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Zheng B, Wang G, Qu Z, Hu J, Bao Z, Wang M. Glycosaminoglycan lyase: A new competition between bacteria and the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 156:105177. [PMID: 38593892 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is an important evolutionary force in the formation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. In recent years, many HGT genes horizontally transferred from prokaryotes to eukaryotes have been reported, and most of them are present in arthropods. The Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, an important economic species of arthropod, has close relationships with bacteria, providing a platform for horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In this study, we analyzed bacteria-derived HGT based on a high-quality genome of L. vannamei via a homology search and phylogenetic analysis, and six HGT genes were identified. Among these six horizontally transferred genes, we found one gene (LOC113799989) that contains a bacterial chondroitinase AC structural domain and encodes an unknown glycosaminoglycan (GAG) lyase in L. vannamei. The real-time quantitative PCR results showed that the mRNA expression level of LOC113799989 was highest in the hepatopancreas and heart, and after stimulation by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, its mRNA expression level was rapidly up-regulated within 12 h. Furthermore, after injecting si-RNA and stimulation by V. parahaemolyticus, we found that the experimental group had a higher cumulative mortality rate in 48 h than the control group, indicating that the bacteria-derived GAG lyase can reduce the mortality of shrimp with respect to infection by V. parahaemolyticus and might be related to the resistance of shrimp to bacterial diseases. Our findings contribute to the study of the function of GAGs and provide new insights into GAG-related microbial pathogenesis and host defense mechanisms in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Gengzhuo Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Zhe Qu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China.
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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Pedreañez A, Carrero Y, Vargas R, Hernández-Fonseca JP, Mosquera JA. Role of angiotensin II in cellular entry and replication of dengue virus. Arch Virol 2024; 169:121. [PMID: 38753119 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the relevance of several soluble molecules in the pathogenesis of dengue. In this regard, a possible role for angiotensin II (Ang II) in the pathophysiology of dengue has been suggested by the observation of a blockade of Ang II in patients with dengue, increased expression of molecules related to Ang II production in the plasma of dengue patients, increased expression of circulating cytokines and soluble molecules related to the action of Ang II, and an apparent relationship between DENV, Ang II effects, and miRNAs. In addition, in ex vivo experiments, the blockade of Ang II AT1 receptor and ACE-1 (angiotensin converting enzyme 1), both of which are involved in Ang II production and its function, inhibits infection of macrophages by DENV, suggesting a role of Ang II in viral entry or in intracellular viral replication of the virus. Here, we discuss the possible mechanisms of Ang II in the entry and replication of DENV. Ang II has the functions of increasing the expression of DENV entry receptors, creation of clathrin-coated vesicles, and increasing phagocytosis, all of which are involved in DENV entry. This hormone also modulates the expression of the Rab5 and Rab7 proteins, which are important in the endosomal processing of DENV during viral replication. This review summarizes the data related to the possible involvement of Ang II in the entry of DENV into cells and its replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pedreañez
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Bioanálisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Yenddy Carrero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Renata Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Juan P Hernández-Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
- Servicio de Microscopia Electrónica del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB- CSIC), Madrid, España
| | - Jesús Alberto Mosquera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
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Ago Y, Rintz E, Musini KS, Ma Z, Tomatsu S. Molecular Mechanisms in Pathophysiology of Mucopolysaccharidosis and Prospects for Innovative Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1113. [PMID: 38256186 PMCID: PMC10816168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of inborn errors of the metabolism caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzymes required to break down molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These GAGs accumulate over time in various tissues and disrupt multiple biological systems, including catabolism of other substances, autophagy, and mitochondrial function. These pathological changes ultimately increase oxidative stress and activate innate immunity and inflammation. We have described the pathophysiology of MPS and activated inflammation in this paper, starting with accumulating the primary storage materials, GAGs. At the initial stage of GAG accumulation, affected tissues/cells are reversibly affected but progress irreversibly to: (1) disruption of substrate degradation with pathogenic changes in lysosomal function, (2) cellular dysfunction, secondary/tertiary accumulation (toxins such as GM2 or GM3 ganglioside, etc.), and inflammatory process, and (3) progressive tissue/organ damage and cell death (e.g., skeletal dysplasia, CNS impairment, etc.). For current and future treatment, several potential treatments for MPS that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and bone have been proposed and/or are in clinical trials, including targeting peptides and molecular Trojan horses such as monoclonal antibodies attached to enzymes via receptor-mediated transport. Gene therapy trials with AAV, ex vivo LV, and Sleeping Beauty transposon system for MPS are proposed and/or underway as innovative therapeutic options. In addition, possible immunomodulatory reagents that can suppress MPS symptoms have been summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Ago
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (Y.A.); (K.S.M.); (Z.M.)
| | - Estera Rintz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Krishna Sai Musini
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (Y.A.); (K.S.M.); (Z.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Zhengyu Ma
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (Y.A.); (K.S.M.); (Z.M.)
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (Y.A.); (K.S.M.); (Z.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA
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Bilan MI, Anisimova NY, Tokatly AI, Nikogosova SP, Vinnitskiy DZ, Ustyuzhanina NE, Dmitrenok AS, Tsvetkova EA, Kiselevskiy MV, Nifantiev NE, Usov AI. Glycosaminoglycans from the Starfish Lethasterias fusca: Structures and Influence on Hematopoiesis. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040205. [PMID: 37103344 PMCID: PMC10146216 DOI: 10.3390/md21040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Crude anionic polysaccharides extracted from the Pacific starfish Lethasterias fusca were purified by anion-exchange chromatography. The main fraction LF, having MW 14.5 kDa and dispersity 1.28 (data of gel-permeation chromatography), was solvolytically desulfated and giving rise to preparation LF-deS with a structure of dermatan core [→3)-β-d-GalNAc-(1→4)-α-l-IdoA-(1→]n, which was identified according to NMR spectroscopy data. Analysis of the NMR spectra of the parent fraction LF led to identification of the main component as dermatan sulfate LF-Derm →3)-β-d-GalNAc4R-(1→4)-α-l-IdoA2R3S-(1→ (where R was SO3 or H), bearing sulfate groups at O-3 or both at O-2 and O-3 of α-l-iduronic acid, as well as at O-4 of some N-acetyl-d-galactosamine residues. The minor signals in NMR spectra of LF were assigned as resonances of heparinoid LF-Hep composed of the fragments →4)-α-d-GlcNS3S6S-(1→4)-α-l-IdoA2S3S-(1→. The 3-O-sulfated and 2,3-di-O-sulfated iduronic acid residues are very unusual for natural glycosaminoglycans, and further studies are needed to elucidate their possible specific influence on the biological activity of the corresponding polysaccharides. To confirm the presence of these units in LF-Derm and LF-Hep, a series of variously sulfated model 3-aminopropyl iduronosides were synthesized and their NMR spectra were compared with those of the polysaccharides. Preparations LF and LF-deS were studied as stimulators of hematopoiesis in vitro. Surprisingly, it was found that both preparations were active in these tests, and hence, the high level of sulfation is not necessary for hematopoiesis stimulation in this particular case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Bilan
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Natalia Yu. Anisimova
- FSBI N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye sh. 24, Moscow 115458, Russia
| | - Alexandra I. Tokatly
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sofya P. Nikogosova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Z. Vinnitskiy
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nadezhda E. Ustyuzhanina
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey S. Dmitrenok
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgenia A. Tsvetkova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Kiselevskiy
- FSBI N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye sh. 24, Moscow 115458, Russia
| | - Nikolay E. Nifantiev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anatolii I. Usov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-137-6791
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Chandika P, Tennakoon P, Kim TH, Kim SC, Je JY, Kim JI, Lee B, Ryu B, Kang HW, Kim HW, Kim YM, Kim CS, Choi IW, Park WS, Yi M, Jung WK. Marine Biological Macromolecules and Chemically Modified Macromolecules; Potential Anticoagulants. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100654. [PMID: 36286477 PMCID: PMC9604568 DOI: 10.3390/md20100654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation is a potential defense mechanism that involves activating a series of zymogens to convert soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin clots to prevent bleeding and hemorrhagic complications. To prevent the extra formation and diffusion of clots, the counterbalance inhibitory mechanism is activated at levels of the coagulation pathway. Contrariwise, this system can evade normal control due to either inherited or acquired defects or aging which leads to unusual clots formation. The abnormal formations and deposition of excess fibrin trigger serious arterial and cardiovascular diseases. Although heparin and heparin-based anticoagulants are a widely prescribed class of anticoagulants, the clinical use of heparin has limitations due to the unpredictable anticoagulation, risk of bleeding, and other complications. Hence, significant interest has been established over the years to investigate alternative therapeutic anticoagulants from natural sources, especially from marine sources with good safety and potency due to their unique chemical structure and biological activity. This review summarizes the coagulation cascade and potential macromolecular anticoagulants derived from marine flora and fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathum Chandika
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Pipuni Tennakoon
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Se-Chang Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Je
- Major of Human Bioconvergence, Division of Smart Healthcare, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Jae-Il Kim
- Major of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Bonggi Lee
- Major of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - BoMi Ryu
- Major of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Kang
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Major of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Chang Su Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Il-Whan Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Myunggi Yi
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Chen J, Du Z, Song B, Li R, Jia X, Chen J, Liu X, Zhong S. A natural heparinoid from mollusc Meretrix lusoria: Purification, structural characterization, and antithrombotic evaluation. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:1897-1905. [PMID: 36276241 PMCID: PMC9579208 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparinoid, a sulfate polysaccharide derived from marine organisms was attracted largely attention due to its versatile activities. A naturally occurring heparinoid (M2) that was extracted from the mollusk Meretrix lusoria and used in this investigation shown strong antithrombotic action. UV-Vis, FT-IR, SAX-HPLC, and NMR were used to explore the structural characteristics of M2, results indicated that M2 similar with heparin, its average molecular weight was 22.58 kDa. Which was primarily made up of→4)-α-IdoA2S-(1→4)-α-GlcNS6S-(1→ (31.19%), →4)-β-GlcA-(1→4)-α-GlcNAc (1→ (23.21%), →4)-β-GlcA-(1→4)-α-GlcNS (1→ (13.87%), →4)-α-IdoA2S-(1→4)-α-GlcNS (1→ (8.95%), →4)-β-GlcA-(1→4)-α-GlcNAc6S (1→ (7.39%) and →4)-β-GlcA-(1→4)-α-GlcNS6S (1→ (7.63%). The antithrombotic activity of M2 was evaluated using measurements of the anticoagulant effect in vitro and the fibrinolytic capability in vitro and in vivo, and M2 has 122.4 U/mg of anticoagulant activity and 1.41 U/mg of fibrinolytic activity, respectively. Additionally, a mouse tail-cutting model was used to assess the bleeding effect in real time, it found that M2 had a reduced hemorrhagic risk than heparin. Consequently, M2 could be exploited to develop functional foods or medications with antithrombotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Zhenxing Du
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Bingbing Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xuejing Jia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Saiyi Zhong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
- Corresponding author. No. 1 Hai Da Road, Zhanjiang city, 524088, Guangdong, China.
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Anticancer peptides mechanisms, simple and complex. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 368:110194. [PMID: 36195187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptide therapy has started since 1920s with the advent of insulin application, and now it has emerged as a new approach in treatment of diseases including cancer. Using anti-cancer peptides (ACPs) is a promising way of cancer therapy as ACPs are continuing to be approved and arrived at major pharmaceutical markets. Traditional cancer treatments face different problems like intensive adverse effects to patient's body, cell resistance to conventional chemical drugs and in some worse cases the occurrence of cell multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancerous tissues against chemotherapy. On the other hand, there are some benefits conceived for peptides usage in treatment of diseases specifically cancer, as these compounds present favorable characteristics such as smaller size, high activity, low immunogenicity, good biocompatibility in vivo, convenient and rapid way of synthesis, amenable to sequence modification and revision and there is no limitation for the type of cargo they carry. It is possible to achieve an optimum molecular and functional structure of peptides based on previous experience and bank of peptide motif data which may result in novel peptide design. Bioactive peptides are able to form pores in cell membrane and induce necrosis or apoptosis of abnormal cells. Moreover, recent researches have focused on the tumor recognizing peptide motifs with the ability to permeate to cancerous cells with the aim of cancer treatment at earlier stages. In this strategy the most important factors for addressing cancer are choosing peptides with easy accessibility to tumor cell without cytotoxicity effect towards normal cells. The peptides must also meet acceptable pharmacokinetic requirements. In this review, the characteristics of peptides and cancer cells are discussed. The various mechanisms of peptides' action proposed against cancer cells make the next part of discussion. It will be followed by giving information on peptides application, various methods of peptide designing along with introducing various databases. Future aspects of peptides for employing in area of cancer treatment come as conclusion at the end.
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Known Cellular and Receptor Interactions of Animal and Human Coronaviruses: A Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020351. [PMID: 35215937 PMCID: PMC8878323 DOI: 10.3390/v14020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article aims to review all currently known interactions between animal and human coronaviruses and their cellular receptors. Over the past 20 years, three novel coronaviruses have emerged that have caused severe disease in humans, including SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2); therefore, a deeper understanding of coronavirus host-cell interactions is essential. Receptor-binding is the first stage in coronavirus entry prior to replication and can be altered by minor changes within the spike protein-the coronavirus surface glycoprotein responsible for the recognition of cell-surface receptors. The recognition of receptors by coronaviruses is also a major determinant in infection, tropism, and pathogenesis and acts as a key target for host-immune surveillance and other potential intervention strategies. We aim to highlight the need for a continued in-depth understanding of this subject area following on from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with the possibility for more zoonotic transmission events. We also acknowledge the need for more targeted research towards glycan-coronavirus interactions as zoonotic spillover events from animals to humans, following an alteration in glycan-binding capability, have been well-documented for other viruses such as Influenza A.
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Ustyuzhanina NE, Bilan MI, Dmitrenok AS, Tsvetkova EA, Nifantiev NE, Usov AI. Oversulfated dermatan sulfate and heparinoid in the starfish Lysastrosoma anthosticta: Structures and anticoagulant activity. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117867. [PMID: 33766355 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Crude anionic polysaccharides extracted from the Pacific starfish Lysastrosoma anthosticta were separated by anion-exchange chromatography into fractions LA-F1 and LA-F2. The main fraction LA-F1 was solvolytically desulfated giving rise to preparation LA-F1-DS with a structure of dermatan core [→3)-β-d-GalNAc-(1→4)-α-l-IdoA-(1→]n. Reduction of LA-F1 afforded preparation LA-F1-RED composed mainly of the repeating disaccharide units →3)-β-d-GalNAc4R-(1→4)-α-l-Ido2S3S-(1→, where R was SO3- or H. Analysis of the NMR spectra of the parent fraction LA-F1 led to determine the main component as the oversulfated dermatan sulfate LA-Derm bearing sulfate groups at O-2 and O-3 of α-l-iduronic acid, as well as at O-4 of some N-acetyl-d-galactosamine residues. The minor fraction LA-F2 contained a mixture of LA-Derm and heparinoid LA-Hep, the latter being composed of the fragments →4)-α-d-GlcNS3S6S-(1→4)-α-l-IdoA2S3S-(1→ and →4)-α-d-GlcNS3S-(1→4)-α-l-IdoA2S3S-(1→. The presence of 2,3-di-O-sulfated iduronic acid residues is very unusual both for natural dermatan sulfate and heparinoid. Preparations LA-F1, LA-F2 and LA-F1-RED demonstrated significant anticoagulant effect in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda E Ustyuzhanina
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Maria I Bilan
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey S Dmitrenok
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgenia A Tsvetkova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anatolii I Usov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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10
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Chatziparasidis G, Kantar A. Calprotectin: An Ignored Biomarker of Neutrophilia in Pediatric Respiratory Diseases. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8060428. [PMID: 34063831 PMCID: PMC8223968 DOI: 10.3390/children8060428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Calprotectin (CP) is a non-covalent heterodimer formed by the subunits S100A8 (A8) and S100A9 (A9). When neutrophils become activated, undergo disruption, or die, this abundant cytosolic neutrophil protein is released. By fervently chelating trace metal ions that are essential for bacterial development, CP plays an important role in human innate immunity. It also serves as an alarmin by controlling the inflammatory response after it is released. Extracellular concentrations of CP increase in response to infection and inflammation, and are used as a biomarker of neutrophil activation in a variety of inflammatory diseases. Although it has been almost 40 years since CP was discovered, its use in daily pediatric practice is still limited. Current evidence suggests that CP could be used as a biomarker in a variety of pediatric respiratory diseases, and could become a valuable key factor in promoting diagnostic and therapeutic capacity. The aim of this study is to re-introduce CP to the medical community and to emphasize its potential role with the hope of integrating it as a useful adjunct, in the practice of pediatric respiratory medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Kantar
- Pediatric Asthma and Cough Centre, Instituti Ospedalieri Bergamaschi, University and Research Hospitals, 24046 Bergamo, Italy
- Correspondence:
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11
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Neurons and Glia Interplay in α-Synucleinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094994. [PMID: 34066733 PMCID: PMC8125822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of the neuronal presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein within proteinaceous inclusions represents the key histophathological hallmark of a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders, referred to by the umbrella term a-synucleinopathies. Even though alpha-synuclein is expressed predominantly in neurons, pathological aggregates of the protein are also found in the glial cells of the brain. In Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, alpha-synuclein accumulates mainly in neurons forming the Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, whereas in multiple system atrophy, the protein aggregates mostly in the glial cytoplasmic inclusions within oligodendrocytes. In addition, astrogliosis and microgliosis are found in the synucleinopathy brains, whereas both astrocytes and microglia internalize alpha-synuclein and contribute to the spread of pathology. The mechanisms underlying the pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein in glial cells that under physiological conditions express low to non-detectable levels of the protein are an area of intense research. Undoubtedly, the presence of aggregated alpha-synuclein can disrupt glial function in general and can contribute to neurodegeneration through numerous pathways. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of alpha-synuclein in both neurons and glia, highlighting the contribution of the neuron-glia connectome in the disease initiation and progression, which may represent potential therapeutic target for a-synucleinopathies.
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12
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Meneghetti MCZ, Deboni P, Palomino CMV, Braga LP, Cavalheiro RP, Viana GM, Yates EA, Nader HB, Lima MA. ER-Golgi dynamics of HS-modifying enzymes via vesicular trafficking is a critical prerequisite for the delineation of HS biosynthesis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 255:117477. [PMID: 33436240 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface and extracellular matrix polysaccharide, heparan sulfate (HS) conveys chemical information to control crucial biological processes. HS chains are synthesized in a non-template driven process mainly in the Golgi apparatus, involving a large number of enzymes capable of subtly modifying its substitution pattern, hence, its interactions and biological effects. Changes in the localization of HS-modifying enzymes throughout the Golgi were found to correlate with changes in the structure of HS, rather than protein expression levels. Following BFA treatment, the HS-modifying enzymes localized preferentially in COPII vesicles and at the trans-Golgi. Shortly after heparin treatment, the HS-modifying enzyme moved from cis to trans-Golgi, which coincided with increased HS sulfation. Finally, it was shown that COPI subunits and Sec24 gene expression changed. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that knowledge of the ER-Golgi dynamics of HS-modifying enzymes via vesicular trafficking is a critical prerequisite for the complete delineation of HS biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Z Meneghetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Farmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Paula Deboni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Farmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Carlos M V Palomino
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Farmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Luiz P Braga
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Farmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Renan P Cavalheiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Farmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M Viana
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Farmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Farmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Helena B Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Farmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Farmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil; Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
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13
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Jeon YM, Kwon Y, Jo M, Lee S, Kim S, Kim HJ. The Role of Glial Mitochondria in α-Synuclein Toxicity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:548283. [PMID: 33262983 PMCID: PMC7686475 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.548283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in neurons and glial cells is widely known to be associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Multiple system atrophy (MSA). Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons and glia is known as a key feature of α-syn toxicity. Studies aimed at understanding α-syn-induced toxicity and its role in neurodegenerative diseases have primarily focused on neurons. However, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that glial cells such as microglia and astrocytes have been implicated in the initial pathogenesis and the progression of α-Synucleinopathy. Glial cells are important for supporting neuronal survival, synaptic functions, and local immunity. Furthermore, recent studies highlight the role of mitochondrial metabolism in the normal function of glial cells. In this work, we review the complex relationship between glial mitochondria and α-syn-mediated neurodegeneration, which may provide novel insights into the roles of glial cells in α-syn-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Jeon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Younghwi Kwon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Myungjin Jo
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Shinrye Lee
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seyeon Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
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14
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Muscari A, Bartoli E, Faccioli L, Franchi E, Pastore Trossello M, Puddu GM, Spinardi L, Zoli M. Venous thromboembolism prevention with low molecular weight heparin may reduce hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:2485-2494. [PMID: 32212012 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subcutaneous heparin at a prophylactic dose (SHPD) is a rather common treatment in ischemic stroke, but whether it confers an increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation of cerebral infarct (HT) and whether its reduction or discontinuation favors HT regression are presently poorly understood. METHODS Two samples of ischemic stroke patients with a cerebral lesion diameter ≥ 3 cm on brain CT scan, admitted over 7 years to our stroke unit, were retrospectively examined: (1) patients treated or not treated with SHPD (enoxaparin 4000 U/day), with subsequent assessment of possible HT appearance (N = 267, mean age 75.9 ± 12.8 years) and (2) patients treated with SHPD, with HT and subsequent reduction/discontinuation or maintenance of the initial dose, and subsequent assessment of HT evolution (N = 116, mean age 75.7 ± 11.1 years). HT severity was quantified according to the ECASS study (HT score). RESULTS In the first sample, after adjustment for age, sex, stroke severity, cerebral lesion diameter, and other possible confounders, SHPD was inversely associated with HT appearance (hazard ratio 0.62, 95% CI 0.39-0.98, P = 0.04). In the second sample, after adjustment for age, sex, stroke severity, cerebral lesion diameter, and initial HT severity, SHPD reduction/discontinuation had an inverse effect on both HT score improvement (odds ratio 0.42, 95% CI 0.18-0.99, P = 0.049) and HT improvement according to neuroradiological reports (odds ratio 0.34, 95% CI 0.14-0.82, P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS This retrospective study suggests that SHPD may play a protective role in HT appearance and evolution, which requires verification by a randomized clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Muscari
- Stroke Unit - Medical Department of Continuity of Care and Disability, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elena Bartoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Faccioli
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Franchi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Pastore Trossello
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni M Puddu
- Stroke Unit - Medical Department of Continuity of Care and Disability, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Spinardi
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Zoli
- Stroke Unit - Medical Department of Continuity of Care and Disability, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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15
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Agelidis A, Shukla D. Heparanase, Heparan Sulfate and Viral Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:759-770. [PMID: 32274736 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The story of heparanase (HPSE) in viral infection has roots in the longstanding connection between heparan sulfate (HS) and a large number of viruses. As a major viral attachment and entry receptor present on the cell surface, HS serves as the first point of contact between a virus particle and its target host cell. Likewise, direct regulation of HS levels on the cell surface by HPSE enzymatic activity dictates the extent of virus release after replication has occurred. Additionally, virus-induced HPSE activation and nuclear translocation results in higher expression of pro-inflammatory factors and delayed wound healing leading to worsened disease. In this chapter, using herpes simplex virus (HSV) as a prototype virus we provide a brief synopsis of important stages in viral infection, describe how these processes are governed by HS and HPSE, and discuss the recent discoveries that designate HPSE as a major host virulence factor and driver of pathogenesis for several different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Agelidis
- Ocular Virology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, E-704 Medical Sciences Building, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Ocular Virology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, E-704 Medical Sciences Building, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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16
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Du Z, Jia X, Chen J, Zhou S, Chen J, Liu X, Cao X, Zhong S, Hong P. Isolation and Characterization of a Heparin-Like Compound with Potent Anticoagulant and Fibrinolytic Activity from the Clam Coelomactra antiquata. Mar Drugs 2019; 18:E6. [PMID: 31861572 PMCID: PMC7024239 DOI: 10.3390/md18010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin from mollusks with unique sulfated glycosaminoglycan exhibits strong anti-thrombotic activities. This study reports on a purified heparinoid from Coelomactra antiquata, which shows potent anticoagulant and fibrinolytic abilities. Its structure was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Its fibrinolytic activity was determined in vitro and in vivo. Its anticoagulant activity was determined by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT). The results indicated that clam heparinoid was a homogeneous glycosaminoglycan with a molecular weight of 30.99 kDa, mainly composed of →4)-α-IdoA2S-(1→4)-α-GlcNS3S6S (or GlcNS6S)-(1→4)-β-GlcA-(1→4)-α-GlcNS6S (or GlcNAC)-(1→. Furthermore, this heparinoid showed a highly anticoagulant titer and fibrinolytic value of 149.63 IU/mg and 1.96 IU/mg, respectively. In summary, clam heparinoid shows great potential for application in the clinic and antithrombotic drugs industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenXing Du
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
- Shenzhen institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - XueJing Jia
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
- Shenzhen institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - SiYi Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
- Shenzhen institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - JianPing Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
| | - XiaoFei Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
| | - XiaoHuang Cao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
| | - SaiYi Zhong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
- Shenzhen institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - PengZhi Hong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
- Shenzhen institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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17
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Pomin VH, Vignovich WP, Gonzales AV, Vasconcelos AA, Mulloy B. Galactosaminoglycans: Medical Applications and Drawbacks. Molecules 2019; 24:E2803. [PMID: 31374852 PMCID: PMC6696379 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactosaminoglycans (GalAGs) are sulfated glycans composed of alternating N-acetylgalactosamine and uronic acid units. Uronic acid epimerization, sulfation patterns and fucosylation are modifications observed on these molecules. GalAGs have been extensively studied and exploited because of their multiple biomedical functions. Chondroitin sulfates (CSs), the main representative family of GalAGs, have been used in alternative therapy of joint pain/inflammation and osteoarthritis. The relatively novel fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS), commonly found in sea cucumbers, has been screened in multiple systems in addition to its widely studied anticoagulant action. Biomedical properties of GalAGs are directly dependent on the sugar composition, presence or lack of fucose branches, as well as sulfation patterns. Although research interest in GalAGs has increased considerably over the three last decades, perhaps motivated by the parallel progress of glycomics, serious questions concerning the effectiveness and potential side effects of GalAGs have recently been raised. Doubts have centered particularly on the beneficial functions of CS-based therapeutic supplements and the potential harmful effects of FCS as similarly observed for oversulfated chondroitin sulfate, as a contaminant of heparin. Unexpected components were also detected in CS-based pharmaceutical preparations. This review therefore aims to offer a discussion on (1) the current and potential therapeutic applications of GalAGs, including those of unique features extracted from marine sources, and (2) the potential drawbacks of this class of molecules when applied to medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA.
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA.
| | - William P Vignovich
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Alysia V Gonzales
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Ariana A Vasconcelos
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Imperial College, Department of Medicine, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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18
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Ghiselli G. Heparin Binding Proteins as Therapeutic Target: An Historical Account and Current Trends. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E80. [PMID: 31362364 PMCID: PMC6789896 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The polyanionic nature and the ability to interact with proteins with different affinities are properties of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that determine their biological function. In designing drugs affecting the interaction of proteins with GAGs the challenge has been to generate agents with high binding specificity. The example to emulated has been a heparin-derived pentasaccharide that binds to antithrombin-III with high affinity. However, the portability of this model to other biological situations is questioned on several accounts. Because of their structural flexibility, oligosaccharides with different sulfation and uronic acid conformation can display the same binding proficiency to different proteins and produce comparable biological effects. This circumstance represents a formidable obstacle to the design of drugs based on the heparin scaffold. The conceptual framework discussed in this article is that through a direct intervention on the heparin-binding functionality of proteins is possible to achieve a high degree of action specificity. This objective is currently pursued through two strategies. The first makes use of small molecules for which in the text we provide examples from past and present literature concerning angiogenic factors and enzymes. The second approach entails the mutagenesis of the GAG-binding site of proteins as a means to generate a new class of biologics of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ghiselli
- Independent Researcher, 1326 Spruce Street Suite 706, Philadephia, PA 19107, USA.
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19
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Mycroft-West CJ, Cooper LC, Devlin AJ, Procter P, Guimond SE, Guerrini M, Fernig DG, Lima MA, Yates EA, Skidmore MA. A Glycosaminoglycan Extract from Portunus pelagicus Inhibits BACE1, the β Secretase Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E293. [PMID: 31100859 PMCID: PMC6562973 DOI: 10.3390/md17050293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, are currently restricted to palliative treatments. The glycosaminoglycan heparin, widely used as a clinical anticoagulant, has previously been shown to inhibit the Alzheimer's disease-relevant β-secretase 1 (BACE1). Despite this, the deployment of pharmaceutical heparin for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is largely precluded by its potent anticoagulant activity. Furthermore, ongoing concerns regarding the use of mammalian-sourced heparins, primarily due to prion diseases and religious beliefs hinder the deployment of alternative heparin-based therapeutics. A marine-derived, heparan sulphate-containing glycosaminoglycan extract, isolated from the crab Portunus pelagicus, was identified to inhibit human BACE1 with comparable bioactivity to that of mammalian heparin (IC50 = 1.85 μg mL-1 (R2 = 0.94) and 2.43 μg mL-1 (R2 = 0.93), respectively), while possessing highly attenuated anticoagulant activities. The results from several structural techniques suggest that the interactions between BACE1 and the extract from P. pelagicus are complex and distinct from those of heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J Mycroft-West
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Lynsay C Cooper
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Anthony J Devlin
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Patricia Procter
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Scott E Guimond
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - David G Fernig
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Marcelo A Lima
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Mark A Skidmore
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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20
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Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Structural basis of oligosaccharide processing by glycosaminoglycan sulfotransferases. Glycobiology 2019; 28:885-897. [PMID: 29878110 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a sulfated polysaccharide that plays a key role in morphogenesis, physiology and pathogenesis. The biosynthesis of HS takes place in the Golgi apparatus by a group of enzymes that polymerize, epimerize and sulfate the sugar chain. This biosynthetic process introduces varying degrees of sulfate substitution, which are tightly regulated and directly dictate binding specificity to different cytokines, morphogens and growth factors. Here, we report the use of molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the dynamics of substrate recognition of two glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sulfotransferases, N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase and 2-O-sulfotransferase to the HS chain during the biosynthetic process. We performed multiple simulations of the binding of the sulfotransferase domains to both the HS oligosaccharide substrate and sulfate donor, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Analysis of extended simulations provide detailed and useful insights into the atomic interactions that are at work during oligosaccharide processing. The fast information matching method was used to detect the enzyme global dynamics and to predict the pairwise contact of residues responsible for GAG-enzyme binding and unbinding. The correlation between HS displacement and the location of the modified GAG chain were calculated, indicating a possible route for HS and heparin during sulfotransferase processing. Our data also show sulfotransferases contain a conserved interspaced positively charged amino acid residues that form a patch which controls the protein-GAG binding equilibrium. Together, our findings provide further understanding on the fine-tuned complex mechanism of GAG biosynthesis. Our findings can also be extrapolated to other systems for calculating rates of protein-GAG binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsis F Gesteira
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio,100 - 6o andar, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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21
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Brito AS, Cavalcante RS, Cavalheiro RP, Palhares LC, Nobre LT, Andrade GP, Nader HB, Lima MA, Chavante SF. Anti-IIa activity and antitumor properties of a hybrid heparin/heparan sulfate-like compound from Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1470-1478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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The exostosin family of glycosyltransferases: mRNA expression profiles and heparan sulphate structure in human breast carcinoma cell lines. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180770. [PMID: 30054430 PMCID: PMC6117623 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women. In recent years, regulation of genes involved in heparan sulphate (HS) biosynthesis have received increased interest as regulators of breast cancer cell adhesion and invasion. The exostosin (EXT) proteins are glycosyltransferases involved in elongation of HS, a regulator of intracellular signaling, cell–cell interactions, and tissue morphogenesis. The EXT family contains five members: EXT1, EXT2, and three EXT-like (EXTL) members: EXTL1, EXTL2, and EXTL3. While the expression levels of these enzymes change in tumor cells, little is known how this changes the structure and function of HS. In the present study, we investigated gene expression profiles of the EXT family members, their glycosyltransferase activities and HS structure in the estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) positive MCF7 cells, and the ER, PR, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) negative MDA-MB-231 and HCC38 epithelial breast carcinoma cell lines. The gene expression profiles for MDA-MB-231 and HCC38 cells were very similar. In both cell lines EXTL2 was found to be up-regulated whereas EXT2 was down-regulated. Interestingly, despite having similar expression of HS elongation enzymes the two cell lines synthesized HS chains of significantly different lengths. Furthermore, both MDA-MB-231 and HCC38 exhibited markedly decreased levels of HS 6-O-sulphated disaccharides. Although the gene expression profiles of the elongation enzymes did not correlate with the length of HS chains, our results indicated specific differences in EXT enzyme levels and HS fine structure characteristic of the carcinogenic properties of the breast carcinoma cells.
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23
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Barth T, Mandacaru SC, Charneau S, Souza MVD, Ricart CAO, Noronha EF, Souza AA, Freitas SMD, Roepstorff P, Fontes W, Castro MS, Pires Júnior OR. Biochemical and structural characterization of a protein complex containing a hyaluronidase and a CRISP-like protein isolated from the venom of the spider Acanthoscurria natalensis. J Proteomics 2018; 192:102-113. [PMID: 30165259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spider venoms are composed of a complex mixture of bioactive molecules. The structural and functional characterization of these molecules in the venom of the Brazilian spider Acanthoscurria natalensis, has been little explored. The venom was fractionated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The fraction with hyaluronidase activity was named AnHyal. The partial sequencing of AnHyal revealed the presence of a CRISP-like protein, in addition to hyaluronidase, comprising 67% coverage for hyaluronidase from Brachypelma vagans and 82% for CRISP-like protein from Grammostola rosea. 1D BN-PAGE zymogram assays of AnHyal confirmed the presence of enzymatically active 53 kDa monomer and 124 and 178 kDa oligomers. The decomposition of the complexes by 2D BN/SDS-PAGE zymogram assays showed two subunits, 53 (AnHyalH) and 44 kDa (AnHyalC), with sequence similarity to hyaluronidase and CRISP proteins, respectively. The secondary structure of AnHyal is composed by 36% of α-helix. AnHyal presented maximum activity at pH between 4.0 and 6.0 and 30 and 60 °C, showed specificity to hyaluronic acid substrate and presented a KM of 617.9 μg/mL. Our results showed that hyaluronidase and CRISP proteins can form a complex and the CRISP protein may contribute to the enzymatic activity of AnHyalH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Barth
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences/IB, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil; Laboratory of Animal Histology, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-Bahia 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Samuel Coelho Mandacaru
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology/IB, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF, Brazil
| | - Sébastien Charneau
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology/IB, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Valle de Souza
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology/IB, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF, Brazil.
| | - Carlos André Ornelas Ricart
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology/IB, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF, Brazil.
| | - Eliane Ferreira Noronha
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Department of Cellular Biology/IB, University of Brasília, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Araújo Souza
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cellular Biology/IB, University of Brasília, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Sonia Maria de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cellular Biology/IB, University of Brasília, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Peter Roepstorff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Wagner Fontes
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology/IB, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF, Brazil.
| | - Mariana S Castro
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences/IB, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil; Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology/IB, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF, Brazil.
| | - Osmindo Rodrigues Pires Júnior
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences/IB, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil.
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24
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Sundaresan G, Abraham RJJ, Appa Rao V, Narendra Babu R, Govind V, Meti MF. Established method of chondroitin sulphate extraction from buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) cartilages and its identification by FTIR. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018; 55:3439-3445. [PMID: 30150802 PMCID: PMC6098760 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted for extraction of chondroitin sulphate (CS) from buffalo tracheal, nasal and joint cartilages. CS was extracted from cartilages using 0.25% papain digestion, dialyzed, precipitated with 10% TCA and finally lyophilized to dry powder. Dimethylmethylene blue assay was performed to estimate the quantity of CS extracted. Identification of extracted CS was performed with SDS-PAGE and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). SDS-PAGE analysis of extracted CS revealed similar electrophoretic pattern to that of standard and the molecular weight ranged from 5 to 20 kDa. FTIR spectra of extracted CS revealed presence of characteristic peaks of –CONH vibration of amide group, coupling of C–O stretching vibration, S=O stretching vibrations and –C–O–S molecules confirms the CS moiety. It can be concluded that extraction method adopted could efficiently be utilized for the extraction of CS from buffalo by-products like tracheal, nasal and joint cartilages.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Sundaresan
- Department of Livestock Products Technology (Meat Science), Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007 India
| | - Robinson J. J. Abraham
- Department of Livestock Products Technology (Meat Science), Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007 India
| | - V. Appa Rao
- Department of Livestock Products Technology (Meat Science), Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007 India
| | - R. Narendra Babu
- Department of Livestock Products Technology (Meat Science), Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007 India
| | - V. Govind
- Department of Livestock Products Technology (Meat Science), Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007 India
| | - Mahantesh F. Meti
- Department of Livestock Products Technology (Meat Science), Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007 India
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25
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Oliveira RM, Câmara RBG, Monte JFS, Viana RLS, Melo KRT, Queiroz MF, Filgueira LGA, Oyama LM, Rocha HAO. Commercial Fucoidans from Fucus vesiculosus Can Be Grouped into Antiadipogenic and Adipogenic Agents. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E193. [PMID: 29867001 PMCID: PMC6025566 DOI: 10.3390/md16060193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucus vesiculosus is a brown seaweed used in the treatment of obesity. This seaweed synthesizes various bioactive molecules, one of them being a sulfated polysaccharide known as fucoidan (FF). This polymer can easily be found commercially, and has antiadipogenic and lipolytic activity. Using differential precipitation with acetone, we obtained four fucoidan-rich fractions (F0.5/F0.9/F1.1/F2.0) from FF. These fractions contain different proportions of fucose:glucuronic acid:galactose:xylose:sulfate, and also showed different electrophoretic mobility and antioxidant activity. Using 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we found that all samples had lipolytic action, especially F2.0, which tripled the amount of glycerol in the cellular medium. Moreover, we observed that FF, F1.0, and F2.0 have antiadipogenic activity, as they inhibited the oil red staining by cells at 40%, 40%, and 50%, respectively. In addition, they decreased the expression of key proteins of adipogenic differentiation (C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, and PPARγ). However, F0.5 and F0.9 stimulated the oil red staining at 80% and increased the expression of these proteins. Therefore, these fucoidan fractions have an adipogenic effect. Overall, the data show that F2.0 has great potential to be used as an agent against obesity as it displays better antioxidant, lipolytic and antiadipogenic activities than the other fucoidan fractions that we tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Medeiros Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59.078-970, Brazil.
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte, Caicó, Rio Grande do Norte 59.300-000, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Barros Gomes Câmara
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte, Caicó, Rio Grande do Norte 59.300-000, Brazil.
- Escola Multicampi de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Caicó, Rio Grande do Norte 59.300-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Rony Lucas Silva Viana
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59.078-970, Brazil.
| | - Karoline Rachel Teodosio Melo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59.078-970, Brazil.
| | - Moacir Fernandes Queiroz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59.078-970, Brazil.
| | | | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo 04023-060, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59.078-970, Brazil.
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26
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Khattar NK, James RF. Heparin: The Silver Bullet of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage? Front Neurol 2018; 9:97. [PMID: 29636721 PMCID: PMC5880902 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Various neurological diseases have recently been associated with neuroinflammation and worsening outcomes. Subarachnoid hemorrhage has been shown to generate a potent neuroinflammatory response. Heparin is a potential effective anti-inflammatory agent to prevent initial injury as well as delayed neurological decline. Different mechanisms of action for heparin have been proposed including, but not limited to the binding and neutralization of oxyhemoglobin, decreased transcription and signal transduction of endothelin-1, inhibition of binding to vessel wall selectins and vascular leakage into the subarachnoid space as well as direct binding and neutralization of inflammatory molecules. With a reasonably safe side-effect profile, heparin has shown significant promise in small series in human studies of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in decreasing both initial and delayed neurological injury. Further studies are needed to validate various neuroprotective features of heparin in subarachnoid hemorrhage as well as other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas K Khattar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Robert F James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
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27
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Petkowski JJ, Bains W, Seager S. Natural Products Containing a Nitrogen-Sulfur Bond. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:423-446. [PMID: 29364663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Only about 100 natural products are known to contain a nitrogen-sulfur (N-S) bond. This review thoroughly categorizes N-S bond-containing compounds by structural class. Information on biological source, biological activity, and biosynthesis is included, if known. We also review the role of N-S bond functional groups as post-translational modifications of amino acids in proteins and peptides, emphasizing their role in the metabolism of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz J Petkowski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William Bains
- Rufus Scientific , 37 The Moor, Melbourn, Royston, Herts SG8 6ED, U.K
| | - Sara Seager
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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28
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Meneghetti MCZ, Gesteira Ferreira T, Tashima AK, Chavante SF, Yates EA, Liu J, Nader HB, Lima MA. Insights into the role of 3-O-sulfotransferase in heparan sulfate biosynthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:6792-6799. [PMID: 28770943 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01533j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
3-O-Sulfotransferase enzyme (sHS) from Litopenaeus vannamei was cloned and its substrate specificity was investigated against a number of GAG structures, including modified heparin polysaccharides and model oligosaccharides. For the heparin polysaccharides, derived from porcine intestinal mucosa heparin, sulfate groups were incorporated into glucosamine residues containing both N-sulfated and N-acetylated substitution within the regions of the predominant repeating disaccharide, either I-ANS or I-ANAc. However, the resulting polysaccharides did not stabilize antithrombin, which is correlated with anticoagulant activity. It was also shown that the enzyme was able to sulfate disaccharides, I2S-ANS and G-ANAc. The results further illustrate that 3-O-sulfation can be induced outside of the classical heparin-binding pentasaccharide sequence, show that 3-O-sulfation of glucosamine is not a sufficient condition for antithrombin stabilization and suggest that the use of this enzyme during HS biosynthesis may not occur as the final enzymatic step.
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29
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Condomitti G, de Wit J. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans as Emerging Players in Synaptic Specificity. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:14. [PMID: 29434536 PMCID: PMC5790772 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits consist of distinct neuronal cell types connected in specific patterns. The specificity of these connections is achieved in a series of sequential developmental steps that involve the targeting of neurites, the identification of synaptic partners, and the formation of specific types of synapses. Cell-surface proteins play a critical role in each of these steps. The heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) family of cell-surface proteins is emerging as a key regulator of connectivity. HSPGs are expressed throughout brain development and play important roles in axon guidance, synapse development and synapse function. New insights indicate that neuronal cell types express unique combinations of HSPGs and HS-modifying enzymes. Furthermore, HSPGs interact with cell type-specific binding partners to mediate synapse development. This suggests that cell type-specific repertoires of HSPGs and specific patterns of HS modifications on the cell surface are required for the development of specific synaptic connections. Genome-wide association studies have linked these proteins to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric diseases. Thus, HSPGs play an important role in the development of specific synaptic connectivity patterns important for neural circuit function, and their dysfunction may be involved in the development of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Condomitti
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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30
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Scott KA, Njardarson JT. Analysis of US FDA-Approved Drugs Containing Sulfur Atoms. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:5. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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Saied-Santiago K, Bülow HE. Diverse roles for glycosaminoglycans in neural patterning. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:54-74. [PMID: 28736980 PMCID: PMC5866094 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system coordinates the functions of most multicellular organisms and their response to the surrounding environment. Its development involves concerted cellular interactions, including migration, axon guidance, and synapse formation. These processes depend on the molecular constituents and structure of the extracellular matrices (ECM). An essential component of ECMs are proteoglycans, i.e., proteins containing unbranched glycan chains known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). A defining characteristic of GAGs is their enormous molecular diversity, created by extensive modifications of the glycans during their biosynthesis. GAGs are widely expressed, and their loss can lead to catastrophic neuronal defects. Despite their importance, we are just beginning to understand the function and mechanisms of GAGs in neuronal development. In this review, we discuss recent evidence suggesting GAGs have specific roles in neuronal patterning and synaptogenesis. We examine the function played by the complex modifications present on GAG glycans and their roles in regulating different aspects of neuronal patterning. Moreover, the review considers the function of proteoglycan core proteins in these processes, stressing their likely role as co-receptors of different signaling pathways in a redundant and context-dependent manner. We conclude by discussing challenges and future directions toward a better understanding of these fascinating molecules during neuronal development. Developmental Dynamics 247:54-74, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannes E. Bülow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
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32
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Oshima K, Haeger SM, Hippensteel JA, Herson PS, Schmidt EP. More than a biomarker: the systemic consequences of heparan sulfate fragments released during endothelial surface layer degradation (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2017; 8:2045893217745786. [PMID: 29199903 PMCID: PMC5731723 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217745786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in tissue fixation and imaging techniques have yielded increasing appreciation for the glycosaminoglycan-rich endothelial glycocalyx and its in vivo manifestation, the endothelial surface layer (ESL). Pathological loss of the ESL during critical illness promotes local endothelial dysfunction and, consequently, organ injury. Glycosaminoglycan fragments, such as heparan sulfate, are released into the plasma of animals and humans after ESL degradation and have thus served as a biomarker of endothelial injury. The development of state-of-the-art glycomic techniques, however, has revealed that these circulating heparan sulfate fragments are capable of influencing growth factor and other signaling pathways distant to the site of ESL injury. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge concerning the local (i.e. endothelial injury) and systemic (i.e. para- or endocrine) consequences of ESL degradation and identifies opportunities for future, novel investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Oshima
- 1 129263 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah M Haeger
- 1 129263 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Paco S Herson
- 2 129263 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- 1 129263 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,3 Department of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
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33
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Ben Mansour M, Balti R, Ollivier V, Ben Jannet H, Chaubet F, Maaroufi RM. Characterization and anticoagulant activity of a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate with unusually procoagulant effect from sea cucumber. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:760-771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Valcarcel J, Novoa-Carballal R, Pérez-Martín RI, Reis RL, Vázquez JA. Glycosaminoglycans from marine sources as therapeutic agents. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:711-725. [PMID: 28739506 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in marine animals are different to those of terrestrial organisms, mainly in terms of molecular weight and sulfation. The therapeutic properties of GAGs are related to their ability to interact with proteins, which is very much influenced by sulfation position and patterns. Since currently GAGs cannot be chemically synthesized, they are sourced from natural products, with high intra- but also inter-species variability, in terms of chain length, disaccharide composition and sulfation pattern. Consequently, sulfated GAGs are the most interesting molecules in the marine environment and constitute the focus of the present review. In particular, chondroitin sulfate (CS) appears as the most promising compound. CS-E chains [GlcA-GalNAc(4S,6S)] extracted from squid possess antiviral and anti-metastatic activities and seem to impart signalling properties and improve the mechanical performance of cartilage engineering constructs; Squid CS-E and octopus CS-K [GlcA(3S)-GalNAc(4S)], dermatan sulfate (DS) from sea squirts [-iK units, IdoA(3S)-GalNAc(4S)] and sea urchins [-iE units, IdoA-GalNAc(4S,6S)] and hybrids CS/DS from sharks (-B/iB [GlcA/IdoA(2S)-GalNAc(4S)], -D/iD [GlcA/IdoA(2S)-GalNAc(6S)] and -E/iE units [GlcA/IdoA-GalNAc(4S,6S)]) promote neurite outgrowth and could be valuable materials for nerve regeneration. Also displaying antiviral and anti-metastatic properties, a rare CS with fucosylated branches isolated from sea cucumbers is an anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory agent. In this same line, marine heparin extracted from shrimp and sea squirt has proven anti-inflammatory properties, with the added advantage of decreased risk of bleeding because of its low anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Valcarcel
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), R/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain; Group of Food Biochemistry, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), R/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Ramon Novoa-Carballal
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Ave Park, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT, Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ricardo I Pérez-Martín
- Group of Food Biochemistry, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), R/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Ave Park, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT, Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José Antonio Vázquez
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), R/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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Heparin and Heparin-Derivatives in Post-Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Brain Injury: A Multimodal Therapy for a Multimodal Disease. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050724. [PMID: 28468328 PMCID: PMC6154575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologic efforts to improve outcomes following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) remain disappointing, likely owing to the complex nature of post-hemorrhage brain injury. Previous work suggests that heparin, due to the multimodal nature of its actions, reduces the incidence of clinical vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia that accompany the disease. This narrative review examines how heparin may mitigate the non-vasospastic pathological aspects of aSAH, particularly those related to neuroinflammation. Following a brief review of early brain injury in aSAH and heparin’s general pharmacology, we discuss potential mechanistic roles of heparin therapy in treating post-aSAH inflammatory injury. These roles include reducing ischemia-reperfusion injury, preventing leukocyte extravasation, modulating phagocyte activation, countering oxidative stress, and correcting blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Following a discussion of evidence to support these mechanistic roles, we provide a brief discussion of potential complications of heparin usage in aSAH. Our review suggests that heparin’s use in aSAH is not only safe, but effectively addresses a number of pathologies initiated by aSAH.
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Mulloy B, Lever R, Page CP. Mast cell glycosaminoglycans. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:351-361. [PMID: 27900574 PMCID: PMC5487770 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells contain granules packed with a mixture of proteins that are released on degranulation. The proteoglycan serglycin carries an array of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains, sometimes heparin, sometimes chondroitin or dermatan sulphate. Tight packing of granule proteins is dependent on the presence of serglycin carrying these GAGs. The GAGs of mast cells were most intensively studied in the 1970s and 1980s, and though something is known about the fine structure of chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate in mast cells, little is understood about the composition of the heparin/heparan sulphate chains. Recent emphasis on the analysis of mast cell heparin from different species and tissues, arising from the use of this GAG in medicine, lead to the question of whether variations within heparin structures between mast cell populations are as significant as variations in the mix of chondroitins and heparins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford St, London, SE1 9NN, UK.
| | - R Lever
- 1 UCL School of Pharmacy, Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - C P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford St, London, SE1 9NN, UK
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Matching the Diversity of Sulfated Biomolecules: Creation of a Classification Database for Sulfatases Reflecting Their Substrate Specificity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164846. [PMID: 27749924 PMCID: PMC5066984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatases cleave sulfate groups from various molecules and constitute a biologically and industrially important group of enzymes. However, the number of sulfatases whose substrate has been characterized is limited in comparison to the huge diversity of sulfated compounds, yielding functional annotations of sulfatases particularly prone to flaws and misinterpretations. In the context of the explosion of genomic data, a classification system allowing a better prediction of substrate specificity and for setting the limit of functional annotations is urgently needed for sulfatases. Here, after an overview on the diversity of sulfated compounds and on the known sulfatases, we propose a classification database, SulfAtlas (http://abims.sb-roscoff.fr/sulfatlas/), based on sequence homology and composed of four families of sulfatases. The formylglycine-dependent sulfatases, which constitute the largest family, are also divided by phylogenetic approach into 73 subfamilies, each subfamily corresponding to either a known specificity or to an uncharacterized substrate. SulfAtlas summarizes information about the different families of sulfatases. Within a family a web page displays the list of its subfamilies (when they exist) and the list of EC numbers. The family or subfamily page shows some descriptors and a table with all the UniProt accession numbers linked to the databases UniProt, ExplorEnz, and PDB.
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Li JP, Kusche-Gullberg M. Heparan Sulfate: Biosynthesis, Structure, and Function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 325:215-73. [PMID: 27241222 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (PGs) are ubiquitously expressed on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix of most animal tissues, having essential functions in development and homeostasis, as well as playing various roles in disease processes. The functions of HSPGs are mainly dependent on interactions between the HS-side chains with a variety of proteins including cytokines, growth factors, and their receptors. In a given HS polysaccharide, negatively charged sulfate and carboxylate groups are arranged in various types of domains, generated through strictly regulated biosynthetic reactions and with enormous potential for structural variability. The mode of HS-protein interactions is assessed through binding experiments using saccharides of defined composition in vitro, signaling assays in cell models where HS structures are manipulated, and targeted disruption of genes for biosynthetic enzymes in animals (mouse, zebrafish, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans) followed by phenotype analysis. Whereas some protein ligands appear to require strictly defined HS structure, others bind to variable saccharide domains without apparent dependence on distinct saccharide sequence. These findings raise intriguing questions concerning the functional significance of regulation in HS biosynthesis and the potential for development of therapeutics targeting HS-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; SciLifeLab, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Mendoza-Becerril MA, Maronna MM, Pacheco MLAF, Simões MG, Leme JM, Miranda LS, Morandini AC, Marques AC. An evolutionary comparative analysis of the medusozoan (Cnidaria) exoskeleton. Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María A. Mendoza-Becerril
- Department of Zoology; Institute of Biosciences; University of São Paulo; Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, 101 05508-090 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Maximiliano M. Maronna
- Department of Zoology; Institute of Biosciences; University of São Paulo; Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, 101 05508-090 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mírian L. A. F. Pacheco
- Department of Biology; Federal University of Sao Carlos; Rodovia João Leme dos Santos - até km 104.000 Parque Reserva Fazenda Imperial 18052780 Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcello G. Simões
- Department of Zoology; Laboratory of Paleozoology; São Paulo State University Botucatu; Jardim Santo Inácio (Rubião Junior) 18618970 Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - Juliana M. Leme
- Department of Sedimentary and Environmental Geology; Institute of Geosciences; University of São Paulo; Rua do Lago, 562 05508-080 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Lucília S. Miranda
- Department of Zoology; Institute of Biosciences; University of São Paulo; Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, 101 05508-090 São Paulo Brazil
| | - André C. Morandini
- Department of Zoology; Institute of Biosciences; University of São Paulo; Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, 101 05508-090 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Marques
- Department of Zoology; Institute of Biosciences; University of São Paulo; Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, 101 05508-090 São Paulo Brazil
- Center for Marine Biology; University of São Paulo; Rodovia Manoel H. Do Rego km 131.5 CEP 11600-000 São Sebastião São Paulo Brazil
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Vilanova E, Santos GRC, Aquino RS, Valle-Delgado JJ, Anselmetti D, Fernàndez-Busquets X, Mourão PAS. Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Interactions Mediated by Sulfate Esters and Calcium Provide the Cell Adhesion Required for the Emergence of Early Metazoans. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9425-37. [PMID: 26917726 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Early metazoans had to evolve the first cell adhesion mechanism addressed to maintain a distinctive multicellular morphology. As the oldest extant animals, sponges are good candidates for possessing remnants of the molecules responsible for this crucial evolutionary innovation. Cell adhesion in sponges is mediated by the calcium-dependent multivalent self-interactions of sulfated polysaccharides components of extracellular membrane-bound proteoglycans, namely aggregation factors. Here, we used atomic force microscopy to demonstrate that the aggregation factor of the sponge Desmapsamma anchorata has a circular supramolecular structure and that it thus belongs to the spongican family. Its sulfated polysaccharide units, which were characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, consist preponderantly of a central backbone composed of 3-α-Glc1 units partially sulfated at 2- and 4-positions and branches of Pyr(4,6)α-Gal1→3-α-Fuc2(SO3)1→3-α-Glc4(SO3)1→3-α-Glc→4-linked to the central α-Glc units. Single-molecule force measurements of self-binding forces of this sulfated polysaccharide and their chemically desulfated and carboxyl-reduced derivatives revealed that the sulfate epitopes and extracellular calcium are essential for providing the strength and stability necessary to sustain cell adhesion in sponges. We further discuss these findings within the framework of the role of molecular structures in the early evolution of metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Vilanova
- From the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R C Santos
- From the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Aquino
- From the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Juan J Valle-Delgado
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona 08028, Spain, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain, and
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona 08028, Spain, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain, and
| | - Paulo A S Mourão
- From the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil,
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Panagos CG, August DP, Jesson C, Uhrín D. Photochemical depolymerisation of dermatan sulfate and analysis of the generated oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 140:13-9. [PMID: 26876822 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Radical depolymerisation is the method of choice for the depolymerisation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), especially when enzymatic depolymerisation cannot be performed due to the lack of suitable enzymes. The established Fenton type free radical depolymerisation generates radicals from a solution of H2O2 in the presence of Cu(2+) or Fe(2+). When applied to dermatan sulfate (DS), the Fenton type depolymerisation of DS (Panagos, Thomson, Bavington, & Uhrin, 2012) produced exclusively oligosaccharides with reducing end GalNAc, which was partially oxidised to acetylgalactosaminic acid. We report here the results of the TiO2 catalysed photochemical depolymerisation of DS. NMR analysis of these DS oligosaccharides revealed the presence of reducing end IdoA, observed for the first time. The reducing end acetylgalactosaminic acid was also detected. The photochemical depolymerisation method thus enables preparation of new types of GAG oligosaccharides suitable for further biochemical and biological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos G Panagos
- EastChem School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom; GlycoMar Ltd, European Centre for Marine Biotechnology, Oban, Scotland PA37 1QA, United Kingdom
| | - David P August
- EastChem School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Jesson
- GlycoMar Ltd, European Centre for Marine Biotechnology, Oban, Scotland PA37 1QA, United Kingdom
| | - Dušan Uhrín
- EastChem School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom.
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Biner O, Trachsel C, Moser A, Kopp L, Langenegger N, Kämpfer U, von Ballmoos C, Nentwig W, Schürch S, Schaller J, Kuhn-Nentwig L. Isolation, N-glycosylations and Function of a Hyaluronidase-Like Enzyme from the Venom of the Spider Cupiennius salei. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143963. [PMID: 26630650 PMCID: PMC4667920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure of Cupiennius salei venom hyaluronidase Hyaluronidases are important venom components acting as spreading factor of toxic compounds. In several studies this spreading effect was tested on vertebrate tissue. However, data about the spreading activity on invertebrates, the main prey organisms of spiders, are lacking. Here, a hyaluronidase-like enzyme was isolated from the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei. The amino acid sequence of the enzyme was determined by cDNA analysis of the venom gland transcriptome and confirmed by protein analysis. Two complex N-linked glycans akin to honey bee hyaluronidase glycosylations, were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. A C-terminal EGF-like domain was identified in spider hyaluronidase using InterPro. The spider hyaluronidase-like enzyme showed maximal activity at acidic pH, between 40–60°C, and 0.2 M KCl. Divalent ions did not enhance HA degradation activity, indicating that they are not recruited for catalysis. Function of venom hyaluronidases Besides hyaluronan, the enzyme degrades chondroitin sulfate A, whereas heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate are not affected. The end products of hyaluronan degradation are tetramers, whereas chondroitin sulfate A is mainly degraded to hexamers. Identification of terminal N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine at the reducing end of the oligomers identified the enzyme as an endo-β-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase hydrolase. The spreading effect of the hyaluronidase-like enzyme on invertebrate tissue was studied by coinjection of the enzyme with the Cupiennius salei main neurotoxin CsTx-1 into Drosophila flies. The enzyme significantly enhances the neurotoxic activity of CsTx-1. Comparative substrate degradation tests with hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate A, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate with venoms from 39 spider species from 21 families identified some spider families (Atypidae, Eresidae, Araneidae and Nephilidae) without activity of hyaluronidase-like enzymes. This is interpreted as a loss of this enzyme and fits quite well the current phylogenetic idea on a more isolated position of these families and can perhaps be explained by specialized prey catching techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Biner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Trachsel
- Functional Genomics Center Zürich, University of Zürich/ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aline Moser
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Kopp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Langenegger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs Kämpfer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Nentwig
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schürch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johann Schaller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Kuhn-Nentwig
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Cao J, Wen C, Lu J, Teng N, Song S, Zhu B. Characterization of acidic polysaccharides from the mollusks through acid hydrolysis. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 130:268-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hudson AE, Gollnick C, Gourdine JP, Prinz AA. Degradation of extracellular chondroitin sulfate delays recovery of network activity after perturbation. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:1346-52. [PMID: 26108956 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00455.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are widely studied in vertebrate systems and are known to play a key role in development, plasticity, and regulation of cortical circuitry. The mechanistic details of this role are still elusive, but increasingly central to the investigation is the homeostatic balance between network excitation and inhibition. Studying a simpler neuronal circuit may prove advantageous for discovering the mechanistic details of the cellular effects of CSPGs. In this study we used a well-established model of homeostatic change after injury in the crab Cancer borealis to show first evidence that CSPGs are necessary for network activity homeostasis. We degraded CSPGs in the pyloric circuit of the stomatogastric ganglion with the enzyme chondroitinase ABC (chABC) and found that removal of CSPGs does not influence the ongoing rhythm of the pyloric circuit but does limit its capacity for recovery after a networkwide perturbation. Without CSPGs, the postperturbation rhythm is slower than in controls and rhythm recovery is delayed. In addition to providing a new model system for the study of CSPGs, this study suggests a wider role for CSPGs, and perhaps the extracellular matrix in general, beyond simply plastic reorganization (as observed in mammals) and into a foundational regulatory role of neural circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber E Hudson
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Clare Gollnick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | | | - Astrid A Prinz
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Pandian V, Aravindan N, Subramanian S, Somasundaran ST. Lipid-lowering effect of molluscan (Katelysia opima) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in hypercholesterolemic induced rats. Biol Chem 2015; 395:355-64. [PMID: 24150207 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Identifying pharmacologically safe lipid-lowering 'deliverables' could potentiate therapeutic outcome for diet-induced atherogenesis. Accordingly, we investigated the potential of molluscan (Katelysia opima) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in modulating the early lipid changes in atherogenesis. Wistar rats were fed a diet with (n=24) or without (n=6) hypercholesterolemic atherogenic CCT (rat chow supplemented with 4% cholesterol, 1% cholic acid, and 0.5% thiouracil) for 17 days. CCT-fed rates were (i) treated with isolated molluscan GAG (40 mg/kg/day, s.c.) for 10 days after the introduction of CCT diet, (ii) cotreated with GAG (40 mg/kg/day, s.c.) for 17 days, or (iii) treated with heparin (200 units/kg/day, s.c.) for 10 days after the introduction of CCT. The increases induced by CCT diet in the plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein were completely attenuated with GAG treatment. Consistently, alterations induced by CCT diet in the levels of plasma lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and lipoprotein lipase activities were restored to baseline levels with GAG treatment. Coherently, histology revealed a decrease associated with GAG treatment in the CCT-diet-induced foam cells (in aorta), tubular damages (kidney), and lipid accumulations (liver). Together, these results suggest that GAG may exert antiatherogenesis potential by significantly attenuating lipid modulations derived by a high-fat diet. Further, the data imply that the GAG extracts may comprehensively prevent hypercholesterolemia-associated tissue damage and could thus serve as a therapeutic deliverable for hypercholesterolemia.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Under conditions of blood flow, selectins mediate the intercellular adhesion between erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and vascular endothelium that contribute to vaso-occlusion and tissue damage in sickle cell disease (SCD). Therefore, selectin antagonists have the potential to ameliorate SCD. AREAS COVERED In this review, the author discusses the cellular and molecular basis of vaso-occlusion in SCD, and presents evidence that selectin-mediated cell adhesion has clinical importance in this disorder. The author discusses molecular structure of human selectins and their physiological ligands and highlights clinical trials of selectin-targeted therapy of SCD. Herein, the author also assesses the benefits and limitations of the selectin antagonists that are currently under evaluation for SCD, and offers suggestions for the future. EXPERT OPINION In Phase I and II clinical trials, rivipansel and heparin demonstrated promising efficacy and safety in SCD. Although selectin blockade could potentially impair immune response, an increased incidence of infection was not reported in SCD patients treated with heparin (n = 127) or rivipansel (n = 111). The efficacy and safety findings from Phase I and II clinical studies are encouraging the commencement of Phase III studies to further evaluate selectin-targeted therapy in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iheanyi Okpala
- University of Nigeria, College of Medicine, Department of Haematology/Immunology , Enugu Campus , Nigeria
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Characterisation of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from the lumpsucker fish, C. lumpus. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 106:25-33. [PMID: 24721047 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lumpsucker, Cyclopterus lumpus, a cottoid teleost fish found in the cold waters of the North Atlantic, and North Pacific, was identified as a possible source of GAGs. The GAGs present in the C. lumpus dorsal hump and body wall tissue were isolated and purified. Two fractions were analysed by NMR and their GAG structures determined as hyaluronic acid and CS/DS chains. The latter fraction contained GlcA (65% of the total uronic acids) and IdoA (the remaining 35%). All uronic acid residues were unsulfated, whilst 86% of the GalNAc was 4-sulfated and 14% was 6-sulfated. The presence of GlcA-GalNAc4S, IdoA-GalNAc4S and GlcA-GalNAc6S disaccharide fragments was confirmed. The isolated GAGs obtained from each tissue were biochemically characterised. The lumpsucker offers a high yield source of GAGs, which compares favourably with other sources such as shark cartilage.
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A non-hemorrhagic hybrid heparin/heparan sulfate with anticoagulant potential. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 99:372-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Thacker BE, Xu D, Lawrence R, Esko JD. Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfation: a rare modification in search of a function. Matrix Biol 2013; 35:60-72. [PMID: 24361527 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many protein ligands bind to heparan sulfate, which results in their presentation, protection, oligomerization or conformational activation. Binding depends on the pattern of sulfation and arrangement of uronic acid epimers along the chains. Sulfation at the C3 position of glucosamine is a relatively rare, yet biologically significant modification, initially described as a key determinant for binding and activation of antithrombin and later for infection by type I herpes simplex virus. In mammals, a family of seven heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferases installs sulfate groups at this position and constitutes the largest group of sulfotransferases involved in heparan sulfate formation. However, to date very few proteins or biological systems have been described that are influenced by 3-O-sulfation. This review describes our current understanding of the prevalence and structure of 3-O-sulfation sites, expression and substrate specificity of the 3-O-sulfotransferase family and the emerging roles of 3-O-sulfation in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Thacker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States
| | - Roger Lawrence
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States.
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Ramachandra R, Namburi RB, Ortega-Martinez O, Shi X, Zaia J, Dupont ST, Thorndyke MC, Lindahl U, Spillmann D. Brittlestars contain highly sulfated chondroitin sulfates/dermatan sulfates that promote fibroblast growth factor 2-induced cell signaling. Glycobiology 2013; 24:195-207. [PMID: 24253764 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) isolated from brittlestars, Echinodermata class Ophiuroidea, were characterized, as part of attempts to understand the evolutionary development of these polysaccharides. A population of chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) chains with a high overall degree of sulfation and hexuronate epimerization was the major GAG found, whereas heparan sulfate (HS) was below detection level. Enzymatic digestion with different chondroitin lyases revealed exceptionally high proportions of di- and trisulfated CS/DS disaccharides. The latter unit appears much more abundant in one of four individual species of brittlestars, Amphiura filiformis, than reported earlier in other marine invertebrates. The brittlestar CS/DS was further shown to bind to growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor 2 and to promote FGF-stimulated cell signaling in GAG-deficient cell lines in a manner similar to that of heparin. These findings point to a potential biological role for the highly sulfated invertebrate GAGs, similar to those ascribed to HS in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Ramachandra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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