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Noguchi K, Imahori D, Nishiura R, Nuntawong P, Putalun W, Tanaka H, Morimoto S, Sakamoto S. Advanced quality assessment of Sanshishi (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) and Kampo medicines using a monoclonal antibody against geniposide. Fitoterapia 2024; 174:105829. [PMID: 38278422 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, a plant widely used in traditional medicine, is known for its array of biological activities. A key bioactive compound, geniposide (GE), an iridoid glycoside, significantly contributes to the medicinal properties of the plant, with potential side effects. Thus, a reliable and efficient method for GE detection is required to ensure the quality of medicinal-grade G. jasminoides Ellis. This study developed such a method by first synthesizing GE-bovine serum albumin conjugates to function as immunizing agents in mice. This led to the production of a monoclonal antibody (mAb 3A6) against GE from the fusion of splenocytes from immunized mice with myeloma cells (P3U1), resulting in a hybridoma that produces mAb 3A6. Thereafter, we developed a mAb 3A6-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA). The icELISA exhibited satisfactory sensitivity (0.391-12.5 μg/ml) and repeatability (coefficients of variation <10%). The accuracy of this method was validated through a spike-recovery assay (recovery of 101-112%). Furthermore, the icELISA was employed to determine the GE content in plant and Kampo medicine samples. The GE content positively correlated with those determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet. The proposed icELISA is rapid, cost-effective, and reliable for high-throughput GE detection in G. jasminoides Ellis, thereby contributing to the improved quality control and standardization of this valuable medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Noguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Imahori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, 1-1-1 Daigaku-dori, Yamaguchi 756-0884, Japan
| | - Riko Nishiura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, 1-1-1 Daigaku-dori, Yamaguchi 756-0884, Japan
| | - Poomraphie Nuntawong
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Waraporn Putalun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, 1-1-1 Daigaku-dori, Yamaguchi 756-0884, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Seiichi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Yin S, Niu L, Zhang J, Liu Y. Gardenia yellow pigment: Extraction methods, biological activities, current trends, and future prospects. Food Res Int 2024; 179:113981. [PMID: 38342530 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Food coloring plays a vital role in influencing consumers' food choices, imparting vibrant and appealing colors to various food and beverage products. Synthetic food colorants have been the most commonly used coloring agents in the food industry. However, concerns about potential health issues related to synthetic colorants, coupled with increasing consumer demands for food safety and health, have led food manufacturers to explore natural alternatives. Natural pigments not only offer a wide range of colors to food products but also exhibit beneficial bioactive properties. Gardenia yellow pigment is a water-soluble natural pigment with various biological activities, widely present in gardenia fruits. Therefore, this paper aims to delve into Gardenia Yellow Pigment, highlighting its significance as a food colorant. Firstly, a thorough understanding and exploration of various methods for obtaining gardenia yellow pigment. Subsequently, the potential functionality of gardenia yellow pigment was elaborated, especially its excellent antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. Finally, the widespread application trend of gardenia yellow pigment in the food industry was explored, as well as the challenges faced by the future development of gardenia yellow pigment in the field of food and health. Some feasible solutions were proposed, providing valuable references and insights for researchers, food industry professionals, and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Yin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Liqiong Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Future Food (Bai Ma) Research Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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3
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Ahmed R, Ul Ain Hira N, Wang M, Iqbal S, Yi J, Hemar Y. Genipin, a natural blue colorant precursor: Source, extraction, properties, and applications. Food Chem 2024; 434:137498. [PMID: 37741231 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Natural cross-linkers are extensively employed due to their low toxicity and biocompatibility benefits. Genipin acts as a precursor for producing blue colorants. The formation of these colorants involves the cross-linking reaction between genipin and primary amines present in amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Genipin is extracted from Gardenia jasminoides and Genipa americana. This article explains the cross-linking mechanism of genipin with proteins/polysaccharides to provide an overall understanding of its properties. Furthermore, it explores new sources of genipin and innovative methodologies to make the genipin recovery process efficient. Genipin increases food products' texture, gel strength, stability, and shelf life. The antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of chitosan, gelatin, alginate, and hyaluronic acid increased after genipin cross-linking. Lastly, drawbacks, toxicity, and directions regarding the genipin cross-linking have also been addressed. The review article covers how to recover and cross-link genipin with biopolymers for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmed
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecules Science and Processing, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Noor Ul Ain Hira
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecules Science and Processing, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jiang Yi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecules Science and Processing, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.
| | - Yacine Hemar
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222. Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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Jin C, Zongo AWS, Du H, Lu Y, Yu N, Nie X, Ma A, Ye Q, Xiao H, Meng X. Gardenia ( Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) fruit: a critical review of its functional nutrients, processing methods, health-promoting effects, comprehensive application and future tendencies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-28. [PMID: 37882781 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2270530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Gardenia fruit (GF) is the mature fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, boasting a rich array of nutrients and phytochemicals. Over time, GF has been extensively utilized in both food and medicinal contexts. In recent years, numerous studies have delved into the chemical constituents of GF and their associated pharmacological activities, encompassing its phytochemical composition and health-promoting properties. This review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive summary of GF research, covering nutrient content, extraction technologies, and potential health benefits, offering new avenues for future investigations and highlighting its potential as an innovative food resource. Additionally, the review proposes novel industrial applications for GF, such as utilizing gardenia yellow/red/blue pigments in the food industry and incorporating it with other herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. By addressing current challenges in developing GF-related products, this work provides insights for potential applications in the cosmetics, food, and health products industries. Notably, there is a need for the development of more efficient extraction methods to harness the nutritional components of GF fully. Further research is needed to understand the specific molecular mechanisms underlying its bioactivities. Exploring advanced processing techniques to create innovative GF-derived products will show great promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Jin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Abel Wend-Soo Zongo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hengjun Du
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Yuanchao Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ningxiang Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohua Nie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ashton Ma
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Phillips Academy Andover, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Qin Ye
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Xianghe Meng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Gao Y, Xu X, Zhang X. Targeting different phenotypes of macrophages: A potential strategy for natural products to treat inflammatory bone and joint diseases. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 118:154952. [PMID: 37506402 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages, a key class of immune cells, have a dual role in inflammatory responses, switching between anti-inflammatory M2 and pro-inflammatory M1 subtypes depending on the specific environment. Greater numbers of M1 macrophages correlate with increased production of inflammatory chemicals, decreased osteogenic potential, and eventually bone and joint disorders. Therefore, reversing M1 macrophages polarization is advantageous for lowering inflammatory factors. To better treat inflammatory bone disorders in the future, it may be helpful to gain insight into the specific mechanisms and natural products that modulate macrophage polarization. OBJECTIVE This review examines the impact of programmed cell death and different cells in the bone microenvironment on macrophage polarization, as well as the effects of natural products on the various phenotypes of macrophages, in order to suggest some possibilities for the treatment of inflammatory osteoarthritic disorders. METHODS Using 'macrophage polarization,' 'M1 macrophage' 'M2 macrophage' 'osteoporosis,' 'osteonecrosis of femoral head,' 'osteolysis,' 'gouty arthritis,' 'collagen-induced arthritis,' 'freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis,' 'adjuvant arthritis,' and 'rheumatoid arthritis' as search terms, the relevant literature was searched using the PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases. RESULTS Targeting macrophages through different signaling pathways has become a key mechanism for the treatment of inflammatory bone and joint diseases, including HIF-1α, NF-κB, AKT/mTOR, JAK1/2-STAT1, NF-κB, JNK, ERK, p-38α/β, p38/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, AMPK, AMPK/Sirt1, STAT TLR4/NF-κB, TLR4/NLRP3, NAMPT pathway, as well as the programmed cell death autophagy, pyroptosis and ERS. CONCLUSION As a result of a search of databases, we have summarized the available experimental and clinical evidence supporting herbal products as potential treatment agents for inflammatory osteoarthropathy. In this paper, we outline the various modulatory effects of natural substances targeting macrophages in various diseases, which may provide insight into drug options and directions for future clinical trials. In spite of this, more mechanistic studies on natural substances, as well as pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Gao
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Xilin Xu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Teaching and Research Section of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China.
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Liang J, Wei HX, Zhou YY, Hao LL, Ning JY, Zhang L. Investigation on the potential adverse outcome pathway of the sensitive endpoint for nephrotoxicity induced by gardenia yellow based on an integrated strategy using bioinformatics analysis and in vitro testing validation. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113930. [PMID: 37406755 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
To explore the potential the adverse outcome pathway of Gardenia Yellow (GY)-induced sensitive endpoint for nephrotoxicity, an integrated strategy was applied in the present study. Using bioinformatic analysis, based on the constructed Protein-protein interaction networks, Gene Ontology function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis on the core target network were performed to illustrate the potential gene targets and signal pathways. Then, the most enriched pathway was validated with Cell counting kit-8 assays and Western blot analysis in embryonic kidney epithelial 293 cell models. According to the findings, GY may interact with 321 targets related to the endpoint. The five targets on the top ranking in the PPI network were STAT3, SRC, HRAS, AKT1, EP300. Among them, PI3K/Akt was the most enriched pathway. In vitro testing showed that GY exerted a proliferative effect on the cell variability in a dose-dependent manner. GY at concentration of 1000 μg/ml and stimulation for 30 min can significantly enhance the expression of phosphorylated Akt. Thus, after the quantitative weight of evidence evaluation, Akt phosphorylation induced PI3K/Akt activation was speculated as a molecular initiating event leading to a proliferative and inflammatory response in renal tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Hong-Xin Wei
- Beijing Centers for Disease Prevention and Control /Beijing Research Center for Prevention Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Tracebility Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhou
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Li-Li Hao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Jun-Yu Ning
- Beijing Centers for Disease Prevention and Control /Beijing Research Center for Prevention Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Tracebility Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, China.
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Guo H, Liu X, Jiang Y, He J, Ge W, Hao H, Huang T, He Y, Wen J, Zhou T. Characterization and quantification of the Chinese medical formula Zhi-Zi-Chi decoction, a systematic strategy for the attenuation and synergy of compatibility mechanism. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 223:115130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Thakur M, Modi VK. Biocolorants in food: Sources, extraction, applications and future prospects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4674-4713. [PMID: 36503345 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2144997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Color of a food is one of the major factors influencing its acceptance by consumers. At presently synthetic dyes are the most commonly used food colorant in food industry by providing more esthetically appearance and as a means to quality control. However, the growing concern about health and environmental due to associated toxicity with synthetic food colorants has accelerated the global efforts to replace them with safer and healthy food colorants obtained from natural resources (plants, microorganisms, and animals). Further, many of these biocolorants not only provide myriad of colors to the food but also exert biological properties, thus they can be used as nutraceuticals in foods and beverages. In order to understand the importance of nature-derived pigments as food colorants, this review provides a thorough discussion on the natural origin of food colorants. Following this, different extraction methods for isolating biocolorants from plants and microbes were also discussed. Many of these biocolorants not only provide color, but also have many health promoting properties, for this reason their physicochemical and biological properties were also reviewed. Finally, current trends on the use of biocolorants in foods, and the challenges faced by the biocolorants in their effective utilization by food industry and possible solutions to these challenges were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Thakur
- Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V K Modi
- Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Sustainable fashion: eco-friendly dyeing of wool fiber with novel mixtures of biodegradable natural dyes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21040. [PMID: 36470929 PMCID: PMC9723110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural materials, especially natural colorants, have achieved global prominence and might be regarded as an environmentally beneficial alternative to hazardous synthetic dyes. The color limitation of natural dyes hinders their application in textiles. The present work aims to prepare more color shades of wool yarns via dyeing with ternary natural dye mixtures without adding mordants. In this study, a sustainable dyeing approach for wool yarn was evaluated with three natural dyes, madder red (MR), gardenia blue (GB), and gardenia yellow (GY), by following an industrial dyeing procedure in the absence of a mordant. In the beginning, a preliminary assessment of dye stabilities was carried out, and it was found that the three natural dyes were sensitive to temperature and acid (degradation tendency). Then, the dyeing behavior was systematically evaluated, including a single natural dye, a binary natural dye mixture, and a ternary natural dye mixture. The results of wool yarn dyeing with a single natural dye show that the dye exhaustion percentage (E%) of MR, GY, and GB was in the ranges of 78.7-94.1%, 13.4-44.1%, and 54.8-68.5%, respectively. The dyeing results of wool yarns dyed with binary and ternary natural dye mixtures (a color triangle framework of dyed wool yarn) were characterized by colorimetric values (L*, a*, b*, C*, h, and K/S), and are presented to enlighten various colorful shades. Finally, color uniformity and colorfastness tests confirmed the vital contribution of natural dyes toward wool yarn coloration. Particularly, colorfastness to washing confirmed the stability of natural dyes with reference to the lower amount of dyes released into the effluent, which is beneficial for the environment. Overall, this study provides a good background for enhancing the industrialization trend of natural dyes by modulating their dyeing scheme.
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Shahbaz K, Chang D, Zhou X, Low M, Seto SW, Li CG. Crocins for Ischemic Stroke: A Review of Current Evidence. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:825842. [PMID: 35991882 PMCID: PMC9388830 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.825842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocins (CRs) and the related active constituents derived from Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) have demonstrated protective effects against cerebral ischemia and ischemic stroke, with various bioactivities including neuroprotection, anti-neuroinflammation, antioxidant, and cardiovascular protection. Among CRs, crocin (CR) has been shown to act on multiple mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke, including mitochondrial apoptosis, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of B cells pathway, S100 calcium-binding protein B, interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A. CR is generally safe and well-tolerated. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that CR has poor bioavailability and needs to convert to crocetin (CC) in order to cross the blood-brain barrier. Clinical studies have shown the efficacy of saffron and CR in treating various conditions, including metabolic syndrome, depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and coronary artery disease. There is evidence supporting CR as a treatment for ischemic stroke, although further studies are needed to confirm their efficacy and safety in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Shahbaz
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kiran Shahbaz, ; Chung Guang Li,
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Mitchell Low
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Sai Wang Seto
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Reserach Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kiran Shahbaz, ; Chung Guang Li,
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Do B, Kwon H. Genotoxicity test of eight natural color additives in the Korean market. Genes Environ 2022; 44:19. [PMID: 35676722 PMCID: PMC9175484 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-022-00247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various natural color additives are preferred by many consumers over synthetic color additives because they are perceived to be safer. However, most do not have sufficient toxicity data for safety assurance. Color ingredients in particular have some structures suspected of being toxic. Eight natural color additives, gardenia red, blue, and yellow; lac color; cochineal extract; beet red; Curcuma longa Linne extract (Curcuma extract); and Monascus red, currently permitted for use in Korea, were selected and subjected to genotoxicity tests. Acceptable daily intake values have not been allocated to these color additives (except for cochineal extract) due to the lack of toxicity data. We used genotoxicity testing-the bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test), in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, and in vivo alkaline comet test-for minimum safety assurance. RESULTS Gardenia red and blue, cochineal extract, lac color, and beet red did not induce mutagenicity or chromosomal abnormalities. Gardenia yellow was mutagenic in the Ames test, but was not positive in the in vitro chromosomal aberration test or in vivo alkaline comet assay. Curcuma extract and Monascus red induced cytotoxicity in the Ames test at high concentrations in Salmonella typhimurium TA1537 and TA100, without showing mutagenicity. On cytotoxicity testing, Curcuma extract and Monascus red showed cytotoxicity at concentrations higher than 313 μg/ml in Chinese hamster ovary CHO-K1 cells and showed equivocal results in chromosomal aberration assay of the same cells. Curcuma extract and Monascus red produced significant increases in DNA damage at a dose of 2000 mg/kg b.w./day, and induced dose-dependent increases in % DNA in the tail and tail moment on in vivo comet assay. CONCLUSIONS Six out of eight food colorants did not cause genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. However, Monascus red and Curcuma extract showed definite cytotoxicity and probable genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungkyung Do
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1 Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonjeong Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1 Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, Wu Z, Liu B, Lu J, Tanumiharjo S, Huang J, Zhao X, Lu L. Efficacy and safety of scleral crosslinking using poly(ethylene glycol)ether tetrasuccinimidyl glutarate for form-deprivation myopia progression in rabbits. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31746-31755. [PMID: 35496866 PMCID: PMC9041537 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05533j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide at an alarming rate. However, no effective treatment is available for inhibiting myopia progression. Materials chemistry advancements have made it possible to regulate mechanical properties and rate of degradation with good compatibility by developing newly crosslinking systems such as the branched polyethylene glycol (PEG) systems. Herein, we presented a PEG molecule with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester functional groups at the chain ends as a macromolecular crosslinking agent for the treatment of myopia. We found that the scleral collagen crosslinked with the four-armed star-shaped PEG molecule with NHS ester functional group (4S-PEG) showed better biomechanical properties, increased thermal stability and higher resistance to degradation. 4S-PEG exhibited relatively low cytotoxicity for human fetal scleral fibroblasts. The retrobulbar injection of 4S-PEG at a relatively low concentration (2.5 mM) showed good effective control of the progression of form-deprivation myopia in rabbits. There were no signs of adverse effect or damage by repeated injections with 4S-PEG in rabbits. The results of this work demonstrate that 4S-PEG can serve as a robust macromolecular crosslinking agent and is expected to have promise for application in the treatment of the progression of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Zhenquan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Bingqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Jiang Lu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Silvia Tanumiharjo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Jianbing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Xiujuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Lin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510060 China
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Song YN, Wang Y, Zheng YH, Liu TL, Zhang C. Crocins: A comprehensive review of structural characteristics, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effects. Fitoterapia 2021; 153:104969. [PMID: 34147548 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Crocins, as a kind of water-soluble carotenoid pigment, are a series of ester compounds formed from crocetin and gentibiose or glucose, and mainly distributed among Crocus sativus L. (CSL), Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. (GJE). Crocins exhibit a wide range of pharmacological effects on neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, depression, liver disease, arthritis, tumor, diabetes, etc. This review systematically discussed the pharmacologic study of crocins in the aspect of structural characteristic and pharmacokinetics, and summarized the mechanism of treating disease. It summarized the abundant research of crocins from 1984 to 2020 based on the above aspects, which provide a reference for the deeply development and application of crocins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Song
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ying-Hao Zheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | | | - Cun Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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14
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Xia ZS, Hao EW, Wei YT, Hou XT, Chen ZM, Wei M, Du ZC, Deng JG. Genipin induces developmental toxicity through oxidative stress and apoptosis in zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 241:108951. [PMID: 33316388 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genipin, an iridoid substance, is mainly derived from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis of the traditional Chinese medicine and is widely used in raw materials for the food additive gardenia blue and biological materials. The developmental toxicity of genipin has not been investigated, and its underlying mechanism is unclear. Therefore, in this study we attempt to investigate the potential developmental toxicity of genipin in zebrafish embryos/larvae. The results showed zebrafish embryos treated with 50 μg/ml dose of genipin display inhibited hatching rates and body length. The pericardial edema was observed. It was also found that genipin could induce cardio-toxicity, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. After genipin treatment, the suppression of antioxidant capacity and increase of oxidative stress were showed for the triggered generation of ROS and MDA, and decreased activity of SOD. Compared with the 0.5% DMSO group, a number of apoptotic cells in zebrafish were increased after genipin exposure. By measuring marker gene expression with the using of qRT-PCR, we proposed that developmental toxicity after genipin treatment might be associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis increase. Our research offers a better understanding for developmental toxicity of genipin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Shang Xia
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Er-Wei Hao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Yan-Ting Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Zhang-Mei Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Man Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Zheng-Cai Du
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China.
| | - Jia-Gang Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China.
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15
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Cerdá-Bernad D, Valero-Cases E, Pastor JJ, Frutos MJ. Saffron bioactives crocin, crocetin and safranal: effect on oxidative stress and mechanisms of action. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:3232-3249. [PMID: 33356506 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1864279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is used as a spice for its organoleptic characteristics related to its coloring and flavoring properties, and it has been also used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases. The main chemical components responsible for these properties are crocin, crocetin and safranal. These compounds have been shown to have a wide spectrum of biological activities, including several properties as antigenotoxic, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, hypotensive, hypoglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antidegenerative and antidepressant, among others. This review article highlights the antioxidant effects of these bioactive compounds to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the mechanisms of action involved, since there are a multitude of diseases related to oxidative stress and the generation of free radicals (FRs). Recent studies have shown that the effects of crocin, crocetin and safranal against oxidative stress include the reduction in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA] levels) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, and the increase in the levels of glutathione, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase [GPx]) and thiol content. Therefore, due to the great antioxidant effects of these saffron compounds, it makes saffron a potential source of bioactive extracts for the development of bioactive ingredients, which can be used to produce functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Cerdá-Bernad
- Research Group on Quality and Safety, Food Technology Department, Miguel Hernández University, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Estefanía Valero-Cases
- Research Group on Quality and Safety, Food Technology Department, Miguel Hernández University, Orihuela, Spain
| | | | - María José Frutos
- Research Group on Quality and Safety, Food Technology Department, Miguel Hernández University, Orihuela, Spain
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16
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Fan X, Lin L, Cui B, Zhao T, Mao L, Song Y, Wang X, Feng H, Qingxiang Y, Zhang J, Jiang K, Cao X, Wang B, Sun C. Therapeutic potential of genipin in various acute liver injury, fulminant hepatitis, NAFLD and other non-cancer liver diseases: More friend than foe. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104945. [PMID: 32454225 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genipin is an aglycone derived from the geniposide, the most abundant iridoid glucoside constituent of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. For decades, genipin is the focus of studies as a versatile compound in the treatment of various pathogenic conditions. In particularly, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of liver disease. Mounting experimental data has proved genipin possesses therapeutic potential for cholestatic, septic, ischemia/reperfusion-triggered acute liver injury, fulminant hepatitis and NAFLD. This critical review is a reflection on the valuable lessons from decades of research regarding pharmacological activities of genipin. Of note, genipin represents choleretic effect by potentiating bilirubin disposal and enhancement of genes in charge of the efflux of a number of organic anions. The anti-inflammatory capability of genipin is mediated by suppression of the production and function of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammasome. Moreover, genipin modulates various transcription factor and signal transduction pathway. Genipin appears to trigger the upregulation of several key genes encoding antioxidant and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Furthermore, the medicinal impact of genipin extends to modulation of regulated cell death, including autophagic cell death, apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, and modulation of quality of cellular organelle. Another crucial effect of genipin appears to be linked to dual role in targeting uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2). As a typical UCP2-inhibiting compound, genipin could inhibit AMP-activated protein kinase or NF-κB in circumstance. On the contrary, reactive oxygen species production and cellular lipid deposits mediated by genipin through the upregulation of UCP2 is observed in liver steatosis, suggesting the precise role of genipin is disease-specific. Collectively, we comprehensively summarize the mechanisms and pathways associated with the hepatoprotective activity of genipin and discuss potential toxic impact. Notably, our focus is the direct medicinal effect of genipin itself, whereas its utility as a crosslinking agent in tissue engineering is out of scope for the current review. Further studies are therefore required to disentangle these complicated pharmacological properties to confer this natural agent a far greater potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, East Street 6, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Binxin Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, East Street 6, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Tianming Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lihong Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hongjuan Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Nutriology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Jintang Road 83, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Yu Qingxiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiaocang Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, East Street 6, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China.
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17
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Tang X, Wang Y, Yang W, Zheng Y, Liu C, Qu M, Xu H, Zhang L, Liang J, Fan B. Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study of Gardenia Yellow E500 in Sprague-Dawley Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020531. [PMID: 31947699 PMCID: PMC7014442 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity of gardenia yellow, a natural colorant widely used in China and other Asian countries. An acute toxicity test was performed in S-D rats of both genders and the lethal dose (LD50) of per oral gardenia yellow was estimated to be more than 15.0 g/kg·bw. In the subchronic study, gardenia yellow was orally administered to rats by gavage at doses of 0, 0.50, 1.50 and 4.50 g/kg·bw/day for 90 days followed by a recovery period of 28 days. No appreciable toxic-related changes were observed in the 0.50 g/kg·bw/day group. When the animals received gardenia yellow at 1.50 g/kg·bw/day or more, body weight loss was observed, and pigments began to deposit in several vital organs, resulting in significant changes of several hematological and biochemical indicators related to the nutritional status of the body, liver and kidney function, more severe in the high dose group. In the recovery period, the alterations of the clinical symptoms and parameters were relieved a lot. Based on the results of the current study, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of gardenia yellow E500 in rats was set to be 0.50 g/kg·bw/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiao Tang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China; (X.T.); (Y.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (M.Q.)
| | - Yangfeng Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China; (X.T.); (Y.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (M.Q.)
- Fuling District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Wenxiang Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China; (X.T.); (Y.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (M.Q.)
| | - Yanhua Zheng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China; (X.T.); (Y.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (M.Q.)
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China; (X.T.); (Y.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (M.Q.)
| | - Min Qu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China; (X.T.); (Y.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (M.Q.)
| | - Haibin Xu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China; (H.X.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China; (H.X.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jiang Liang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China; (H.X.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Bolin Fan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China; (X.T.); (Y.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (M.Q.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (B.F.)
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18
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Hashemi M, Hosseinzadeh H. A comprehensive review on biological activities and toxicology of crocetin. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:44-60. [PMID: 31100302 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural products with high pharmacological potential and low toxicity have been considered as the novel therapeutic agents. Crocetin is an active constituent of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) stigma, which in its free-acid form is insoluble in water and most organic solvents. Crocetin exhibits various health-promoting properties including anti-tumor, neuroprotective effects, anti-diabetics, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemia, etc. These therapeutic effects can be achieved with different mechanisms such as improvement of oxygenation in hypoxic tissues, antioxidant effects, inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators, anti-proliferative activity and stimulation of apoptosis in cancer cells. It is also worth considering that crocetin could be tolerated without major toxicity at therapeutic dosage in experimental models. In the present review, we discuss the biosynthesis, pharmacokinetic properties of crocetin and provide a comprehensive study on the biological activities and toxicity along with the mechanism of actions and clinical trials data of crocetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hashemi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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19
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Abd-Elhakim YM, Moustafa GG, Hashem MM, Ali HA, Abo-El-Sooud K, El-Metwally AE. Influence of the long-term exposure to tartrazine and chlorophyll on the fibrogenic signalling pathway in liver and kidney of rats: the expression patterns of collagen 1-α, TGFβ-1, fibronectin, and caspase-3 genes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12368-12378. [PMID: 30847814 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04734-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Colouring agents are highly present in diverse products in the human environment. We aimed to elucidate the fibrogenic cascade triggered by the food dyes tartrazine and chlorophyll. Rats were orally given distilled water, tenfold of the acceptable daily intake of tartrazine, or chlorophyll for 90 consecutive days. Tartrazine-treated rats displayed a significant rise (p < 0.05) in the mRNA levels and immunohistochemical localization of the renal and hepatic fibrotic markers collagen 1-α, TGFβ-1, and fibronectin and the apoptotic marker caspase-3. Moreover, a significant increment (p < 0.05) in the levels of AST, ALP, creatinine, and urea was evident in both experimental groups but more significant differences were noticed in the tartrazine group. Furthermore, we found a marked increment in the MDA level and significant declines (p < 0.05) in the levels of the SOD, CAT, and GSH enzymes in the kidney and liver from tartrazine-treated rats. The histological investigation reinforced the aforementioned data, revealing hepatocytes with fibrous connective tissue proliferation, apoptotic hepatocytes and periportal fibrosis with tubular necrosis, and shrunken glomeruli and interstitial fibrous tissue proliferation. We concluded that, even at the exposure to high concentrations for long durations, chlorophyll exhibited a lower propensity to induce fibrosis, apoptosis, and histopathological perturbations than tartrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina M Abd-Elhakim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Gihan G Moustafa
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Hashem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Haytham A Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jeddah University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Abo-El-Sooud
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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20
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Chen IC, Chang CN, Chen WL, Lin TH, Chao CY, Lin CH, Lin HY, Cheng ML, Chiang MC, Lin JY, Wu YR, Lee-Chen GJ, Chen CM. Targeting Ubiquitin Proteasome Pathway with Traditional Chinese Medicine for Treatment of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:63-95. [PMID: 30612452 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nine autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are caused by an abnormal expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats that encodes a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract within different genes. Accumulation of aggregated mutant proteins is a common feature of polyQ diseases, leading to progressive neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. SCA type 3 (SCA3), the most common form of SCA worldwide, is characterized by a CAG triplet expansion in chromosome 14q32.1 ATXN3 gene. As accumulation of the mutated polyQ protein is a possible initial event in the pathogenic cascade, clearance of aggregated protein by ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has been proposed to inhibit downstream detrimental events and suppress neuronal cell death. In this study, Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) extracts were studied for their proteasome-activating, polyQ aggregation-inhibitory and neuroprotective effects in GFPu and ATXN3/Q 75 -GFP 293/SH-SY5Y cells. Among the 14 tested extracts, 8 displayed increased proteasome activity, which was confirmed by 20S proteasome activity assay and analysis of ubiquitinated and fused GFP proteins in GFPu cells. All the eight extracts displayed good aggregation-inhibitory potential when tested in ATXN3/Q 75 -GFP 293 cells. Among them, neuroprotective effects of five selected extracts were shown by analyses of polyQ aggregation, neurite outgrowth, caspase 3 and proteasome activities, and ATXN3-GFP, ubiquitin, BCL2 and BAX protein levels in neuronal differentiated ATXN3/Q 75 -GFP SH-SY5Y cells. Finally, enhanced proteasome function, anti-oxidative activity and neuroprotection of catalpol, puerarin and daidzein (active constituents of Rehmannia glutinosa and Pueraria lobata) were demonstrated in GFPu and/or ATXN3/Q 75 -GFP 293/SH-SY5Y cells. This study may have therapeutic implication in polyQ-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Cheng Chen
- * Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ning Chang
- † Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ling Chen
- * Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Te-Hsien Lin
- † Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Chao
- * Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Lin
- * Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yuan Lin
- † Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Cheng
- ‡ Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, TaoYuan 33302, Taiwan
| | | | - Jung-Yaw Lin
- † Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Ru Wu
- * Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Jen Lee-Chen
- † Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- * Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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21
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Qian W, Song Q, Ding H, Xie W. Computational simulations of the mass transfer zone in GS adsorption column packed with Fe 3+ type ion exchanger. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:507-514. [PMID: 30340159 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a mesoporous Fe3+ type ion exchanger (DOW-3) was used to adsorb the geniposide (GS) involved in gardenia yellow pigment waste water. To test its viability, the mass transfer zone (MTZ) in dynamic adsorption column that plays an important role in the future scale-up of the GS adsorption process was studied systematically. Simulation of the MTZ behavior under various operation conditions in a packed adsorption column enabled the predictions of breakthrough curves of GS for the mesoporous adsorbent. Several modes of mass transport and processes taking place simultaneously, such as permeation, convection, dispersion and adsorption equilibrium were incorporated in the proposed model. Modeling process firstly affected the behavior of MTZ when it formed and moved throughout the column, and then had a much greater impact on the shape of breakthrough curve in the simulation. The dynamics of MTZ were studied under different adsorption conditions such as various column heights, flow rates and inlet concentrations. Moreover, the post-processing technique and 3D visualization of MTZ simulation results were capable of demonstrating the expanding and progressing of the MTZ related to the adsorption isotherm. The basic findings of MTZ dynamics will be very useful for process scale up. Additionally, the effective molecule docking results obtained from this study, help us fully understand the contribution of various molecular forces in the adsorption mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Qian
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, PR China; School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, PR China.
| | - Qiaoqiao Song
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, PR China
| | - Hanjing Ding
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, PR China
| | - Wenjing Xie
- School of Resource and Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, PR China
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Altinoz E, Erdemli ME, Gul M, Aksungur Z, Gul S, Bag HG, Kaya GB, Turkoz Y. Neuroprotection against CCl4induced brain damage with crocin in Wistar rats. Biotech Histochem 2018; 93:623-631. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1519725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E Altinoz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - ME Erdemli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - M Gul
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Z Aksungur
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - S Gul
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - HG Bag
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - GB Kaya
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Y Turkoz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Hobbs CA, Koyanagi M, Swartz C, Davis J, Maronpot R, Recio L, Hayashi SM. Genotoxicity evaluation of the naturally-derived food colorant, gardenia blue, and its precursor, genipin. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:695-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Suo H, Zhang D, Yin J, Qian J, Wu ZL, Fu J. Interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels composed of chitosan and photocrosslinkable gelatin with enhanced mechanical properties for tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 92:612-620. [PMID: 30184788 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gelatin and chitosan (CS) are widely used natural biomaterials for tissue engineering scaffolds, but the poor mechanical properties of pure gelatin or CS hydrogels become a big obstacle that limits their use as scaffolds, especially in load-bearing tissues. This study provided a novel mechanism of forming interpenetrating network (IPN) of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and CS hydrogels by covalent bonds and hydrophobic interactions through photocrosslinking and basification, respectively. By characterization of the compressive and tensile moduli, ultimate tensile stress and strain, it was found that semi-IPN and IPN structure can greatly enhance the mechanical properties of GelMA-CS hydrogels compared to the single network CS or GelMA. Moreover, the increase of either GelMA or CS concentration can strengthen the hydrogel network. Then, the swelling, enzymatic degradation, and morphology of GelMA-CS hydrogels were also systematically investigated. The excellent biocompatibility of GelMA-CS hydrogels was demonstrated by large spreading area of bone mesenchymal stem cells on hydrogel surfaces when CS concentration was <2% (w/v). According to this study, the multiple requirements of properties can be fulfilled by carefully selecting the GelMA and CS compositions for IPN hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairui Suo
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Deming Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jun Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Jin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Jianzhong Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Neri-Numa IA, Pessoa MG, Paulino BN, Pastore GM. Genipin: A natural blue pigment for food and health purposes. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Moradzadeh M, Sadeghnia HR, Tabarraei A, Sahebkar A. Anti-tumor effects of crocetin and related molecular targets. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2170-2182. [PMID: 28407293 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have gained a wide popularity as chemopreventive and anti-cancer agents owing to their multi-mechanistic mode of action, availability and synergism with several conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Crocetin is a carotenoid compound isolated from the stigma of Crocus sativus L. (saffron). Crocetin has shown promising effects as an anti-tumor agent in animal models and cell culture systems. Crocetin retards the growth of cancer cells via inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis, enhancing anti-oxidative system, and inducing apoptosis and differentiation pathways. The present review outlines natural sources of crocetin, and its pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties relevant to the prevention and treatment of cancer. Also, we discuss molecular targets underlying the putative anti-tumor effects of crocetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Moradzadeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of New Sciences and Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sadeghnia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of New Sciences and Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurocognitive Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Feng W, Dong Q, Liu M, Li S, Liu T, Wang X, Niu L. Screening and identification of multiple constituents and their metabolites of Zhi-zi-chi decoction in rat urine and bile by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Hebei TCM Formula Granule Engineering & Technology Research Center; Hebei University of Chinese Medicine; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Qiuju Dong
- Hebei TCM Formula Granule Engineering & Technology Research Center; Hebei University of Chinese Medicine; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Minyan Liu
- Shijiazhuang Yiling Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Si Li
- Hebei TCM Formula Granule Engineering & Technology Research Center; Hebei University of Chinese Medicine; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Ting Liu
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd.; China
| | - Xinguo Wang
- Hebei TCM Formula Granule Engineering & Technology Research Center; Hebei University of Chinese Medicine; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Liying Niu
- Hebei TCM Formula Granule Engineering & Technology Research Center; Hebei University of Chinese Medicine; Shijiazhuang China
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Jin SE, Lee MY, Seo CS, Ha H, Kim JY, Shin HK. Genotoxicity evaluation of Hwanglyeonhaedok-tang, an herbal formula. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 202:122-126. [PMID: 27916588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hwanglyeonhaedok-tang (Huanglianjiedu-tang, Orengedoku-to), a traditional herbal formula, is used for the treatment of inflammatory, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of Hwanglyeonhaedok-tang water extract (HLHDT). METHODS A genotoxicity test was conducted using a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test), an in vitro chromosome aberration test using Chinese hamster lung cells, and an in vivo micronucleus test using ICR mouse bone marrow. RESULTS In the Ames test, which used different Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains, HLHDT did not increase the number of revertant colonies of S. typhimurium strains TA98, TA100 and TA1535 as well as E. coli strains with or without S9 mix. However, the number of revertant colonies with the S. typhimurium TA1537 strain and S9 mix increased in a dose-dependent manner. The chromosome aberration test showed that HLHDT did not increase the number of structural or numerical chromosome aberrations in a short-period test (6h) with S9 mix. By contrast, HLHDT significantly increased the number of structural chromosome aberrations in a short-period (6h) or continuous (22h) test without S9 mix. In the micronucleus test, no significant increase was observed in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, and no significant decrease was observed in polychromatic to total erythrocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that HLHDT might be genotoxic, based on both the Ames and chromosome aberration tests. Therefore, further in vivo studies will be needed to define the mechanism of this genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Eun Jin
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mee-Young Lee
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Seob Seo
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyekyung Ha
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Division of Nonclinical Studies, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun-Kyoo Shin
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
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Ascending colon cancer coincident with mesenteric phlebosclerosis associated with the long-term oral intake of Chinese herb containing gardenia fruit: A case report and literature review. Int Cancer Conf J 2017; 6:70-75. [PMID: 31149474 DOI: 10.1007/s13691-017-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenteric phlebosclerosis is a recently discovered rare ischemic colon disease. The relationship between mesenteric phlebosclerosis and the use of herbal medicine containing gardenia fruit was recently reported. Although the relationship between colon cancer and mesenteric phlebosclerosis has not been described, some cases of colorectal cancer coincident with mesenteric phlebosclerosis have been reported. We treated a 63-year-old female who was diagnosed with ascending colon cancer coincident with mesenteric phlebosclerosis. She had been taking a Chinese herb containing gardenia fruit for over 18 years. The ascending colon cancer was clinically diagnosed as T2, N0, and M0 according to Japanese classification of colorectal carcinoma and the mesenteric phlebosclerosis had spread from the cecum to the descending colon. She underwent laparoscopic subtotal colectomy with en bloc removal of the regional lymph nodes, and both the ascending colon cancer and mesenteric phlebosclerosis were completely resected. The microscopic findings show that the tumor was well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma invading the muscular propria with no regional lymph node metastasis, and the mesenteric phlebosclerosis lesion was characterized by marked fibrous thickening of the venous walls with calcification, marked transmural fibrosis and deposition of the collagen in the mucosa, accompanied by macrophages within the vessel walls. In literature review, 10 cases with colorectal cancer coincident with mesenteric phlebosclerosis were reported. 9 of 10 cases (90%) had cancer in the right-side colon affected by mesenteric phlebosclerosis, and 5 of 10 cases (50%) were associated with the use of a Chinese herb containing gardenia fruit. It was recently demonstrated that genipin, which is a metabolite bio-transformed from gardenia fruit, possesses carcinogenesis. We speculate that genipin may be associated with not only the development of mesenteric phlebosclerosis but also carcinogenesis in the right-side colon. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the safety of gardenia fruit should be re-evaluated, and gastroenterologists should be aware that gardenia fruit may be risk factor for not only the development of mesenteric phlebosclerosis but also carcinogenesis in the proximal colon.
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Xiao W, Li S, Wang S, Ho CT. Chemistry and bioactivity of Gardenia jasminoides. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 25:43-61. [PMID: 28911543 PMCID: PMC9333430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gardenia jasminoides, grown in multiple regions in China, was commonly used as a natural yellow dye but has been one of the popular traditional Chinese medicines since the discovery of its biological property a few decades ago. It has been reported that G. jasminoides possess multiple biological activities, such as antioxidant properties, hypoglycemic effect, inhibition of inflammation, antidepression activity, and improved sleeping quality. In this review, our aim was to have a comprehensive summary of its phytochemistry including the extraction, isolation, and characterization of volatiles and bioactive molecules in G. jasminoides, focusing on the two major phytochemicals, genipin and crocin, which possess potent medicinal properties. Furthermore, this study attempted to establish a structure–activity relationship between the two major series of molecules with two pharmcophores and their biological activities, which would serve further exploration of the properties of phytocompounds in G. jasminoides as potential functional foods and medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei,
China
- Pharmacy of Faculty, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan,
China
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei,
China
- Corresponding authors: Shiming Li, Hubei Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei 43800, China. Chi-Tang Ho, Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. E-mail addresses: (S. Li), (C.-T. Ho)
| | - Siyu Wang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ,
USA
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ,
USA
- Corresponding authors: Shiming Li, Hubei Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei 43800, China. Chi-Tang Ho, Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. E-mail addresses: (S. Li), (C.-T. Ho)
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Oliveira H, Cai X, Zhang Q, de Freitas V, Mateus N, He J, Fernandes I. Gastrointestinal absorption, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effect of the major carotenoids of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis on cancer cells. Food Funct 2017; 8:1672-1679. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Crocetin was the carotenoid with the highest gastrointestinal transport efficiency and the most effective in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. In addition, this carotenoid showed involvement in the downregulation of the inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélder Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
| | - Xiaoshuang Cai
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic University
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic University
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Victor de Freitas
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
| | - Nuno Mateus
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
| | - Jingren He
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic University
- Wuhan
- China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Processing of Agricultural Products
| | - Iva Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
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Sun LL, Wu H, Zhang YZ, Wang R, Wang WY, Wang W, Li SP, Dai L, Zhang ZR. Design, synthesis and preliminary evaluation of the anti-inflammatory of the specific selective targeting druggable enzymome cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) small molecule. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2505-2514. [PMID: 27098007 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.1160939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Development of a reliable and selective anti-inflammatory agent of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), induced or up-regulated by inflammatory/injury stimulus such as IL-1β, TNF-α and LPS in the various types of organs, tissues and cells, with low side effects is a long-standing medicinal chemistry problem with significant social implications. OBJECTIVE To target druggable enzymome COX-2 by exploiting NSAIDs and genipin (GEP) in anti-inflammatory infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The compound aspirin GEP ester (AGE) was designed by computer-assisted screening, synthesized in the esterification of the acylate derivative and the methylate derivative with Et3N, and evaluated with 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg from days 18 to 24 after immunization in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats by the sequential enzymatic experiments, western-blot analysis and pathological observation methods. RESULTS AGE exhibited higher binding affinity with COX-1 and displayed the lowest estimated free energy with COX-2 than other ligands built by hanging NSAIDs with GEP, and was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. AGE was competed against COX-2 with molecule-dependent potencies and selectivity (IC50: 0.36 mM; selectivity index: 275) in the sequential enzymatic experiments and decreased the expression of COX-2 in peripheral blood lymphocytes of CIA rats. AGE (40 and 60 mg/kg) could significantly relieve the secondary hind paw swelling and arthritis index, along with observing AGE attenuated histopathological changes of fibroblast like synovial tissue (FLST) and mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes (MLNL) in CIA rats. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION AGE pharmacophore reported herein may be an effective strategy to develop a novel anti-inflammatory agent and potential inhibitor of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Liang Sun
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Hong Wu
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Ya-Zhong Zhang
- b Anhui Institute for Drug Control , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yu Wang
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Shu-Ping Li
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Li Dai
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Rong Zhang
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
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Bao L, Zhu X, Dai H, Tao Y, Zhou X, Liu W, Kong Y. Synthesis of porous starch xerogels modified with mercaptosuccinic acid to remove hazardous gardenia yellow. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 89:389-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gao T, Sheng T, Zhang T, Han H. Characterization of picroside II metabolites in rats by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:352-359. [PMID: 27328362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Picroside II, a bioactive compound isolated from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell, has been reported to have hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and antioxidant effects. However, the detailed in vivo biotransformation of this compound has been rarely reported. This study aimed to investigate the metabolic profiles of picroside II in rats by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Metabolite structures were elucidated based on accurate mass measurements of deprotonated molecules and their fragmentation patterns. Thirteen metabolites were structurally identified, and the detailed metabolic pathways were proposed. The findings revealed that after oral administration, picroside II mainly undergoes four metabolic pathways. In the first pathway, picroside II is deglycosylated to generate aglycone, which is isomerized to a dialdehyde-type intermediate. A series of metabolic reactions, including glucuronidation, subsequently occurs. In the second pathway, picroside II is subjected to ester bond hydrolysis to form vanillic acid, which is further subjected to sulfate conjugation, glycine conjugation, glucuronidation, and demethylation. In the third pathway, picroside II is directly conjugated with glucuronic acid to yield a predominant metabolite (M01) in plasma. In the fourth pathway, picroside II is directly conjugated with sulfate. These findings provide insights into the in vivo disposition of picroside II and are useful to understand the mechanism of effectiveness and toxicity of this compound as well as P. scrophulariiflora-related preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Gao
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tingting Sheng
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Han Han
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China.
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Martins N, Roriz CL, Morales P, Barros L, Ferreira IC. Food colorants: Challenges, opportunities and current desires of agro-industries to ensure consumer expectations and regulatory practices. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Giménez PJ, Fernández-López JA, Angosto JM, Obón JM. Comparative Thermal Degradation Patterns of Natural Yellow Colorants Used in Foods. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 70:380-7. [PMID: 26141372 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-015-0499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a great interest in natural yellow colorants due to warnings issued about certain yellow food colorings of synthetic origin. However, no comparative studies have been reported of their thermal stability. For this reason, the thermal stabilities of six natural yellow colorants used in foods--lutein, riboflavin, curcumin, ß-carotene, gardenia yellow and Opuntia betaxanthins--were studied in simple solutions over a temperature range 30-90 °C. Spectral properties and visual color were investigated during 6 h of heat treatment. Visual color was monitored from the CIEL*a*b* parameters. The remaining absorbance at maximum wavelength and the total color difference were used to quantify color degradation. The rate of color degradation increased as the temperature rose. The results showed that the thermal degradation of the colorants followed a first-order reaction kinetics. The reaction rate constants and half-life periods were determined as being central to understanding the color degradation kinetics. The temperature-dependent degradation was adequately modeled on the Arrhenius equation. Activation energies ranged from 3.2 kJmol(-1) (lutein) to 43.7 kJmol(-1) (Opuntia betaxanthins). ß-carotene and lutein exhibited high thermal stability, while betaxanthins and riboflavin degraded rapidly as temperature increased. Gardenia yellow and curcumin were in an intermediate position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Giménez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII 52, E-30203, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - José A Fernández-López
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII 52, E-30203, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.
| | - José M Angosto
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII 52, E-30203, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - José M Obón
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII 52, E-30203, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
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Zhang HP, Guo JY, Li T. Selective separation of geniposide and gardenia yellow from gardenia fruit by isopropanol/salt aqueous two-phase system. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2015.1109660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Li Y, Cai W, Cai Q, Che Y, Zhao B, Zhang J. Comprehensive characterization of the in vitro and in vivo metabolites of geniposide in rats using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:357-68. [PMID: 26330181 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1079746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Geniposide (genipin 1-O-glucose), one of the major bioactive constituents isolated from Fructus Gardeniae, possesses many biological activities. In this study, an efficient strategy was developed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap) to profile the in vitro and in vivo metabolic patterns of geniposide in rat liver microsomes (RLMs), plasma, urine, and various tissues. And post-acquisition data-mining methods including extracted ion chromatogram (EIC), multiple mass defect filters (MMDF), fragment ion searching (FISh), and isotope pattern filtering (IPF) were adopted to characterize the known and unknown metabolites. 2. A total of 33 metabolites were detected and interpreted according to accurate mass measurement, diagnostic fragment ions, relevant drug biotransformation knowledge, and bibliography data. Among them, 17 metabolites were detected in the plasma, 31 metabolites were identified in the urine, six metabolites could be found in rat heart, 12 in liver, three in spleen, six in lung, 12 in kidney, six in brain, and four in RLMs. 3. A series of corresponding reactions such as hydrolysis, hydroxylation, taurine conjugation, hydrogenation, decarboxylation, demethylation, sulfate conjugation, cysteine S-conjugation, glucosylation, and their composite reactions were all discovered. 4. The results could provide comprehensive insights and guidance for elucidation of side effect mechanism and safety monitoring as well as for rational formulation design in drug delivery system. The newly discovered geniposide metabolites could be targets for future metabolism studies on the important chemical constituents from herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- a Center of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Wei Cai
- a Center of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China .,b Department of Pharmacy , Hunan University of Medicine , Huaihua Hunan , China
| | - Qian Cai
- c School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Dalian , China , and
| | - Yanyun Che
- d School of Chinese Pharmacy, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Kunming , China
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- a Center of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- a Center of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
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Inoue K, Tanada C, Nishikawa H, Matsuda S, Tada A, Ito Y, Min JZ, Todoroki K, Sugimoto N, Toyo'oka T, Akiyama H. Evaluation of gardenia yellow using crocetin from alkaline hydrolysis based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography and high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3619-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Inoue
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Chihiro Tanada
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | | | - Atsuko Tada
- National Institute of Health Sciences; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yusai Ito
- National Institute of Health Sciences; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; Faculty of Home Economics; Kyoritsu Women's University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Jun Zhe Min
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Kenichiro Todoroki
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Naoki Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
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Wei J, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Cao C, Li X, Li D, Liu X, Yang H, Huang L. Proteomic investigation of signatures for geniposide-induced hepatotoxicity. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:5724-33. [PMID: 25336395 DOI: 10.1021/pr5007119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating the safety of traditional medicinal herbs and their major active constituents is critical for their widespread usage. Geniposide, a major active constituent with a defined structure from the traditional medicinal herb Gardenia jasminoides ELLIS fruit, exhibits remarkable anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antifibrotic properties and has been used in a variety of medical fields, mainly for the treatment of liver diseases. However, geniposide-induced hepatotoxicity and methods for the early detection of hepatotoxicity have yet to be reported. In this study, geniposide-induced hepatotoxicity was investigated. In addition, candidate biomarkers for the earlier detection of geniposide-induced hepatotoxicity were identified using a label-free quantitative proteomics approach on a geniposide overdose-induced liver injury in a rat model. Using an accurate intensity-based, absolute quantification (iBAQ)-based, one-step discovery and verification approach, a candidate biomarker panel was easily obtained from individual samples in response to different conditions. To determine the biomarkers' early detection abilities, five candidate biomarkers were selected and tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Two biomarkers, glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) and glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL), were found to indicate hepatic injuries significantly earlier than the current gold standard liver biomarker. This study provides a first insight into geniposide-induced hepatotoxicity in a rat model and describes a method for the earlier detection of this hepatotoxicity, facilitating the efficient monitoring of drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Wei
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing 100700, China
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42
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Evaluations of the mutagenicity of a pigment extract from bulb culture of Hippeastrum reticulatum. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 69:237-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kim M, Takaoka A, Hoang QV, Trokel SL, Paik DC. Pharmacologic alternatives to riboflavin photochemical corneal cross-linking: a comparison study of cell toxicity thresholds. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:3247-57. [PMID: 24722697 PMCID: PMC4037937 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The efficacy of therapeutic cross-linking of the cornea using riboflavin photochemistry (commonly abbreviated as CXL) has caused its use to become widespread. Because there are known chemical agents that cross-link collagenous tissues, it may be possible to cross-link tissue pharmacologically. The present study was undertaken to compare the cell toxicity of such agents. METHODS Nine topical cross-linking agents (five nitroalcohols, glyceraldehyde [GLYC], genipin [GP], paraformaldehyde [FA], and glutaraldehyde [GLUT]) were tested with four different cell lines (immortalized human corneal epithelial cells, human skin fibroblasts, primary bovine corneal endothelial cells, and immortalized human retinal pigment epithelial cells [ARPE-19]). The cells were grown in planar culture and exposed to each agent in a range of concentrations (0.001 mM to 10 mM) for 24 hours followed by a 48-hour recovery phase. Toxicity thresholds were determined by using the trypan blue exclusion method. RESULTS A semiquantitative analysis using five categories of toxicity/fixation was carried out, based on plate attachment, uptake of trypan blue stain, and cellular fixation. The toxicity levels varied by a factor of 10(3) with the least toxic being mononitroalcohols and GLYC, intermediate toxicity for a nitrodiol and nitrotriol, and the most toxic being GLUT, FA, GP, and bronopol, a brominated nitrodiol. When comparing toxicity between different cell lines, the levels were generally in agreement. CONCLUSIONS There are significant differences in cell toxicity among potential topical cross-linking compounds. The balance between cross-linking of tissue and cell toxicity should be borne in mind as compounds and strategies to improve mechanical tissue properties through therapeutic tissue cross-linking continue to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- MiJung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Anna Takaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Quan V Hoang
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Stephen L Trokel
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - David C Paik
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
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Wu X, Zhou Y, Yin F, Mao C, Li L, Cai B, Lu T. Quality control and producing areas differentiation of Gardeniae Fructus for eight bioactive constituents by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:551-559. [PMID: 24183952 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gardeniae Fructus (G.Fructus), the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae), is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been used for the treatment of hepatitis, jaundice, hypersonic, diabetes and hematuria. Numerous researches have demonstrated that the major active constituents in G.Fructus were responsible for the majority of medical effects of this fruit and their quantification were important for the quality control of G.Fructus. However, in the current quality control standard, only geniposide was used as characteristic marker of G.Fructus, which could not reflect the overall quality of this fruit. In order to identify more chemical makers for improving the quality control standard and evaluate producing areas differentiation of G.Fructus, in the present study, a novel and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector coupled to an electrospray tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 8 major constituents, including geniposidic acid (1), chlorogenic acid (2), genipin-1-β-gentiobioside (3), geniposide (4), genipin (5), rutin (6), crocin-1 (7), crocin-2 (8) in G.Fructus. Moreover, chemometric analysis techniques with principal component constituent analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) involved were introduced in statistical analysis of 8 investigated constituents in the 34 batches samples to discriminate the samples from different producing areas. The results indicated that the contents of the 8 major bioactive constituents in G.Fructus varied significantly among different producing areas. From results of the loading plot from PCA analysis, genipin-1-β-gentiobioside may have more influence in discriminating the sample from different producing areas, and which was found to be the most abundant bioactive component besides geniposide in all the 34 batches samples, suggesting that it should be added as chemical marker for further investigation on the pharmacological actions and the quality control of G.Fructus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Fangzhou Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China; The Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Chunqin Mao
- The Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China; The Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Baochang Cai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China; The Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Tulin Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China; The Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China.
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Kyriakoudi A, Tsimidou MZ, O'Callaghan YC, Galvin K, O'Brien NM. Changes in total and individual crocetin esters upon in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of saffron aqueous extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5318-5327. [PMID: 23654200 DOI: 10.1021/jf400540y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Changes that may be expected in crocetin esters (crocins) upon digestion were examined in saffron aqueous extracts for the first time. Chemical characterization of total and individual crocins and other bioactive compounds was achieved by UV-vis spectrophotometry, RP-HPLC-DAD, and LC-ESI-MS. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro assays and the comet assay. The observed loss for both total and trans-crocins was higher in saffron (∼50%) than in gardenia extracts (∼30%), which were also examined for comparison. Loss was lower than that reported for hydrophobic carotenoids. cis-Isomers were less affected, leading to the hypothesis that trans/cis isomerization may occur in parallel to degradation reactions. Monitoring changes in the extracts at oral, gastric, or intestinal phases, separately, verified this view pointing out the critical effect of pH, temperature, and duration of process but not of digestive enzymes. No isomerization and less degradation (<20% loss) was evidenced when pure trans-crocetin (di-β-D-gentiobiosyl) ester was subjected to gastric or intestinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kyriakoudi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Kim SJ, Kim KM, Park J, Kwak JH, Kim YS, Lee SM. Geniposidic acid protects against D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatic failure in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:271-277. [PMID: 23298456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Geniposidic acid (GA) is an iridoid glucoside isolated from Gardeniae jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) that has long been used to treat inflammation, jaundice and hepatic disorders. AIMS OF THE STUDY This study examined the cytoprotective properties of GA against D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fulminant hepatic failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of GA (12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg) 1h before receiving GalN (800 mg/kg)/LPS (40 μg/kg). Liver and blood samples were collected 1 and 8 h after GalN/LPS injection. RESULTS The survival rate of the GA group was significantly higher than the control. GalN/LPS increased serum aminotransferase activity, serum tumor necrosis factor-α level and hepatic lipid peroxidation and decreased hepatic glutathione content. These changes were attenuated by GA. GA augmented increases in serum interleukin-6 level, heme oxygenase-1 and NF-E2-related factor 2 protein expression. Mice treated with GA decreased cleaved caspase-8 and caspase-3 protein expression and showed significantly fewer apoptotic cells. GA increased Bcl-xL protein expression and decreased Bax protein expression. Moreover, GA treatment enhanced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that geniposidic acid alleviates GalN/LPS-induced liver injury by enhancing antioxidative defense system and reducing apoptotic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Jin Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Liu H, Chen YF, Li F, Zhang HY. Fructus Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) phytochemistry, pharmacology of cardiovascular, and safety with the perspective of new drugs development. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2012; 15:94-110. [PMID: 23211013 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2012.723203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The phytochemistry, cardiovascular pharmacology, toxicology, side effect, and further development prospects of Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (GJE) and its main constituents crocins and iridoid glycosides were studied. Numerous studies have confirmed that crocins and iridoid glycosides had effects of antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-ischemic brain injuries, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-hyperglycemia, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-hypertension, and so on. Some of them might be related to several attractive pharmacodynamic actions of GJE such as promoting endothelium growth, protecting neurons, and inducing their differentiation. Both of them make it possible for GJE to prevent and cure thromboembolism and cardiovascular diseases well. From our own basic pharmacological research of GJE extract on several rat models, it has been known that GJE extract markedly prolonged bleeding time and inhibited platelet aggregation and thrombosis. It has significant proliferation effect on both endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells as well. As the mechanisms of GJE on those diseases were discussed and summarized, questions about its genetoxicity and hepatotoxicity were also discussed during its safety study to make the foundation for long-term medication and clinical research in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
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Gonda S, Parizsa P, Surányi G, Gyémánt G, Vasas G. Quantification of main bioactive metabolites from saffron (Crocus sativus) stigmas by a micellar electrokinetic chromatographic (MEKC) method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 66:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Enrichment and purification of gardenia yellow from Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino by column chromatography technique. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 893-894:43-8. [PMID: 22436821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In present study, the performance and separation characteristics of nine macroporous resins for the enrichment and purification of gardenia yellow from Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino have been evaluated. The adsorption and desorption properties of crude gardenia yellow solution on macroporous resins including HPD722, HPD100, HPD100A, HPD400, HPD400A, D101, AB-8, XAD-16, and NKA-9 have been compared. Then, HPD722 was chosen to purify gardenia yellow because of its strong adsorption and desorption abilities as well as high selectivity. Column packed with HPD722 resin was used to perform dynamic adsorption and desorption tests to optimize the separation process of gardenia yellow. The optimal conditions were as follows: The crude gardenia yellow solution with concentration of 15 mg/mL was loaded in column packed with HPD722 resin at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and the adsorbate-laden column was washed with 800 mL water, 600 mL 15% ethanol water solution respectively at the speed of 2.5 mL/min, then desorbed with 200 mL 80% ethanol water solution at the speed of 3.5 mL/min. The colority of the product obtained were up to 300. The method developed in this study provides a new approach for scale-up separation and purification of gardenia yellow from G. jasminoides var. radicans Makino.
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Han H, Yang L, Xu Y, Ding Y, Bligh SWA, Zhang T, Wang Z. Identification of metabolites of geniposide in rat urine using ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3339-3350. [PMID: 22006398 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Geniposide, an iridoid glycoside, is an important and characteristic compound in the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, a commonly used medicinal herb in Chinese traditional and folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation and jaundice. However, few studies have been carried out on the metabolism of geniposide. In this study, we have established a rapid and sensitive method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS) for analysis of the metabolic profile of geniposide in rat urine after oral administration. A total of ten metabolites were detected and identified by comparing their fragmentation patterns with that of geniposide using Metabolynx™ and MassFragment™ software tools. The results revealed that the principal metabolism pathways of geniposide in rat occurred after deglycosylation of the irdoid glycoside take place and this is followed by glucuronidation and the pyran-ring cleavages. The major metabolite, the glucuronic acid conjugate of genipin as observed in vivo, was further confirmed by the in vitro enzymatic study. The results of this work have demonstrated the feasibility of the UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS approach for rapid and reliable characterization of metabolites from iridoid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
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