regulators of the immune response. A combination of twin-based family studies and population-based association studies should lead to the identification of the specific genes involved. These genes and their products have the potential to be developed as targets for novel therapeutic and prophylactic agents against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Newport
- Department of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PS, UK.
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25
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Reber A, Katz J. Immunological assessment of influenza vaccines and immune correlates of protection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:519-36. [PMID: 23659300 DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Influenza vaccines remain the primary public health tool in reducing the ever-present burden of influenza and its complications. In seeking more immunogenic, more effective and more broadly cross-protective influenza vaccines, the landscape of influenza vaccines is rapidly expanding, both in near-term advances and next-generation vaccine design. Although the first influenza vaccines were licensed over 60 years ago, the hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer is currently the only universally accepted immune correlate of protection against influenza. However, hemagglutination-inhibition titers appear to be less effective at predicting protection in populations at high risk for severe influenza disease; older adults, young children and those with certain medical conditions. The lack of knowledge and validated methods to measure alternate immune markers of protection against influenza remain a substantial barrier to the development of more immunogenic, broadly cross-reactive and effective influenza vaccines. Here, the authors review the knowledge of immune effectors of protection against influenza and discuss assessment methods for a broader range of immunological parameters that could be considered in the evaluation of traditional or new-generation influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Reber
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, Pankratz VS, Kennedy RB, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. The genetic basis for interindividual immune response variation to measles vaccine: new understanding and new vaccine approaches. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:57-70. [PMID: 23256739 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The live-attenuated measles vaccine is effective, but measles outbreaks still occur in vaccinated populations. This warrants elucidation of the determinants of measles vaccine-induced protective immunity. Interindividual variability in markers of measles vaccine-induced immunity, including neutralizing antibody levels, is regulated in part by host genetic factor variations. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of measles vaccine immunogenetics relative to the perspective of developing better measles vaccines. Important genetic regulators of measles vaccine-induced immunity, such as HLA class I and HLA class II genotypes, single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokine/cytokine receptor genes (IL12B, IL12RB1, IL2, IL10) and the cell surface measles virus receptor CD46 gene, have been identified and independently replicated. New technologies present many opportunities for identification of novel genetic signatures and genetic architectures. These findings help explain a variety of immune response-related phenotypes and promote a new paradigm of 'vaccinomics' for novel vaccine development.
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Australian population cohort study of newly arrived refugee children: how effective is predeparture measles and rubella vaccination? Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32:104-9. [PMID: 22955722 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31827075c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predeparture medical screening and measles-mumps-rubella vaccination are routinely given to refugee children before departure from most transit countries en route to Australia. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this single measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and the reliability of its documentation. This is important in determining refugees' susceptibility to measles and rubella and the risk to the nonvaccinated community. METHODS We analyzed measles and rubella serology in a comprehensively screened population of newly arrived refugees. We reviewed seropositivity rates based on age, sex, country of departure and vaccine documentation. RESULTS Of 164 children screened, 139 (84.8%) were immune to rubella; 143 (87.7%) to measles and 119 (73.0%) to both. There was no significant difference in immunity among those of different ages or those departing different continents. Immunity rates among those with documented measles-mumps-rubella tended to be higher: 91.1% for rubella, 89.1% for measles and 80.0% for both diseases, but this did not reach significance at the 5% level. There was a significant difference between males (65.9%) and females (81.3%) immune to both diseases (P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS This cohort demonstrated similar measles and rubella seropositivity rates to those of the Australian population, but lower rates than population seroconversion studies, which have been estimated at 95%. Males were less likely to be immune. Rates in those with documented vaccination approximated seroconversion studies. This confirms the appropriateness of current guidelines which suggest that immunization is not required in the face of documented prior vaccination, but is required without such documentation.
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Association of HLA class II genes with clinical hyporesponsiveness to trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children. Vaccine 2012; 31:1123-8. [PMID: 23261040 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary prevention measure for influenza infection has been the use of influenza vaccines. However, even when the vaccine and circulating strains are well-matched, some healthy children do not respond to the vaccine, likely due to a genetic basis for immune hyporesponsiveness. The primary objective of this study was to identify HLA class II genes associated with clinical hyporesponsiveness after trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) in children. METHODS We conducted a case-control study nested within a retrospective cohort of children that were screened at birth for HLA-DR,DQ genotypes by the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) and were subsequently followed for up to 8 years by Kaiser Permanente, Colorado (KPCO). Hyporesponsiveness was clinically defined as the occurrence of influenza or influenza-like illness (ILI) in peak influenza weeks in children fully vaccinated with TIV. Each child with clinical hyporesponse (n=252) was matched to 4 randomly selected controls (n=1006) by age and season. Children with clinical hyporesponse to TIV were identified using the Kaiser electronic clinical and immunization databases. Fully vaccinated children within the KPCO-DAISY cohort who did not have a diagnosis of ILI during the entire influenza season were eligible to be controls for that season. Class II HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 genes were the primary exposure variables. We used conditional logistic regression to calculate the matched odds ratios. RESULTS In non-Hispanic white children, HLA-DR7/4,DQB1 0302 genotype was significantly associated (OR=5.15; 95% CI=1.94, 13.67; p=0.001), while in Hispanic children, HLA-DRB1 15 or 16 allele (OR=0.31; 95% CI=0.14, 0.69; p=0.004) and HLA-DR7/Y (DRB1 11, DRB1 13 and DRB1 14) genotype (OR=5.84; 95% CI=1.68, 20.28; p=0.006) were significantly associated with clinical hyporesponsiveness after TIV. CONCLUSIONS HLA class II genes are associated with clinical hyporesponsiveness to TIV. This finding is important as it may help identify a group of children who are not protected by the commonly used TIV and may require alternative preventive strategies.
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Phelan DM, Poland GA. HLA-DR specific monoclonal antibodies block lymphoproliferative response to measles vaccine in vitro: a pilot study. Vaccine 2012; 30:6628-31. [PMID: 22944627 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are important in protection against measles. Non-response to vaccination has been associated with specific HLA-DR and HLA-DQ alleles; however, little is known about the relative importance of these alleles in the cellular immune response induced by measles virus vaccine. To investigate the role of HLA-DR/DQ class II restriction, a small pilot study was conducted. Lymphoproliferation assays using class II DR and DQ-specific monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) were performed at one week and two weeks post immunization with MMRII vaccine. The mean stimulation index (SI) was 4.4 and 5.3 at one and two weeks with reductions in SI of 47.6% and 70.2%, respectively, following the addition of DR-specific MoAb (p<0.001). These results clearly show that a significant proportion of the cell-mediated immune response to measles virus vaccine, as measured by SI, is HLA-DR restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Phelan
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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30
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Juhn YJ, Frey D, Li X, Jacobson R. Streptococcus pyogenes upper respiratory infection and atopic conditions other than asthma: a retrospective cohort study. PRIMARY CARE RESPIRATORY JOURNAL : JOURNAL OF THE GENERAL PRACTICE AIRWAYS GROUP 2012; 21:153-8. [PMID: 22270478 PMCID: PMC6547913 DOI: 10.4104/pcrj.2011.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with asthma have an increased risk of Streptococcus pyogenes infection compared with those without asthma. It is unknown whether this is true for children with other atopic conditions such as atopic dermatitis or allergic rhinitis. AIMS To determine the risk of developing S. pyogenes infections of the upper respiratory tract in children and adolescents with atopic dermatitis and/or allergic rhinitis. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study that followed a convenience sample of 340 healthy children. Atopic dermatitis or eczema and allergic rhinitis or hay fever were determined based on a physician diagnosis documented in medical records. All laboratory test results of cultures, rapid antigen detection, and polymerase chain reaction tests for S. pyogenes infections during the first 18 years of life were collected to compare the incidence of S. pyogenes infections between children with and without a physician diagnosis of atopic conditions. A Poisson regression was fit to determine the association between asthma and S. pyogenes infections, controlling for other covariates including asthma. RESULTS Of the 340 subjects, 327 were eligible for the study. Of these 327 subjects, 143 (44%) had atopic conditions other than asthma. The incidence of S. pyogenes infections in children with atopic conditions other than asthma and those without atopic conditions was 0.24 per person-year and 0.18 per person-year, respectively. The adjusted risk ratios for allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis were 1.36 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.66, p=0.011) and 1.30 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.71, p=0.06), respectively, controlling for asthma and other covariates. CONCLUSIONS In addition to asthma, allergic rhinitis but not atopic dermatitis is associated with an increased risk of S. pyogenes upper respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young J Juhn
- Department of Community Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55944, USA.
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Juhn YJ. Influence of asthma epidemiology on the risk for other diseases. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2012; 4:122-31. [PMID: 22548204 PMCID: PMC3328728 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2012.4.3.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a multifactorial chronic disease affecting a significant proportion of people in the United States and worldwide. Numerous laboratory and epidemiological studies have attempted to understand the etiology and underlying mechanisms of asthma and to identify effective therapies. However, the impact of asthma on the risk for other diseases has drawn little attention. This paper discusses the potential effects of asthma as a risk factor for other diseases, explores the potential mechanisms, and reviews the implications of the findings to clinical practice, public health, and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young J. Juhn
- Division of Community Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine and Division of Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Ovsyannikova IG, Haralambieva IH, Vierkant RA, O'Byrne MM, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. The association of CD46, SLAM and CD209 cellular receptor gene SNPs with variations in measles vaccine-induced immune responses: a replication study and examination of novel polymorphisms. Hum Hered 2011; 72:206-23. [PMID: 22086389 DOI: 10.1159/000331585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The measles virus (MV) interacts with two known cellular receptors: CD46 and SLAM. The transmembrane receptor CD209 interacts with MV and augments dendritic cell infection. METHODS 764 subjects previously immunized with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine were genotyped for 66 candidate SNPs in the CD46, SLAM and CD209 genes as part of a larger study. RESULTS A previously detected association of the CD46 SNP rs2724384 with measles-specific antibodies was successfully replicated in this study. Increased representation of the minor allele G for an intronic CD46 SNP was associated with an allele dose-related decrease (978 vs. 522 mIU/ml, p = 0.0007) in antibody levels. This polymorphism rs2724384 also demonstrated associations with IL-6 (p = 0.02), IFN-α (p = 0.007) and TNF-α (p = 0.0007) responses. Two polymorphisms (coding rs164288 and intronic rs11265452) in the SLAM gene that were associated with measles antibody levels in our previous study were associated with IFN-γ Elispot (p = 0.04) and IL-10 responses (p = 0.0008), respectively, in this study. We found associations between haplotypes, AACGGAATGGAAAG (p = 0.009) and GGCCGAGAGGAGAG (p < 0.001), in the CD46 gene and TNF-α secretion. CONCLUSION Understanding the functional and mechanistic consequences of these genetic polymorphisms on immune response variations could assist in directing new measles and potentially other viral vaccine design, and in better understanding measles immunogenetics.
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Poethko-Müller C, Mankertz A. Sero-epidemiology of measles-specific IgG antibodies and predictive factors for low or missing titres in a German population-based cross-sectional study in children and adolescents (KiGGS). Vaccine 2011; 29:7949-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Haralambieva IH, Jacobson RM. Vaccinomics and a new paradigm for the development of preventive vaccines against viral infections. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:625-36. [PMID: 21732819 PMCID: PMC3166201 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2011.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this article we define vaccinomics as the integration of immunogenetics and immunogenomics with systems biology and immune profiling. Vaccinomics is based on the use of cutting edge, high-dimensional (so called "omics") assays and novel bioinformatics approaches to the development of next-generation vaccines and the expansion of our capabilities in individualized medicine. Vaccinomics will allow us to move beyond the empiric "isolate, inactivate, and inject" approach characterizing past vaccine development efforts, and toward a more detailed molecular and systemic understanding of the carefully choreographed series of biological processes involved in developing viral vaccine-induced "immunity." This enhanced understanding will then be applied to overcome the obstacles to the creation of effective vaccines to protect against pathogens, particularly hypervariable viruses, with the greatest current impact on public health. Here we provide an overview of how vaccinomics will inform vaccine science, the development of new vaccines and/or clinically relevant biomarkers or surrogates of protection, vaccine response heterogeneity, and our understanding of immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Human leukocyte antigen associations with humoral and cellular immunity following a second dose of measles-containing vaccine: persistence, dampening, and extinction of associations found after a first dose. Vaccine 2011; 29:7982-91. [PMID: 21872631 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously we found human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associations with humoral immunity following a single dose of measles-containing vaccine. In this study, we sought to determine if HLA associations exist with humoral and cellular immunity following a second dose of measles-containing vaccine and if the associations we found with humoral immunity after the first dose persist following a second dose. We recruited a population-based sample of 346 schoolchildren, all who previously received two doses of a measles-containing vaccine. Molecular HLA classes I and II typing as well as humoral and cellular immune assays (measles-specific IgG antibody levels and lymphoproliferative response) were performed in these subjects. We found significant associations with class I HLA-B (p=0.05) as well as class II HLA-DPB1 (p=0.01) and -DPA1 (p=0.03) genes for measles vaccine-induced antibody levels after the second dose. Similarly, we found significant associations with class II HLA-DQB1 (p=0.05) and -DRB1 (p=0.01) genes for measles-specific lymphoproliferation after the second dose. While we found HLA associations after the second dose that we previously found after the first dose of measles containing vaccine, fewer alleles had statistically significant associations, suggesting that the second dose had a dampening or extinguishing effect on the HLA associations. It appears that the second dose overcomes HLA restriction through an as yet unknown mechanism. Future studies of HLA associations should consider both the effect of dose and the role that subsequent doses might play on genetic associations found with the response to a first dose.
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Oberg AL, Kennedy RB, Li P, Ovsyannikova IG, Poland GA. Systems biology approaches to new vaccine development. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:436-43. [PMID: 21570272 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The current 'isolate, inactivate, inject' vaccine development strategy has served the field of vaccinology well, and such empirical vaccine candidate development has even led to the eradication of smallpox. However, such an approach suffers from limitations, and as an empirical approach, does not fully utilize our knowledge of immunology and genetics. A more complete understanding of the biological processes culminating in disease resistance is needed. The advent of high-dimensional assay technology and 'systems biology' along with a vaccinomics approach [1,2•] is spawning a new era in the science of vaccine development. Here we review recent developments in systems biology and strategies for applying this approach and its resulting data to expand our knowledge base and drive directed development of new vaccines. We also provide applied examples and point out new directions for the field in order to illustrate the power of systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, O'Byrne M, Pankratz VS, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. A large observational study to concurrently assess persistence of measles specific B-cell and T-cell immunity in individuals following two doses of MMR vaccine. Vaccine 2011; 29:4485-91. [PMID: 21539880 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of measles-specific neutralizing antibodies, directed against the surface measles virus hemagglutinin and fusion proteins, is considered the gold standard in measles serology. We assessed functional measles-specific neutralizing antibody levels in a racially diverse cohort of 763 young healthy adolescents after receipt of two doses of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, by the use of an automated plaque reduction microneutralization (PRMN) assay, and evaluated their relevance to protective antibody levels, as well as their associations with demographic and clinical variables. We also concurrently assessed measles-specific IFNγ Elispot responses and their relation to the observed antibody concentrations. The geometric mean titer for our cohort was 832mIU/mL (95% CIs: 776; 891). Sixty-eight subjects (8.9%) had antibody concentrations of less than the protective threshold of 210mIU/mL (corresponding to PRMN titer of 120; suggesting protection against symptomatic disease), and 177 subjects (23.2%) demonstrated persisting antibody concentrations above 1841mIU/mL (corresponding to PRMN titer of 1052; suggesting total protection against viral infection), 7.4 years after vaccination, in the absence of wild-type virus boosting. The mean measles-specific IFNγ Elispot response for our cohort was 46 (95% CIs: 43; 49) IFNγ-positive spots per 200,000 cells with no relation of cellular immunity measures to the observed antibody concentrations. No significant associations between antibody titers and demographic and clinical variables, including gender and race, were observed in our study. In conclusion, in a large observational study of measles immunity, we used an automated high-throughput measles virus-specific neutralization assay to measure humoral immunity, and concurrently determined measles-specific cellular immunity to aid the assessment of potential susceptibility to measles in vaccinated populations.
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Yoo KH, Agarwal K, Butterfield M, Jacobson RM, Poland GA, Juhn YJ. Assessment of humoral and cell-mediated immune response to measles-mumps-rubella vaccine viruses among patients with asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc 2010; 31:499-506. [PMID: 21708062 PMCID: PMC3941466 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2010.31.3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the influence of asthma status on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine viruses. We compared the virus-specific IgG levels and lymphoproliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to MMR vaccine viruses between asthmatic and nonasthmatic patients. The study subjects included 342 healthy children aged 12-18 years who had received two doses of the MMR vaccine. We ascertained asthma status by applying predetermined criteria. Of the 342 subjects, 230 were available for this study of whom 25 were definite asthmatic patients (10.9%) and the rest of subjects were nonasthmatic patients. The mean of the log-transformed lymphoproliferative responses between definite asthma and nonasthma who had a family history of asthma were for measles, 0.92 ± 0.31 versus 1.54 ± 0.17 (p = 0.125); for mumps, 0.98 ± 0.64 versus 2.20 ± 0.21 (p = 0.035); and for rubella, 0.12 ± 0.37 versus 0.97 ± 0.16 (p = 0.008), respectively, adjusting for the duration between the first MMR vaccination and determination of the immune responses. There were no such differences among children without a family history of asthma. MMR virus-specific IgG levels were not different between study subjects with or without asthma. The study findings suggest asthmatic patients may have a suboptimal cell-mediated immune response to MMR vaccine viruses and a family history of asthma modifies this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Ha Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, KonKuk University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kanishtha Agarwal
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael Butterfield
- The University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert M. Jacobson
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Young J. Juhn
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Chaplin DD. Overview of the immune response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:S3-23. [PMID: 20176265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1005] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to protect the host from a universe of pathogenic microbes that are themselves constantly evolving. The immune system also helps the host eliminate toxic or allergenic substances that enter through mucosal surfaces. Central to the immune system's ability to mobilize a response to an invading pathogen, toxin, or allergen is its ability to distinguish self from nonself. The host uses both innate and adaptive mechanisms to detect and eliminate pathogenic microbes, and both of these mechanisms include self-nonself discrimination. This overview identifies key mechanisms used by the immune system to respond to invading microbes and other exogenous threats and identifies settings in which disturbed immune function exacerbates tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Chaplin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA.
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Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most cost effective methods to control infectious diseases and at the same time one of the most complex products of the pharmaceutical industry. In contrast to other drugs, vaccines are used mainly in healthy individuals, often in children. For this reason, very high standards are set for their production. Subunit vaccines, especially peptide vaccines, can provide a safe and cost-effective alternative to vaccines produced from attenuated or inactivated pathogen preparations. Biochemical and structural studies of class II MHC-peptide complexes are beginning to provide a conceptual foundation for the rational design of subunit and peptide vaccines. In this review, we show how analysis of peptide-class II MHC complexes together with developing understanding of antigen processing pathways has opened the door to understanding the major rules that govern selection of T cell epitopes. We review progress towards computational prediction of such epitopes, and efforts to evaluate algorithms that incorporate various structural and/or biochemical aspects of the MHC-peptide interaction. Finally, using malaria as a model, we describe the development of a minimal subunit vaccine for the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Stern
- Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Thomas C, Moridani M. Interindividual variations in the efficacy and toxicity of vaccines. Toxicology 2009; 278:204-10. [PMID: 19837123 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A number of currently available vaccines have shown significant differences in the magnitude of immune responses and toxicity in individuals undergoing vaccination. A number of factors may be involved in the variations in immune responses, which include age, gender, race, amount and quality of the antigen, the dose administered and to some extent the route of administration, and genetics of immune system. Hence, it becomes imperative that researchers have tools such as genomics and proteomics at their disposal to predict which set of population is more likely to be non-responsive or develop toxicity to vaccines. In this article, we briefly review the influence of pharmacogenomics biomarkers on the efficacy and toxicity of some of the most frequently reported vaccines that showed a high rate of variability in response and toxicity towards hepatitis B, measles, mumps, rubella, influenza, and AIDS/HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM. Application of pharmacogenomics to vaccines. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 10:837-52. [PMID: 19450131 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics provides a promising science base for vaccine research and development. A broad range of phenotype/genotype data combined with high-throughput genetic sequencing and bioinformatics are increasingly being integrated into this emerging field of vaccinomics. This paper discusses the hypothesis of the 'immune response gene network' and genetic (and bioinformatic) strategies to study associations between immune response gene polymorphisms and variations in humoral and cellular immune responses to prophylactic viral vaccines, such as measles-mumps-rubella, influenza, HIV, hepatitis B and smallpox. Immunogenetic studies reveal promising new vaccine targets by providing a better understanding of the mechanisms by which gene polymorphisms may influence innate and adaptive immune responses to vaccines, including vaccine failure and vaccine-associated adverse events. Additional benefits from vaccinomic studies include the development of personalized vaccines, the development of novel vaccines and the development of novel vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Abstract
Seasonal influenza causes significant morbidity, mortality, and economic costs. Vaccines against influenza, though both safe and effective, are imperfect. Notably, these vaccines result in significant immune response variability across the population. The mechanism for this variability, in part, appears to lie in the polymorphisms of key immune response genes. Despite the importance of this variability, little in the way of genetic polymorphisms and its association with vaccine immune response to viral vaccines has been performed. Herein, we review and synthesize what is known about the immune response pathway and influenza viral immunity and then present original data from our laboratory on the immunogenetic relationships between HLA, cytokine and cytokine receptor gene polymorphisms and the variations in humoral immune response to inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine. Finally, we propose that a better understanding of vaccine immunogenetics offers insight towards the development of better influenza vaccines.
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Poland GA, Jacobson RM, Ovsyannikova IG. Trends affecting the future of vaccine development and delivery: the role of demographics, regulatory science, the anti-vaccine movement, and vaccinomics. Vaccine 2009; 27:3240-4. [PMID: 19200833 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Important scientific, cultural, temporal, and secular issues impact the development of, and delivery of vaccines. In this paper we discuss the impact of demographics, regulatory science, the anti-vaccine movement, and finally the impact of the new biology and individualized medicine, which we call vaccinomics, on vaccine development and delivery. A description of the issues and how they have, are, or should be impacting vaccinology is provided, and hopefully will result in increased attention and discussion among vaccinologists. These issues have been under-valued, under-discussed, and in some cases, ignored. We hope that discussion of these issues will result in changes in how we develop, and how we communicate those developments, to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM. Personalized vaccines: the emerging field of vaccinomics. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 8:1659-67. [PMID: 18847302 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.11.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The next 'golden age' in vaccinology will be ushered in by the new science of vaccinomics. In turn, this will inform and allow the development of personalized vaccines, based on our increasing understanding of immune response phenotype: genotype information. Rapid advances in developing such data are already occurring for hepatitis B, influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, anthrax and smallpox vaccines. In addition, newly available data suggest that some vaccine-related adverse events may also be genetically determined and, therefore, predictable. This paper reviews the basis and logic of personalized vaccines, and describes recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Program in TranslationalImmunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM. Vaccine immunogenetics: bedside to bench to population. Vaccine 2008; 26:6183-8. [PMID: 18598732 PMCID: PMC2614670 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The immunogenetic basis for variations in immune response to vaccines in humans remains largely unknown. Many factors can contribute to the heterogeneity of vaccine-induced immune responses, including polymorphisms of immune response genes. It is important to identify those genes involved directly or indirectly in the generation of the immune response to vaccines. Our previous work with measles reveals the impact of immune response gene polymorphisms on measles vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses. We demonstrate associations between genetic variations (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) in HLA class I and class II genes, cytokine, cell surface receptor, and toll-like receptor genes and variations in immune responses to measles vaccine. Such information may provide further understanding of genetic restrictions that influence the generation of protective immune responses to vaccines, and eventually the development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, The Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Poland GA, Sambhara S. Vaccines against influenza A (H5N1): evidence of progress. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:629-31. [PMID: 18694337 DOI: 10.1086/590912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Sirugo G, Hennig BJ, Adeyemo AA, Matimba A, Newport MJ, Ibrahim ME, Ryckman KK, Tacconelli A, Mariani-Costantini R, Novelli G, Soodyall H, Rotimi CN, Ramesar RS, Tishkoff SA, Williams SM. Genetic studies of African populations: an overview on disease susceptibility and response to vaccines and therapeutics. Hum Genet 2008; 123:557-98. [PMID: 18512079 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Africa is the ultimate source of modern humans and as such harbors more genetic variation than any other continent. For this reason, studies of the patterns of genetic variation in African populations are crucial to understanding how genes affect phenotypic variation, including disease predisposition. In addition, the patterns of extant genetic variation in Africa are important for understanding how genetic variation affects infectious diseases that are a major problem in Africa, such as malaria, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, and HIV/AIDS. Therefore, elucidating the role that genetic susceptibility to infectious diseases plays is critical to improving the health of people in Africa. It is also of note that recent and ongoing social and cultural changes in sub-Saharan Africa have increased the prevalence of non-communicable diseases that will also require genetic analyses to improve disease prevention and treatment. In this review we give special attention to many of the past and ongoing studies, emphasizing those in Sub-Saharan Africans that address the role of genetic variation in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Sirugo
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia, West Africa.
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Does length-based resuscitation tape accurately place pediatric patients into appropriate color-coded zones? Pediatr Emerg Care 2007; 23:856-61. [PMID: 18091592 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0b013e31815c9d2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine relationship between length-based resuscitation tape (LBT)-based color-coded zones and actual weight-based color-coded zones. METHODS Data were retrospectively abstracted from 839 patients in Rochester, Minnesota, at birth, 4 to 6, and 10 to 12 years. Height was plotted on LBT to determine estimated weight and corresponding color zone. Patient's weight-based color zone was obtained by plotting measured weight on LBT. Degrees of discrepancy between length-based and actual weight-based color zones were assessed. RESULTS Total of 544, 520, and 143 subjects were analyzed at birth, 4 to 6, and 10 to 12 years, respectively, with a subset of 103 subjects measured longitudinally at more than 1 age strata. Among infants, all LBT color zones were the same as actual weight-based color zones. In children aged 4 to 6 years, 70% (n = 361) of LBT-estimated color zones were the same as actual weight-based color zones; LBT underestimated 19% (n = 99) by 1 color zone, 0.5% (n = 3) were underestimated by 2 color zones, 0.5% (n = 3) exceeded weight limit on LBT, and 10% (n = 54) were overestimated by 1 color zone. In adolescents aged 10 to 12 years, 40.6% (n = 58) of LBT-estimated color zones were the same as actual weight-based color zones; LBT underestimated 3.5% (n = 5) by 1 color zone, 44.1% (n = 63) exceeded weight limit on LBT, 11.2% (n = 16) were overestimated by 1 color zone, and 0.6% (n = 1) were overestimated by 2 color zones. CONCLUSIONS Overall, LBT reasonably estimates appropriate color zones for drug dosing. However, LBT tends to underestimate color zones among younger obese children and adolescents. Potential implications of the rising trend of overweight children on resuscitation practice and drug administration must be considered.
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Murray JA, Moore SB, Van Dyke CT, Lahr BD, Dierkhising RA, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ, Kroning CM, El-Yousseff M, Czaja AJ. HLA DQ gene dosage and risk and severity of celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5:1406-12. [PMID: 17919990 PMCID: PMC2175211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small intestine that is strongly associated with certain HLA molecules encoded by DQA and DQB genes. The aim of this study was to examine the role of DQA and DQB alleles in determining the risk for and the age of onset and severity of CD in an American population. METHODS High-resolution class 2 HLA genotyping was performed in a population-based sample (n = 84) of southeastern Minnesota residents with CD and a comparable control group (n = 102) to determine the contribution of DQA and DQB alleles to disease risk. Logistic regression modeling was used to examine the relative and absolute risks of CD. RESULTS Ninety-seven percent of CD patients carried both of the HLA alleles, DQA1*05 and DQB1*02. Those who carried a second allele of DQB1*02 were 5 times more likely to have CD than those with just one (95% confidence interval, 1.4-18.1). The carriage of 2 copies of DQB1*02 did not predict either an earlier age of onset or severity of disease. CONCLUSIONS Both HLA alleles DQA1*05 and DQB1*02 are associated with a greatly increased risk of CD, although the latter has the greater effect. Carrying 2 copies of DQB1*02 was associated with an even greater risk for disease but did not predict an earlier age of onset and diagnosis or disease severity. Assessing the copy number of the DQB1*02 allele might allow for the stratification of disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Murray
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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