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Kamau AN, Yu JE, Park ES, Rho JR, Hong EJ, Shin HJ. Strenuous expression of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ORF3 protein suggests host resistance. Vet Microbiol 2024; 297:110193. [PMID: 39116640 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus is attenuated upon adaptation to cell culture. Exclusively genomic mutations have been traced to the ORF3 gene of the laboratory strains. Previous attempts to express the protein were unsuccessful. We sought to express the ORF3 protein in both mammalian and bacteria cells as a prerequisite for investigation of the protein's role. For prokaryotic expression, two vector systems, pET28-a(+) and pGEX-4T-1 were constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli cells. For eukaryotic analyses, ORF3/pEGFP-C1 vector constructs were expressed in human embryonic, green monkey kidney and mouse fibrous cells. Intriguingly, there was minimal expression of the ORF3 gene. Following a documented hint that truncated ORF3 revealed higher expression, ORF3 gene was truncated. The simple modular architecture research tool analysis predicted two transmembrane domains between amino acid (aa) 41-63 and aa 76-98. Consequently, we generated two fragments; ORF-N (aa 1-98) inclusive of transmembrane domains and ORF3-C (aa 99-224). These truncated sequences were constructed as the whole gene here referred to as ORF3 wild type (wt). Coomassie blue stained gels revealed bands of ORF3-C expressed as a fusion protein of 17.5 and 39 kDa in pET28-a(+) and pGEX-4T-1 vectors, respectively. In contrast, ORF3-N was not. Additionally, ORF3-N induction decreased total cellular proteins suggesting inhibition of protein synthesis or metabolism. Solubility tests carried out at 30 °C, 25 °C and 18 °C showed that ORF3 formed inclusion bodies. Similar findings were observed in mammalian cells. Noteworthy, morphological distortions appeared in mammalian cells expressing ORF3 protein or its truncated mutants suggesting significance in host viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Ndirangu Kamau
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gungdong, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box 52428 - 00200, Haile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jung-Eun Yu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 220 Gungdong, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Eusi-Soon Park
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 220 Gungdong, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Rang Rho
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 220 Gungdong, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Ju Hong
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gungdong, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Shin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gungdong, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Li X, Wu Y, Yan Z, Li G, Luo J, Huang S, Guo X. A Comprehensive View on the Protein Functions of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:165. [PMID: 38397155 PMCID: PMC10887554 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus (PEDV) is one of the main pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets and fattening pigs. The clinical signs of PED are vomiting, acute diarrhea, dehydration, and mortality resulting in significant economic losses and becoming a major challenge in the pig industry. PEDV possesses various crucial structural and functional proteins, which play important roles in viral structure, infection, replication, assembly, and release, as well as in escaping host innate immunity. Over the past few years, there has been progress in the study of PEDV pathogenesis, revealing the crucial role of the interaction between PEDV viral proteins and host cytokines in PEDV infection. At present, the main control measure against PEDV is vaccine immunization of sows, but the protective effect for emerging virus strains is still insufficient, and there is no ideal safe and efficient vaccine. Although scientists have persistently delved their research into the intricate structure and functionalities of the PEDV genome and viral proteins for years, the pathogenic mechanism of PEDV remains incompletely elucidated. Here, we focus on reviewing the research progress of PEDV structural and nonstructural proteins to facilitate the understanding of biological processes such as PEDV infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Yiwan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Zhibin Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Gen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
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Mei X, Guo J, Fang P, Ma J, Li M, Fang L. The Characterization and Pathogenicity of a Recombinant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Variant ECQ1. Viruses 2023; 15:1492. [PMID: 37515178 PMCID: PMC10383920 DOI: 10.3390/v15071492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a re-emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus, has become the predominant causative agent of lethal diarrhea in piglets, resulting in huge economic losses in many countries. Furthermore, the rapid variability of this virus has increased the emergence of novel variants with different pathogenicities. In this study, 633 fecal samples collected from diarrheic piglets in China during 2017-2019 were analyzed, and 50.08% (317/633) of these samples were PEDV-positive. The full-length spike (S) genes of 36 samples were sequenced, and a genetic evolution analysis was performed. The results showed that thirty S genes belonged to the GII-a genotype and six S genes belonged to the GII-b genotype. From the PEDV-positive samples, one strain, designated ECQ1, was successfully isolated, and its full-length genome sequence was determined. Interestingly, ECQ1 is a recombinant PEDV between the GII-a (major parent) and GII-b (minor parent) strains, with recombination occurring in the S2 domain of the S gene. The pathogenicity of ECQ1 was assessed in 5-day-old piglets and compared with that of the strain EHuB2, a representative of GII-a PEDV. Although both PEDV strains induced similar fecal viral shedding in the infected piglets, ECQ1 exhibited lower pathogenicity than did EHuB2, as evidenced by reduced mortality and less severe pathological changes in the intestines. These data suggest that PEDV strain ECQ1 is a potential live virus vaccine candidate against porcine epidemic diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Puxian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
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Nguyen TL, Le TPT, Dinh TT, Nguyen-Ho HV, Mai QG, Vo-Nguyen HV, Tran TL, Tran HX, Tran-Van H. Investigation of variants in genetics and virulence of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus after serial passage on Vero cells. J Virol Methods 2023:114755. [PMID: 37244432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious intestinal virus. However, the current PEDV vaccine, which is produced from classical strain G1, offers low protection against recently emerged strain G2. This study aims to develop a better vaccine strain by propagating the PS6 strain, a G2b subgroup originating from Vietnam, on Vero cells until the 100th passage. As the virus was propagated, its titer increased, and its harvest time decreased. Analysis of the nucleotide and amino acid variation of the PS6 strain showed that the P100PS6 had 11, 4, and 2 amino acid variations in the 0 domain, B domain, and ORF3 protein, respectively, compared to the P7PS6 strain. Notably, the ORF3 gene was truncated due to a 16-nucleotide deletion mutation, resulting in a stop codon. The PS6 strain's virulence was evaluated in 5-day-old piglets, with P7PS6 and P100PS6 chosen for comparison. The results showed that P100PS6-inoculated piglets exhibited mild clinical symptoms and histopathological lesions, with a 100% survival rate. In contrast, P7PS6-inoculated piglets showed rapid and typical clinical symptoms of PEDV infection, and the survival rate was 0%. Additionally, the antibodies (IgG and IgA) produced from inoculated piglets with P100PS6 bound to both the P7PS6 and P100PS6 antigens. This finding suggested that the P100PS6 strain was attenuated and could be used to develop a live-attenuated vaccine against highly pathogenic and prevalent G2b-PEDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan-Liem Nguyen
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; National Veterinary Joint Stock Company, 28 VSIP, Street no. 06, Vietnam-Singapore Industrial Park, Thuan An City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Thu-Phuong Thi Le
- National Veterinary Joint Stock Company, 28 VSIP, Street no. 06, Vietnam-Singapore Industrial Park, Thuan An City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Thuan-Thien Dinh
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Hochiminh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hai-Vy Nguyen-Ho
- National Veterinary Joint Stock Company, 28 VSIP, Street no. 06, Vietnam-Singapore Industrial Park, Thuan An City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Quoc-Gia Mai
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Hochiminh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hai-Vy Vo-Nguyen
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Hochiminh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thuoc Linh Tran
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Hochiminh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hanh Xuan Tran
- National Veterinary Joint Stock Company, 28 VSIP, Street no. 06, Vietnam-Singapore Industrial Park, Thuan An City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Hieu Tran-Van
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Hochiminh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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5
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Si F, Song S, Yu R, Li Z, Wei W, Wu C. Coronavirus accessory protein ORF3 biology and its contribution to viral behavior and pathogenesis. iScience 2023; 26:106280. [PMID: 36945252 PMCID: PMC9972675 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is classified in the genus Alphacoronavirus, family Coronaviridae that encodes the only accessory protein, ORF3 protein. However, how ORF3 contributes to viral pathogenicity, adaptability, and replication is obscure. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and identify gaps in many aspects of ORF3 protein in PEDV, with emphasis on its unique biological features, including membrane topology, Golgi retention mechanism, potential intrinsic disordered property, functional motifs, protein glycosylation, and codon usage phenotypes related to genetic evolution and gene expression. In addition, we propose intriguing questions related to ORF3 protein that we hope to stimulate further studies and encourage collaboration among virologists worldwide to provide constructive knowledge about the unique characteristics and biological functions of ORF3 protein, by which their potential role in clarifying viral behavior and pathogenesis can be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Si
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Song
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Ruisong Yu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Wenqiang Wei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Liu SY, Huang M, Fung TS, Chen RA, Liu DX. Characterization of the induction kinetics and antiviral functions of IRF1, ISG15 and ISG20 in cells infected with gammacoronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus. Virology 2023; 582:114-127. [PMID: 37058744 PMCID: PMC10072953 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection induces a variety of cellular antiviral responses either dependent on or independent of type I interferons (IFNs). Our previous studies using Affymetrix microarray and transcriptomic analysis revealed the differential induction of three IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), IRF1, ISG15 and ISG20, by gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection of IFN-deficient Vero cells and IFN-competent, p53-defcient H1299 cells, respectively. In this report, the induction kinetics and anti-IBV functions of these ISGs as well as mechanisms underlying their differential induction are characterized. The results confirmed that these three ISGs were indeed differentially induced in H1299 and Vero cells infected with IBV, significantly more upregulation of IRF1, ISG15 and ISG20 was elicited in IBV-infected Vero cells than that in H1299 cells. Induction of these ISGs was also detected in cells infected with human coronavirus-OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), respectively. Manipulation of their expression by overexpression, knockdown and/or knockout demonstrated that IRF1 played an active role in suppressing IBV replication, mainly through the activation of the IFN pathway. However, a minor, if any, role in inhibiting IBV replication was played by ISG15 and ISG20. Furthermore, p53, but not IRF1, was implicated in regulating the IBV infection-induced upregulation of ISG15 and ISG20. This study provides new information on the mechanisms underlying the induction of these ISGs and their contributions to the host cell antiviral response during IBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ying Liu
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Huang
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing, 526238, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - To Sing Fung
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Three Amino Acid Substitutions in the Spike Protein Enable the Coronavirus Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus To Infect Vero Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0387222. [PMID: 36511700 PMCID: PMC9927491 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03872-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a continuously evolving pathogen, causes severe diarrhea in piglets, with high mortality rates. To prevent or mitigate the disease, it is common practice to develop live or inactivated PEDV vaccines based on cell-adapted viral variants. Propagating wild-type PEDV in cultured cells is, however, often challenging due to the lack of knowledge about the requirements for the cell adaptation of PEDV. In the present study, by using the RNA-targeted reverse genetic system for PEDV to apply S protein swapping followed by the rescue of the recombinant viruses, three key amino acid mutations in the S protein, A605E, E633Q, and R891G, were identified, which enable attenuated PEDV strain DR13 (DR13att) to efficiently and productively infect Vero cells, in contrast to the parental DR13 strain (DR13par). The former two key mutations reside inside and in the vicinity of the receptor binding domain (RBD), respectively, while the latter occurs at the N-terminal end of the fusion peptide (FP). Besides the three key mutations, other mutations in the S protein further enhanced the infection efficiency of the recombinant viruses. We hypothesize that the three mutations changed PEDV tropism by altering the S2' cleavage site and the RBD structure. This study provides basic molecular insight into cell adaptation by PEDV, which is also relevant for vaccine design. IMPORTANCE Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a lethal pathogen for newborn piglets, and an efficient vaccine is needed urgently. However, propagating wild-type PEDV in cultured cells for vaccine development is still challenging due to the lack of knowledge about the mechanism of the cell adaptation of PEDV. In this study, we found that three amino acid mutations, A605E, E633Q, and R891G, in the spike protein of the Vero cell-adapted PEDV strain DR13att were critical for its cell adaptation. After analyzing the mutation sites in the spike protein, we hypothesize that the cell adaptation of DR13att was achieved by altering the S2' cleavage site and the RBD structure. This study provides new molecular insight into the mechanism of PEDV culture adaptation and new strategies for PEDV vaccine design.
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Li M, Zhang Y, Fang Y, Xiao S, Fang P, Fang L. Construction and immunogenicity of a trypsin-independent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus variant. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1165606. [PMID: 37033982 PMCID: PMC10080105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1165606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a re-emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes high mortality in neonatal piglets. The addition of trypsin plays a crucial role in the propagation of PEDV, but also increases the complexity of vaccine production and increases its cost. Previous studies have suggested that the S2' site and Y976/977 of the PEDV spike (S) protein might be the determinants of PEDV trypsin independence. In this study, to achieve a recombinant trypsin-independent PEDV strain, we used trypsin-dependent genotype 2 (G2) PEDV variant AJ1102 to generate three recombinant PEDVs with mutations in S (S2' site R894G and/or Y976H). The three recombinant PEDVs were still trypsin dependent, suggesting that the S2' site R894 and Y976 of AJ1102 S are not key sites for PEDV trypsin dependence. Therefore, we used AJ1102 and the classical trypsin-independent genotype 1 (G1) PEDV strain JS2008 to generate a recombinant PEDV carrying a chimeric S protein, and successfully obtained trypsin-independent PEDV strain rAJ1102-S2'JS2008, in which the S2 (amino acids 894-1386) domain was replaced with the corresponding JS2008 sequence. Importantly, immunization with rAJ1102-S2'JS2008 induced neutralizing antibodies against both AJ1102 and JS2008. Collectively, these results suggest that rAJ1102-S2'JS2008 is a novel vaccine candidate with significant advantages, including no trypsin requirement for viral propagation to high titers and the potential provision of protection for pigs against G1 and G2 PEDV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Puxian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Puxian Fang, ; Liurong Fang,
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Puxian Fang, ; Liurong Fang,
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9
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhou J, Wang X, Ma L, Li J, Yang L, Yuan H, Pang D, Ouyang H. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus: An Updated Overview of Virus Epidemiology, Virulence Variation Patterns and Virus-Host Interactions. Viruses 2022; 14:2434. [PMID: 36366532 PMCID: PMC9695474 DOI: 10.3390/v14112434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the coronavirus family, causing deadly watery diarrhea in newborn piglets. The global pandemic of PEDV, with significant morbidity and mortality, poses a huge threat to the swine industry. The currently developed vaccines and drugs are only effective against the classic GI strains that were prevalent before 2010, while there is no effective control against the GII variant strains that are currently a global pandemic. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in the biology of PEDV, including its transmission and origin, structure and function, evolution, and virus-host interaction, in an attempt to find the potential virulence factors influencing PEDV pathogenesis. We conclude with the mechanism by which PEDV components antagonize the immune responses of the virus, and the role of host factors in virus infection. Essentially, this review serves as a valuable reference for the development of attenuated virus vaccines and the potential of host factors as antiviral targets for the prevention and control of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yiwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lerong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jianing Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
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10
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Zhang B, Zhao S, Zhong C, Xiao L, Yan A, Xue T, Huang J, Zhou J, Peng Q, Guo R, Fan B, Liu C, Ni Y, Zhu X, Shu J, Zha Y, Chen J, Li J, Li B. Comparison of pathogenicity of porcine deltacoronavirus CZ2020 from cell culture and intestinal contents in 27-day-old piglets. Microb Pathog 2022; 170:105723. [PMID: 35981694 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emenging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that can cause high mortality rate. It affects pigs of all ages, but most several in neonatal piglets. Little is known regarding the pathogenicity of PDCoV against 27-day-old piglets. In this study, 27-day-old piglets were experimentally infected with PDCoV CZ2020 from cell culture, the challenged piglets do not have obvious symptoms from 1 to 7 days post-challenge (DPC), while viral shedding was detected in rectal swab at 1 DPC. Tissues of small intestines displayed slight macroscopic and microscopic lesions with no viral antigen detection. On the other hand, 27-day-old piglets were infected with PDCoV from intestinal contents, the piglets developed mild to severe diarrhea, shedding increasing from 2 to 7 DPC, and developed macroscopic and microscopic lesions in small intestines with clear viral antigen confirmed by immunohistochemistry staining. Indicating the small intestine was still the major target organ in PDCoV-challenged pigs at the age of 27-day-old. Diarrhea caused by PDCoV from intestinal contents in 27-day-old piglets is less reported. Thus, our results might provide new insights into the pathogenesis of PDCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baotai Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shuqing Zhao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 21009, China
| | - Chunyan Zhong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Biological Engineering Department, Southwest Guizhou Vocational and Technical College for Nationalities, Xingyi, 562400, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ai Yan
- Zunyi Animal Disease Control Center, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Tao Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chuanmin Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yanxiu Ni
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xing Zhu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jianhong Shu
- Zhejiang Hongsheng Biotechnology CO. LTD, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Yinhe Zha
- Zhejiang Hongsheng Biotechnology CO. LTD, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Luduo Town Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Baoying, 225817, China
| | - Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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11
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Yuan L, Fung TS, He J, Chen RA, Liu DX. Modulation of Viral Replication, Apoptosis and Antiviral Response by Induction and Mutual Regulation of EGR and AP-1 Family Genes During Coronavirus Infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1717-1729. [PMID: 35727266 PMCID: PMC9262369 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2093133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have evolved a variety of strategies to exploit normal cellular processes and signalling pathways for their efficient reproduction in a generally hostile cellular environment. One immediate-early response gene (IEG) family, the AP-1 gene family, was previously shown to be activated by coronavirus infection. In this study, we report that another IEG family, the EGR family, is also activated in cells infected with four different coronaviruses in three genera, i.e. gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), alphacoronaviruses porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) and human coronavirus-229E (HCoV-229E), and betacoronavirus HCoV-OC43. Knockdown of EGR1 reduced the expression of cJUN and cFOS, and knockdown of cJUN and/or cFOS reduced the expression of EGR1, demonstrating that these two IEG families may be cross-activated and mutual regulated. Furthermore, ERK1/2 was identified as an upstream kinase, and JNK and p38 as inhibitors of EGR1 activation in coronavirus-infected cells. However, upregulation of EGR family genes, in particular EGR1, appears to play a differential role in regulating viral replication, apoptosis and antiviral response. EGR1 was shown to play a limited role in regulation of coronavirus replication, and an anti-apoptotic role in cells infected with IBV or PEDV, but not in cells infected with HCoV-229E. Upregulation of EGR1 may also play a differential role in the regulation of antiviral response against different coronaviruses. This study reveals a novel regulatory network shared by different coronaviruses in the immediate-early response of host cells to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Yuan
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, Guangdong, China
| | - To Sing Fung
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen He
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, Guangdong, China
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12
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Shamsi TN, Yin J, James ME, James MN. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea: Causative Agent, Epidemiology, Clinical
Characteristics, and Treatment Strategy Targeting Main Protease. Protein Pept Lett 2022; 29:392-407. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866529666220316145149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims:
This aimed to study the causative agent, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and
treatment strategy targeting the main protease in porcine epidemic diarrhea.
Background:
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a contagious intestinal viral infection causing
severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration in pigs. High rates of mortalities and severe morbidities,
approaching 100%, are reported in piglets infected with PEDV. In recent years, PED has been
observed to influence the swine-farming nations in Europe, Asia, the USA, South Korea, and
Canada. The PED virus (PEDV) transmission takes place through a faecal-oral route.
Objective:
The objective is to review the characteristics of PEDV and its role in the disease. In
addition, we aim to outline some possible methods to combat PED infection, including targeting the
main protease of coronavirus and their future perspectives.
Method:
This study is a review of literature on the PED virus.
Results:
Apart from symptomatic treatment and supportive care, there is no available specific
treatment for PEDV. Appropriate disinfectants and cleaning are pivotal for the control of PEDV. To
date, apart from anti-PEDV inhibitors, there are no specific drugs available commercially to treat
the disease. Therefore, 3C-like protease (3CLpro) in PEDV that has highly conserved structure and
catalytic mechanism serves as an alluring drug as it plays a vital role during viral polyprotein
processing at the time of infection.
Conclusion:
A well synchronized and collective effort of scientists, swine veterinarians, pork
industry experts, and associated authorities is essential for the accomplishment of proper execution
of these required measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooba N. Shamsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7,
Canada
| | - Jiang Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7,
Canada
| | - Michelle E. James
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7,
Canada
| | - Michael N.G. James
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7,
Canada
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13
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Tran TX, Lien NTK, Thu HT, Duy ND, Duong BTT, Quyen DV. Changes in the spike and nucleocapsid protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain in Vietnam-a molecular potential for the vaccine development? PeerJ 2021; 9:e12329. [PMID: 34721997 PMCID: PMC8530102 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a dangerous virus causing large piglet losses. PEDV spread rapidly between pig farms and caused the death of up to 90% of infected piglets. Current vaccines are only partially effective in providing immunity to suckling due to the rapid dissemination and ongoing evolution of PEDV. Methods In this study, the complete genome of a PEDV strain in Vietnam 2018 (IBT/VN/2018 strain) has been sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of each fragment was assembled to build a continuous complete sequence using the DNASTAR program. The complete nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences of S, N, and ORF3 genes were aligned and analyzed to detect the mutations. Results The full-length genome was determined with 28,031 nucleotides in length which consisted of the 5'UTR, ORF1ab, S protein, ORF3, E protein, M protein, N protein, and 3'UTR region. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the IBT/VN/2018 strain was highly virulent belonged to the G2b subgroup along with the Northern American and Asian S-INDEL strains. Multiple sequence alignment of deduced amino acids revealed numerous mutations in the S, N, and ORF3 regions including one substitution 766P > L766 in the epitope SS6; two in the S0subdomain (135DN136 > 135SI136 and N144> D144); two in subdomain SHR1 at aa 1009L > M1009 and 1089S > L1089; one at aa 1279P > S1279 in subdomain SHR2 of the S protein; two at aa 364N > I364 and 378N > S378 in the N protein; four at aa 25L > S25, 70I > V70, 107C > F107, and 168D > N168 in the ORF3 protein. We identified two insertions (at aa 59NQGV62 and aa 145N) and one deletion (at aa 168DI169) in S protein. Remarkable, eight amino acid substitutions (294I > M294, 318A > S318, 335V > I335, 361A > T361, 497R > T497, 501SH502 > 501IY502, 506I > T506, 682V > I682, and 777P > L777) were found in SA subdomain. Besides, N- and O-glycosylation analysis of S, N, and ORF3 protein reveals three known sites (25G+, 123N+, and 62V+) and three novel sites (144D+, 1009M+, and 1279L+) in the IBT/VN/2018 strain compared with the vaccine strains. Taken together, the results showed that mutations in the S, N, and ORF3 genes can affect receptor specificity, viral pathogenicity, and the ability to evade the host immune system of the IBT/VN/2018 strain. Our results highlight the importance of molecular characterization of field strains of PEDV for the development of an effective vaccine to control PEDV infections in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thach Xuan Tran
- Dept of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen T K Lien
- Functional of Genomics Lab, Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha T Thu
- Dept of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Dinh Duy
- Dept of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bui T T Duong
- Dept of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dong Van Quyen
- Dept of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Hanoi, Vietnam.,University of Science and Technology of Ha Noi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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14
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Chung H, Nguyen VG, Kim CU, Do H, Park BK, Park YH, Song D, Kong A, Ryu J, Kang K. Application of nano-graphene oxide as nontoxic disinfectant against alpha and betacoronaviruses. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:2434-2439. [PMID: 34313392 PMCID: PMC8604132 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New viruses are continuously emerging and recently there have been many great concerns on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Nanographene oxide (nanoGO) has received much attention and is widely investigated to be utilised in therapy for infectious diseases by viruses. Thus, antiviral activity of nanoGO was evaluated using the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), and SARS-CoV-2, which are all Alpha- and Beta-coronavirus. In a virus inhibition assay, the three viruses were inhibited by nanoGO in a dose-dependent manner, including attempts in the presence of high serum solution which partially mimicked biological fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee‐Chun Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology LabCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversityGwanAk‐GuSeoulKorea
| | - Van Giap Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesVietnam National University of AgricultureHanoiVietnam
| | - Cheong Ung Kim
- Department of Veterinary MicrobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hai‐Quynh Do
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology LabCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversityGwanAk‐GuSeoulKorea
- Institute of Genome ResearchVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHanoiVietnam
| | - Bong Kyun Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology LabCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversityGwanAk‐GuSeoulKorea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary MicrobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Dae‐Sub Song
- Department of PharmacyCollege of PharmacyKorea UniversitySejongRepublic of Korea
| | - Aeri Kong
- Department of Medical ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jae‐Chul Ryu
- Adult StemCell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kyung‐Sun Kang
- Adult StemCell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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15
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Jantraphakorn Y, Viriyakitkosol R, Jongkaewwattana A, Kaewborisuth C. Interaction Between PEDV and Its Hosts: A Closer Look at the ORF3 Accessory Protein. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:744276. [PMID: 34568481 PMCID: PMC8461092 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.744276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a causative agent of a highly contagious enteric disease in swine of all ages, leading to severe economic losses for the swine industry in many countries. One of the most effective approaches in controlling PEDV infection is vaccination. The ORF3 accessory protein has been proposed as a crucial viral virulence factor in a natural host. However, due to the lack of an extensive comparative study of ORF3, exactly how the ORF3 takes part in virus replication and pathogenesis as well as its role in host-virus interaction is unclear. In this review, we aim to discuss the current knowledge of ORF3 concerning its dispensability for viral replication in vitro, ability to modulate host responses, contribution to virus pathogenicity, and research gaps among ORF3 functional studies. These will be beneficial for further studies to a better understanding of PEDV biology and PEDV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuparat Jantraphakorn
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | | | - Anan Jongkaewwattana
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Challika Kaewborisuth
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
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16
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Construction of a Recombinant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Encoding Nanoluciferase for High-Throughput Screening of Natural Antiviral Products. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091866. [PMID: 34578449 PMCID: PMC8473292 DOI: 10.3390/v13091866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the predominant cause of an acute, highly contagious enteric disease in neonatal piglets. There are currently no approved drugs against PEDV infection. Here, we report the development of a nanoluciferase (NLuc)-based high-throughput screening (HTS) platform to identify novel anti-PEDV compounds. We constructed a full-length cDNA clone for a cell-adapted PEDV strain YN150. Using reverse genetics, we replaced the open reading frame 3 (ORF3) in the viral genome with an NLuc gene to engineer a recombinant PEDV expressing NLuc (rPEDV-NLuc). rPEDV-NLuc produced similar plaque morphology and showed similar growth kinetics compared with the wild-type PEDV in vitro. Remarkably, the level of luciferase activity could be stably detected in rPEDV-NLuc-infected cells and exhibited a strong positive correlation with the viral titers. Given that NLuc expression represents a direct readout of PEDV replication, anti-PEDV compounds could be easily identified by quantifying the NLuc activity. Using this platform, we screened for the anti-PEDV compounds from a library of 803 natural products and identified 25 compounds that could significantly inhibit PEDV replication. Interestingly, 7 of the 25 identified compounds were natural antioxidants, including Betulonic acid, Ursonic acid, esculetin, lithocholic acid, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, and grape seed extract. As expected, all of the antioxidants could potently reduce PEDV-induced oxygen species production, which, in turn, inhibit PEDV replication in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, our findings provide a powerful platform for the rapid screening of promising therapeutic compounds against PEDV infection.
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17
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Lu Y, Huang W, Zhong L, Qin Y, Liu X, Yang C, Wang R, Su X, Du C, Mi X, Wang H, He Y, Zhao W, Chen Y, Wei Z, Ouyang K. Comparative Characterization and Pathogenicity of a Novel Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) with a Naturally Occurring Truncated ORF3 Gene Coinfected with PEDVs Possessing an Intact ORF3 Gene in Piglets. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081562. [PMID: 34452427 PMCID: PMC8402686 DOI: 10.3390/v13081562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coinfection caused by various genotypes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a new disease situation. We previously reported the coexistence of PEDV strains containing different ORF3 genotypes in China. In this study, the PEDV strains 17GXCZ-1ORF3d and 17GXCZ-1ORF3c were isolated and plaque-purified from the same piglet, which had a natural large deletion at the 172–554 bp position of the ORF3 gene or possessed a complete ORF3 gene, respectively. Meanwhile, 17GXCZ-1ORF3d had >99% nt identity with 17GXCZ-1ORF3c in the 5′UTR, ORF1a/1b, S, E, M, N and 3′UTR regions but only demonstrated low nucleotide identities (80.5%) in the ORF3 gene. To elucidate the pathogenicity, 7-day-old piglets were infected. Piglets infected with these two PEDV strains exhibited severe clinical signs and shed the virus at the highest level within 96 hpi. Compared with the piglets inoculated with the 17GXCZ-1ORF3c strain, the piglets inoculated with the 17GXCZ-1ORF3d strain had higher mortality rates (75% vs. 50%), an earlier onset of clinical signs with a significantly higher diarrhea score, lower VH:CD ratios and a higher percentage of PEDV-positive enterocytes. This study is the first to report PEDV coinfections with different ORF3 genotypes, and a PEDV strain with a large deletion in the ORF3 gene might have the advantage of a potential genetic marker, which would be useful during vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Weijian Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Lian Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yibin Qin
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.Q.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xueting Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Chunjie Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ruomu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xueli Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Chen Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xue Mi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Hejie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ying He
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.Q.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wu Zhao
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.Q.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.)
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Kang Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Wang PH, Li YQ, Pan YQ, Guo YY, Guo F, Shi RZ, Xing L. The spike glycoprotein genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses isolated in China. Vet Res 2021; 52:87. [PMID: 34130762 PMCID: PMC8205199 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes a highly contagious disease in pigs, which is one of the most devastating viral diseases of swine in the world. In China, PEDV was first confirmed in 1984 and PEDV infections occurred sporadically from 1984 to early 2010. From late 2010 until present, PEDV infections have swept every province or region in China. In this study, we analyzed a total of 186 full-length spike genes and deduced proteins of all available complete genomes of PEDVs isolated in China during 2007–2019. A total of 28 potential recombination events were identified in the spike genes of PEDVs in China. Spike gene recombination not only expanded the genetic diversity of PEDVs in the GII genogroup, but also resulted in the emergence of a new evolutional branch GI-c during 2016–2018. In addition, comparative analysis of spike proteins between GI-a prototype virulent CV777 and GII strain AJ1102 reveals that the amino acid variations could affect 20 potential linear B cell epitopes, demonstrating a dramatic antigen drift in the spike protein. These results provide a thorough view of the information about the genetic and antigenic diversity of PEDVs circulating in China and therefore could benefit the development of suitable strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hua Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Ya-Qian Li
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Pan
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan-Yan Guo
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Fan Guo
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China.,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China.,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Rui-Zhu Shi
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China.,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China.,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China. .,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China. .,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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19
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Kim SJ, Nguyen VG, Kim CU, Park BK, Huynh TML, Shin S, Jung WK, Park YH, Chung HC. Application of chitosan as a natural disinfectant against porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:94-99. [PMID: 33764897 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) is one of the major pathogens causing acute enteritis, which is characterised by vomiting and watery diarrhoea and commonly leads to high rates of mortality and morbidity in suckling piglets. Chitosan has been regarded as a promising natural disinfectant. In this study, the disinfectant effect and mammalian-cell toxicity of chitosan were evaluated against PEDV using Vero cells. A 0.01% solution of chitosan was determined to be an effective disinfectant. In addition, no evidence of toxicity was observed during the cell toxicity test; on the contrary, chitosan promoted cell proliferation. In conclusion, chitosan is a promising candidate for an effective and safe disinfectant against PEDV as well as other coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jae Kim
- 1Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University GwanAk-Ro 1, GwanAk-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Van Giap Nguyen
- 2Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cheong Ung Kim
- 3Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Kyun Park
- 1Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University GwanAk-Ro 1, GwanAk-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Thi-My Le Huynh
- 2Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sook Shin
- 3Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Jung
- 3Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- 3Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Chun Chung
- 1Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University GwanAk-Ro 1, GwanAk-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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20
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Gammacoronavirus Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Alphacoronavirus Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Exploit a Cell-Survival Strategy via Upregulation of cFOS to Promote Viral Replication. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02107-20. [PMID: 33239458 PMCID: PMC7851560 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02107-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses have evolved a variety of strategies to optimize cellular microenvironment for efficient replication. In this study, we report the induction of AP-1 transcription factors by coronavirus infection based on genome-wide analyses of differentially expressed genes in cells infected with avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Most members of the AP-1 transcription factors were subsequently found to be upregulated during the course of IBV and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection of cultured cells as well as in IBV-infected chicken embryos. Further characterization of the induction kinetics and functional roles of cFOS in IBV replication demonstrated that upregulation of cFOS at early to intermediate phases of IBV replication cycles suppresses IBV-induced apoptosis and promotes viral replication. Blockage of nuclear translocation of cFOS by peptide inhibitor NLSP suppressed IBV replication and apoptosis, ruling out the involvement of the cytoplasmic functions of cFOS in the replication of IBV. Furthermore, knockdown of ERK1/2 and inhibition of JNK and p38 kinase activities reduced cFOS upregulation and IBV replication. This study reveals an important function of cFOS in the regulation of coronavirus-induced apoptosis, facilitating viral replication.IMPORTANCE The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a newly emerged zoonotic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), highlights the importance of coronaviruses as human and animal pathogens and our knowledge gaps in understanding the cellular mechanisms, especially mechanisms shared among human and animal coronaviruses, exploited by coronaviruses for optimal replication and enhanced pathogenicity. This study reveals that upregulation of cFOS, along with other AP-1 transcription factors, as a cell-survival strategy is such a mechanism utilized by coronaviruses during their replication cycles. Through induction and regulation of apoptosis of the infected cells at early to intermediate phases of the replication cycles, subtle but appreciable differences in coronavirus replication efficiency were observed when the expression levels of cFOS were manipulated in the infected cells. As the AP-1 transcription factors are multi-functional, further studies of their regulatory roles in proinflammatory responses may provide new insights into the pathogenesis and virus-host interactions during coronavirus infection.
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21
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Deletion in the S1 Region of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Reduces the Virulence and Influences the Virus-Neutralizing Activity of the Antibody Induced. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121378. [PMID: 33276502 PMCID: PMC7761297 DOI: 10.3390/v12121378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe diarrhea and a high rate of mortality in suckling pigs. The epidemic of PEDV that occurred after 2013 was caused by non-insertion and deletion of S gene (S-INDEL) PEDV strains. During this epidemic, a variant of the non-S-INDEL PEDV strain with a large deletion of 205 amino acids on the spike gene (5-17-V) was also found to co-exist with a non-S-INDEL PEDV without deletion (5-17-O). Herein, we describe the differences in the complete genome, distribution, virulence, and antigenicity between strain 5-17-O and variant strain 5-17-V. The deletion of 205 amino acids was primarily located in the S1O domain and was associated with milder clinical signs and lower mortality in suckling pigs than those of the 5-17-O strain. The 5-17-V strain-induced antibody did not completely cross-neutralize the 5-17-O strain. In conclusion, the deletion in the S1 region reduces the virulence of PEDV and influences the virus-neutralizing activities of the antibody it induces.
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22
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Lu Y, Su X, Du C, Mo L, Ke P, Wang R, Zhong L, Yang C, Chen Y, Wei Z, Huang W, Liao Y, Ouyang K. Genetic Diversity of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus With a Naturally Occurring Truncated ORF3 Gene Found in Guangxi, China. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:435. [PMID: 32793651 PMCID: PMC7393948 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is one of the major enteric pathogens, causing severe enteric disease, resulting in enormous economic losses. The ORF3 gene encodes an accessory protein which is related to the infectivity and virulence of PEDV. In this study, 33 PEDV positive field samples were collected from Guangxi, from 2017 to 2019, and the genetic diversity of ORF3 was investigated. Thirty-eight strains of ORF3 were obtained, and these were composed of five strains of ORF3 named Guangxi naturally truncated strains that were 293 bp in length, with continuous deletions from 172 to 554 bp. The Guangxi naturally truncated strains encoded a truncated protein of 89 amino acids, which had clustered into a new group referred to as Group 3, and these might be involved in the variations of virulence. Three genotypes (G1-1 subgroup, G1-3 subgroup, and Group 3) existed simultaneously in Guangxi based on the genetic and evolutionary analysis of the ORF3 gene. The sequence information in the current study will hopefully facilitate the establishment of a diagnostic method that can differentiate the PEDV field stains. Continued surveillance will be useful for monitoring PEDV transmission. Differentiation of the ORF3 genes in PEDV field strains can help us to choose an appropriate PEDV vaccine candidate in the future and prevent outbreaks of PED more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xueli Su
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Chen Du
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Liyuan Mo
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Purui Ke
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ruomu Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lian Zhong
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Laboratory of Poultry, Guangxi Institute of Animal Science, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuying Liao
- Laboratory of Poultry, Guangxi Institute of Animal Science, Nanning, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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23
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Wang Z, Li X, Shang Y, Wu J, Dong Z, Cao X, Liu Y, Lan X. Rapid differentiation of PEDV wild-type strains and classical attenuated vaccine strains by fluorescent probe-based reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:208. [PMID: 32571305 PMCID: PMC7306936 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), an intestinal coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea and high mortality in suckling piglets, can result in high economic losses in the swine industry. In recent years, despite the use of China’s current vaccine immunization strategy, multiple types of PEDV strains were still found in immunized swine herds. Our research aims to explore a new rapid differentiation method to distinguish the different types of PEDV strains and assess the safety evaluation of classical attenuated vaccine strains in swine herds. Results In the study, a differential one-step quantitative real-time fluorescent reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (real-time RT-RPA) method based on the PEDV universal real-time RT-RPA assay was established according to the ORF1 deletion sequences of three classical attenuated vaccine strains (PEDV attenuated vaccine KC189944, attenuated CV777 and DR13) and five Vero cell-adapted isolates (JS2008, SDM, SQ2014, SC1402, HLJBY), which could effectively differentiate PEDV classical attenuated vaccine strains from wild-type strains (PEDV classical wild strains and variant strains). The detection limits of PEDV RNA in the both PEDV real-time RT-RPA assays were 300 copies within 20 min at 39 °C, and the detection limits of classical attenuated vaccine strain CV777, Vero-cell-adapted isolate JS2008, and PEDV wild-type strain DX were 100.5 TCID50/100 μL, 101.1 TCID50/100 μL, and 101.2 TCID50/100 μL, respectively. Both assays were highly specific for PEDV, showing no cross-reactivity with other enteral viruses. Conclusion This RPA method we developed is simple, time-effective, and safe and provides a reliable technical tool for the differential diagnosis and clinical epidemic surveillance of PEDV classical attenuated vaccine strains and wild-type strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, PR China
| | - Xuerui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, PR China
| | - Youjun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, PR China
| | - Jinyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, PR China
| | - Zhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaoan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, PR China
| | - Xi Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, PR China.
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Jung K, Saif LJ, Wang Q. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): An update on etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control. Virus Res 2020; 286:198045. [PMID: 32502552 PMCID: PMC7266596 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, causes acute diarrhea and/or vomiting, dehydration and high mortality in neonatal piglets. Two different genogroups of PEDV, S INDEL [PEDV variant containing multiple deletions and insertions in the S1 subunit of the spike (S) protein, G1b] and non-S INDEL (G2b) strains were detected during the diarrheal disease outbreak in US swine in 2013-2014. Similar viruses are also circulating globally. Continuous improvement and update of biosecurity and vaccine strains and protocols are still needed to control and prevent PEDV infections worldwide. Although the non-S INDEL PEDV was highly virulent and the S INDEL PEDV caused milder disease, the latter has the capacity to cause illness in a high number of piglets on farms with low biosecurity and herd immunity. The main PEDV transmission route is fecal-oral, but airborne transmission via the fecal-nasal route may play a role in pig-to-pig and farm-to-farm spread. PEDV infection of neonatal pigs causes fecal virus shedding (alongside frequent detection of PEDV RNA in the nasal cavity), acute viremia, severe atrophic enteritis (mainly jejunum and ileum), and increased pro-inflammatory and innate immune responses. PEDV-specific IgA effector and memory B cells in orally primed sows play a critical role in sow lactogenic immunity and passive protection of piglets. This review focuses on the etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwonil Jung
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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Rapid and efficient detection methods of pathogenic swine enteric coronaviruses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6091-6100. [PMID: 32430534 PMCID: PMC7235545 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Porcine enteric coronaviruses (CoVs) cause highly contagious enteric diarrhea in suckling piglets. These COV infections are characterized by clinical signs of vomiting, watery diarrhea, dehydration, and high morbidity and mortality, resulting in significant economic losses and tremendous threats to the pig farming industry worldwide. Because the clinical manifestations of pigs infected by different CoVs are similar, it is difficult to differentiate between the specific pathogens. Effective high-throughput detection methods are powerful tools used in the prevention and control of diseases. The immune system of piglets is not well developed, so serological methods to detect antibodies against these viruses are not suitable for rapid and early detection. This paper reviews various PCR-based methods used for the rapid and efficient detection of these pathogenic CoVs in swine intestines. Key points Swine enteric coronaviruses (CoVs) emerged and reemerged in past years. Enteric CoVs infect pigs at all ages with high mortality rate in suckling pigs. Rapid and efficient detection methods are needed and critical for diagnosis.
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Hou Y, Wang Q. Emerging Highly Virulent Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus: Molecular Mechanisms of Attenuation and Rational Design of Live Attenuated Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5478. [PMID: 31689903 PMCID: PMC6862049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) emerged in China in 2010. It infects pigs of all ages, and causes severe diarrhea and high mortality rates in newborn pigs, leading to devastating economic losses in the pork industry worldwide. Effective and safe vaccines against highly virulent PEDV strains are still unavailable, hampering the further prevention, control and eradication of the disease in herds. Vaccination of pregnant sows with live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) is the most effective strategy to induce lactogenic immunity in the sows, which provides A passive protection of suckling piglets against PEDV via the colostrum (beestings, or first milk) and milk. Several LAV candidates have been developed via serially passaging the highly virulent PEDV isolates in non-porcine Vero cells. However, their efficacies in the induction of sufficient protection against virulent PEDV challenge vary in vivo. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the virulence-related mutations of PEDV and their potential roles in PEDV attenuation in vivo. With the successful development of reverse genetics systems for PEDV, we also discuss how to use them to generate promising LAV candidates that are safe, effective and genetically stable. This article provides timely insight into the rational design of effective and safe PEDV LAV candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Hou
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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27
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Xu X, Li P, Zhang Y, Wang X, Xu J, Wu X, Shen Y, Guo D, Li Y, Yao L, Li L, Song B, Ma J, Liu X, Xu S, Zhang H, Wu Z, Cao H. Comprehensive analysis of synonymous codon usage patterns in orf3 gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in China. Res Vet Sci 2019; 127:42-46. [PMID: 31677415 PMCID: PMC7172109 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ORF3 protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is found to function as an ion channel which influences virus virulence and production. Taking consideration of the importance of PEDV orf3 gene, we have performed comprehensive analysis to investigate its synonymous codon usage patterns. In this study, the results of base composition analysis showed A/T rich and G/C poor in PEDV orf3 genes, and the most abundant base was nucleotide T. The relative synonymous codon usage value in each codon revealed that codon usage bias existed. The mean ENC value of each gene was 48.75, indicating a low codon usage bias, as well as a relatively instable change in PEDV orf3 genes. The general correlation analysis between base composition and codon usage bias indicated that mutational bias has an impact on the PEDV codon usage bias. Neutral analysis suggested that natural selection pressure takes a more important influence than mutational bias in shaping codon usage bias. Moreover, other factors including hydrophobicity and aromaticity have been also found to influence the codon usage variation among the PEDV orf3 genes. This study not only represents the most systematic analysis of codon usage patterns in PEDV orf3 genes, but also provides a basic shaping mechanism of the codon usage bias. ORF3 genes are A/T rich and C/G poor, and codon usage bias existed. Natural selection pressure plays a more important role than mutational bias in codon usage bias. Hydrophobicity and aromaticity also influence the codon usage variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of HeiLongJiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar 161005, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xianhe Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xuening Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yujiang Shen
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Dexuan Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yuchang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Lili Yao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Liyang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xinyang Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuyan Xu
- College of Science, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Zhijun Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Hongwei Cao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
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S1 Subunit of Spike Protein from a Current Highly Virulent Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Is an Important Determinant of Virulence in Piglets. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090467. [PMID: 30200258 PMCID: PMC6163780 DOI: 10.3390/v10090467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Base on the sequence of S genes, which encode spike proteins, we previously identified three different types (North American, S INDEL, and S large-DEL types) of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) that have re-emerged in Japan since 2013. Based on experimental infections with the North American and S large-DEL types, we also hypothesized that PEDV virulence may be linked to the S1 subunit of the S protein. To test this hypothesis, we have now assayed in gnotobiotic piglets various recombinant PEDVs generated by reverse genetics. Piglets inoculated with CV777 maintained in National Institute of Animal Health, along with piglets infected with a recombinant form of the same virus, developed subclinical to mild diarrhea. In contrast, severe watery diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss, astasia, and high mortality were observed in piglets inoculated with recombinant strains in which the S gene was partially or fully replaced with corresponding sequences from the highly virulent Japanese PEDV isolate OKN-1/JPN/2013. Indeed, symptoms resembled those in piglets inoculated with the OKN-1/JPN/2013, and were especially pronounced in younger piglets. Collectively, the data demonstrate that the S1 subunit of the S protein is an important determinant of PEDV virulence, and advance development of new vaccine candidate.
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Jie T, Benqiang L, Jinghua C, Ying S, Huili L. Preparation and characterization of an attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain by serial passaging. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2997-3004. [PMID: 30062639 PMCID: PMC7087004 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is prevalent in most parts of the world. Owing to its antigenic variation, prevention of the diseases caused by this virus is difficult. In this study, two PEDV isolates with similar growth kinetics were successfully propagated in Vero cells. Complete genome sequence analysis showed that they have a 49nt deletion in the ORF3 gene and were classified into Group 1, the same group that includes the classical CV777 strain. Recombination analysis revealed that the event had occurred in the ORF1a gene, at 3596-6819 nt, among the two PEDV isolates and the CV777 and DR13 strains. During their continuous propagation, 14 nonsynonymous mutations occurred in the spike (S) gene of strain JS-2/2014 between generations G5 and G90, but there were no changes between G90 and G100. We assumed that strain JS-2/2014 might be attenuated by the 90th generation. Piglets orally fed with JS-2/2014 G90 showed no clinical symptoms, and no virus was detected in the feces and nasal fluid. In conclusion, JS-2/2014 was successfully identified by screening, was attenuated after propagation in Vero cells, and may serve as a candidate virus for vaccine preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jie
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Li Benqiang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Cheng Jinghua
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Shi Ying
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Liu Huili
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China.
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30
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Rattanapisit K, Srijangwad A, Chuanasa T, Sukrong S, Tantituvanont A, Mason HS, Nilubol D, Phoolcharoen W. Rapid Transient Production of a Monoclonal Antibody Neutralizing the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) in Nicotiana benthamiana and Lactuca sativa. PLANTA MEDICA 2017; 83:1412-1419. [PMID: 28575911 PMCID: PMC7117083 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-112344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, weight loss, and high mortality rate in neonatal piglets. Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has been reported in Europe, America, and Asia including Thailand. The disease causes substantial losses to the swine industry in many countries. Presently, there is no effective PEDV vaccine available. In this study, we developed a plant-produced monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2C10 as a prophylactic candidate to prevent the PEDV infection. Recently, plant expression systems have gained interest as an alternative for the production of antibodies because of many advantages, such as low production cost, lack of human and animal pathogen, large scalability, etc. The 2C10 mAb was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and lettuce using geminiviral vector. After purification by protein A affinity chromatography, the antibody was tested for the binding and neutralizing activity against PEDV. Our result showed that the plant produced 2C10 mAb can bind to the virus and also inhibit PEDV infection in vitro. These results show excellent potential for a plant-expressed 2C10 as a PEDV prophylaxis and a diagnostic for PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaewta Rattanapisit
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Herbs and Natural Products Research Unit, CU Drug and Health Products Innovation Promotion, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Taksina Chuanasa
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Herbs and Natural Products Research Unit, CU Drug and Health Products Innovation Promotion, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchada Sukrong
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Herbs and Natural Products Research Unit, CU Drug and Health Products Innovation Promotion, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Angkana Tantituvanont
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hugh S. Mason
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Herbs and Natural Products Research Unit, CU Drug and Health Products Innovation Promotion, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kim Y, Oh C, Shivanna V, Hesse RA, Chang KO. Trypsin-independent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus US strain with altered virus entry mechanism. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:356. [PMID: 29178878 PMCID: PMC5702120 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) is a coronavirus that infects the intestinal tract and causes diarrhea and vomiting in older pigs or extreme dehydration and death that could reach 100% mortality in neonatal piglets. In the US, the first PEDV outbreaks occurred in 2013 and since then US PEDV strains have quickly spread throughout the US and worldwide, causing significant economic and public health concerns. Currently two conditionally approved vaccines exist in the US, but there is no live attenuated vaccine, which is considered the best option in controlling PEDV by inducing transferrable mucosal immunity to susceptible neonatal piglets. In this study, we passaged an US PEDV isolate under various conditions to generate three strains and characterized their growth and antigenicity in cell culture using various assays including Western blot analysis, serum neutralization assay, sequencing analysis and confocal microscopy. Finally, these strains were evaluated for pathogenicity in nursing piglets (1-4 days old). RESULTS One of the PEDV strains generated in this study (designated as PEDV 8aa) is able to replicate in cells without any protease and grows to a high titer of >8 log10 TCID50/ml in cell culture. Interestingly, replication of PEDV 8aa was severely reduced by trypsin and this correlated with the inhibition of virus attachment and entry into the cells. In neonatal nursing piglets, PEDV 8aa (passage number 70 or 105) was found to be fully attenuated with limited virus shedding. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that applying selective pressure during viral passages can facilitate attainment of viral attenuation and that PEDV 8aa warrants further investigation as an attenuated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Kim
- Diagnostic Medicine and pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Changin Oh
- Diagnostic Medicine and pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Diagnostic Medicine and pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Richard A. Hesse
- Diagnostic Medicine and pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Diagnostic Medicine and pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
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Shi W, Jia S, Zhao H, Yin J, Wang X, Yu M, Ma S, Wu Y, Chen Y, Fan W, Xu Y, Li Y. Novel Approach for Isolation and Identification of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) Strain NJ Using Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2017; 9:v9010019. [PMID: 28117718 PMCID: PMC5294988 DOI: 10.3390/v9010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which is the causative agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea in China and other countries, is responsible for serious economic losses in the pork industry. Inactivated PEDV vaccine plays a key role in controlling the prevalence of PEDV. However, consistently low viral titers are obtained during the propagation of PEDV in vitro; this represents a challenge to molecular analyses of the virus and vaccine development. In this study, we successfully isolated a PEDV isolate (strain NJ) from clinical samples collected during a recent outbreak of diarrhea in piglets in China, using porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). We found that the isolate was better adapted to growth in IECs than in Vero cells, and the titer of the IEC cultures was 104.5 TCID50/0.1 mL at passage 45. Mutations in the S protein increased with the viral passage and the mutations tended towards attenuation. Viral challenge showed that the survival of IEC-adapted cultures was higher at the 45th passage than at the 5th passage. The use of IECs to isolate and propagate PEDV provides an effective approach for laboratory-based diagnosis of PEDV, as well as studies of the epidemiological characteristics and molecular biology of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Shuo Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Haiyuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Xiaona Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Meiling Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Sunting Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Wenlu Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yigang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Novel Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) Variants with Large Deletions in the Spike (S) Gene Coexist with PEDV Strains Possessing an Intact S Gene in Domestic Pigs in Japan: A New Disease Situation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170126. [PMID: 28095455 PMCID: PMC5241010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since late 2013, after an absence of seven years, outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection have reemerged and swept rapidly across Japan, resulting in significant economic losses. In this study, we report the emergence, mixed infection, and genetic characterization of 15 novel field PEDV variants with large genomic deletions. The sizes of deletion varied between 582 nt (194 aa) and 648 nt (216 aa) at positions 28-714 (10-238) on the S gene (protein). Among 17 PEDV samples isolated from individual pigs, all of them contained at least two distinct genotypes with large genomic deletions, and 94.1% of them were found to consist of strains with an intact S gene. These variants were found in eight primary and nine recurrent outbreaks, and they might be associated with persistent PEDV infection in the farms. Full-length S and ORF3 genes of eight variants derived from 2 samples were characterized. This is the first report of mixed infections caused by various genotypes of PEDV and would be important for the studies of viral isolation, pathogenesis, and molecular epidemiology of the disease.
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Sekhon SS, Nguyen PL, Ahn JY, Lee KA, Lee L, Kim SY, Yoon H, Park J, Ko JH, Kim YH. Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) infection, diagnosis and vaccination: A mini review. TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2017; 8:277-289. [PMID: 32226596 PMCID: PMC7099692 DOI: 10.1007/s13530-016-0287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a main etiology causing severe enteric disease in piglets with clinical signs of anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration resulting in loss of condition and death within a few days. Historically, PED is one of major causes of loss in swine and remains prevalent in some parts of the world. Even with increase in the available tests for PED diagnosis, which include histological diagnosis; virological diagnosis and serological diagnosis, there is no vaccine or specific treatment for this disease yet. In this mini review, the overview and current situation of PED is described with updated techniques, in an effort to comprehensively discuss and understand the disease characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranjeet Singh Sekhon
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Phat-Loc Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Ahn
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ah Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Lyon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766 USA
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Shin Ansan University, 135, Sinansandaehak-ro, Danwon-Gu, Ansan, 15435 Republic of Korea
| | - Hobaek Yoon
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 114, Sinbang 1-gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31000 Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoo Park
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 114, Sinbang 1-gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31000 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Ko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766 USA
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
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Teeravechyan S, Frantz PN, Wongthida P, Chailangkarn T, Jaru-Ampornpan P, Koonpaew S, Jongkaewwattana A. Deciphering the biology of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the era of reverse genetics. Virus Res 2016; 226:152-171. [PMID: 27212685 PMCID: PMC7114553 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) as a global threat to the swine industry underlies the urgent need for deeper understanding of this virus. To date, we have yet to identify functions for all the major gene products, much less grasp their implications for the viral life cycle and pathogenic mechanisms. A major reason is the lack of genetic tools for studying PEDV. In this review, we discuss the reverse genetics approaches that have been successfully used to engineer infectious clones of PEDV as well as other potential and complementary methods that have yet to be applied to PEDV. The importance of proper cell culture for successful PEDV propagation and maintenance of disease phenotype are addressed in our survey of permissive cell lines. We also highlight areas of particular relevance to PEDV pathogenesis and disease that have benefited from reverse genetics studies and pressing questions that await resolution by such studies. In particular, we examine the spike protein as a determinant of viral tropism, entry and virulence, ORF3 and its association with cell culture adaptation, and the nucleocapsid protein and its potential role in modulating PEDV pathogenicity. Finally, we conclude with an exploration of how reverse genetics can help mitigate the global impact of PEDV by addressing the challenges of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaporn Teeravechyan
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120 Thailand
| | - Phanramphoei Namprachan Frantz
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120 Thailand
| | - Phonphimon Wongthida
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120 Thailand
| | - Thanathom Chailangkarn
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120 Thailand
| | - Peera Jaru-Ampornpan
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120 Thailand
| | - Surapong Koonpaew
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120 Thailand
| | - Anan Jongkaewwattana
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120 Thailand.
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Gerdts V, Zakhartchouk A. Vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and other swine coronaviruses. Vet Microbiol 2016; 206:45-51. [PMID: 27964998 PMCID: PMC7117160 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Swine coronaviruses responsible for significant economic losses to the swine industry. Vaccines available only for TGEV and PEDV. Types of vaccines include inactivated, live attenuated, recombinant, vectored and DNA vaccines. Most vaccines aim to induce lactogenic immunity by immunizing sows at the end of gestation.
The recent introduction of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) into the North American swine herd has highlighted again the need for effective vaccines for swine coronaviruses. While vaccines for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) have been available to producers around the world for a long time, effective vaccines for PEDV and deltacoronaviruses were only recently developed or are still in development. Here, we review existing vaccine technologies for swine coronaviruses and highlight promising technologies which may help to control these important viruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N5E3, Canada.
| | - Alexander Zakhartchouk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N5E3, Canada
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37
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Su Y, Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhao B, Ji P, Xing G, Jiang D, Liu C, Song Y, Wang G, Li D, Deng R, Zhang G. Detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in central China based on the ORF3 gene and the S1 gene. Virol J 2016; 13:192. [PMID: 27887624 PMCID: PMC5123408 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has increased in severity in China since 2010. To investigate further the infectivity, genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of its causative agent, the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), we assessed 129 clinical samples, which were the intestinal tissue of piglets with severe diarrhea, from 17 cities in central China. Both the spike (S) glycoprotein (S1, 1-789 amino acids (aa)) and the full-length ORF3 gene of 21 representative field strains from 21 farms in 11 cities were sequenced and analysed. METHODS PEDV was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and S1 and ORF3 sequences were processed by the Clustal W method via DNAMAN 8 software, and phylogenetic trees were constructed by the neighbor-joining method using MEGA 6 software. RESULTS The prevalence of PEDV was 92.25% and was detected in 119 of 129 samples, with 94.03% (63 of 67) of pig farms harbouring the disease. According to the phylogenetic analysis of the S1 genes, our isolates all fell into group G2 (variants) and showed a close relationship to isolates from Chinese (HN1303, CH/ZMDZY/11 and AJ1102), Korean (AD01), American (MN, IA1, IA2 and 13-019349) sources, and these isolates differed genetically from other Chinese (LZC, CH/HNZZ/2011 and SD-M) and Korean (SM98) strains as well Japanese (83-P5 and MK) strains. In addition, our isolates differed from attenuated vaccine strains, CV777 (used in China) and DR13 (used in Korea). According to our derived amino acid sequence analysis, we detected one novel variant PEDV, viz: CH/HNLY, with 4-aa insertion/deletion (RSSS/T) at position 375 and 1-aa (D) deletion at position 430 compared to the CV777 attenuated strain. These mutations were located on the receptor binding domain. Our ORF3 gene analyses showed that the prevalent PEDV isolates were variants, and the isolated strains differed genetically from the vaccine strains. CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrated the existence of genetic diversity among geographically distinct PEDV strains, and our study has provided an impetus to conduct further research on the PEDV receptor binding protein and on the new and efficacious vaccines design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfang Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yunchao Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Yumei Chen
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Baolei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Pengchao Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guangxu Xing
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yapeng Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dongliang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ruiguang Deng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, 450002, China. .,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Zhu Y, Wang GH, Cui YD, Cui SJ. Establishment of a nanoparticle-assisted RT-PCR assay to distinguish field strains and attenuated strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2543-7. [PMID: 27287433 PMCID: PMC7087100 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) can cause serious disease and even death in neonatal piglets, resulting in serious damage to the swine industry worldwide. Open reading frame 3 (ORF3) is the only accessory gene in the PEDV genome. Previous studies have indicated that PEDV vaccine strains have a partial deletion in ORF3. In this study, a nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanoparticle-assisted RT-PCR) assay targeting the ORF3 of PEDV was developed to distinguish PEDV field strains from attenuated strains by using a specific pair of primers. The PCR products of field strains and attenuated strains were 264 bp and 215 bp in length, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay were also assessed. The nanoparticle-assisted RT-PCR assay was 10-100 times more sensitive than the conventional RT-PCR assay, with no cross-reactions when amplifying porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine rotavirus (RV), and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). The nanoparticle-assisted RT-PCR assay we describe here can be used to distinguish field strains from vaccine strains of PEDV, and it shows promise for reducing economic loss due to PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Institute of Animal Science(IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS), Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, HLJ August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Gui-Hua Wang
- Animal Medical Center DBN Technology Group, Beijing, 100195, China
| | - Yu-Dong Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, HLJ August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Shang-Jin Cui
- Institute of Animal Science(IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS), Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, HLJ August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing, 163319, China.
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Lin CM, Saif LJ, Marthaler D, Wang Q. Evolution, antigenicity and pathogenicity of global porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains. Virus Res 2016; 226:20-39. [PMID: 27288724 PMCID: PMC7111424 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of global PEDV strains. Cross-reactivity between PEDV and other coronaviruses and antigenic variations among different PEDV strains. Pathologic features of different PEDV strains. Considerations for vaccine strain selection: PEDV virulence attenuation and in vivo cross-protection among PEDV variants.
Emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses cause morbidity and mortality in human and animal populations, resulting in serious public and animal health threats and economic losses. The ongoing outbreak of a highly contagious and deadly porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in Asia, the Americas and Europe is one example. Genomic sequence analyses of PEDV variants have revealed important insights into the evolution of PEDV. However, the antigenic variations among different PEDV strains are less explored, although they may contribute to the failure of PEDV vaccines in Asian countries. In addition, the evolution of PEDV results in variants with distinct genetic features and virulence differences; thus PEDV can serve as a model to explore the molecular mechanisms of coronavirus evolution and pathogenesis. In this article, we review the evolution, antigenic relationships and pathologic features of PEDV strains. This information and review of researches will aid in the development of strategies for control and prevention of PED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Lin
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Douglas Marthaler
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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Porcine deltacoronavirus infection: Etiology, cell culture for virus isolation and propagation, molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis. Virus Res 2016; 226:50-59. [PMID: 27086031 PMCID: PMC7114557 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus. The etiology and molecular epidemiology of PDCoV are described. The cell culture for PDCoV isolation and propagation are demonstrated. The disease mechanisms and pathogenesis of PDCoV are reviewed.
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) (family Coronaviridae, genus Deltacoronavirus) is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea/vomiting, dehydration and mortality in seronegative neonatal piglets. PDCoV diarrhea was first reported in the US in early 2014, concurrently with co-circulation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) (family Coronaviridae, genus Alphacoronavirus). The origin of PDCoV in pigs and also its sudden emergence or route of introduction into the US still remains unclear. In the US, since 2013–2014, the newly emerged PDCoV and PEDV have spread nationwide, causing a high number of pig deaths and significant economic impacts. The current US PDCoV strains are enteropathogenic and infect villous epithelial cells of the entire small and large intestines although the jejunum and ileum are the primary sites of infection. Similar to PEDV infections, PDCoV infections also cause acute, severe atrophic enteritis accompanied by transient viremia (viral RNA) that leads to severe diarrhea and/or vomiting, followed by dehydration as the potential cause of death in nursing piglets. At present, differential diagnosis of PDCoV, PEDV, and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is essential to control viral diarrheas in US swine. Cell culture-adapted US PDCoV (TC-PDCoV) strains have been isolated and propagated by us and in several other laboratories. TC-PDCoV strains will be useful to develop serologic assays and to evaluate if serial cell-culture passage attenuates TC-PDCoV as a potential vaccine candidate strain. A comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of epidemic PDCoV strains is currently needed to prevent and control the disease in affected regions and to develop an effective vaccine. This review focuses on the etiology, cell culture isolation and propagation, molecular epidemiology, disease mechanisms and pathogenesis of PDCoV infection.
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Lee C. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: An emerging and re-emerging epizootic swine virus. Virol J 2015; 12:193. [PMID: 26689811 PMCID: PMC4687282 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric disease of swine recognized in the early 1970s in Europe was initially described as “epidemic viral diarrhea” and is now termed “porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED)”. The coronavirus referred to as PED virus (PEDV) was determined to be the etiologic agent of this disease in the late 1970s. Since then the disease has been reported in Europe and Asia, but the most severe outbreaks have occurred predominantly in Asian swine-producing countries. Most recently, PED first emerged in early 2013 in the United States that caused high morbidity and mortality associated with PED, remarkably affecting US pig production, and spread further to Canada and Mexico. Soon thereafter, large-scale PED epidemics recurred through the pork industry in South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. These recent outbreaks and global re-emergence of PED require urgent attention and deeper understanding of PEDV biology and pathogenic mechanisms. This paper highlights the current knowledge of molecular epidemiology, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of PEDV, as well as prevention and control measures against PEDV infection. More information about the virus and the disease is still necessary for the development of effective vaccines and control strategies. It is hoped that this review will stimulate further basic and applied studies and encourage collaboration among producers, researchers, and swine veterinarians to provide answers that improve our understanding of PEDV and PED in an effort to eliminate this economically significant viral disease, which emerged or re-emerged worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Van Diep N, Norimine J, Sueyoshi M, Lan NT, Hirai T, Yamaguchi R. US-like isolates of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus from Japanese outbreaks between 2013 and 2014. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:756. [PMID: 26693114 PMCID: PMC4668244 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1552-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since late 2013, outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have reemerged in Japan. In the present study, we observed a high detection rate of PEDV, with 72.5 % (148/204) of diarrhea samples (suckling, weaned, and sows) and 88.5 % (77/87) of farms experiencing acute diarrhea found to be positive for PEDV by reverse transcription PCR. Sequencing and phylogenic analyses of the partial spike gene and ORF3 of PEDV demonstrated that all prevailing Japanese PEDV isolates belonged to novel genotypes that differed from previously reported strains and the two PEDV vaccine strains currently being used in Japan. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed prevailing PEDV isolates in Japan had the greatest genetic similarity to US isolates and were not vaccine-related. Unlike vaccine strains, all prevailing field PEDV isolates in Japan were found to have a number of amino acid differences in the neutralizing epitope domain, COE, which may affect antigenicity and vaccine efficacy. The present study indicates recent PEDV isolates may have been introduced into Japan from overseas and highlights the urgent requirement of novel vaccines for controlling PEDV outbreaks in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Diep
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan
| | - Junzo Norimine
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan
| | - Masuo Sueyoshi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan
| | - Nguyen Thi Lan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Takuya Hirai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan
| | - Ryoji Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan
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Ye S, Li Z, Chen F, Li W, Guo X, Hu H, He Q. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ORF3 gene prolongs S-phase, facilitates formation of vesicles and promotes the proliferation of attenuated PEDV. Virus Genes 2015; 51:385-92. [PMID: 26531166 PMCID: PMC7088884 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus that has received increasing attention since the emergence of a PEDV variant worldwide. Previous studies have shown that PEDV ORF3 encodes an ion channel protein. However, its influence on cell cycle and subcellular structure still require more research. In this study, we developed a Vero cell line that stably expresses PEDV ORF3 gene. Subcellular localization and influences of PEDV ORF3 on host cells were investigated. We further verified whether or not this gene enhances virus production. The results showed that PEDV ORF3 protein localizes in the cytoplasm and affects cell cycle progression by prolonging the S phase. In addition, the ORF3-expressing Vero cells had more vesicles than the host Vero cells. Furthermore, the attenuated PEDV rather than virulent PEDV could grow better in ORF3-expressing Vero cells. The expression level of the PEDV nucleocapsid protein also increased. These results provided information on the function of PEDV ORF3 and were helpful in understanding the mechanisms of PEDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Regla-Nava JA, Nieto-Torres JL, DeDiego ML, Castaño-Rodriguez C, Fernandez-Delgado R, Perlman S, Enjuanes L. Identification of the Mechanisms Causing Reversion to Virulence in an Attenuated SARS-CoV for the Design of a Genetically Stable Vaccine. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005215. [PMID: 26513244 PMCID: PMC4626112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A SARS-CoV lacking the full-length E gene (SARS-CoV-∆E) was attenuated and an effective vaccine. Here, we show that this mutant virus regained fitness after serial passages in cell culture or in vivo, resulting in the partial duplication of the membrane gene or in the insertion of a new sequence in gene 8a, respectively. The chimeric proteins generated in cell culture increased virus fitness in vitro but remained attenuated in mice. In contrast, during SARS-CoV-∆E passage in mice, the virus incorporated a mutated variant of 8a protein, resulting in reversion to a virulent phenotype. When the full-length E protein was deleted or its PDZ-binding motif (PBM) was mutated, the revertant viruses either incorporated a novel chimeric protein with a PBM or restored the sequence of the PBM on the E protein, respectively. Similarly, after passage in mice, SARS-CoV-∆E protein 8a mutated, to now encode a PBM, and also regained virulence. These data indicated that the virus requires a PBM on a transmembrane protein to compensate for removal of this motif from the E protein. To increase the genetic stability of the vaccine candidate, we introduced small attenuating deletions in E gene that did not affect the endogenous PBM, preventing the incorporation of novel chimeric proteins in the virus genome. In addition, to increase vaccine biosafety, we introduced additional attenuating mutations into the nsp1 protein. Deletions in the carboxy-terminal region of nsp1 protein led to higher host interferon responses and virus attenuation. Recombinant viruses including attenuating mutations in E and nsp1 genes maintained their attenuation after passage in vitro and in vivo. Further, these viruses fully protected mice against challenge with the lethal parental virus, and are therefore safe and stable vaccine candidates for protection against SARS-CoV. Zoonotic coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and swine delta coronavirus (SDCoV) have recently emerged causing high morbidity and mortality in human or piglets. No fully protective therapy is still available for these CoVs. Therefore, the development of efficient vaccines is a high priority. Live attenuated vaccines are considered most effective compared to other types of vaccines, as they induce a long-lived, balanced immune response. However, safety is the main concern of this type of vaccines because attenuated viruses can eventually revert to a virulent phenotype. Therefore, an essential feature of any live attenuated vaccine candidate is its stability. In addition, introduction of several safety guards is advisable to increase vaccine safety. In this manuscript, we analyzed the mechanisms by which an attenuated SARS-CoV reverted to a virulent phenotype and describe the introduction of attenuating deletions that maintained virus stability. The virus, engineered with two safety guards, provided full protection against challenge with a lethal SARS-CoV. Understanding the molecular mechanisms leading to pathogenicity and the in vivo evaluation of vaccine genetic stability contributed to a rational design of a promising SARS-CoV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A. Regla-Nava
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L. Nieto-Torres
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta L. DeDiego
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Castaño-Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Fernandez-Delgado
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Chen F, Zhu Y, Wu M, Ku X, Ye S, Li Z, Guo X, He Q. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Classical and Variant Virulent Parental/Attenuated Strains of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Viruses 2015; 7:5525-38. [PMID: 26512689 PMCID: PMC4632399 DOI: 10.3390/v7102891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2010, the variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has been the etiological agent responsible for the outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) worldwide. In this study, a variant PEDV strain YN1 was isolated, serially propagated on the Vero cells and was characterized for 200 passages. To better elucidate the molecular basis of Vero cell adaptation of variant PEDV strains, we sequenced, compared, and analyzed the full-genome sequences of parental YN1 and passages 15, 30, 60, 90, 144, and 200. The results showed that the variations increased with the viral passage. The nucleotides sequences of non-structural protein (NSP)2, NSP4-7, NSP10, NSP12 and NSP13 genes did not change during the Vero cell adaptation process. After comparison of the variation characteristic of classical, variant virulent/attenuated strains, it was found that attenuation of PEDV virus was associated with 9−26 amino acid (aa) changes in open reading frames (ORF) 1a/b and S protein, early termination in ORF3, 1–3 aa changes in E, M and N protein and some nucleotide sequences’ synonymous mutations. The aa deletion at about 144 aa of S protein could be the attenuation marker for the PEDV. The pig study showed that the early termination in ORF3 was more important for virus cell adaptation than virus attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yinxing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Meizhou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xugang Ku
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shiyi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaozhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Suzuki T, Murakami S, Takahashi O, Kodera A, Masuda T, Itoh S, Miyazaki A, Ohashi S, Tsutsui T. Molecular characterization of pig epidemic diarrhoea viruses isolated in Japan from 2013 to 2014. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:363-368. [PMID: 26477934 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since October 2013, approximately 1000 outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) have occurred, spanning almost all prefectures of Japan, after a period of seven years without a reported case. In order to consider occurrence factor of PED outbreaks, we determined the whole-genome sequences of 38 PED virus (PEDV) strains from diarrheal samples collected at swine farms in 18 prefectures between 2013 and 2014 using next-generation sequencing technology. Using these data, we investigated genetic variation among the recent Japanese PEDV strains and the genetic relationships between these strains and global PEDV strains isolated recently from multiple swine-industrial countries. Eleven out of 38 PEDV strains were isolated successfully on Vero cells with trypsin treatment and subjected to genome sequence analysis. In a comparative genome analysis, we detected two novel PEDV variants, TTR-2/JPN/2014 and MYG-1/JPN/2014, with large deletions in the spike and ORF3 genes, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis based on the spike gene showed that the 38 Japanese PEDV strains were classified into two PEDV types: the North American type with high virulence (n=34) and the INDEL type (n=4). In addition, the recent Japanese PEDV isolates had a close relationship to global PEDV strains isolated in recent years than to the classical PEDV strains detected in Japan the past decades ago. Moreover, the phylogenetic dendrogram of the complete genomes also indicated that the 38 Japanese PEDV strains, including the two novel PEDV variants discovered in this study, are closely related to the PEDV strains that were widespread in the United States and Korea in 2013-2014. These findings suggest that the re-emergence of PED outbreaks since the last reported case in 2006 was caused by the introduction of recent PEDV strains to Japan from overseas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Suzuki
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Murakami
- Life Technologies Japan ltd., Thermo Fisher Scientific, 4-2-8 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan
| | - Osamu Takahashi
- Life Technologies Japan ltd., Thermo Fisher Scientific, 4-2-8 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan
| | - Aya Kodera
- Sendai Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 3-11-22 Sendai, Miyagi 983-0832, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Masuda
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 2-132 Kurayoshi, Tottori 682-0017, Japan
| | - Sakie Itoh
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Ayako Miyazaki
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Seiichi Ohashi
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tsutsui
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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The ns12.9 Accessory Protein of Human Coronavirus OC43 Is a Viroporin Involved in Virion Morphogenesis and Pathogenesis. J Virol 2015; 89:11383-95. [PMID: 26339053 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01986-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED An accessory gene between the S and E gene loci is contained in all coronaviruses (CoVs), and its function has been studied in some coronaviruses. This gene locus in human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) encodes the ns12.9 accessory protein; however, its function during viral infection remains unknown. Here, we engineered a recombinant mutant virus lacking the ns12.9 protein (HCoV-OC43-Δns12.9) to characterize the contributions of ns12.9 in HCoV-OC43 replication. The ns12.9 accessory protein is a transmembrane protein and forms ion channels in both Xenopus oocytes and yeast through homo-oligomerization, suggesting that ns12.9 is a newly recognized viroporin. HCoV-OC43-Δns12.9 presented at least 10-fold reduction of viral titer in vitro and in vivo. Intriguingly, exogenous ns12.9 and heterologous viroporins with ion channel activity could compensate for the production of HCoV-OC43-Δns12.9, indicating that the ion channel activity of ns12.9 plays a significant role in the production of infectious virions. Systematic dissection of single-cycle replication revealed that ns12.9 protein had no measurable effect on virus entry, subgenomic mRNA (sgmRNA) synthesis, and protein expression. Further characterization revealed that HCoV-OC43-Δns12.9 was less efficient in virion morphogenesis than recombinant wild-type virus (HCoV-OC43-WT). Moreover, reduced viral replication, inflammatory response, and virulence in HCoV-OC43-Δns12.9-infected mice were observed compared to the levels for HCoV-OC43-WT-infected mice. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the ns12.9 accessory protein functions as a viroporin and is involved in virion morphogenesis and the pathogenesis of HCoV-OC43 infection. IMPORTANCE HCoV-OC43 was isolated in the 1960s and is a major agent of the common cold. The functions of HCoV-OC43 structural proteins have been well studied, but few studies have focused on its accessory proteins. In the present study, we demonstrated that the ns12.9 protein is a newly recognized viroporin, and the ns12.9 gene knockout virus (HCoV-OC43-Δns12.9) presents a growth defect in vitro and in vivo. We identified the important functions of the ns12.9 viroporin in virion morphogenesis during HCoV-OC43 infection. Furthermore, mice infected with HCoV-OC43-Δns12.9 exhibited reduced inflammation and virulence accompanied by a lower titer in the brain than that of wild-type-infected mice, suggesting the ns12.9 viroporin influences virus pathogenesis. Therefore, our findings revealed that the ns12.9 viroporin facilitates virion morphogenesis to enhance viral production, and these results provided a deeper understanding of HCoV-OC43 pathogenesis.
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Shen H, Zhang C, Guo P, Liu Z, Zhang J. Effective inhibition of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by RNA interference in vitro. Virus Genes 2015; 51:252-9. [PMID: 26329934 PMCID: PMC7088742 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the coronaviridae family, which can cause acute and highly contagious enteric disease of swine characterized by severe entero-pathogenic diarrhea in piglets. Currently, the vaccines of PEDV are only partially effective and there is no specific drug available for treatment of PEDV infection. To exploit the possibility of using RNA interference (RNAi) as a strategy against PEDV infection, five shRNA-expressing plasmids targeting the N, M, and S genes of PEDV were constructed and transfected into Vero cells. The cytopathic effect and MTS assays demonstrated that two shRNAs (pSilencer4.1-M1 and pSilencer4.1-N) were capable of protecting cells against PEDV invasion with very high specificity and efficiency. The two shRNA expression plasmids were also able to inhibit the PEDV replication significantly, as shown by detection of virus titers (TCID50/mL). A real-time quantitative RT-PCR further confirmed that the amounts of viral RNAs in cell cultures pre-transfected with these two plasmids were reduced by 95.0 %. Our results suggest that RNAi might be a promising new strategy against PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Shen
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengju Guo
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
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Abstract
Severe outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have re-emerged in Korea and rapidly swept across the country, causing tremendous economic losses to producers and customers. Despite the availability of PEDV vaccines in the domestic market, the disease continues to plague the Korean pork industry, raising issues regarding their protective efficacy and new vaccine development. Therefore, PEDV isolation in cell culture is urgently needed to develop efficacious vaccines and diagnostic assays and to conduct further studies on the virus biology. In the present study, one Korean PEDV strain, KOR/KNU-141112/2014, was successfully isolated and serially propagated in Vero cells for over 30 passages. The in vitro and in vivo characteristics of the Korean PEDV isolate were investigated. Virus production in cell culture was confirmed by cytopathology, immunofluorescence, and real-time RT-PCR. The infectious virus titers of the viruses during the first 30 passages ranged from 10(5.1) to 10(8.2) TCID50 per ml. The inactivated KNU-141112 virus was found to mediate potent neutralizing antibody responses in immunized guinea pigs. Animal studies showed that KNU-141112 virus causes severe diarrhea and vomiting, fecal shedding, and acute atrophic enteritis, indicating that strain KNU-141112 is highly enteropathogenic in the natural host. In addition, the entire genomes or complete S genes of KNU-141112 viruses at selected cell culture passages were sequenced to assess the genetic stability and relatedness. Our genomic analyses indicated that the Korean isolate KNU-141112 is genetically stable during the first 30 passages in cell culture and is grouped within subgroup G2b together with the recent re-emergent Korean strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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Reply to "classification of emergent U.S. strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by phylogenetic analysis of nucleocapsid and ORF3 genes". J Clin Microbiol 2015; 52:3511-4. [PMID: 25143423 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01747-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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