1
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Wongsariya K, Lapirattanakul J, Chewchinda S, Kanchanadumkerng P. Anti-oral streptococci and anti-biofilm properties of Etlingera pavieana essential oil and its bioactive compounds proposed for an alternative herbal mouthwash. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31136. [PMID: 38779027 PMCID: PMC11108991 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral streptococci are the major group of bacteria in the oral cavity. Some of their species cause oral diseases that may lead to tooth loss and quality-of-life reduction, such as dental caries. One of prevention techniques to promote oral health is rinsing mouthwash after toothbrushing. This study aimed to determine the potential uses of local food, also remedy, plant in Thailand called Reaw-Horm or Etlingera pavieana for alternative herbal mouthwash. The essential oil from E. pavieana rhizome (Eo) is used for anti-streptococci including Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus and anti-biofilm activities. The main components of Eo are methyl chavicol (MC) and trans-anethole (TA). The disk diffusion method showed the inhibition zone of Eo in a dose-dependent manner. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Eo and TA was >1.6 % v/v, and 0.4 % v/v of MC. Regarding anti-biofilm activities, MC showed nearly equal anti-biofilm formation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus, whereas Eo and TA acted toward S. sobrinus more than S. mutans biofilm. Sub-MIC killing effects on cells under biofilm were observed in Eo and MC. Therefore, MC was recommended as an active compound for anti-streptococci activities. Biocompatibility of Eo and MC were shown to be safe for epidermal cell lines. Herbal mouthwashes containing Eo were developed and had antioxidant and antimicrobial actions with established for 3 months. This study provides in vitro support on the use of herbal mouthwash with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities for dental caries prevention and well-being of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karn Wongsariya
- Department of Biology, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Jinthana Lapirattanakul
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Savita Chewchinda
- Department of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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2
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Schrenk D, Allemang A, Fahrer J, Harms H, Li X, Lin G, Mahony C, Mulder P, Peijnenburg A, Pfuhler S, Punt A, Sievers H, Troutman J, Widjaja F. Toxins in Botanical Drugs and Plant-derived Food and Feed - from Science to Regulation: A Workshop Review. PLANTA MEDICA 2024; 90:219-242. [PMID: 38198805 DOI: 10.1055/a-2218-5667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In September 2022, the 3rd International Workshop on pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and related phytotoxins was held on-line, entitled 'Toxins in botanical drugs and plant-derived food and feed - from science to regulation'. The workshop focused on new findings about the occurrence, exposure, toxicity, and risk assessment of PAs. In addition, new scientific results related to the risk assessment of alkenylbenzenes, a distinct class of herbal constituents, were presented. The presence of PAs and alkenylbenzenes in plant-derived food, feed, and herbal medicines has raised health concerns with respect to their acute and chronic toxicity but mainly related to the genotoxic and carcinogenic properties of several congeners. The compounds are natural constituents of a variety of plant families and species widely used in medicinal, food, and feed products. Their individual occurrence, levels, and toxic properties, together with the broad range of congeners present in nature, represent a striking challenge to modern toxicology. This review tries to provide an overview of the current knowledge on these compounds and indicates needs and perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ashley Allemang
- Central Product Safety, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, USA
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Henrik Harms
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - Xilin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, USA
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Catherine Mahony
- Central Product Safety, Procter & Gamble Technical Centre, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Pfuhler
- Central Product Safety, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, USA
| | - Ans Punt
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - John Troutman
- Central Product Safety, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, USA
| | - Frances Widjaja
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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3
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Cancellieri MA, Chon H, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, eugenyl methyl ether, CAS Registry Number 93-15-2. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 183 Suppl 1:114209. [PMID: 38035987 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - H Chon
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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4
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Fabry P, Weber S, Teipel J, Richling E, Walch SG, Lachenmeier DW. Quantitative NMR Spectrometry of Phenylpropanoids, including Isoeugenol in Herbs, Spices, and Essential Oils. Foods 2024; 13:720. [PMID: 38472833 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Isoeugenol (2-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)phenol) has been recently classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This study conducted an analysis of isoeugenol in common herbs and spices, including basil, cinnamon, ginger, and nutmeg, using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. Additionally, over 1300 coffee samples were analysed by 1H-NMR for isoeugenol, but it was not detected in any of the analysed samples. Various essential oils, including nutmeg, basil, clove, sweet flag, and ylang-ylang oils, were examined for isoeugenol content. Out of the twelve nutmeg oils tested, four contained isoeugenol, with concentrations ranging from 3.68 ± 0.09 g/kg to 11.2 ± 0.10 g/kg. However, isoeugenol was not detected in the essential oils of calamus, basil, ylang-ylang, and clove using NMR spectrometry. These findings warrant critical evaluation of the previous literature, given reports of high isoeugenol levels in some of these matrices. A toxicological assessment has determined that there is no risk to human health by exposure to isoeugenol via nutmeg essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Fabry
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Sandra Weber
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan Teipel
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Elke Richling
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Stephan G Walch
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
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5
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Cancellieri MA, Chon H, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Muldoon J, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, estragole, CAS registry number 140-67-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182 Suppl 1:114143. [PMID: 37898231 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - H Chon
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Muldoon
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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6
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Nieschalke K, Bergau N, Jessel S, Seidel A, Baldermann S, Schreiner M, Abraham K, Lampen A, Monien BH, Kleuser B, Glatt H, Schumacher F. Urinary Excretion of Mercapturic Acids of the Rodent Carcinogen Methyleugenol after a Single Meal of Basil Pesto: A Controlled Exposure Study in Humans. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1753-1767. [PMID: 37875262 PMCID: PMC10664145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Methyleugenol (ME), found in numerous plants and spices, is a rodent carcinogen and is classified as "possibly carcinogenic to humans". The hypothesis of a carcinogenic risk for humans is supported by the observation of ME-derived DNA adducts in almost all human liver and lung samples examined. Therefore, a risk assessment of ME is needed. Unfortunately, biomarkers of exposure for epidemiological studies are not yet available. We hereby present the first detection of N-acetyl-l-cysteine conjugates (mercapturic acids) of ME in human urine samples after consumption of a popular ME-containing meal, pasta with basil pesto. We synthesized mercapturic acid conjugates of ME, identified the major product as N-acetyl-S-[3'-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)allyl]-l-cysteine (E-3'-MEMA), and developed methods for its extraction and LC-MS/MS quantification in human urine. For conducting an exposure study in humans, a basil cultivar with a suitable ME content was grown for the preparation of basil pesto. A defined meal containing 100 g of basil pesto, corresponding to 1.7 mg ME, was served to 12 participants, who collected the complete urine at defined time intervals for 48 h. Using d6-E-3'-MEMA as an internal standard for LC-MS/MS quantification, we were able to detect E-3'-MEMA in urine samples of all participants collected after the ME-containing meal. Excretion was maximal between 2 and 6 h after the meal and was completed within about 12 h (concentrations below the limit of detection). Excreted amounts were only between 1 and 85 ppm of the ME intake, indicating that the ultimate genotoxicant, 1'-sulfooxy-ME, is formed to a subordinate extent or is not efficiently detoxified by glutathione conjugation and subsequent conversion to mercapturic acids. Both explanations may apply cumulatively, with the ubiquitous detection of ME DNA adducts in human lung and liver specimens arguing against an extremely low formation of 1'-sulfooxy-ME. Taken together, we hereby present the first noninvasive human biomarker reflecting an internal exposure toward reactive ME species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Nieschalke
- Department
of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Department
of Food Safety, German Federal Institute
for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nick Bergau
- Department
of Food Safety, German Federal Institute
for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sönke Jessel
- Biochemical
Institute for Environmental Carcinogens, Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Albrecht Seidel
- Biochemical
Institute for Environmental Carcinogens, Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Baldermann
- Department
Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz
Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
- Faculty of
Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition & Health, University of Bayreuth, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Monika Schreiner
- Department
Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz
Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Klaus Abraham
- Department
of Food Safety, German Federal Institute
for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department
of Food Safety, German Federal Institute
for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard H. Monien
- Department
of Food Safety, German Federal Institute
for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Department
of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Department
of Food Safety, German Federal Institute
for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Department
of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Ishii Y, Shi L, Takasu S, Ogawa K, Umemura T. A 13-week comprehensive toxicity study with adductome analysis demonstrates the toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of the natural flavoring agent elemicin. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113965. [PMID: 37495168 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Elemicin, an alkenylbenzene flavoring, exists naturally in foods, herbs, and spices. Some alkenylbenzenes are hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic in rodents. However, few studies have examined the toxicology of elemicin. In the current study, we comprehensively evaluated the general toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of elemicin using gpt delta rats and DNA adductome analysis. Groups of 10 male F344 gpt delta rats were treated with elemicin by gavage at a dose of 0, 25, 100, or 400 mg/kg bw/day for 13 weeks. Liver weights were significantly increased with histopathological changes in groups receiving 100 mg/kg bw/day or more. Significant increases in serum hepatotoxic parameters were observed in the 400 mg/kg bw/day group. Based on the observed changes in liver weights, 18.6 mg/kg bw was identified as the low benchmark dose. Significant increases in the number and area of glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci and gpt mutant frequencies were apparent only in the 400 mg/kg/day group, although elemicin-specific DNA adducts were detected from the lowest dose, suggesting that elemicin exhibited hepatocarcinogenicity in rats only at higher doses. Because elemicin showed no mutagenicity at lower doses, there was an adequate safety margin between the acceptable daily intake and the estimated daily intake of elemicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Liang Shi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Takasu
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Umemura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan; Graduate School of Animal Health Technology, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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8
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Mallock-Ohnesorg N, Rinaldi S, Malke S, Dreiack N, Pieper E, Laux P, Schulz T, Zimmermann R, Luch A. Oral nicotine pouches with an aftertaste? Part 1: screening and initial toxicological assessment of flavorings and other ingredients. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2357-2369. [PMID: 37389646 PMCID: PMC10404176 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine pouches are oral products that deliver nicotine without containing tobacco. Previous studies mainly focused on the determination of known tobacco toxicants, while yet no untargeted analysis has been published on unknown constituents, possibly contributing to toxicity. Furthermore, additives might enhance product attractiveness. We therefore performed an aroma screening with 48 different nicotine-containing and two nicotine-free pouches using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, following acidic and basic liquid-liquid extraction. For toxicological assessment of identified substances, European and international classifications for chemical and food safety were consulted. Further, ingredients listed on product packages were counted and grouped by function. Most abundant ingredients comprised sweeteners, aroma substances, humectants, fillers, and acidity regulators. 186 substances were identified. For some substances, acceptable daily intake limits set by European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) and Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives are likely exceeded by moderate pouch consumption. Eight hazardous substances are classified according to the European CLP regulation. Thirteen substances were not authorized as food flavorings by EFSA, among them impurities such as myosmine and ledol. Three substances were classified by International Agency for Research on Cancer as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The two nicotine-free pouches contain pharmacologically active ingredients such as ashwagandha extract and caffeine. The presence of potentially harmful substances may point to the need for regulation of additives in nicotine-containing and nicotine-free pouches that could be based on provisions for food additives. For sure, additives may not pretend positive health effects in case the product is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Mallock-Ohnesorg
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Selina Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Malke
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Dreiack
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Pieper
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schulz
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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9
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FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Allspice, anise, fennel-derived and related flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113643. [PMID: 36739890 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The FEMA Expert Panel program to re-evaluate the safety of natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavoring ingredients in food has resulted in the publication of an updated constituent-based procedure as well as publications on the safety evaluation of many botanical-derived NFCs. This publication, ninth in the series and related to the ninth publication, describes the affirmation of the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status for NFCs with propenylhydroxybenzene and allylalkoxybenzene constituents under their conditions of intended use as flavoring ingredients added to food. The Panel's procedure applies the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept and evaluates relevant data on absorption, metabolism, genotoxic potential and toxicology for the NFCs themselves and their respective constituent congeneric groups. For NFCs containing allylalkoxybenzene constituent(s) with suspected genotoxic potential, the estimated intake of the individual constituent is compared to the TTC for compounds with structural alerts for genotoxicity and if exceeded, a margin of exposure is calculated using BMDL10 values derived from benchmark dose analyses using Bayesian model averaging, as presented in the tenth article of the series. Safety evaluations for NFCs derived from allspice, anise seed, star anise, sweet fennel seed and pimento leaves were conducted and their GRAS status was affirmed for use as flavoring ingredients. The scope of the safety evaluation contained herein does not include added use in dietary supplements or any products other than food.
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10
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Rafieian F, Amani R, Rezaei A, Karaça AC, Jafari SM. Exploring fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare): Composition, functional properties, potential health benefits, and safety. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:6924-6941. [PMID: 36803269 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2176817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill), a member of the Apiaceae family (Umbelliferaceae), is a hardy and perennial herb, with grooved stems, intermittent leaves, petiole with sheath, usually bisexual flower and yellow umbrella. Although fennel is a typical aromatic plant generally considered native to the Mediterranean shores, it has become widespread in many regions of the world and has long been used as a medicinal and culinary herb. The aim of this review is to collect recent information from the literature on the chemical composition, functional properties and toxicology of fennel. Collected data show the efficacy of this plant in various in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, bronchodilatory, and memory enhancing activities. It has also been shown to be effective on infantile colic, dysmenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome and milk production. This review also aims to identify gaps in the literature that require to be filled by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rafieian
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Amani
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Atefe Rezaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Aslı Can Karaça
- Department Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Ourense, Spain
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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11
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Davidsen JM, Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Rosol TJ, Harman CL, Taylor SV. FEMA GRAS assessment of derivatives of basil, nutmeg, parsley, tarragon and related allylalkoxybenzene-containing natural flavor complexes. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113646. [PMID: 36804339 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a program for the re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavoring ingredients in food. In this publication, tenth in the series, NFCs containing a high percentage of at least one naturally occurring allylalkoxybenzene constituent with a suspected concern for genotoxicity and/or carcinogenicity are evaluated. In a related paper, ninth in the series, NFCs containing anethole and/or eugenol and relatively low percentages of these allylalkoxybenzenes are evaluated. The Panel applies the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept and evaluates relevant toxicology data on the NFCs and their respective constituent congeneric groups. For NFCs containing allylalkoxybenzene constituent(s), the estimated intake of the constituent is compared to the TTC for compounds with structural alerts for genotoxicity and when exceeded, a margin of exposure (MOE) is calculated. BMDL10 values are derived from benchmark dose analyses using Bayesian model averaging for safrole, estragole and methyl eugenol using EPA's BMDS software version 3.2. BMDL10 values for myristicin, elemicin and parsley apiole were estimated by read-across using relative potency factors. Margins of safety for each constituent congeneric group and MOEs for each allylalkoxybenzene constituent for each NFC were determined that indicate no safety concern. The scope of the safety evaluation contained herein does not include added use in dietary supplements or any products other than food. Ten NFCs, derived from basil, estragon (tarragon), mace, nutmeg, parsley and Canadian snakeroot were determined or affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Davidsen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C, 20036, USA
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- University of Kaiserslautern, Germany (Retired), Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion, Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St, S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C, 20036, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Scientific Secretary to the FEMA Expert Panel, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C, 20036, USA.
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12
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Kuang BC, Wang ZH, Hou SH, Zhang J, Wang MQ, Zhang JS, Sun KL, Ni HQ, Gong NQ. Methyl eugenol protects the kidney from oxidative damage in mice by blocking the Nrf2 nuclear export signal through activation of the AMPK/GSK3β axis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:367-380. [PMID: 35794373 PMCID: PMC9889399 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupted redox homeostasis contributes to renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Abundant natural products can activate nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), thereby providing therapeutic benefits. Methyl eugenol (ME), an analog of the phenolic compound eugenol, has the ability to induce Nrf2 activity. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of ME against renal oxidative damage in vivo and in vitro. An IR-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) model was established in mice. ME (20 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.p.) was administered to mice on 5 consecutive days before IR surgery. We showed that ME administration significantly attenuated renal destruction, improved the survival rate, reduced excessive oxidative stress and inhibited mitochondrial lesions in AKI mice. We further demonstrated that ME administration significantly enhanced Nrf2 activity and increased the expression of downstream antioxidative molecules. Similar results were observed in vitro in hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR)-exposed proximal tubule epithelial cells following pretreatment with ME (40 μmol·L-1). In both renal oxidative damage models, ME induced Nrf2 nuclear retention in tubular cells. Using specific inhibitors (CC and DIF-3) and molecular docking, we demonstrated that ME bound to the binding pocket of AMPK with high affinity and activated the AMPK/GSK3β axis, which in turn blocked the Nrf2 nuclear export signal. In addition, ME alleviated the development of renal fibrosis induced by nonfatal IR, which is frequently encountered in the clinic. In conclusion, we demonstrate that ME modulates the AMPK/GSK3β axis to regulate the cytoplasmic-nuclear translocation of Nrf2, resulting in Nrf2 nuclear retention and thereby enhancing antioxidant target gene transcription that protects the kidney from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Cheng Kuang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhi-Heng Wang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shuai-Heng Hou
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Meng-Qin Wang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jia-Si Zhang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kai-Lun Sun
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hai-Qiang Ni
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Nian-Qiao Gong
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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13
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Zhang X, Felter SP, Api AM, Joshi K, Selechnik D. A Cautionary tale for using read-across for cancer hazard classification: Case study of isoeugenol and methyl eugenol. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 136:105280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Hazarika U, Kovács Z, Bodor Z, Gosztola B. Phytochemicals and organoleptic properties of French tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) influenced by different preservation methods. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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15
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Fan Y, Zhang C, Qin Y, Yin X, Dong X, Desneux N, Zhou H. Monitoring the Methyl Eugenol Response and Non-Responsiveness Mechanisms in Oriental Fruit Fly Bactrocera dorsalis in China. INSECTS 2022; 13:1004. [PMID: 36354828 PMCID: PMC9695349 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bactrocera dorsalis is a notorious polyphagous pest in China, and its management strategies largely depend on methyl eugenol (ME), which has been widely used as an attractant to monitor and eradicate B. dorsalis populations for seven decades. However, the non-responsiveness levels in field B. dorsalis populations to ME is unknown. In this study, we monitored the response to ME in field populations from the four most heavily infested provinces in China, and the results showed that the populations had lower sensitivity to ME relative to GZS susceptible strain. The percent responsiveness of the lowest sensitivity population was 5.88-, 3.47-, and 1.47-fold lower relative to the susceptible strain at doses of 1, 10, and 100 µL of ME, respectively. Gene expression analysis and inhibitor assays further revealed that odorant binding protein (BdorOBP2, BdorOBP83b) and the P450 enzyme system may be associated with the lower response to ME. To our knowledge, this work is the first to report that the P450 enzyme system confers a lower responsiveness to lure insects. These findings provided valuable insights for exploiting ME non-responsiveness to protect sterile males from ME-based control strategies and the use of lures combined with insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Fan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Changzhen Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xinhui Yin
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xinyi Dong
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Hongxu Zhou
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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16
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Chutimanukul P, Jindamol H, Thongtip A, Korinsak S, Romyanon K, Toojinda T, Darwell CT, Wanichananan P, Panya A, Kaewsri W, Auvuchanon A, Mosaleeyanon K, Chutimanukul P. Physiological responses and variation in secondary metabolite content among Thai holy basil cultivars ( Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) grown under controlled environmental conditions in a plant factory. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1008917. [PMID: 36340360 PMCID: PMC9634403 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1008917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Holy basil (Ocimum Tenuiflorum L.) is a widely used herb containing several bioactive compounds of interest for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Plant factories using artificial lighting (PFAL) is a modern agricultural system that offers opportunity to improve crop production and stabilizes productivity in many herbal plants. However, little is known about the variation among holy basil varieties that can be cultivated and provide reasonable biomass and bioactive compounds in PFAL. We therefore evaluated 10 Thai accessions and two commercial cultivars in a PFAL (with hydroponic cultivation) to categorize cultivar characteristics by investigating physiological responses and secondary metabolite variation at plant flowering stage. Among Thai varieties, net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was significantly highest in varieties OC059 and OC081. The greatest growth and biomass measures were observed in OC064. Antioxidant capacity also varied, with the greatest accumulation of total phenolic compounds (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant activity by DPPH assay in OC064, and highest terpenoid content in OC194. The accumulation of major compounds confirmed by showing the highest levels of eugenol in OC057, OC063, OC194, and OC195 and methyl eugenol in OC072 and OC081. The highest α-humulene content was found in OC059. PCA based on physiological responses and secondary metabolites indicate that OC064 was clearly distinguished from other cultivars/accessions. These findings demonstrate variation across holy basil accessions for physiologic responses, antioxidant capacity, and secondary compounds in PFAL. These insights lead to identification of suitable varieties which is the most important step of developing an efficient method for producing high quality raw materials of Thai holy basil for supplying the foods and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panita Chutimanukul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Klong Luang, Thailand
| | - Hathairut Jindamol
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Klong Luang, Thailand
| | - Akira Thongtip
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Klong Luang, Thailand
| | - Siripar Korinsak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Klong Luang, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Romyanon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Klong Luang, Thailand
| | - Theerayut Toojinda
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Klong Luang, Thailand
| | - Clive Terence Darwell
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Klong Luang, Thailand
| | - Praderm Wanichananan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Klong Luang, Thailand
| | - Atikorn Panya
- Food Biotechnology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Wilailak Kaewsri
- Food Biotechnology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Anyamanee Auvuchanon
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, sNakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kriengkrai Mosaleeyanon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Klong Luang, Thailand
| | - Preuk Chutimanukul
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Centre, Khlong Nueng, Thailand
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17
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Kobets T, Smith BPC, Williams GM. Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182828. [PMID: 36140952 PMCID: PMC9497933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-914-594-3105; Fax: +1-914-594-4163
| | - Benjamin P. C. Smith
- Future Ready Food Safety Hub, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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18
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Kumari S, Sharma S, Advani D, Khosla A, Kumar P, Ambasta RK. Unboxing the molecular modalities of mutagens in cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:62111-62159. [PMID: 34611806 PMCID: PMC8492102 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16726-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of the majority of human cancers is associated with a myriad of environmental causes, including physical, chemical, and biological factors. DNA damage induced by such mutagens is the initial step in the process of carcinogenesis resulting in the accumulation of mutations. Mutational events are considered the major triggers for introducing genetic and epigenetic insults such as DNA crosslinks, single- and double-strand DNA breaks, formation of DNA adducts, mismatched bases, modification in histones, DNA methylation, and microRNA alterations. However, DNA repair mechanisms are devoted to protect the DNA to ensure genetic stability, any aberrations in these calibrated mechanisms provoke cancer occurrence. Comprehensive knowledge of the type of mutagens and carcinogens and the influence of these agents in DNA damage and cancer induction is crucial to develop rational anticancer strategies. This review delineated the molecular mechanism of DNA damage and the repair pathways to provide a deep understanding of the molecular basis of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. A relationship between DNA adduct formation and cancer incidence has also been summarized. The mechanistic basis of inflammatory response and oxidative damage triggered by mutagens in tumorigenesis has also been highlighted. We elucidated the interesting interplay between DNA damage response and immune system mechanisms. We addressed the current understanding of DNA repair targeted therapies and DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment and discussed how antiviral agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, and immunotherapeutic agents combined with traditional approaches lay the foundations for future cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Kumari
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Sudhanshu Sharma
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Dia Advani
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Akanksha Khosla
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
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19
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Liu H, Wang DD, Wan L, Hu ZY, He TT, Wang JB, Deng SZ, Wang XS. Assessment of attractancy and safeness of (E)-coniferyl alcohol for management of female adults of Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1018-1028. [PMID: 34773351 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bactrocera dorsalis is a devastating pest on fruits and vegetables because the adult female is the key factor that determines the population density of offspring and the degree of host damage. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of effective female attractants for behavioral control. Males of B. dorsalis fed on methyl eugenol (ME) were shown to be more sexually attracted to females and, therefore, were more successful in mating over ME-deprived males. RESULTS In the current study, we demonstrated that (E)-coniferyl alcohol (E-CF), one of the ME metabolites in males, was highly attractive to sexually-mature females in laboratory bioassays. During the dusk courtship period, mature females showed the highest response to E-CF. However, there were no significant differences in olfactory responses to E-CF between virgin and mated mature females. Moreover, no obvious signs and symptoms of toxicity or death were observed in mice during a 14-day acute oral toxicity test. Toxicologically, no significant changes were observed in body weight, water intake, food consumption and absolute and relative organ weights between control and treated groups of healthy-looking mice, implying that E-CF could be regarded as non-toxic. Furthermore, cytotoxicity assessment revealed that E-CF was non-toxic against human fetal lung fibroblast 1 (HFL1), human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), mouse embryonic hepatocytes (BNL-CL.2) and Spodoptera frugiperda ovary (SF-9) cell lines. CONCLUSIONS E-CF proved to be an effective, promising and eco-friendly lure to B. dorsalis females. Therefore, this study may facilitate the development of novel control strategies against B. dorsalis in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Lin Wan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Hu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ting-Ting He
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jun-Bo Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Deng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xin-Shuai Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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20
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Hrubša M, Alva R, Parvin MS, Macáková K, Karlíčková J, Fadraersada J, Konečný L, Moravcová M, Carazo A, Mladěnka P. Comparison of Antiplatelet Effects of Phenol Derivatives in Humans. Biomolecules 2022; 12:117. [PMID: 35053265 PMCID: PMC8774223 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are associated with positive cardiovascular effects. However, due to their low bioavailability, metabolites are likely responsible for these properties. Recently, one of these metabolites, 4-methylcatechol, was described to be a very potent antiplatelet compound. This study aimed to compare its activity with its 22 close derivatives both of natural or synthetic origin in order to elucidate a potential structure-antiplatelet activity relationship. Blood from human volunteers was induced to aggregate by arachidonic acid (AA), collagen or thrombin, and plasma coagulation was also studied. Potential toxicity was tested on human erythrocytes as well as on a cancer cell line. Our results indicated that 17 out of the 22 compounds were very active at a concentration of 40 μM and, importantly, seven of them had an IC50 on AA-triggered aggregation below 3 μM. The effects of the most active compounds were confirmed on collagen-triggered aggregation too. None of the tested compounds was toxic toward erythrocytes at 50 μM and four compounds partly inhibited proliferation of breast cancer cell line at 100 μM but not at 10 μM. Additionally, none of the compounds had a significant effect on blood coagulation or thrombin-triggered aggregation. This study hence reports four phenol derivatives (4-ethylcatechol, 4-fluorocatechol, 2-methoxy-4-ethylphenol and 3-methylcatechol) suitable for future in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hrubša
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (R.A.); (J.F.); (L.K.); (M.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Raúl Alva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (R.A.); (J.F.); (L.K.); (M.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Mst Shamima Parvin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.S.P.); (K.M.)
| | - Kateřina Macáková
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.S.P.); (K.M.)
| | - Jana Karlíčková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Jaka Fadraersada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (R.A.); (J.F.); (L.K.); (M.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Lukáš Konečný
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (R.A.); (J.F.); (L.K.); (M.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Monika Moravcová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (R.A.); (J.F.); (L.K.); (M.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Alejandro Carazo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (R.A.); (J.F.); (L.K.); (M.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (R.A.); (J.F.); (L.K.); (M.M.); (P.M.)
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21
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In vitro and in silico study on consequences of combined exposure to the food-borne alkenylbenzenes estragole and safrole. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 79:105290. [PMID: 34861381 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Potential consequences of combined exposure to the selected food-borne alkenylbenzenes safrole and estragole or their proximate carcinogenic 1'-hydroxy metabolites were evaluated in vitro and in silico. HepG2 cells were exposed to 1'-hydroxyestragole and 1'-hydroxysafrole individually or in equipotent combination subsequently detecting cytotoxicity and DNA adduct formation. Results indicate that concentration addition adequately describes the cytotoxic effects and no statistically significant differences were shown in the level of formation of the major DNA adducts. Furthermore, physiologically based kinetic modeling revealed that at normal dietary intake the concentration of the parent compounds and their 1'-hydroxymetabolites remain substantially below the Km values for the respective bioactivation and detoxification reactions providing further support for the fact that the simultaneous presence of the two carcinogens or of their proximate carcinogenic 1'-hydroxy metabolites may not affect their DNA adduct formation. Overall, these results point at the absence of interactions upon combined exposure to selected food-borne alkenylbenzenes at realistic dietary levels of intake.
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22
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Moura EDS, Faroni LRD, Heleno FF, Rodrigues AAZ. Toxicological Stability of Ocimum basilicum Essential Oil and Its Major Components in the Control of Sitophilus zeamais. Molecules 2021; 26:6483. [PMID: 34770901 PMCID: PMC8588496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are widely recognized as efficient and safe alternatives for controlling pest insects in foods. However, there is a lack of studies evaluating the toxicological stability of botanical insecticides in stored grains in order to establish criteria of use and ensure your efficiency. The objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicological stability of basil essential oil (O. basilicum) and its linalool and estragole components for Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) adults in corn grains by fumigation. The identification of the chemical compounds of the essential oil was performed with a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass selective detector. Mortality of insects was assessed after 24 h exposure. After storage for six (EO) and two months (linalool and estragole) under different conditions of temperature (5, 20, and 35 °C) and light (with and without exposure to light), its toxicological stability was evaluated. Studies revealed that the essential oil of O. basilicum and its main components exhibited insecticidal potential against adults of S. zeamais. For greater toxicological stability, suitable storage conditions for them include absence of light and temperatures equal to or less than 20 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eridiane da Silva Moura
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (E.d.S.M.); (F.F.H.); (A.A.Z.R.)
| | - Lêda Rita D’Antonino Faroni
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (E.d.S.M.); (F.F.H.); (A.A.Z.R.)
| | - Fernanda Fernandes Heleno
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (E.d.S.M.); (F.F.H.); (A.A.Z.R.)
- Serviço Autônomo de Água e Esgoto, Senador Firmino 36540-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Aparecida Zinato Rodrigues
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (E.d.S.M.); (F.F.H.); (A.A.Z.R.)
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
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23
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Deng SZ, Li XY, Wang ZM, Wang JB, Han DY, Fan JH, Zhao Q, Liu H, Wang XS. Assessment of 2-allyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenol safety and attractiveness to mature males of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 223:112567. [PMID: 34364125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Males of the Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) are highly attracted to, and compulsively feed, on methyl eugenol (ME). ME is converted into 2-allyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenol (DMP) and (E)-coniferyl alcohol (E-CF), which are temporarily sequestered in the fly's rectal gland prior to being released at dusk. Previous research initially confirmed that DMP is a relatively strong lure to B. dorsalis males. However, the characteristics of males' response to DMP and toxicology of DMP remains largely unclear. In our study, we demonstrated that DMP was more attractive to sexually mature males than E-CF tested in laboratory bioassays. Interestingly, the responsiveness of mature males to DMP was not uniform throughout the day, eliciting the highest response during the day and dropping to a low level at night. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the olfactory responses of virgin and mated mature males to DMP. No obvious signs of toxic symptom and deaths were observed in mice during a 14-day acute oral toxicity testing. Further, toxicologically significant changes were not observed in body weight, water intake, food consumption, and absolute and relative organ weights between control and treated groups, implying DMP could be regarded as nontoxic. Lastly, the cytotoxicity data of DMP on cells showed that it exhibited no significant cytotoxicity to normal human and mouse cells. Taken together, results from both the acute and cellular toxicity experiments demonstrated the nontoxic nature of DMP. In conclusion, DMP shows promise as an effective and eco-friendly lure for B. dorsalis males, and may contribute to controlling B. dorsalis in the flied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zhen Deng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Xin-Yang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zi-Ming Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jun-Bo Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Dan-Yang Han
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jia-Hao Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China.
| | - Xin-Shuai Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
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24
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Lecourt M, Chietera G, Blerot B, Antoniotti S. Laccase-Catalyzed Oxidation of Allylbenzene Derivatives: Towards a Green Equivalent of Ozonolysis. Molecules 2021; 26:6053. [PMID: 34641596 PMCID: PMC8512103 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccase-based biocatalytic reactions have been tested with and without mediators and optimized in the oxidation of allylbenzene derivatives, such as methyl eugenol taken as a model substrate. The reaction primarily consisted in the hydroxylation of the propenyl side chain, either upon isomerization of the double bond or not. Two pathways were then observed; oxidation of both allylic alcohol intermediates could either lead to the corresponding α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound, or the corresponding benzaldehyde derivative by oxidative cleavage. Such a process constitutes a green equivalent of ozonolysis or other dangerous or waste-generating oxidation reactions. The conversion rate was sensitive to the substitution patterns of the benzenic ring and subsequent electronic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Lecourt
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Parc Valrose, CEDEX 2, 06108 Nice, France;
| | - Giorgiana Chietera
- LMR Naturals by IFF, Parc d’Activité les Bois de Grasse, 18 Avenue Joseph Honoré Isnard, 06130 Grasse, France; (G.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Bernard Blerot
- LMR Naturals by IFF, Parc d’Activité les Bois de Grasse, 18 Avenue Joseph Honoré Isnard, 06130 Grasse, France; (G.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Sylvain Antoniotti
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Parc Valrose, CEDEX 2, 06108 Nice, France;
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25
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Alkenylbenzenes in Foods: Aspects Impeding the Evaluation of Adverse Health Effects. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092139. [PMID: 34574258 PMCID: PMC8469824 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkenylbenzenes are naturally occurring secondary plant metabolites, primarily present in different herbs and spices, such as basil or fennel seeds. Thus, alkenylbenzenes, such as safrole, methyleugenol, and estragole, can be found in different foods, whenever these herbs and spices (or extracts thereof) are used for food production. In particular, essential oils or other food products derived from the aforementioned herbs and spices, such as basil-containing pesto or plant food supplements, are often characterized by a high content of alkenylbenzenes. While safrole or methyleugenol are known to be genotoxic and carcinogenic, the toxicological relevance of other alkenylbenzenes (e.g., apiol) regarding human health remains widely unclear. In this review, we will briefly summarize and discuss the current knowledge and the uncertainties impeding a conclusive evaluation of adverse effects to human health possibly resulting from consumption of foods containing alkenylbenzenes, especially focusing on the genotoxic compounds, safrole, methyleugenol, and estragole.
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26
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Extraction and Identification of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Fragrant Flowers of Three Tillandsia Species by HS-SPME/GC-MS. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090594. [PMID: 34564410 PMCID: PMC8471741 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with a large chemical diversity are emitted by plant flowers. They play an important role in the ecology of plants, such as pollination, defense, adaptation to their environment, and communication with other organisms. The Tillandsia genus belongs to the Bromeliaceae family, and most of them are epiphytes. The aromatic profile of the Tillandsia genus is scarcely described. In this study, we use the headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method developed in our laboratory to explore the chemical diversity of the VOCs of fragrant flowers of three species of the genus Tillandsia. We were able to identify, for the first time, 66 volatile compounds (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, phenylpropanoids, and other compounds). We identified 30 compounds in T. xiphioides, 47 compounds in T. crocata, and 43 compounds in T. caliginosa. Only seven compounds are present in all the species studied. Comparison of the volatile compounds profiles by principal component analysis (PCA) between T. xiphoides, T. crocata, and T. caliginosa species showed a clear difference in the floral emissions of the studied species. Moreover, floral VOCs profiles allowed to differentiate two forms of T. xiphioides and of T. crocata.
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27
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Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Rosol TJ, Davidsen JM, Harman CL, Lu V, Taylor SV. FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Origanum oil, thyme oil and related phenol derivative-containing flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 155:112378. [PMID: 34217738 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients, mostly consisting of a variety of essential oils and botanical extracts. This publication, seventh in the series, re-evaluates NFCs with constituent profiles dominated by phenolic derivatives including carvacrol, thymol and related compounds using a constituent-based procedure first published in 2005 and updated in 2018. The procedure is based on the chemical characterization of each NFC as intended for commerce and the estimated intake of the constituent congeneric groups. The procedure applies the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept and evaluates relevant data on absorption, metabolism, genotoxic potential and toxicology of the constituent congeneric groups and the NFC under evaluation. Herein, the FEMA Expert Panel affirmed the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status of seven phenolic derivative-based NFCs, Origanum Oil (Extractive) (FEMA 2828), Savory Summer Oil (FEMA 3013), Savory Summer Oleoresin (FEMA 3014), Savory Winter Oil (FEMA 3016), Savory Winter Oleoresin (FEMA 3017), Thyme Oil (FEMA 3064) and Thyme White Oil (FEMA 3065) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- University of Kaiserslautern, Germany (Retired), Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion, Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jeanne M Davidsen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Vivian Lu
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Scientific Secretary to the FEMA Expert Panel, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA.
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28
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Gurav TP, Dholakia BB, Giri AP. A glance at the chemodiversity of Ocimum species: Trends, implications, and strategies for the quality and yield improvement of essential oil. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2021; 21:879-913. [PMID: 34366748 PMCID: PMC8326315 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-021-09767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ocimum species represent commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants. The essential oil biosynthesized by Ocimum species is enriched with specialized metabolites specifically, terpenoids and phenylpropanoids. Interestingly, various Ocimum species are known to exhibit diverse chemical profiles, and this chemical diversity has been at the center of many studies to identify commercially important chemotypes. Here, we present various chemotypes from the Ocimum species and emphasize trends, implications, and strategies for the quality and yield improvement of essential oil. Globally, many Ocimum species have been analyzed for their essential oil composition in over 50 countries. Asia represents the highest number of chemotypes, followed by Africa, South America, and Europe. Ocimum basilicum L. has been the most widespread and well-studied species, followed by O. gratissimum L., O. tenuiflorum L., O. canum Sims, O. americanum and O. kilimandscharicum Gürke. Moreover, various molecular reasons, benefits, adverse health effects and mechanisms behind this vast chemodiversity have been discussed. Different strategies of plant breeding, metabolic engineering, transgenic, and tissue-culture, along with anatomical modifications, are surveyed to enhance specific chemotypic profiles and essential oil yield in numerous Ocimum species. Consequently, chemical characterization of the essential oil obtained from Ocimum species has become indispensable for its proper utilization. The present chemodiversity knowledge from Ocimum species will help to exploit various applications in the industrial, agriculture, biopharmaceutical, and food sectors. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11101-021-09767-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja P. Gurav
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | | | - Ashok P. Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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Berenguer C, Pereira JA, Câmara JS. Fingerprinting the volatile profile of traditional tobacco and e-cigarettes: A comparative study. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Bioactivation of estragole and anethole leads to common adducts in DNA and hemoglobin. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112253. [PMID: 34015424 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Estragole and anethole are secondary metabolites occurring in a variety of commonly used herbs like fennel, basil, and anise. Estragole is genotoxic and carcinogenic in rodents, which depends on the formation of 1'-sulfoxyestragole after hydroxylation and subsequent sulfoconjugation catalyzed by CYP and SULT, respectively. It was hypothesized recently that anethole may be bioactivated via the same metabolic pathways. Incubating estragole with hepatic S9-fractions from rats and humans, specific adducts with hemoglobin (N-(isoestragole-3-yl)-valine, IES-Val) and DNA (isoestragole-2'-deoxyguanosine and isoestragole-2'-deoxyadenosine) were formed. An isotope-dilution technique was developed for the quantification of IES-Val after cleavage with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) according to a modified Edman degradation. The same adducts, albeit at lower levels, were also detected in reactions with anethole, indicating the formation of 3'-hydroxyanethole and the reactive 3'-sulfoxyanethole. Finally, we conducted a pilot investigation in which IES-Val levels in human blood were determined during and after the consumption of an estragole- and anethole-rich fennel tea for four weeks. A significant increase of IES-Val levels was observed during the consumption phase and followed by a continuous decrease during the washout period. IES-Val may be used to monitor the internal exposure to the common reactive genotoxic metabolites of estragole and anethole, 1'-sulfoxyestragole and 3'-sulfoxyanethole, respectively.
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Yang X, Feng Y, Zhang Z, Wang H, Li W, Wang DO, Peng Y, Zheng J. In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence for RNA Adduction Resulting from Metabolic Activation of Methyleugenol. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15134-15141. [PMID: 33296206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methyleugenol (ME) is a ubiquitous component in spices and other culinary herbal products. A prevailing theory in ME toxicity is its ability to be metabolically activated by P450 enzymes and sulfotransferases, which initiates sequential reactions of the resulting metabolites with functional biomolecules. The present study aimed at a potential interaction between the reactive metabolites of ME and RNA. Cultured mouse primary hepatocytes were incubated with ME followed by RNA extraction and NaOH and alkaline phosphatase-based RNA hydrolysis. Three adenosine adducts were detected in the hydrolytic mixture by LC-MS/MS. The same adenosine adducts were also detected in hepatic tissues harvested from ME-treated mice. These three adducts were chemically synthesized and structurally characterized by 1H NMR. Additionally, two guanosine adducts and one cytidine adduct were detected in the in vivo samples. These results provided solid evidence that the reactive metabolites of ME attacked RNA, resulting in RNA adduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yukun Feng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institute of Shandong Xinhua Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zibo 255000, China
| | - Zhengyu Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Dan Ohtan Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Omaiye EE, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Pankow JF, Talbot P. Electronic Cigarette Refill Fluids Sold Worldwide: Flavor Chemical Composition, Toxicity, and Hazard Analysis. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2972-2987. [PMID: 33225688 PMCID: PMC8166200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Flavor chemicals in electronic cigarette (EC) fluids, which may negatively impact human health, have been studied in a limited number of countries/locations. To gain an understanding of how the composition and concentrations of flavor chemicals in ECs are influenced by product sale location, we evaluated refill fluids manufactured by one company (Ritchy LTD) and purchased worldwide. Flavor chemicals were identified and quantified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). We then screened the fluids for their effects on cytotoxicity (MTT assay) and proliferation (live-cell imaging) and tested authentic standards of specific flavor chemicals to identify those that were cytotoxic at concentrations found in refill fluids. A total of 126 flavor chemicals were detected in 103 bottles of refill fluid, and their number per/bottle ranged from 1-50 based on our target list. Two products had none of the flavor chemicals on our target list, nor did they have any nontargeted flavor chemicals. A total of 28 flavor chemicals were present at concentrations ≥1 mg/mL in at least one product, and 6 of these were present at concentrations ≥10 mg/mL. The total flavor chemical concentration was ≥1 mg/mL in 70% of the refill fluids and ≥10 mg/mL in 26%. For sub-brand duplicate bottles purchased in different countries, flavor chemical concentrations were similar and induced similar responses in the in vitro assays (cytotoxicity and cell growth inhibition). The levels of furaneol, benzyl alcohol, ethyl maltol, ethyl vanillin, corylone, and vanillin were significantly correlated with cytotoxicity. The margin of exposure calculations showed that pulegone and estragole levels were high enough in some products to present a nontrivial calculated risk for cancer. Flavor chemical concentrations in refill fluids often exceeded concentrations permitted in other consumer products. These data support the regulation of flavor chemicals in EC products to reduce their potential for producing both cancer and noncancer toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther E. Omaiye
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, California, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology. University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Chemistry Portland State University. Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kevin J. McWhirter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - James F. Pankow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Chemistry Portland State University. Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology. University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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Abstract
This perspective study addresses the main causes of adverse reactions to foods in humans, by taking into account the main allergic reactions that may occur as a result of food ingestion, as well the main allergens present in food and how their allergenicity change as a result of food preparation. In addition, European legislation on food labeling and novel foods was taken into account. The case study of this perspective is on the potential allergenicity of edible flowers as well as evidence of phytochemistry and toxic compounds and the risk associated with their ingestion. Regarding edible flowers, a key issue to address is if they are safe to consume or not. In the framework of the project “Innovative activities for the development of the cross-border supply chain of the edible flower” (ANTEA), we considered 62 different species and varieties of edible flowers. The results obtained by consulting two databases on allergens, COMPRISE and Allergen Nomenclature, marked two alerts for two species of edible flowers selected in the project. Moreover, based on edible flower consumption, about ten grams per serving, and on their protein content, we can also state that the risk of allergic reactions due to edible flower ingestion is very low.
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Schulte-Hubbert R, Küpper JH, Thomas AD, Schrenk D. Estragole: DNA adduct formation in primary rat hepatocytes and genotoxic potential in HepG2-CYP1A2 cells. Toxicology 2020; 444:152566. [PMID: 32853702 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Estragole is a natural constituent in herbs and spices and in products thereof such as essential oils or herbal teas. After cytochrome P450-catalyzed hydroxylation and subsequent sulfation, estragole acts as a genotoxic hepatocarcinogen forming DNA adducts in rodent liver. Because of the genotoxic mode of action and the widespread occurrence in food and phytomedicines a refined risk assessment for estragole is needed. We analyzed the time- and concentration-dependent levels of the DNA adducts N2-(isoestragole-3'-yl)-2'-desoxyguanosine (E3'N2dG) and N6-(isoestragole-3'-yl)-desoxyadenosine (E3'N6dA), reported to be the major adducts formed in rat liver, in rat hepatocytes (pRH) in primary culture after incubation with estragole. DNA adduct levels were measured via UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS using stable isotope dilution analysis. Both adducts were formed in pRH and could already be quantified after an incubation time of 1 h (E3'N6dA at 10 μM, E3'N2dG at 1μM estragole). E3'N2dG, the main adduct at all incubation times and concentrations, could be detected at estragole concentrations < 0.1 μM after 24 h and < 0.5 μM after 48 h. Adduct levels were highest after 6 h and showed a downward trend at later time-points, possibly due to DNA repair and/or apoptosis. While the concentration-response characteristics of adduct formation were apparently linear over the whole concentration range, strong indication for marked hypo-linearity was obtained when the modeling was based on concentrations < 1 μM only. In the micronucleus assay no mutagenic potential of estragole was found in HepG2 cells whereas in HepG2-CYP1A2 cells 1 μM estragole led to a 3.2 fold and 300 μM to a 7.1 fold increase in micronuclei counts. Our findings suggest the existence of a 'practical threshold' dose for DNA adduct formation as an initiating key event of the carcinogenicity of estragole indicating that the default assumption of concentration-response-linearity is questionable, at least for the two major adducts studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Schulte-Hubbert
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jan-Heiner Küpper
- Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Adam D Thomas
- Centre for the Research in Biosciences (CRIB), UWE, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Guo KF, Dai M, Liu YM, Zhang JC, Chen YM, Ye H, Li MB, Mao RR, Cao J. Acute Administration of Methyleugenol Impairs Hippocampus-Dependent Contextual Fear Memory and Increases Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7490-7497. [PMID: 32551566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methyleugenol (ME) as a natural essential oil in many plant species is widely used in human food and beverage for its fragrance and possible beneficial health effects. Previous chronic or subacute studies in rodents show that ME mainly causes liver toxicity. However, whether and how acute ME affects the central nervous system still remain elusive. Here, we found that ME administrated into the hippocampus impaired the acquisition of hippocampus-dependent contextual fear memory in mice (ME vs control: repeated-measures two-way ANOVA, F(5,70) = 2.937, p < 0.05; Fisher test, p < 0.05, respectively, 53 ± 5.2% vs 73 ± 7.6% during trial 4 and 46.8 ± 6% vs 74.5 ± 9.3% during trial 5). Meanwhile, acute ME impaired hippocampal CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP; ME vs control: independent t-test, p < 0.01, 110.6 ± 1.8% vs 133.3 ± 5.6%) while facilitated long-term depression (LTD; p < 0.01, 75.7 ± 3.4% vs 88.6 ± 1.7%) in mice brain slices and inducing a decrease in learning-dependent phosphorylation of Ser831 (ME vs control: independent t-test, p < 0.001, 0.87 ± 0.03 vs 1.23 ± 0.03) and Ser845 (p < 0.01, 0.42 ± 0.07 vs 0.97 ± 0.14) sites of excitatory glutamate AMPA receptor subunit 1 (GluA1) in the hippocampus, which may be the underlying mechanisms of impairment of hippocampus-dependent learning. In addition, intrahippocampal infusion of ME also increased anxiety-like behaviors in mice. These results suggested that acute ME impaired the hippocampus function at behavioral, cellular, and molecular levels, indicating the potential risks of ME on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Fei Guo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaption and Evolutionary Ecology and School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Man Dai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaption and Evolutionary Ecology and School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Yi-Miao Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaption and Evolutionary Ecology and School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Ji-Chuan Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yan-Mei Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Hui Ye
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Man-Bi Li
- Yunnan Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650034, China
| | - Rong-Rong Mao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaption and Evolutionary Ecology and School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
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Identification of a transcriptomic signature of food-relevant genotoxins in human HepaRG hepatocarcinoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 140:111297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hartwig A, Arand M, Epe B, Guth S, Jahnke G, Lampen A, Martus HJ, Monien B, Rietjens IMCM, Schmitz-Spanke S, Schriever-Schwemmer G, Steinberg P, Eisenbrand G. Mode of action-based risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1787-1877. [PMID: 32542409 PMCID: PMC7303094 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The risk assessment of chemical carcinogens is one major task in toxicology. Even though exposure has been mitigated effectively during the last decades, low levels of carcinogenic substances in food and at the workplace are still present and often not completely avoidable. The distinction between genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens has traditionally been regarded as particularly relevant for risk assessment, with the assumption of the existence of no-effect concentrations (threshold levels) in case of the latter group. In contrast, genotoxic carcinogens, their metabolic precursors and DNA reactive metabolites are considered to represent risk factors at all concentrations since even one or a few DNA lesions may in principle result in mutations and, thus, increase tumour risk. Within the current document, an updated risk evaluation for genotoxic carcinogens is proposed, based on mechanistic knowledge regarding the substance (group) under investigation, and taking into account recent improvements in analytical techniques used to quantify DNA lesions and mutations as well as "omics" approaches. Furthermore, wherever possible and appropriate, special attention is given to the integration of background levels of the same or comparable DNA lesions. Within part A, fundamental considerations highlight the terms hazard and risk with respect to DNA reactivity of genotoxic agents, as compared to non-genotoxic agents. Also, current methodologies used in genetic toxicology as well as in dosimetry of exposure are described. Special focus is given on the elucidation of modes of action (MOA) and on the relation between DNA damage and cancer risk. Part B addresses specific examples of genotoxic carcinogens, including those humans are exposed to exogenously and endogenously, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and the corresponding alcohols as well as some alkylating agents, ethylene oxide, and acrylamide, but also examples resulting from exogenous sources like aflatoxin B1, allylalkoxybenzenes, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx), benzo[a]pyrene and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Additionally, special attention is given to some carcinogenic metal compounds, which are considered indirect genotoxins, by accelerating mutagenicity via interactions with the cellular response to DNA damage even at low exposure conditions. Part C finally encompasses conclusions and perspectives, suggesting a refined strategy for the assessment of the carcinogenic risk associated with an exposure to genotoxic compounds and addressing research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hartwig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michael Arand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Department of Toxicology, IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jahnke
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Martus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Schriever-Schwemmer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Retired Senior Professor for Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Cellular levels and molecular dynamics simulations of estragole DNA adducts point at inefficient repair resulting from limited distortion of the double-stranded DNA helix. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1349-1365. [PMID: 32185416 PMCID: PMC7225201 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Estragole, naturally occurring in a variety of herbs and spices, can form DNA adducts after bioactivation. Estragole DNA adduct formation and repair was studied in in vitro liver cell models, and a molecular dynamics simulation was used to investigate the conformation dependent (in)efficiency of N2-(trans-isoestragol-3'-yl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (E-3'-N2-dG) DNA adduct repair. HepG2, HepaRG cells, primary rat hepatocytes and CHO cells (including CHO wild-type and three NER-deficient mutants) were exposed to 50 μM estragole or 1'-hydroxyestragole and DNA adduct formation was quantified by LC-MS immediately following exposure and after a period of repair. Results obtained from CHO cell lines indicated that NER plays a role in repair of E-3'-N2-dG adducts, however, with limited efficiency since in the CHO wt cells 80% DNA adducts remained upon 24 h repair. Inefficiency of DNA repair was also found in HepaRG cells and primary rat hepatocytes. Changes in DNA structure resulting from E-3'-N2-dG adduct formation were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. Results from molecular dynamics simulations revealed that conformational changes in double-stranded DNA by E-3'-N2-dG adduct formation are small, providing a possible explanation for the restrained repair, which may require larger distortions in the DNA structure. NER-mediated enzymatic repair of E-3'-N2-dG DNA adducts upon exposure to estragole will be limited, providing opportunities for accumulation of damage upon repeated daily exposure. The inability of this enzymatic repair is likely due to a limited distortion of the DNA double-stranded helix resulting in inefficient activation of nucleotide excision repair.
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Gooderham NJ, Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Rosol TJ, Bastaki M, Linman MJ, Taylor SV. The safety evaluation of food flavoring substances: the role of genotoxicity studies. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:1-27. [PMID: 32162576 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1712589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) Expert Panel relies on the weight of evidence from all available data in the safety evaluation of flavoring substances. This process includes data from genotoxicity studies designed to assess the potential of a chemical agent to react with DNA or otherwise cause changes to DNA, either in vitro or in vivo. The Panel has reviewed a large number of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies during the course of its ongoing safety evaluations of flavorings. The adherence of genotoxicity studies to standardized protocols and guidelines, the biological relevance of the results from those studies, and the human relevance of these studies are all important considerations in assessing whether the results raise specific concerns for genotoxic potential. The Panel evaluates genotoxicity studies not only for evidence of genotoxicity hazard, but also for the probability of risk to the consumer in the context of exposure from their use as flavoring substances. The majority of flavoring substances have given no indication of genotoxic potential in studies evaluated by the FEMA Expert Panel. Examples illustrating the assessment of genotoxicity data for flavoring substances and the consideration of the factors noted above are provided. The weight of evidence approach adopted by the FEMA Expert Panel leads to a rational assessment of risk associated with consumer intake of flavoring substances under the conditions of use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Food Chemistry & Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern (retired), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Maria Bastaki
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew J Linman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, USA
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40
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Prinsloo G, Steffens F, Vervoort J, Rietjens IM. Risk assessment of herbal supplements containing ingredients that are genotoxic and carcinogenic. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:567-579. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1686456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Prinsloo
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Francois Steffens
- Department of Consumer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Monien BH, Sachse B, Niederwieser B, Abraham K. Detection of N-Acetyl-S-[3′-(4-methoxyphenyl)allyl]-l-Cys (AMPAC) in Human Urine Samples after Controlled Exposure to Fennel Tea: A New Metabolite of Estragole and trans-Anethole. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2260-2267. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard H. Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Sachse
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bela Niederwieser
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Abraham
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
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42
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Wen B, Gorycki P. Bioactivation of herbal constituents: mechanisms and toxicological relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:453-497. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1655570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Peter Gorycki
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
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43
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Gharib R, Haydar S, Charcosset C, Fourmentin S, Greige-Gerges H. First study on the release of a natural antimicrobial agent, estragole, from freeze-dried delivery systems based on cyclodextrins and liposomes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kobets T, Cartus AT, Fuhlbrueck JA, Brengel A, Stegmüller S, Duan JD, Brunnemann KD, Williams GM. Assessment and characterization of DNA adducts produced by alkenylbenzenes in fetal turkey and chicken livers. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:424-433. [PMID: 31077736 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Formation of DNA adducts by five alkenylbenzenes, safrole, methyl eugenol, eugenol, and asarone with either α- or β-conformation, was analyzed in fetal avian livers in two in ovo models. DNA reactivity of the carcinogens safrole and methyl eugenol was previously demonstrated in the turkey egg model, whereas non-genotoxic eugenol was negative. In the current study, alkenylbenzenes were also tested in the chicken egg model. Injections with alkenylbenzenes were administered to fertilized turkey or chicken eggs for three consecutive days. Three hours after the last injection, liver samples were evaluated for DNA adduct formation using the 32P-nucleotide postlabeling assay. DNA samples from turkey livers were also analyzed for adducts using mass spectrometry. In both species, genotoxic alkenylbenzenes safrole, methyl eugenol, α- and β-asarone produced DNA adducts, the presence and nature of which, with exception of safrole, were confirmed by mass spectrometry, validating the sensitivity of the 32P-postlabeling assay. Overall, the results of testing were congruent between fetal turkey and chicken livers, confirming that these organisms can be used interchangeably. Moreover, data obtained in both models is comparable to genotoxicity findings in other species, supporting the usefulness of avian models for the assessment of genotoxicity as a potential alternative to animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- New York Medical College, Department of Pathology, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
| | - Alexander T Cartus
- University of Kaiserslautern, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Julia A Fuhlbrueck
- University of Kaiserslautern, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Alexander Brengel
- University of Kaiserslautern, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Stegmüller
- University of Kaiserslautern, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jian-Dong Duan
- New York Medical College, Department of Pathology, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Klaus D Brunnemann
- New York Medical College, Department of Pathology, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Gary M Williams
- New York Medical College, Department of Pathology, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
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Levels of methyleugenol and eugenol in instant herbal beverages available on the Indonesian market and related risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:467-478. [PMID: 30721739 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence and accompanying risks of methyleugenol and eugenol in herbal beverages available on the Indonesian market were evaluated. Methyleugenol was detected in 49 out of 114 samples, at levels amounting to 2.6-443.7 μg/g, while 4 samples contained eugenol at 21.4-101.2 μg/g. The EDI resulting from drinking these preparations amounted to 0.1-51.2 μg/kg bw/day and 1.1-3.3 μg/kg bw/day, respectively for samples targeted at adults and children. A BMDL10 value of 22.2 mg/kg bw/day for methyleugenol was defined using literature data and model averaging. MOE values were below 10,000 for 46 samples (40.4%), indicating a priority for risk management when assuming daily lifelong consumption, while the EDI for 4 samples containing eugenol did not exceed the ADI of 2.5 mg/kg bw thus did not raise a concern for human health. Using Haber's rule to correct for less than lifetime exposure, consumption of methyleugenol via these beverages would be of low concern when consumed for less than 2 weeks/year during a lifetime. This conclusion holds for herbal beverages collected by targeted sampling, not for all herbal beverages on the Indonesian market. The study provides data that can support establishment of a maximum permitted level (MPL) for methyleugenol in herbal beverages in Indonesia.
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Liu YM, Fan HR, Deng S, Zhu T, Yan Y, Ge WH, Li WG, Li F. Methyleugenol Potentiates Central Amygdala GABAergic Inhibition and Reduces Anxiety. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:1-10. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.250779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Usai M, Marchetti M, Culeddu N, Mulas M. Chemical Composition of Myrtle ( Myrtus communis L.) Berries Essential Oils as Observed in a Collection of Genotypes. Molecules 2018; 23:E2502. [PMID: 30274291 PMCID: PMC6222690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) is a shrub spontaneously growing in the Mediterranean area. The leaf and fruit content of essential oils and phenolic compounds justify the wide use of the plant as medicinal and aromatic. Because of overexploitation of wild plants, a domestication process is in progress in different regions and the influence of the genotype variability on the chemical composition of fruit essential oils may be useful to breeding programs. Consequently, the analysis performed on a selected group of candidate clones growing in the same field collection in Sardinia is the object of this report. Forty-seven selections provided fully ripe fruits for essential oil extraction by hydrodistillation and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Only five candidate clones showed white fruits. The highest yield of essential oil was observed in the LAC31 genotype with 0.55 g·kg-1, while the samples BOS1, MON5, RUM4, RUM10, V4 and V8 showed values above 0.20 g·kg-1 and most of the genotypes under 0.10 g·kg-1. Geranyl acetate was the compound with the highest relative abundance. The second compound for relative abundance was the 1,8-cineole. Other compounds with high relative abundance were α-terpinyl acetate, methyleugenol, linalool, α-terpineol, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, Trans-caryophyllene oxide, and humulene epoxide II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Usai
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Mauro Marchetti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Trav. La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Nicola Culeddu
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Trav. La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Mulas
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Via De Nicola 9, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Lin T, Li C, Liu J, Smith BH, Lei H, Zeng X. Glomerular Organization in the Antennal Lobe of the Oriental Fruit Fly Bactrocera dorsalis. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:71. [PMID: 30233333 PMCID: PMC6127620 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis is one of the most destructive pests of horticultural crops in tropical and subtropical Asia. The insect relies heavily on its olfactory system to select suitable hosts for development and reproduction. To understand the neural basis of its odor-driven behaviors, it is fundamental to characterize the anatomy of its olfactory system. In this study, we investigated the anatomical organization of the antennal lobe (AL), the primary olfactory center, in B. dorsalis, and constructed a 3D glomerular atlas of the AL based on synaptic antibody staining combined with computerized 3D reconstruction. To facilitate identification of individual glomeruli, we also applied mass staining of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and projection neurons (PNs). In total, 64 or 65 glomeruli are identifiable in both sexes based on their shape, size, and relative spatial relationship. The overall glomerular volume of two sexes is not statistically different. However, eight glomeruli are sexually dimorphic: four (named AM2, C1, L2, and L3) are larger in males, and four are larger in females (A3, AD1, DM3, and M1). The results from anterograde staining, obtained by applying dye in the antennal lobe, show that three typical medial, media lateral, and lateral antennal-lobe tracts form parallel connections between the antennal lobe and protocerebrum. In addition to these three tracts, we also found a transverse antennal-lobe tract. Based on the retrograde staining of the calyx in the mushroom body, we also characterize the arrangement of roots and cell body clusters linked to the medial antennal-lobe tracts. These data provide a foundation for future studies on the olfactory processing of host odors in B. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaofeng Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Brian H. Smith
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Hong Lei
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Xinnian Zeng
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Martins C, Rueff J, Rodrigues AS. Genotoxic alkenylbenzene flavourings, a contribution to risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:861-879. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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50
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Liu H, Chen ZS, Zhang DJ, Lu YY. BdorOR88a Modulates the Responsiveness to Methyl Eugenol in Mature Males of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Front Physiol 2018; 9:987. [PMID: 30140233 PMCID: PMC6094957 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect attractants are important prevention tools for managing populations of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), which is a highly destructive agricultural pest with health implications in tropical and subtropical countries. Methyl eugenol (ME) is still considered the gold standard of B. dorsalis attractants. Mature male flies use their olfactory system to detect ME, but the molecular mechanism underlying their olfactory detection of ME largely remains unclear. Here, we showed that ME activates the odorant receptors OR63a-1 and OR88a in mature B. dorsalis males antennae by RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR analysis. Interestingly, ME only elicited robust responses in the BdorOR88a/BdorOrco-expressing Xenopus oocytes, thus suggesting that BdorOR88a is necessary for ME reception and tropism in B. dorsalis. Next, our indoor behavioral assays demonstrated that BdorOR63a-1 knockdown had no significant effects on ME detection and tropism. By contrast, reducing the BdorOR88a transcript levels led to a significant decrease in the males' responsiveness to ME. Taken together, our results gave novel insight in the understanding of the olfactory background to the Oriental fruit fly's attraction toward ME.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yong-Yue Lu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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