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Avgan N, Sutherland HG, Lea RA, Haupt LM, Shum DHK, Griffiths LR. Association Study of a Comprehensive Panel of Neuropeptide-Related Polymorphisms Suggest Potential Roles in Verbal Learning and Memory. Genes (Basel) 2023; 15:30. [PMID: 38254919 PMCID: PMC10815468 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are mostly expressed in regions of the brain responsible for learning and memory and are centrally involved in cognitive pathways. The majority of neuropeptide research has been performed in animal models; with acknowledged differences between species, more research into the role of neuropeptides in humans is necessary to understand their contribution to higher cognitive function. In this study, we investigated the influence of genetic polymorphisms in neuropeptide genes on verbal learning and memory. Variants in genes encoding neuropeptides and neuropeptide receptors were tested for association with learning and memory measures using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) in a healthy cohort of individuals (n = 597). The HVLT-R is a widely used task for verbal learning and memory assessment and provides five sub-scores: recall, delay, learning, retention, and discrimination. To determine the effect of candidate variants on learning and memory performance, genetic association analyses were performed for each HVLT-R sub-score with over 1300 genetic variants from 124 neuropeptide and neuropeptide receptor genes, genotyped on Illumina OmniExpress BeadChip arrays. This targeted analysis revealed numerous suggestive associations between HVLT-R test scores and neuropeptide and neuropeptide receptor gene variants; candidates include the SCG5, IGFR1, GALR1, OXTR, CCK, and VIPR1 genes. Further characterization of these genes and their variants will improve our understanding of the genetic contribution to learning and memory and provide insight into the importance of the neuropeptide network in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesli Avgan
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; (N.A.); (H.G.S.); (R.A.L.)
| | - Heidi G. Sutherland
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; (N.A.); (H.G.S.); (R.A.L.)
| | - Rod A. Lea
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; (N.A.); (H.G.S.); (R.A.L.)
| | - Larisa M. Haupt
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
- Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - David H. K. Shum
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Lyn R. Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; (N.A.); (H.G.S.); (R.A.L.)
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Bale R, Doshi G. Cross talk about the role of Neuropeptide Y in CNS disorders and diseases. Neuropeptides 2023; 102:102388. [PMID: 37918268 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
A peptide composed of a 36 amino acid called Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is employed in a variety of physiological processes to manage and treat conditions affecting the endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and neurological systems. NPY naturally binds to G-protein coupled receptors, activating the Y-receptors (Y1-Y5 and y6). The findings on numerous therapeutic applications of NPY for CNS disease are presented in this review by the authors. New targets for treating diseases will be revealed by medication combinations that target NPY and its receptors. This review is mainly focused on disorders such as anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Machado Joseph disease, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, depression, migraine, alcohol use disorder, and substance use disorder. The findings from the preclinical studies and clinical studies covered in this article may help create efficient therapeutic plans to treat neurological conditions on the one hand and psychiatric disorders on the other. They may also open the door to the creation of novel NPY receptor ligands as medications to treat these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari Bale
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V L M Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Gaurav Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V L M Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 400056, India.
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Khan MM, Parikh V. Prospects for Neurotrophic Factor-Based Early Intervention in Schizophrenia: Lessons Learned from the Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs on Cognition, Neurogenesis, and Neurotrophic Factors. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2023; 22:289-303. [PMID: 35366786 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220401124151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although reducing psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia has been a major focus of therapeutic interventions for decades, improving cognition is considered a better predictor of functional outcomes. However, the most commonly prescribed antipsychotic drugs (APDs) show only marginal beneficial effects on cognition in patients with schizophrenia. The neural mechanisms underlying cognitive disturbances in schizophrenia remain unknown that making drug development efforts very challenging. Since neurotrophic factors are the primary architects of neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory, the findings from preclinical and clinical studies that assess changes in neurogenesis and neurotrophic factors and their relationship to cognitive performance in schizophrenia, and how these mechanisms might be impacted by APD treatment, may provide valuable clues in developing therapies to combat cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. Numerous evidence produced over the years suggests a deficit in a wide spectrum of neurotrophic factors in schizophrenia. Since schizophrenia is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder, early intervention with neurotrophic factors may be more effective in ameliorating the cognitive deficits and psychopathological symptoms associated with this pathology. In this context, results from initial clinical trials with neurotrophic factors and their future potential to improve cognition and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Khan
- Laboratory of Translational Neurology and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Biotechnology, Era\'s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, and Faculty of Science, Era University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Goh KK, Chen CYA, Wu TH, Chen CH, Lu ML. Crosstalk between Schizophrenia and Metabolic Syndrome: The Role of Oxytocinergic Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137092. [PMID: 35806096 PMCID: PMC9266532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in persons with schizophrenia has spurred investigational efforts to study the mechanism beneath its pathophysiology. Early psychosis dysfunction is present across multiple organ systems. On this account, schizophrenia may be a multisystem disorder in which one organ system is predominantly affected and where other organ systems are also concurrently involved. Growing evidence of the overlapping neurobiological profiles of metabolic risk factors and psychiatric symptoms, such as an association with cognitive dysfunction, altered autonomic nervous system regulation, desynchrony in the resting-state default mode network, and shared genetic liability, suggest that metabolic syndrome and schizophrenia are connected via common pathways that are central to schizophrenia pathogenesis, which may be underpinned by oxytocin system dysfunction. Oxytocin, a hormone that involves in the mechanisms of food intake and metabolic homeostasis, may partly explain this piece of the puzzle in the mechanism underlying this association. Given its prosocial and anorexigenic properties, oxytocin has been administered intranasally to investigate its therapeutic potential in schizophrenia and obesity. Although the pathophysiology and mechanisms of oxytocinergic dysfunction in metabolic syndrome and schizophrenia are both complex and it is still too early to draw a conclusion upon, oxytocinergic dysfunction may yield a new mechanistic insight into schizophrenia pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Kheng Goh
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan; (K.K.G.); (C.Y.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Psychiatric Research Center, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Cynthia Yi-An Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan; (K.K.G.); (C.Y.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Psychiatric Research Center, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan;
| | - Tzu-Hua Wu
- Psychiatric Research Center, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan;
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan; (K.K.G.); (C.Y.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Psychiatric Research Center, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Liang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan; (K.K.G.); (C.Y.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Psychiatric Research Center, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Zhang Z, Jing J, Qi M, Gao H. Response inhibition and memory updating in the count/nocount task: an ERP study. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:3371-3380. [PMID: 34491370 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to separate the neural activities between response inhibition and memory updating processes in the Count/Nocount task. Memory load was manipulated to investigate the memory updating process. Within each trial, participants were asked to count/withhold counting the number of O/X letters in the Count/Nocount task. The participants were asked to silently add 1 if a Count letter was presented in the low load condition, and add 2 in the high load condition. Data from 28 healthy participants showed that: (1) in both high load and low load conditions, the latencies of P2 and N2 components were shorter for the Nocount than Count trials, indicating faster attentional orienting and conflict monitoring processes for the Nocount stimuli (i.e., inhibition processes triggered by the Nocount stimuli against those response execution processes triggered by Count stimuli); (2) more positive frontal P3 amplitudes were evoked for the Nocount relative to the Count stimuli, indicating a more intensive response inhibition process for the Nocount trials; (3) a more positive parietal P3 component was evoked for the low load relative to high load condition, indicating a more intensive working memory updating process for the high load condition. This load effect was absent for the frontal P3 component, suggesting that the frontal P3 might not be associated with the memory updating process. In sum, both the cognitive inhibition process (reflected by the frontal P3 component) and working memory updating process (reflected by the parietal P3 component) appear to be involved in the Count/Nocount task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyun Zhang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Jingyan Jing
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Mingming Qi
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China.
| | - Heming Gao
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China.
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Mizuki Y, Sakamoto S, Okahisa Y, Yada Y, Hashimoto N, Takaki M, Yamada N. Mechanisms Underlying the Comorbidity of Schizophrenia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:367-382. [PMID: 33315097 PMCID: PMC8130204 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mortality rate of patients with schizophrenia is high, and life expectancy is shorter by 10 to 20 years. Metabolic abnormalities including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are among the main reasons. The prevalence of T2DM in patients with schizophrenia may be epidemiologically frequent because antipsychotics induce weight gain as a side effect and the cognitive dysfunction of patients with schizophrenia relates to a disordered lifestyle, poor diet, and low socioeconomic status. Apart from these common risk factors and risk factors unique to schizophrenia, accumulating evidence suggests the existence of common susceptibility genes between schizophrenia and T2DM. Functional proteins translated from common genetic susceptibility genes are known to regulate neuronal development in the brain and insulin in the pancreas through several common cascades. In this review, we discuss common susceptibility genes, functional cascades, and the relationship between schizophrenia and T2DM. Many genetic and epidemiological studies have reliably associated the comorbidity of schizophrenia and T2DM, and it is probably safe to think that common cascades and mechanisms suspected from common genes' functions are related to the onset of both schizophrenia and T2DM. On the other hand, even when genetic analyses are performed on a relatively large number of comorbid patients, the results are sometimes inconsistent, and susceptibility genes may carry only a low or moderate risk. We anticipate future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Mizuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shimonoseki Hospital
| | - Shinji Sakamoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yuko Okahisa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yuji Yada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Okayama Psychiatric Medical Center
| | - Nozomu Hashimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Okayama Psychiatric Medical Center
| | - Manabu Takaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Norihito Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Bakry O, Mariee A, Badr I, Tayel N, El Gendy S. NPY Gene Polymorphism in Vitiligo: A Case-Control Study in Egyptian Patients. Indian J Dermatol 2020; 65:65-67. [PMID: 32029945 PMCID: PMC6986119 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_104_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ola Bakry
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Menoufiya Faculty of Medicine, Shibeen El Koom, Egypt. E-mail:
| | - Alaa Mariee
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Menoufiya Faculty of Medicine, Shibeen El Koom, Egypt. E-mail:
| | - Iman Badr
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Menoufiya Faculty of Medicine, Shibeen El Koom, Egypt
| | - Nermin Tayel
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, El Sadat, Menoufiya Governorate, Egypt
| | - Samar El Gendy
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Menoufiya Faculty of Medicine, Shibeen El Koom, Egypt. E-mail:
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Postolache TT, del Bosque-Plata L, Jabbour S, Vergare M, Wu R, Gragnoli C. Co-shared genetics and possible risk gene pathway partially explain the comorbidity of schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:186-203. [PMID: 30729689 PMCID: PMC6492942 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD) in treatment-naive patients are associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). SCZ, MDD, T2D, and MetS are often comorbid and their comorbidity increases cardiovascular risk: Some risk genes are likely co-shared by them. For instance, transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) and proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 9 (PSMD9) are two genes independently reported as contributing to T2D and SCZ, and PSMD9 to MDD as well. However, there are scarce data on the shared genetic risk among SCZ, MDD, T2D, and/or MetS. Here, we briefly describe T2D, MetS, SCZ, and MDD and their genetic architecture. Next, we report separately about the comorbidity of SCZ and MDD with T2D and MetS, and their respective genetic overlap. We propose a novel hypothesis that genes of the prolactin (PRL)-pathway may be implicated in the comorbidity of these disorders. The inherited predisposition of patients with SCZ and MDD to psychoneuroendocrine dysfunction may confer increased risk of T2D and MetS. We illustrate a strategy to identify risk variants in each disorder and in their comorbid psychoneuroendocrine and mental-metabolic dysfunctions, advocating for studies of genetically homogeneous and phenotype-rich families. The results will guide future studies of the shared predisposition and molecular genetics of new homogeneous endophenotypes of SCZ, MDD, and metabolic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodor T. Postolache
- Department of Psychiatry, Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19, Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, Colorado,Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 5, VA Capitol Health Care Network, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura del Bosque-Plata
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomic Laboratory, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Serge Jabbour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Disease, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Vergare
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rongling Wu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania,Department of Statistics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Claudia Gragnoli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Disease, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania,Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bios Biotech Multi-Diagnostic Health Center, Rome, Italy
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Expression Analysis of CYFIP1 and CAMKK2 Genes in the Blood of Epileptic and Schizophrenic Patients. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:336-342. [PMID: 29992499 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and epilepsy are two prevalent neurological disorders with high global burden to the society. Genome-wide studies have identified potential underlying causes for these neurological diseases. In the present case-control study, we have assessed expression of CYFIP1 and CAMKK2 genes in the blood samples of epileptic and schizophrenic patients compared with healthy subjects. A total of 180 subjects including 40 epileptic patients, 50 schizophrenic patients, and 90 healthy individuals participated in the study. Expression of the mentioned genes was measured using TaqMan real-time PCR. The results demonstrated a significant upregulation of CYFIP1 gene expression in epileptic patients (P = 0.029). CAMKK2 was downregulated in female schizophrenic patients compared with female healthy individuals (P = 0.048). These results may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of epilepsy and schizophrenia and suggest these genes as potential therapeutic targets for these neurological disorders. Future studies should evaluate these results in larger cohorts of patients.
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Mohammadi SM, Shirvani Farsani Z, Dosti R, Sahraian MA, Behmanesh M. Association study of two functional single nucleotide polymorphisms of neuropeptide y gene with multiple sclerosis. Neuropeptides 2016; 60:45-50. [PMID: 27559040 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by brain inflammation, demyelination and axonal loss. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has a critical role in the maintenance of homeostasis in the immune system and coping of stress condition. In the current study we analyzed 188 patients suffering from MS and 204 unrelated healthy controls for two functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), NPY 20T>C (rs16139) and NPY -485T>C (rs16147) using PCR-RFLP and Mismatch PCR-RFLP methods. Our results demonstrated that homozygocity in the minor allele for NPY -485T>C polymorphism is associated with the MS risk in patients in compare with healthy controls (CC vs. TT, P=0.033; CC vs. TT+TC, P=0.02). In addition, by comparison with allele T, the frequency of NPY -485C allele was higher in cases than in control subjects and present increased risk of MS, but statistically significant was borderline (P=0.053). The stratification for disease progression revealed a significant difference in the allelic and genotypic distribution between subgroups of MS and controls. The frequency of the CC genotype and C allele was higher in the primary progressive MS patients when compared with control group (CC vs. TT, P=0.019; CC vs. TT+TC, P=0.008; C vs. T, P=0.022). In addition, the frequency of CC genotype was higher in the relapsing remitting MS patients when compared with control group (CC vs. TT, P=0.034; CC vs. TT+TC, P=0.016). Haplotype analysis demonstrated that the haplotype 3 (CT) is more common in RR MS (P=0.041), and PP MS (P=0.031) than control group. In conclusion, the obtained results demonstrate the probable role of NPY SNPs in susceptibility to MS within the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mahdi Mohammadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Shirvani Farsani
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Rozita Dosti
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Behmanesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Klemettilä JP, Kampman O, Solismaa A, Lyytikäinen LP, Seppälä N, Viikki M, Hämäläinen M, Moilanen E, Mononen N, Lehtimäki T, Leinonen E. Association Study of Arcuate Nucleus Neuropeptide Y Neuron Receptor Gene Variation And Serum Npy Levels in Clozapine Treated Patients With Schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 40:13-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundAntipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG) leads to metabolic consequences and comorbidity, social stigmatization and nonadherence in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has an important role in appetite and body weight regulation. Associations between AIWG and serum NPY levels, and genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with its serum levels have been little studied in these patients.Subjects and methodsAssociations between serum NPY concentration and other metabolic and inflammatory markers, and 215 SNPs in 21 genes (NPY gene, NPY receptor genes and genes encoding arcuate nucleus NPY neuron receptors) were studied in 180 patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment.ResultsThe serum levels of NPY correlated with levels of resistin (r = 0.31, P < 0.001) and age (r = 0.22, P = 0.003). In the general linear univariate model the best-fitting model with explanatory factors age, serum resistin level, serum insulin level, BMI and gender explained 18.0% (P < 0.001) of the variance of serum NPY. Genetic risk score (GRSNPY) analysis found twelve significant (P < 0.05) serum NPY concentration related SNPs among α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene CHRNA7, insulin receptor gene INSR, leptin receptor gene LEPR, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene NR3C1, and NPY gene. However, after permutation test of gene score the predictive value of GRSNPY remained non-significant (P = 0.078).ConclusionsSerum NPY level does not seem to be a feasible biomarker of AIWG. Serum NPY level alterations are not significantly associated with the candidate gene polymorphisms studied.
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Lu Y, Andiappan AK, Lee B, Ho R, Lim TK, Kuan WS, Goh DYT, Mahadevan M, Sim TB, Wang DY, Van Bever HPS, Rotzschke O, Larbi A, Ng TP. Neuropeptide Y associated with asthma in young adults. Neuropeptides 2016; 59:117-121. [PMID: 27469060 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropeptide Y, a widely circulating neurotransmitter, plays a pivotal role in energy balance, immunomodulation and asthma, and several NPY polymorphisms are promising genetic risk factors for asthma and obesity. We explored the associations of candidate NPY gene polymorphisms with prevalent asthma and its relationship with obesity in young adult asthma patients free of other chronic medical morbidity. METHODS Five common gene variants of NPY (rs16147 (-399T/C), rs17149106 (-602G/T), rs16140 (+1000C/G), rs5573 (+1201A/G), rs5574 (+5327C/T)) previously validated to account for most of the NPY expression in vitro and in vivo were investigated in 126 physician-diagnosed asthma patients without other chronic medical morbidity and 182 healthy controls (21-35years). Plasma levels of NPY, adiponectin, and CRP were determined using ELISA, and IL-6 was measured by Luminex in a subgroup of 70 patients and 69 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. RESULTS In logistic regression models controlling for gender and obesity, the CT genotype of rs5574 (OR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.30-0.89) and the GT genotype of rs17149106 (OR=5.58, 95%CI: 1.09-28.54) were significantly associated with asthma. No significant interaction between NPY SNP polymorphisms and obesity were detected. Plasma NPY level was correlated with adiponectin levels (p<0.05). Compared with the healthy controls, patients with asthma had higher BMI (p<0.001), adiponectin (p<0.05), IL-6 (p=0.001) and CRP (p<0.001), and lower NPY levels (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The CT genotype of rs5574 and the GT genotype of rs17149106 are significantly associated with prevalent asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Lu
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anand Kumar Andiappan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Roger Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tow Keang Lim
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital System, Singapore
| | - Win Sen Kuan
- Emergency Medicine Department, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Daniel Yam Thiam Goh
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Malcolm Mahadevan
- Emergency Medicine Department, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Tiong Beng Sim
- Emergency Medicine Department, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hugo P S Van Bever
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olaf Rotzschke
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Tze Pin Ng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Gragnoli C, Reeves GM, Reazer J, Postolache TT. Dopamine-prolactin pathway potentially contributes to the schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes comorbidity. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e785. [PMID: 27093067 PMCID: PMC4872408 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are clinically associated, and common knowledge attributes this association to side effects of antipsychotic treatment. However, even drug-naive patients with SCZ are at increased risk for T2D. Dopamine dysfunction has a central role in SCZ. It is well-known that dopamine constitutively inhibits prolactin (PRL) secretion via the dopamine receptor 2 (DR2D). If dopamine is increased or if dopamine receptors hyperfunction, PRL may be reduced. During the first SCZ episode, low PRL levels are associated with worse symptoms. PRL is essential in human and social bonding, as well as it is implicated in glucose homeostasis. Dopamine dysfunction, beyond contributing to SCZ symptoms, may lead to altered appetite and T2D. To our knowledge, there are no studies of the genetics of the SCZ-T2D comorbidity focusing jointly on the dopamine and PRL pathway in the attempt to capture molecular heterogeneity correlated to possible disease manifestation heterogeneity. In this dopamine-PRL pathway-focused-hypothesis-driven review on the association of SCZ with T2D, we report a specific revision of what it is known about PRL and dopamine in relation to what we theorize is one of the missing links between the two disorders. We suggest that new studies are necessary to establish the genetic role of PRL and dopamine pathway in SCZ-T2D comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gragnoli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA,Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA,Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bios Biotech Multi-Diagnostic Health Center, Rome, Italy,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, 653-1 West 8th Street, Learning Resource Center, L14, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA. E-mail:
| | - G M Reeves
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Reazer
- Borland Health Sciences Library, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - T T Postolache
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver, CO, USA,Veterans Integrated Service Network 5 MIRECC, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Dwyer DS, Awatramani P, Thakur R, Seeni R, Aamodt EJ. Social feeding in Caenorhabditis elegans is modulated by antipsychotic drugs and calmodulin and may serve as a protophenotype for asociality. Neuropharmacology 2015; 92:56-62. [PMID: 25576370 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here, we define a protophenotype as an endophenotype that has been conserved during evolution. Social feeding in Caenorhabditis elegans may be an example of a protophenotype related to asociality in schizophrenia. It is regulated by the highly conserved neuropeptide Y receptor, NPR-1, and we speculated that social feeding should be affected by antipsychotic drugs. The social feeding strain, npr-1(g320), was exposed to antipsychotic drugs, dopamine or calmodulin antagonists on plates with bacterial lawns, and the number of aggregates on the plates was counted as a measure of social feeding. First-generation antipsychotics, chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine, and haloperidol, and the second-generation drug, olanzapine, inhibited social feeding. Dopamine accelerated aggregation, whereas selective D2 dopamine receptor antagonists, sulpiride and raclopride, were inhibitory. Calmodulin antagonists effectively inhibited social feeding, as did RNAi knockdown of calmodulin (cmd-1) expression. In addition, gap junction inhibitors prevented aggregation, which is consistent with the hub-and-spoke arrangement of neurons that regulate social feeding via functional gap junctions. The studies described here revealed novel connections between dopaminergic signaling, the NPY receptor, calmodulin, and gap junctions in the regulation of social behavior in C. elegans. These pathways are evolutionarily-conserved, and have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donard S Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
| | - Poonam Awatramani
- Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Rashmi Thakur
- Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Ramya Seeni
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric J Aamodt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Parizadeh SA, Jamialahmadi K, Rooki H, Mirhafez SR, Moohebati M, Hosseini N, Zaim-Kohan H, Mohiti-Ardakani J, Masoudi A, Ferns GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan M. Lack of an association between a functional polymorphism in the neuropeptide Y gene promoter and the presence of coronary artery disease in an Iranian population. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2014; 65:333-40. [PMID: 25427865 DOI: 10.1159/000367854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Several genetic factors have been identified that may contribute to the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Variants of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene, whose products play an important role in regulating several physiological functions, have been associated with the risk of CAD in some populations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the NPY gene rs16147 polymorphism and the presence of CAD in an Iranian population. METHODS DNA samples of 922 subjects, including 433 with angiographically defined CAD (CAD+), 196 without angiographically defined significant CAD (CAD-) and 293 controls, were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction based on the amplification-refractory mutation system. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association of rs16147 genotypes with the presence of significant CAD. RESULTS Although logistic regression analysis indicated that the NPY polymorphism rs16147 was nominally associated with an increased risk of CAD (p < 0.05), after adjustment for confounding factors, there was no evidence for any significantly increased or decreased risk of CAD with this polymorphism. However, in stratified analyses, the C allele was significantly associated with a reduced risk of CAD in males and subjects who were <50 years of age. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the rs16147 polymorphism in the NPY gene may not be a potential contributor to the risk of CAD in an Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Alireza Parizadeh
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Cui D, Jiang K. Research in China on the molecular genetics of schizophrenia. SHANGHAI ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 24:187-99. [PMID: 25324626 PMCID: PMC4198854 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disease caused by genetic and environmental factors with a global heritability of more than 80%. By the end of the 1970s, Chinese scientists reported a heritability of schizophrenia of 82.9% in the Chinese Han population. Continuous improvements in research techniques and the recruitment of larger samples have made it possible for Chinese scientists to identify a number of candidate susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. This article reviews the results in genetic research of schizophrenia by Chinese scientists over the last five decades
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaida Jiang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Bu DY, Ji WW, Bai D, Zhou J, Li HX, Yang HF. Association of polymorphisms in stress-related TNFα and NPY genes with the metabolic syndrome in Han and Hui ethnic groups. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:5895-900. [PMID: 25081719 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.14.5895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of complicated disorders caused by the interactive influencing factors of heredity and environment, which predisposes to many cnacers. RESULTS from epidemic research indicate that stress is tightly related to the pathogenesis of MS and neoplasia. This paper aims to investigate the association between psychological stress and MS with respect to the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) genes in the Han and Hui ethnic groups. METHODS All subjects for this case-control study matched strict enrollment criteria (nationality, gender and age) and lived in the city of Wu Zhong of Ningxia Province in China. The enrolled group contained 102 matched pairs of Hui ethnic individuals and 98 matched pairs of Han ethnic individuals. Enrolled subjects completed the general Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90). The TNFα-308G/A variant and NPYrs16147 polymorphism were detected in case (81 males, 119 females) and control (81 males, 119 females) groups by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. RESULTS Nine factors of the SCL-90 were found to be statistically different (p<0.05) between case and control groups. The homozygous mutant genotype (AA) and the mutant allele (A) of the TNFα-308G/A gene were less frequently observed in the control population compared to the case group. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) in "Allele" for MS was 2.28 (1.47-3.53), p=0.0001, while "OR" was 1.11 (0.83-1.47), p=0.15, for the NPYrs16147 gene polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS Psychological stress has been positively associated with MS. A previous study from our group suggested there were differences in the level of psychological stress between Hui and Han ethnic groups. Furthermore, we found that the stress-related TNFα gene was associated with MS for both Han and Hui ethnic groups. In contrast, NPY may be a possible contributor to MS and associated cancer for the Han ethnic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Yun Bu
- Public Health School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China E-mail :
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Arning L, Stock AK, Kloster E, Epplen JT, Beste C. NPY2-receptor variation modulates iconic memory processes. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1298-302. [PMID: 24709141 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sensory memory systems are modality-specific buffers that comprise information about external stimuli, which represent the earliest stage of information processing. While these systems have been the subject of cognitive neuroscience research for decades, little is known about the neurobiological basis of sensory memory. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the glutamatergic system and systems influencing glutamatergic neural transmission are important. In the current study we examine if functional promoter variations in neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its receptor gene NPY2R affect iconic memory processes using a partial report paradigm. We found that iconic memory decayed much faster in individuals carrying the rare promoter NPY2R G allele which is associated with increased expression of the Y2 receptor. Possibly this effect is due to altered presynaptic inhibition of glutamate release, known to be modulated by Y2 receptors. Altogether, our results provide evidence that the functionally relevant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the NPY2R promoter gene affect circumscribed processes of early sensory processing, i.e. only the stability of information in sensory memory buffers. This leads us to suggest that especially the stability of information in sensory memory buffers depends on glutamatergic neural transmission and factors modulating glutamatergic turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Arning
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Schubertstraße 42, D-01309 Dresden, Germany
| | - Eugen Kloster
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg T Epplen
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Schubertstraße 42, D-01309 Dresden, Germany.
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Convergent lines of evidence support CAMKK2 as a schizophrenia susceptibility gene. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:774-83. [PMID: 23958956 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Genes that are differentially expressed between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls may have key roles in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We analyzed two large-scale genome-wide expression studies, which examined changes in gene expression in schizophrenia patients and their matched controls. We found calcium/calmodulin (CAM)-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) is significantly downregulated in individuals with schizophrenia in both studies. To seek the potential genetic variants that may regulate the expression of CAMKK2, we investigated the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within CAMKK2 and the expression level of CAMKK2. We found one SNP, rs1063843, which is located in intron 17 of CAMKK2, is strongly associated with the expression level of CAMKK2 in human brains (P=1.1 × 10(-6)) and lymphoblastoid cell lines (the lowest P=8.4 × 10(-6)). We further investigated the association between rs1063843 and schizophrenia in multiple independent populations (a total of 130 623 subjects) and found rs1063843 is significantly associated with schizophrenia (P=5.17 × 10(-5)). Interestingly, we found the T allele of rs1063843, which is associated with lower expression level of CAMKK2, has a higher frequency in individuals with schizophrenia in all of the tested samples, suggesting rs1063843 may be a causal variant. We also found that rs1063843 is associated with cognitive function and personality in humans. In addition, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis revealed that CAMKK2 participates in a highly interconnected PPI network formed by top schizophrenia genes, which further supports the potential role of CAMKK2 in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Taken together, these converging lines of evidence strongly suggest that CAMKK2 may have pivotal roles in schizophrenia susceptibility.
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Parizadeh SA, Jamialahmadi K, Rooki H, Zaim-Kohan H, Mirhafez SR, Hosseini N, Mohiti-Ardakani J, Moohebati M, Masoudi-Kazemabad A, Ferns GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan M. Association of neuropeptide Y gene rs16147 polymorphism with metabolic syndrome in patients with documented coronary artery disease. Ann Hum Biol 2014; 42:178-83. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2014.916750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Association of age at onset in Huntington disease with functional promoter variations in NPY and NPY2R. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 92:177-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Fu XF, Zhang X, Wang DJ, Zhao B, Li YR. Neuropeptide Y Gene Promoter -399T/C Polymorphism Increases Risk of Ischemic Stroke. Balkan Med J 2013; 30:147-50. [PMID: 25207091 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.7964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several genetic factors underlying ischemic stroke have been identified. Variants of Neuropeptide Y (NPY), whose product plays diverse roles in modulating physiological functions, have been associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke in South Korean individuals. AIMS We explored the association between a polymorphism in the NPY gene promoter at position -399 and the risk of ischemic stroke in Han Chinese. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS The polymorphism -399T/C in the promoter of NPY was analysed in 500 patients with ischemic stroke and 500 healthy individuals by amplification and sequencing of this region. Non-conditional logistic regression was used to analyse association between genotypes and the risk of ischemic stroke. RESULTS Genotype and allele frequencies differed significantly between the ischemic stroke and control groups (P<0.05). Additionally, compared to stroke patients with the TT genotype, those with the CC genotype had a 1.7-times higher risk of ischemic stroke (OR=1.739, 95%CI=1.201-2.520, P=0.003), especially for those who were over 60 years old or male. Individuals with the TC genotype did not have an increased risk of ischemic stroke (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The -399T/C polymorphism of the NPY gene is associated with ischemic stroke in Han Chinese individuals, and the CC genotype may be a risk factor for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Fu
- 3 Department of Cadres, Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- 3 Department of Cadres, Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong-Jun Wang
- 3 Department of Cadres, Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- 3 Department of Cadres, Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Rong Li
- 3 Department of Cadres, Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, China
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Association of a functional polymorphism in neuropeptide Y with antipsychotic-induced weight gain in schizophrenia patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2013; 33:11-7. [PMID: 23277265 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e31827d145a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Significant body weight gain (BWG) is a serious adverse effect of a number of antipsychotic drugs. Previous studies have demonstrated an influence of clozapine, but not haloperidol, on neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression in the hypothalamus. Because NPY is a potent orexigenic peptide stimulating food intake, and genetic variation of the gene has been shown to influence development of obesity, we investigated the impact of NPY polymorphisms on antipsychotic-induced BWG.We analyzed 5 polymorphisms in the NPY gene (rs10551063, rs16147, rs5573, rs5574, and rs16475) in schizophrenia subjects (n = 226), treated mostly with clozapine and olanzapine for up to 14 weeks. Association was tested using analysis of covariance with change (%) from baseline weight as the dependent variable and duration of treatment and baseline body weight as covariates.In patients of European ancestry who received either clozapine or olanzapine, significant genotypic and allelic association of rs16147 with weight change was observed (P(corrected) = 0.012 and 0.018, respectively). Carriers of the C allele gained significantly more weight compared with individuals with TT genotype (CC + CT vs TT; 5.82% ± 5.6% vs 2.25% ± 4.8%; P= 0.001). Similarly, 2 other polymorphisms (rs5573 and rs5574) were also significantly associated with weight change (P(corrected) = 0.018 and 0.03). In addition, we observed a significant gene-gene interaction between the rs16147 in NPY and rs806378 in cannabinoid receptor 1 (P(corrected) = 0.011).Our observation of association of NPY polymorphisms gives further evidence for a genetic influence on antipsychotic-induced BWG and suggests a role of NPY gene in influencing this complex adverse effect.
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Hohmann S, Buchmann AF, Witt SH, Rietschel M, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Schmidt MH, Esser G, Banaschewski T, Laucht M. Increasing association between a neuropeptide Y promoter polymorphism and body mass index during the course of development. Pediatr Obes 2012; 7:453-60. [PMID: 22941950 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) promoter polymorphism rs16147 with body mass index (BMI) during the course of development from infancy to adulthood. DESIGN Longitudinal, prospective study of a German community sample. SUBJECTS n = 306 young adults (139 males, 167 females). MEASUREMENTS Participants' body weight and height were assessed at the ages of 3 months and 2, 4.5, 8, 11, 15 and 19 years. NPY rs16147 was genotyped. RESULTS Controlling for a number of possible confounders, homozygote carriers of the rs16147 C allele exhibited significantly lower BMI scores when compared with individuals carrying the T allele. In addition, a significant genotype by age interaction emerged, indicating that the genotype effect increased during the course of development. CONCLUSIONS This is the first longitudinal study to report an association between rs16147 and BMI during childhood and adolescence. The finding that this effect increased during the course of development may either be due to age-dependent alterations in gene expression or to maturation processes within the weight regulation circuits of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Crescenti A, Solà R, Valls RM, Anguera A, Arola L. Polymorphisms in LEP and NPY genes modify the response to soluble fibre Plantago ovata husk intake on cardiovascular risk biomarkers. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 8:127-36. [PMID: 22669627 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The satiating effect of fibre consumption has been related to gut hormones, such as peptide YY and leptin. These peptides may also influence cardiovascular (CVD) risk biomarkers. Nevertheless, there is wide interindividual variation in metabolic responses to fibre consumption. The objective was to investigate differences in the effects of soluble fibre, in the form of Plantago ovata husk (Po-husk) treatment, on CVD risk biomarkers according to selected polymorphisms in genes related to satiety. The study was a multi-centred, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel and randomised trial in mild-moderate hypercholesterolaemic patients (age range: 43-67 years). Eight polymorphisms in three genes related to satiety (LEP, NPY and PYY) were identified in 178 participants; 88 patients in the placebo (microcrystalline cellulose 14 g/day) group and 90 in the Po-husk (14 g/day) group, which had added to a low-saturated-fat diet for 8 weeks. The CVD biomarkers measured included the following: lipid profile, blood pressure (BP), glucose, insulin, hs-CRP, oxidised LDL and IL-6. Relative to the placebo, Po-husk consumption lowered the plasma total cholesterol concentration by 3.3 % according to rs7799039 polymorphism in the LEP gene (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the Po-husk reduced systolic BP (mean [95 % CI]) by -8 mmHg (-14.16; -1.90) and hs-CRP by 24.9 % in subjects with the AA genotype of the rs16147 polymorphism in the NPY gene (32 % of our total population; p < 0.05), which remained significant after Bonferroni correction. In conclusion, polymorphisms in the LEP and NPY genes potentiate the response to Po-husk, particularly the effects on systolic BP and the hs-CRP plasma concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Crescenti
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades. Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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Donner J, Sipilä T, Ripatti S, Kananen L, Chen X, Kendler KS, Lönnqvist J, Pirkola S, Hettema JM, Hovatta I. Support for involvement of glutamate decarboxylase 1 and neuropeptide Y in anxiety susceptibility. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:316-27. [PMID: 22328461 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mapping efforts have identified putative susceptibility genes for human anxiety disorders. The most intensively studied genes are involved in neurotransmitter metabolism and signaling or stress response. In addition, neuropeptides and targets of anxiolytics have been examined. It has become apparent that gene × environment interactions may explain individual variation in stress resilience and predisposition to mental disorders. We aimed to replicate previous genetic findings in 16 putative anxiety susceptibility genes and further test whether they modulate the risk for developing an anxiety disorder in adulthood after childhood stress exposure. We tested 93 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for genetic association to anxiety disorders in the Finnish population-based Health 2000 sample (282 cases and 575 matched controls). In addition, we examined by logistic regression modeling whether the SNP genotypes modified the effect of the number of self-reported childhood adversities on anxiety disorder risk. The most significant evidence for association was observed in glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) with phobias (P = 0.0005). A subsequent meta-analysis (N = 1985) incorporating previously published findings supported involvement of a single GAD1 risk haplotype in determining susceptibility to a broad range of internalizing disorders (P = 0.0009). We additionally found that SNPs and haplotypes in neuropeptide Y (NPY) modified the effect of childhood adversities on anxiety susceptibility (P = 0.003). In conclusion, we provide further support for involvement of mainly GAD1, but also NPY in determining predisposition to anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Donner
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Koefoed P, Woldbye DPD, Hansen TVO, Eplov LF, Christiansen SH, Mors O, Kessing LV, Werge T, Kaipio K, Pesonen U, Fahmy T, Mellerup E, Jakobsen KD, Hansen ES, Knudsen GM, Bukh JD, Bock C, Lindberg C, Kristensen AS, Dam H, Nordentoft M, Als TD, Wang AG, Gether U, Rehfeld JF, Bolwig TG. Association of the leucine-7 to proline-7 variation in the signal sequence of neuropeptide Y with major depression. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2012; 24:81-90. [PMID: 26952950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is clear evidence of a genetic component in major depression, and several studies indicate that neuropeptide Y (NPY) could play an important role in the pathophysiology of the disease. A well-known polymorphism encoding the substitution of leucine to proline in the signal peptide sequence of NPY (Leu7Pro variation) was previously found to protect against depression. Our study aimed at replicating this association in a large Danish population with major depression. METHOD Leu7Pro was studied in a sample of depressed patients and ethnically matched controls, as well as psychiatric disease controls with schizophrenia. Possible functional consequences of Leu7Pro were explored in vitro. RESULTS In contrast to previous studies, Pro7 appeared to be a risk allele for depression, being significantly more frequent in the depression sample (5.5%, n = 593; p = 0.009; odds ratio, OR: 1.46) as compared to ethnically matched controls (3.8%, n = 2912), while schizophrenia patients (4.1%, n = 503) did not differ. In vitro, the Pro7 substitution appeared to be associated with reduced levels of NPY without affecting its mRNA level. CONCLUSION The Leu7Pro variation may increase the risk of major depression, possibly by affecting the biosynthesis of NPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Koefoed
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P D Woldbye
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas V O Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene F Eplov
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark and Research Unit for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Mental Health Centre Ballerup, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Søren H Christiansen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Lars V Kessing
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre St. Hans Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Katja Kaipio
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ullamari Pesonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas Fahmy
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erling Mellerup
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus D Jakobsen
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre St. Hans Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Elsebeth S Hansen
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte M Knudsen
- Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens D Bukh
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Bock
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Lindberg
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann S Kristensen
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Henrik Dam
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas D Als
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | | | - Ulrik Gether
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Group and Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tom G Bolwig
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mutschler J, Abbruzzese E, von der Goltz C, Dinter C, Mobascher A, Thiele H, Diaz-Lacava A, Dahmen N, Gallinat J, Majic T, Petrovsky N, Kornhuber J, Thuerauf N, Gründer G, Brinkmeyer J, Wienker T, Wagner M, Winterer G, Kiefer F. Genetic variation in the neuropeptide Y gene promoter is associated with increased risk of tobacco smoking. Eur Addict Res 2012; 18:246-52. [PMID: 22584873 DOI: 10.1159/000338276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a strong candidate gene regarding the pathophysiology of tobacco dependence. It has been associated with various addictive and psychiatric disorders, and closely interacts with the brain reward system. The aim of the present study was to test for association between a functional genetic variant in the NP-Y promoter gene (SNP rs16147) and tobacco smoking. METHODS In a population-based case-control multicenter study designed for tobacco addiction research, a total of 550 Caucasian current smokers, and 544 never-smokers were genotyped for SNP rs16147 and behaviorally characterized with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). RESULTS Subjects with TT genotype of the SNP rs16147 were significantly more frequently smokers than never-smokers (p = 0.046). In addition, TT genotype exhibited increased state anxiety scores compared to carriers of the C allele (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence for an involvement of the functionally relevant SNP rs16147 in the pathophysiology of tobacco dependence. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Mutschler
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Genetic Association of NPY Gene Polymorphisms with Dampness-Phlegm Pattern in Korean Stroke Patients. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2012:109796. [PMID: 22110543 PMCID: PMC3205675 DOI: 10.1155/2012/109796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), which is widely expressed in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, has an important role in a variety of biological fields. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of NPY polymorphisms in dampness-phlegm pattern and non-dampness-phlegm pattern in elderly Korean subjects with cerebral infarction (CI). A total of 1.097 subjects (498 normal subjects and 599 CI patients, including 198 with dampness-phlegm pattern and 401 with non-dampness-phlegm pattern) participated in this study. Genotyping for five SNPs (G-1484A, C-1471T, C-399T, A1201G, and C5325T) was conducted by primer extension. The results were statistically analyzed for genetic association of NPY-polymorphisms with normal versus dampness-phlegm pattern or non-dampness-phlegm pattern subjects. Among the five SNPs tested, the T allele of C-399T has a negative association with the dampness-phlegm pattern and is marked by a decrease in serum cholesterol levels. Furthermore, serum cholesterol levels were significantly higher in dampness-phlegm pattern patients than in non-dampness-phlegm pattern patients.In this study, for the first time, the association of NPY polymorphisms with pattern identification (PI) of traditional Korean medicine (TKM) was analyzed in a large CI patient population.
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An interaction between a neuropeptide Y gene polymorphism and early adversity modulates endocrine stress responses. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:1010-20. [PMID: 21273004 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interindividual variability in the regulation of the human stress system accounts for a part of the individual's liability to stress-related diseases. These differences are influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Early childhood adversity is a well-studied environmental factor affecting an individual's stress response which has been shown to be modulated by gene-environment interaction (GxE). Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a role in stress regulation and genetic variation in NPY may influence stress responses. In this study, we analyzed the association of a common variant in the NPY gene promoter, rs16147, with cortisol and ACTH responses to acute psychosocial stress in young adults from the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk (MARS), an ongoing epidemiological cohort study following the outcome of early adversity from birth into adulthood. We found evidence of a GxE interaction between rs16147 and early adversity significantly affecting HPA axis responses to acute psychosocial stress. These findings suggest that the neurobiological mechanisms linking early adverse experience and later neuroendocrine stress regulation are modulated by a gene variant whose functional relevance is documented by increasing convergent evidence from in vitro, animal and human studies.
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Sommer WH, Lidström J, Sun H, Passer D, Eskay R, Parker SCJ, Witt SH, Zimmermann US, Nieratschker V, Rietschel M, Margulies EH, Palkovits M, Laucht M, Heilig M. Human NPY promoter variation rs16147:T>C as a moderator of prefrontal NPY gene expression and negative affect. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:E1594-608. [PMID: 20648632 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Studies in humans and animals suggest a role for NPY in the mediation of behavioral stress responses. Here, we examined whether the NPY promoter variant rs16147:T>C is functional for expression of NPY in a brain region relevant for behavioral control, anxiety and depression, the anterior cingulate cortex. In silico analysis of DNA structural profile changes produced by rs16147 variation suggests allelic differences in protein binding at the rs16147 site. This was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, demonstrating that the rs16147 C-allele has strongly reduced affinity for a yet unknown factor compared to the T-allele. Analyzing 107 human post-mortem brain samples we show that allelic variation at rs16147 contributes to regulation of NPY mRNA and peptide levels in this region. Specifically, the C-allele leads to increased gene expression. In agreement with the molecular findings, rs16147:T>C is associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms in 314 young adults via a gene x environment interaction with early childhood adversity, replicating the recent finding of rs16147-C as a risk factor for stress related psychopathology. Our results show the importance of rs16147:T>C for regulation of NPY gene expression and brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang H Sommer
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA.
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Karl T, Chesworth R, Duffy L, Herzog H. Acoustic startle response and sensorimotor gating in a genetic mouse model for the Y1 receptor. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:233-9. [PMID: 20096928 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted a potential role for neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its Y(1) receptor in the development of schizophrenia. Genetic as well as molecular biological studies have demonstrated reduced levels of NPY in schizophrenia patients. Importantly, Y(1) receptors may mediate some of the potential effects of NPY on schizophrenia, as decreased Y(1) receptor expression has been found in the lymphocytes of schizophrenia patients. To clarify NPY's role in schizophrenia, we investigated a genetic animal model for Y(1) deficiency in regard to (i) acoustic startle response (ASR), (ii) habituation to ASR and (iii) sensorimotor gating [i.e. prepulse inhibition (PPI)] using two different PPI protocols. Mutant and wild type-like mice were screened for baseline behaviours and after pharmacological challenge with the psychotropic drugs dexamphetamine (DEX) and MK-801. Y(1) knockout mice (Y(1)(-/-)) showed a moderate reduction of the ASR and an impaired ASR habituation at baseline and after DEX treatment. The baseline PPI performance of Y(1) mutant mice was unaltered their response to DEX and MK-801 challenge was moderately different compared to control mice, which was dependent on the PPI protocol used. MK-801 challenge had a protocol-dependent differential effect in Y(1)(-/-) mice and DEX a more pronounced impact at the highest prepulse intensities. In conclusion, it appears that the Y(1) receptor influences the acoustic startle response and its habituation but does not play a major role in sensorimotor gating. Further explorations into the effects of Y(1) deficiency seem valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Karl
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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Domschke K, Dannlowski U, Hohoff C, Ohrmann P, Bauer J, Kugel H, Zwanzger P, Heindel W, Deckert J, Arolt V, Suslow T, Baune BT. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene: Impact on emotional processing and treatment response in anxious depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 20:301-9. [PMID: 19854625 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been found to play a role in the pathomechanism of both anxiety and depression. Thus, NPY is a promising candidate in the investigation of the clinical phenotype of "anxious depression". Five NPY gene variants were investigated for an influence on antidepressant treatment response in a sample of 256 patients with depression. Additionally, NPY gene impact on amygdala activation during facial emotion processing was analyzed in a subsample of 35 depressed patients. Particularly in anxious depression, the less active NPY rs16147 -399C allele conferred slow response after 2weeks and failure to achieve remission after four weeks of treatment. The rs16147 C allele was further associated with stronger bilateral amygdala activation in response to threatening faces in an allele-dose fashion. The present results point towards a possible influence of functional NPY gene variation on antidepressant treatment response in anxious depression, potentially conveyed by altered emotional processing.
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Yu JT, Yu NN, Gao SS, Song JH, Ma T, Wang ND, Tang YC, Zhang N, Tan L. Neuropeptide Y polymorphisms and ischemic stroke in Chinese population. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:242-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kim NS, Oh SM, Ko MM, Cha MH, Kang BK, Bang OS. Association of the C-399T promoter polymorphism of neuropeptide Y with susceptibility to ischemic stroke. Clin Biochem 2009; 42:1699-704. [PMID: 19619519 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The common sequence variants of neuropeptide Y (NPY) were known to be associated with some kinds of diseases including stroke. This study investigated the association of NPY promoter polymorphism, C-399T, with ischemic stroke and its underlying mechanism using in vitro systems. DESIGN AND METHODS Study subjects consisted of 444 ischemic stroke patients and 326 controls without stroke. C-399T genotyping was conducted by a primer extension-based method. Plasma NPY was quantified with an enzyme immunoassay, and transcription characteristics were investigated by a reporter gene assay and an enzyme mobility shift assay. RESULTS A significantly lower frequency of TT genotype was observed in a stroke group (OR[95% CI], 0.399[0.187-0.854], p=0.0180). The C-399T polymorphism affected the transcription efficiency of NPY gene and its genotypes were related to the changes in plasma NPY levels. CONCLUSION This study suggests that NPY promoter polymorphism, C-399T, should be considered a genetic risk factor for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- No S Kim
- Brain Disease Research Center, Division of Traditional Korean Medicine Integrated Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 483 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Okahisa Y, Ujike H, Kotaka T, Morita Y, Kodama M, Inada T, Yamada M, Iwata N, Iyo M, Sora I, Ozaki N, Kuroda S. Association between neuropeptide Y gene and its receptor Y1 gene and methamphetamine dependence. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009; 63:417-22. [PMID: 19566775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide that is widely distributed in the brain, adrenal medulla, and sympathetic nervous system. Several lines of evidence suggest a possible involvement of the NPY system in the physiological effects of several classes of abused substances including alcohol, phencyclidine, cocaine, and marijuana and in endogenous psychosis. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that the NPY system may also be involved in methamphetamine dependence or psychosis. METHODS The single nucleotide polymorphisms rs16147 of the NPY gene (-485C>T) and rs7687423 of the NPY receptor Y1 (NPY1R) gene were analyzed in 222 patients with methamphetamine dependence and psychosis and 288 age- and gender-matched controls. RESULTS Genotypic distribution of the NPY1R gene showed a significant association with methamphetamine dependence and psychosis (P = 0.04), whereas the NPY gene had no significant association with them. CONCLUSION It is possible that genetic variants of the NPY1R gene affect the NPY-NPY receptor type Y1 signaling system in the brain, which may result in susceptibility to methamphetamine dependence or the development of methamphetamine psychosis, but the present findings need to be confirmed on replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Okahisa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Lakhan SE, Vieira KF. Schizophrenia pathophysiology: are we any closer to a complete model? Ann Gen Psychiatry 2009; 8:12. [PMID: 19445674 PMCID: PMC2689221 DOI: 10.1186/1744-859x-8-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia, a severe brain disorder that involves hallucinations, disordered thinking and deficiencies in cognition, has been studied for decades in order to determine the early events that lead to this neurological disorder. In this review, we interpret the developmental and genetic models that have been proposed and treatment options associated with these models. Schizophrenia was initially thought to be hereditary based on studies of high incidence in certain families. Additionally, studies on specific genes such as ZDHHC8 and DTNBP1 seem to suggest susceptibility to the onset of this disorder. However, no single gene variation has been linked to schizophrenia, and recent evidence on sporadic cases of schizophrenia refutes genetics as being a singular cause of the disease. In addition, current data suggests neurodevelopmental or environmental causes such as viral infections and prenatal/perinatal complications. Before any brain disorder can be understood, however, multiple cognitive neuroscientific models that accommodate evidence from many biomedical research fields should be considered, and unfortunately, many of these models are in the earliest stages of development. Consequently, it makes us question whether we are any closer to an adequate understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen E Lakhan
- Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Champigny MJ, Mitchell M, Fox-Robichaud A, Trigatti BL, Igdoura SA. A point mutation in the neu1 promoter recruits an ectopic repressor, Nkx3.2 and results in a mouse model of sialidase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2009; 97:43-52. [PMID: 19217813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SM/J is an inbred mouse strain with a complex phenotype including small body size, impaired immune response and a tissue-specific sialidase deficiency. We identified a regulatory mutation, (-519G-->A) within the neu1 promoter which in reporter assays resulted in significantly reduced transcription. This mutation generates a consensus binding site for Nkx3 family transcription repressors. Recombinant Nkx3.2 bound strongly to and preferentially repressed transcription of the mutant promoter. This tissue-specific deficiency results in a retarded immune response and modulates leukocyte recruitment. Examination of the hepatic microcirculation in mutant mice revealed increased rolling and decreased adhesion of leukocytes. Our findings support a significant role for lysosomal sialidase in inflammation and highlight the significance of repressor-recruitment in genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Champigny
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8S 4K1
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Inoue Y, Shinkai T, Utsunomiya K, Sakata S, Fukunaka Y, Yamaguchi W, Yamada K, Chen HI, Hwang R, Ohmori O, Nakamura J. No association between a functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the neuropeptide Y gene (-485C>T) and schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2009; 452:72-4. [PMID: 19150389 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that hypoactivity of neuropeptide Y (NPY) may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. A post-mortem study revealed a decreased level of NPY in the brain of patients with schizophrenia. An increased level of NPY after antipsychotic treatment was also reported in animal brain and cerebrospinal fluid of patients. Previously Itokawa et al. reported a positive association between the functional -485C>T polymorphism in the NPY gene and schizophrenia in a Japanese population. The aim of this study is to replicate their positive findings in an independent Japanese case-control sample. Our sample includes 260 patients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV) and 196 control subjects. No significant differences in distribution of genotype or allele frequencies between patients and controls were observed. Our results suggest that the NPY -485C>T polymorphism may not confer susceptibility to schizophrenia, at least in our sample. Further studies in larger samples are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
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Neuropeptide Y gene polymorphisms confer risk of early-onset atherosclerosis. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000318. [PMID: 19119412 PMCID: PMC2602734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a strong candidate gene for coronary artery disease (CAD). We have previously identified genetic linkage to familial CAD in the genomic region of NPY. We performed follow-up genetic, biostatistical, and functional analysis of NPY in early-onset CAD. In familial CAD (GENECARD, N = 420 families), we found increased microsatellite linkage to chromosome 7p14 (OSA LOD = 4.2, p = 0.004) in 97 earliest age-of-onset families. Tagged NPY SNPs demonstrated linkage to CAD of a 6-SNP block (LOD = 1.58-2.72), family-based association of this block with CAD (p = 0.02), and stronger linkage to CAD in the earliest age-of-onset families. Association of this 6-SNP block with CAD was validated in: (a) 556 non-familial early-onset CAD cases and 256 controls (OR 1.46-1.65, p = 0.01-0.05), showing stronger association in youngest cases (OR 1.84-2.20, p = 0.0004-0.09); and (b) GENECARD probands versus non-familial controls (OR 1.79-2.06, p = 0.003-0.02). A promoter SNP (rs16147) within this 6-SNP block was associated with higher plasma NPY levels (p = 0.04). To assess a causal role of NPY in atherosclerosis, we applied the NPY1-receptor-antagonist BIBP-3226 adventitially to endothelium-denuded carotid arteries of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice; treatment reduced atherosclerotic neointimal area by 50% (p = 0.03). Thus, NPY variants associate with atherosclerosis in two independent datasets (with strong age-of-onset effects) and show allele-specific expression with NPY levels, while NPY receptor antagonism reduces atherosclerosis in mice. We conclude that NPY contributes to atherosclerosis pathogenesis.
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Struyf J, Dobrin S, Page D. Combining gene expression, demographic and clinical data in modeling disease: a case study of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:531. [PMID: 18992130 PMCID: PMC2628394 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This paper presents a retrospective statistical study on the newly-released data set by the Stanley Neuropathology Consortium on gene expression in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. This data set contains gene expression data as well as limited demographic and clinical data for each subject. Previous studies using statistical classification or machine learning algorithms have focused on gene expression data only. The present paper investigates if such techniques can benefit from including demographic and clinical data. Results We compare six classification algorithms: support vector machines (SVMs), nearest shrunken centroids, decision trees, ensemble of voters, naïve Bayes, and nearest neighbor. SVMs outperform the other algorithms. Using expression data only, they yield an area under the ROC curve of 0.92 for bipolar disorder versus control, and 0.91 for schizophrenia versus control. By including demographic and clinical data, classification performance improves to 0.97 and 0.94 respectively. Conclusion This paper demonstrates that SVMs can distinguish bipolar disorder and schizophrenia from normal control at a very high rate. Moreover, it shows that classification performance improves by including demographic and clinical data. We also found that some variables in this data set, such as alcohol and drug use, are strongly associated to the diseases. These variables may affect gene expression and make it more difficult to identify genes that are directly associated to the diseases. Stratification can correct for such variables, but we show that this reduces the power of the statistical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Struyf
- Department of Computer Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200A, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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42
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Nishimura FT, Kimura Y, Abe S, Fukunaga T, Minami J, Tanii H, Saijoh K. Effects of functional polymorphisms related to catecholaminergic systems on changes in blood catecholamine and cardiovascular measures after alcohol ingestion in the Japanese population. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:1937-46. [PMID: 18715275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polymorphism of human aldehyde dehyrogenase-2 (ALDH2) Glu(487)Lys is well known to be a crucial factor underlying the genetic background for alcohol sensitivity in Asian populations. Subjects with the inactive Lys(487) allele show a marked increase in blood acetaldehyde level after alcohol intake, which results in facial flushing and various cardiovascular-related symptoms. However, other polymorphisms related to catecholaminergic systems that tightly regulate the activity of the sympathetic nervous system may also influence the physiological changes after acute alcohol intake. METHODS We investigated whether, together with the ALDH2 Gly(487)Lys and ADH1B Arg(47)His genotype, putative functionally important polymorphisms, including 9 loci in 7 human genes, were associated with changes in blood catecholamine levels and cardiovascular measures after alcohol ingestion. Forty-nine young Japanese males were subjected to blood catecholamine analysis after alcohol ingestion. Among them, 28 were also subjected to heart rate variability and blood pressure analysis. The contribution of polymorphisms to the alcohol-induced response was analyzed by multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Among the polymorphisms examined in this study, haplotypes of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) promoter [(-182bpG/A)_(-387bpG/A)] and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) exon 4 [(Ex4 + 119bpC/G)_(Ex4 + 138bpG/A), Leu(136)Leu_Val(158)Met] are suggested to have functionally important effects on alcohol-induced cardiovascular symptoms by affecting blood catecholamine levels. The neuropeptide Y (NPY) promoter C-1450T genotype is also suggested to be involved in the individual differences in regulation of catecholamine secretion. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that these common polymorphisms of genes related to catecholaminergic systems, as well as those of the alcohol metabolizing system, are significant for understanding the basis of individual differences in alcohol sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusae T Nishimura
- Department of Hygiene, Kanazawa University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
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43
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Domschke K, Hohoff C, Jacob C, Maier W, Fritze J, Bandelow B, Krakowitzky P, Kästner F, Rothermundt M, Arolt V, Deckert J. Chromosome 4q31-34 panic disorder risk locus: association of neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor variants. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:510-6. [PMID: 17948870 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence for a genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of panic disorder, with a recent linkage study pointing toward a risk locus on chromosome 4q31-q34 [Kaabi et al., 2006]. Since the neuropeptide Y (NPY) system has been reported to be involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and in particular panic disorder and the genes coding for NPY Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptors are located in the suggested risk region (4q31-q32), variants in the NPY, NPY Y1, Y2, and Y5 genes were investigated for association with panic disorder in a sample of 230 German patients with panic disorder and matched healthy controls. A synonymous (Gly-426-Gly) NPY Y5 coding variant (rs11946004) as well as haplotypes including rs11946004 and an intronic NPY Y5 variant (rs11724320) were significantly associated with panic disorder (P = 0.027), with the effect originating from the subgroup of female patients (P = 0.030), particularly with concurrent agoraphobia (P = 0.002-0.019). No association was observed for any variants located in the genes coding for NPY, NPY Y1, or Y2. The present results provide preliminary support for an influence of NPY Y5 receptor variants on the etiology of panic disorder in a potentially gender-specific manner further strengthening the evidence for a risk locus on chromosome 4q31-q34 in anxiety disorders. However, in order to allow for conclusive evaluation of the present finding and to exclude a false positive result, further studies in larger, independent, preferably family based samples are warranted.
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44
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Lee C, Kong M. An Interactive Association of Common Sequence Variants in the Neuropeptide Y Gene With Susceptibility to Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2007; 38:2663-9. [PMID: 17702963 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.482075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Knowledge of the genetic architecture of ischemic stroke has been quite limited. Most significant associations of candidate genes with ischemic stroke have been difficult to replicate. This might be because the associations were not strong enough for results to be consistent, and testing a mixture of heterogeneous ischemic strokes might lead to confounded genetic associations.
Methods—
A preliminary association analysis with 28 sequence variants in 18 candidate genes (
ACE, AGT, AGTR1, BDNF, CRP, F13B, LIF, MMP9, NPPA, NPY, PTGS2, SELP, SERPINE1, SREBF2, TFPI, THBD, VCAM1
, and
VEGF
) revealed that
NPY
might be the most responsible for the susceptibility of ischemic stroke. Forty-five variants were discovered in the
NPY
gene by full sequencing, and 5 polymorphisms were selected based on their allele frequency and linkage disequilibrium estimates to conduct a thorough examination of their associations with ischemic stroke and its subtypes classified by TOAST. This study was conducted with 271 patients with ischemic stroke and 455 control subjects.
Results—
In contrast to a slight significance for an allelic association with ischemic stroke, remarkable discrepancies between haplotype frequencies of control subjects and patients were found. Especially, TA and CC of the haplotypes composed of C4112T and A6411C in the
NPY
gene were associated with increased risk (
P
=1.8×10
−21
,
P
=2.0×10
−13
). The interchanged haplotypes, TC and CA, were protective against the diseases (
P
=9.3×10
−12
,
P
=6.0×10
−17
). The associations were also shown in major subtypes of ischemic stroke.
Conclusions—
This remarkable haplotypic association suggested that the interaction between the 2 common sequence polymorphisms in
NPY
contributed to a great amount of phenotypic variability of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeyoung Lee
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Kyonggi-do 431-060, South Korea.
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45
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Cirulli ET, Goldstein DB. In vitro assays fail to predict in vivo effects of regulatory polymorphisms. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:1931-9. [PMID: 17566082 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A typical paradigm in the investigation of complex human disease is to assess the effects of cis-regulatory polymorphisms implicated in association studies on transcription in cellular expression systems. Evidence from in vitro transfection studies is often assumed to be sufficient evidence for the in vivo functional importance of a polymorphism in the context of human disease, even though many confounding effects (e.g. temporal regulation, tissue specificity, genetic background) are not considered. In this study, we evaluate this assumption directly by examining the translation of in vitro results on allele-specific expression to an in vivo system using four genes that have been well documented through reporter assays to have promoter polymorphisms affecting transcription level: monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), neuropeptide Y (NPY), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3), and prodynorphin (PDYN). In our study, MAOA was found to have large allelic imbalances, which indicates that there is in vivo variation in the expression of this gene. However, the imbalances observed were not correlated with genotype at the putatively functional polymorphism. PDYN, NOS3 and NPY did not have large allelic imbalances. Overall, there was no statistically significant effect of these polymorphisms on expression level as measured by imbalance ratios in any of these genes. These results suggest that the functional effects of a polymorphism on gene expression may be more complicated and context dependent than is often assumed and also imply that the use of cell-based expression studies to support the role of such polymorphisms in disease etiology should be treated with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Cirulli
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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46
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Bhaskar LVKS, Thangaraj K, Shah AM, Pardhasaradhi G, Praveen Kumar K, Reddy AG, Papa Rao A, Mulligan CJ, Singh L, Rao VR. Allelic variation in the NPY gene in 14 Indian populations. J Hum Genet 2007; 52:592-598. [PMID: 17554476 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
NPY is a 36-aminoacid peptide expressed in several areas of the nervous system. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors represent a widely diffused system that is involved in the regulation of multiple biological functions. The human NPY gene is located in chromosome 7. The functional significance of coding Leu7Pro polymorphism in the signal peptide of preproNPY is known. Six hundred and fifty four individuals of 14 ethnic Indian populations were screened for three mutations in the NPY gene, including Leu7Pro. We found that the Pro7 frequencies among the studied populations were much higher than in previous studies from other parts of the world. The highest allele frequency of Pro7 was detected in the Kota population in the Nilgiri Hill region of south India, and this may reflect a founder event in the past or genetic drift. All populations followed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the assayed markers. A total of five haplotypes were observed, only two of which were found to occur with a high frequency in all populations. No linkage disequilibrium (LD) was observed across the tested alleles in any population with the exception of Leu7Pro and Ser50Ser in the Badaga population (chi(2) = 13.969; p = 0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Thangaraj
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anish M Shah
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - A G Reddy
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - A Papa Rao
- Department of Anthropology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - C J Mulligan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Lalji Singh
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - V R Rao
- Anthropological Survey of India, 27 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata, 700016, India.
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47
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Hall H, Lawyer G, Sillén A, Jönsson EG, Agartz I, Terenius L, Arnborg S. Potential genetic variants in schizophrenia: a Bayesian analysis. World J Biol Psychiatry 2007; 8:12-22. [PMID: 17366345 DOI: 10.1080/15622970600892004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A number of different gene polymorphisms have been found to dispose for the development of schizophrenia. However, no single gene polymorphism is sufficient for the precipitation of schizophrenia. Swedish psychosis patients (n=103) and control subjects (n=89) were analyzed for 36 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 30 candidate genes for schizophrenia. Evidence of association was analyzed with Bayesian statistical methods. Variants in the genes coding for dopamine-D2 receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neuropeptide Y (NPY), neuregulin 1, reelin and synapsin 3 showed association with schizophrenia, although few subjects were found in the minority allele for the two latter variants. The six gene variants, all with suspected connection to schizophrenia, were found to be risk factors when considered in combination, but not separately. The results indicate that the Bayesian statistical method gives additional possibilities in the search for risk factors for schizophrenia or other complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Hall
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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48
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Doi N, Itokawa M, Hoshi Y, Arai M, Furukawa A, Ujike H, Sora I, Yoshikawa T. A resistance gene in disguise for schizophrenia? Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:165-73. [PMID: 17066479 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined the hypothesis that -485 T, a novel polymorphism in the promoter region of the neuropeptide Y gene which was shown to be associated with schizophrenia in our previous paper, confers susceptibility to the disease. For a case-control association study, 331 unrelated Japanese schizophrenics (S(1): milder cases in the previous study, n = 212; and S(2): additional severer cases, n = 119) and 199 unrelated normal controls were recruited. Contribution of -485 T to the risk and the severity of the illness was examined by (1) comparing the risk in each genotype in the general population, (2) testing correlations between the gene-dose of -485 T, and the severity of chronic outcome in S(2) assessed with the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, and (3) comparing the distribution of age at onset in S(1) + S(2) among the three genotypes. -485 T was significantly associated with schizophrenia in S(1) + S(2). Significant negative correlations were observed between the gene-dose and the symptom assessment scores in all items. The homozygote of -485 T showed a second peak frequency in the late-onset group both in males and females, while the homozygote of the alternative allele showed a single peak in the early-onset group. The higher risk of schizophrenia in the heterozygote than in the homozygote of -485 T in the general population did not support the possibility of linkage disequilibrium with a susceptibility gene. -485 T most likely confers resistance but not susceptibility to schizophrenia. An interaction between a nuclear resistance gene and a presumptive pathogenic gene in the mitochondrial DNA was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagafumi Doi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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49
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Karl T, Herzog H. Behavioral profiling of NPY in aggression and neuropsychiatric diseases. Peptides 2007; 28:326-33. [PMID: 17196302 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
The abundantly expressed neuropeptide Y (NPY) has potent effects on feeding, body weight, and blood pressure, and exhibits important functions in various behavioral domains such as motor activity and anxiety. The potent neurotransmitter exerts its biological effects through at least five G-protein coupled receptors termed Y(1), Y(2), Y(4), Y(5), and y(6). The behavioral profile of NPY function has been extensively studied using traditional pharmacological and classic genetic animal models. Based on these studies, variations in the profile of NPY and its receptors have been found. To limit the variability and inconsistencies in the behavioral profile of NPY and to clarify its effects on certain domains in further detail, it is important to design a rational standardized strategy for behavioral testing, using a complement of different well-established and reproducible tests. This strategy can minimize the risk that false positive or false negative results lead to a contradictory and inconsistent behavioral characterization of NPY function. Ideally, such screening should be composed of an initial monitoring of general health, sensory functions, and motor abilities, before specific behavioral domains such as anxiety or aggression are investigated using a multi-tiered phenotyping approach. In this review, we will focus on a brief description of the latest insights into the behavioral profile of NPY in the selective lesser investigated domains such as aggression and depression-schizophrenia-related behaviors. We will combine this information with possible strategies to evaluate the different specific phenotypes in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Karl
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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50
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Cáceda R, Kinkead B, Nemeroff CB. Involvement of neuropeptide systems in schizophrenia: human studies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2007; 78:327-76. [PMID: 17349866 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(06)78011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are heterogeneously distributed throughout the digestive, circulatory, and nervous systems and serve as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and hormones. Neuropeptides are phylogenetically conserved and have been demonstrated to regulate numerous behaviors. They have been hypothesized to be pathologically involved in several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. On the basis of preclinical data, numerous studies have sought to examine the role of neuropeptide systems in schizophrenia. This chapter reviews the clinical data, linking alterations in neuropeptide systems to the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of schizophrenia. Data for the following neuropeptide systems are included: arginine-vasopressin, cholecystokinin (CCK), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), interleukins, neuregulin 1 (NRG1), neurotensin (NT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), opioids, secretin, somatostatin, tachykinins, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Data from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), postmortem and genetic studies, as well as clinical trials are described. Despite the inherent difficulties associated with human studies (including small sample size, variable duration of illness, medication status, the presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders, and diagnostic heterogeneity), several findings are noteworthy. Postmortem studies support disease-related alterations in several neuropeptide systems in the frontal and temporal cortices. The strongest genetic evidence supporting a role for neuropeptides in schizophrenia are those studies linking polymorphisms in NRG1 and the CCKA receptor with schizophrenia. Finally, the only compounds that act directly on neuropeptide systems that have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in schizophrenia are neurokinin receptor antagonists. Clearly, additional investigation into the role of neuropeptide systems in the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of schizophrenia is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cáceda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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