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Kobayashi S, Sullivan C, Bialkowska AB, Saltz JH, Yang VW. Computational immunohistochemical mapping adds immune context to histological phenotypes in mouse models of colitis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14386. [PMID: 37658187 PMCID: PMC10474139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic, dysregulated inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. The heterogeneity of IBD is reflected through two major subtypes, Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). CD and UC differ across symptomatic presentation, histology, immune responses, and treatment. While colitis mouse models have been influential in deciphering IBD pathogenesis, no single model captures the full heterogeneity of clinical disease. The translational capacity of mouse models may be augmented by shifting to multi-mouse model studies that aggregate analysis across various well-controlled phenotypes. Here, we evaluate the value of histology in multi-mouse model characterizations by building upon a previous pipeline that detects histological disease classes in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained murine colons. Specifically, we map immune marker positivity across serially-sectioned slides to H&E histological classes across the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) chemical induction model and the intestinal epithelium-specific, inducible Villin-CreERT2;Klf5fl/fl (Klf5ΔIND) genetic model. In this study, we construct the beginning frameworks to define H&E-patch-based immunophenotypes based on IHC-H&E mappings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Kobayashi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony, Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Agnieszka B Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Joel H Saltz
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony, Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Vincent W Yang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony, Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony, Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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2
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Chattopadhyay A, Joseph JP, Jagdish S, Chaudhuri S, Ramteke NS, Karhale AK, Waturuocha U, Saini DK, Nandi D. High throughput screening identifies auranofin and pentamidine as potent compounds that lower IFN-γ-induced Nitric Oxide and inflammatory responses in mice: DSS-induced colitis and Salmonella Typhimurium-induced sepsis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110569. [PMID: 37392571 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a type II interferon produced primarily by T cells and natural killer cells. IFN-γ induces the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) to catalyze Nitric Oxide (NO) production in various immune and non-immune cells. Excessive IFN-γ-activated NO production is implicated in several inflammatory diseases, including peritonitis and inflammatory bowel diseases. In this study, we screened the LOPAC®1280 library in vitro on the H6 mouse hepatoma cell line to identify novel non-steroidal small molecule inhibitors of IFN-γ-induced NO production. Compounds with the highest inhibitory activity were validated, which led to identifying the lead compounds: pentamidine, azithromycin, rolipram, and auranofin. Auranofin was the most potent compound determined based on IC50 and goodness of fit analyses. Mechanistic investigations revealed that majority of the lead compounds suppress the IFN-γ-induced transcription of Nos2 without negatively affecting NO-independent processes, such as the IFN-γ-induced transcription of Irf1, Socs1 and MHC class 1 surface expression. However, all four compounds lower IFN-γ-induced reactive oxygen species amounts. In addition, auranofin significantly reduced IFN-γ-mediated NO and IL6 production in resident as well as thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages (PMs). Finally, in vivo testing of the lead compounds in the pre-clinical DSS-induced ulcerative colitis mice model revealed pentamidine and auranofin to be the most potent and protective lead compounds. Also, pentamidine and auranofin greatly increase the survival of mice in another inflammatory model: Salmonella Typhimurium-induced sepsis. Overall, this study identifies novel anti-inflammatory compounds targeting IFN-γ-induced NO-dependent processes to alleviate two distinct inflammatory models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Joel P Joseph
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sirisha Jagdish
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Somak Chaudhuri
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nikita S Ramteke
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Uchenna Waturuocha
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Saini
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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3
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Ghosh S, Moorthy B, Haribabu B, Jala VR. Cytochrome P450 1A1 is essential for the microbial metabolite, Urolithin A-mediated protection against colitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1004603. [PMID: 36159798 PMCID: PMC9493474 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1004603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 1 (CYP1A1) pathway, which is regulated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays an important role in chemical carcinogenesis and xenobiotic metabolism. Recently, we demonstrated that the microbial metabolite Urolithin A (UroA) mitigates colitis through its gut barrier protective and anti-inflammatory activities in an AhR-dependent manner. Here, we explored role of CYP1A1 in UroA-mediated gut barrier and immune functions in regulation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods To determine the role of CYP1A1 in UroA-mediated protectives activities against colitis, we subjected C57BL/6 mice and Cyp1a1-/- mice to dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced acute colitis model. The phenotypes of the mice were characterized by determining loss of body weight, intestinal permeability, systemic and colonic inflammation. Further, we evaluated the impact of UroA on regulation of immune cell populations by flow cytometry and confocal imaging using both in vivo and ex vivo model systems. Results UroA treatment mitigated DSS-induced acute colitis in the wildtype mice. However, UroA-failed to protect Cyp1a1-/- mice against colitis, as evident from non-recovery of body weight loss, shortened colon lengths and colon weight/length ratios. Further, UroA failed to reduce DSS-induced inflammation, intestinal permeability and upregulate tight junction proteins in Cyp1a1-/- mice. Interestingly, UroA induced the expansion of T-reg cells in a CYP1A1-dependent manner both in vivo and ex vivo models. Conclusion Our results suggest that CYP1A1 expression is essential for UroA-mediated enhanced gut barrier functions and protective activities against colitis. We postulate that CYP1A1 plays critical and yet unknown functions beyond xenobiotic metabolism in the regulation of gut epithelial integrity and immune systems to maintain gut homeostasis in IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brown Cancer Center, Center for Microbiomics, Inflammation and Pathogenicity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Bhagavatula Moorthy
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bodduluri Haribabu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brown Cancer Center, Center for Microbiomics, Inflammation and Pathogenicity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Venkatakrishna Rao Jala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brown Cancer Center, Center for Microbiomics, Inflammation and Pathogenicity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Venkatakrishna Rao Jala,
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4
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Kojima F, Sekiya H, Hioki Y, Kashiwagi H, Kubo M, Nakamura M, Maehana S, Imamichi Y, Yuhki KI, Ushikubi F, Kitasato H, Ichikawa T. Facilitation of colonic T cell immune responses is associated with an exacerbation of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice lacking microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:1. [PMID: 34983695 PMCID: PMC8725565 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-021-00188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is a key enzyme that acts downstream of cyclooxygenase and plays a major role in inflammation by converting prostaglandin (PG) H2 to PGE2. The present study investigated the effect of genetic deletion of mPGES-1 on the development of immunologic responses to experimental colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), a well-established model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods Colitis was induced in mice lacking mPGES-1 (mPGES-1−/− mice) and wild-type (WT) mice by administering DSS for 7 days. Colitis was assessed by body weight loss, diarrhea, fecal bleeding, and histological features. The colonic expression of mPGES-1 was determined by real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The impact of mPGES-1 deficiency on T cell immunity was determined by flow cytometry and T cell depletion in vivo. Results After administration of DSS, mPGES-1−/− mice exhibited more severe weight loss, diarrhea, and fecal bleeding than WT mice. Histological analysis further showed significant exacerbation of colonic inflammation in mPGES-1−/− mice. In WT mice, the colonic expression of mPGES-1 was highly induced on both mRNA and protein levels and colonic PGE2 increased significantly after DSS administration. Additionally, mPGES-1 protein was localized in the colonic mucosal epithelium and infiltrated inflammatory cells in underlying connective tissues and the lamina propria. The abnormalities consistent with colitis in mPGES-1−/− mice were associated with higher expression of colonic T-helper (Th)17 and Th1 cytokines, including interleukin 17A and interferon-γ. Furthermore, lack of mPGES-1 increased the numbers of Th17 and Th1 cells in the lamina propria mononuclear cells within the colon, even though the number of suppressive regulatory T cells also increased. CD4+ T cell depletion effectively reduced symptoms of colitis as well as colonic expression of Th17 and Th1 cytokines in mPGES-1−/− mice, suggesting the requirement of CD4+ T cells in the exacerbation of DSS-induced colitis under mPGES-1 deficiency. Conclusions These results demonstrate that mPGES-1 is the main enzyme responsible for colonic PGE2 production and deficiency of mPGES-1 facilitates the development of colitis by affecting the development of colonic T cell–mediated immunity. mPGES-1 might therefore impact both the intestinal inflammation and T cell–mediated immunity associated with IBD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41232-021-00188-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Kojima
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan. .,Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan. .,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Sekiya
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yuka Hioki
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kashiwagi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka higashi, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Kubo
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Masaki Nakamura
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.,Department of Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shotaro Maehana
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.,Department of Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imamichi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka higashi, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Yuhki
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka higashi, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Ushikubi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka higashi, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hidero Kitasato
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.,Department of Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ichikawa
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
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5
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Pathak S, Gokhroo A, Kumar Dubey A, Majumdar S, Gupta S, Almeida A, Mahajan GB, Kate A, Mishra P, Sharma R, Kumar S, Vishwakarma R, Balakrishnan A, Atreya H, Nandi D. 7-Hydroxy Frullanolide, a sesquiterpene lactone, increases intracellular calcium amounts, lowers CD4 + T cell and macrophage responses, and ameliorates DSS-induced colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107655. [PMID: 33901737 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones are a class of anti-inflammatory molecules obtained from plants belonging to the Asteraceae family. In this study, the effects of 7-hydroxy frullanolide (7HF), a sesquiterpene lactone, in inhibiting CD4+ T cell and peritoneal macrophage responses were investigated. 7HF, in a dose dependent manner, lowers CD69 upregulation, IL2 production and CD4+ T cell cycling upon activation with the combination of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that 7HF, at early time points, increases intracellular Ca2+ amounts, over and above the levels induced upon activation. The functional relevance of 7HF-induced Ca2+ increase was confirmed using sub-optimal amounts of BAPTA, an intracellular Ca2+ chelator, which lowers lactate and rescues CD4+ T cell cycling. In addition, 7HF lowers T cell cycling with the combination of PMA and Ionomycin. However, 7HF increases CD4+ T cell cycling with sub-optimal activating signals: only PMA or anti-CD3. Furthermore, LPS-induced nitrite and IL6 production by peritoneal macrophages is inhibited by 7HF in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Studies with Ca2+ channel inhibitors, Ruthenium Red and 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, lowers the inhibitory effects of 7HF on CD4+ T cell and macrophage responses. In silico studies demonstrated that 7HF binds to Ca2+ channels, TRPV1, IP3R and SERCA, which is mechanistically important. Finally, intraperitoneal administration of 7HF lowers serum inflammatory cytokines, IFNγ and IL6, and reduces the effects of DSS-induced colitis with respect to colon length and colon damage. Overall, this study sheds mechanistic light on the anti-inflammatory potential of 7HF, a natural plant compound, in lowering immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanmoy Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Abhijeet Gokhroo
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ashim Kumar Dubey
- Undergraduate Program, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Shamik Majumdar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Souradeep Gupta
- NMR Research Facility, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Asha Almeida
- High Throughput Department, Piramal Research Center,1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai 400063, India
| | - Girish B Mahajan
- High Throughput Department, Piramal Research Center,1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai 400063, India
| | - Abhijeet Kate
- High Throughput Department, Piramal Research Center,1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai 400063, India
| | - Prabhu Mishra
- High Throughput Department, Piramal Research Center,1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai 400063, India
| | - Rajiv Sharma
- High Throughput Department, Piramal Research Center,1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai 400063, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- High Throughput Department, Piramal Research Center,1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai 400063, India
| | - Ram Vishwakarma
- High Throughput Department, Piramal Research Center,1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai 400063, India
| | - Arun Balakrishnan
- High Throughput Department, Piramal Research Center,1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai 400063, India
| | - Hanudatta Atreya
- NMR Research Facility, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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6
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Oh W, Jung J, Choi Y, Mun J, Ku S, Song C. Protective effects of fermented rice extract on ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate in mice. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:1718-1728. [PMID: 32180979 PMCID: PMC7063356 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized by the gut mucosal ulceration. Growing evidence indicates that dysregulation of immune response to the commensal microbiota involves the pathogenesis of IBD. Previous studies have demonstrated the favorable probiotic effects of fermented rice extracts through triple fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Weissella cibaria (FRe). Thus, the therapeutic potential of FRe for UC was examined. Dextran sodium sulfate UC mice model was orally administered distilled water as a control, sulfasalazine, or FRe at 300, 200, and 100 mg/kg, once a day for a week. The UC control exhibited body weight loss, bloody stools, and colonic shortening. However, the FRe, especially at 300 mg/kg, led to a reduction in weight loss, disease activity index scores, and colon weight, and an increase in colorectal length. The histopathological analyses revealed mild changes involved in the colonic crypt and mucosal damages in the FRe groups, along with inhibited inflammation. Indeed, the FRe reduced neutrophil infiltration and production of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6/-8). This was accompanied by the down-regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B. The gene expression responsible for the intestinal barrier integrity (i.e., Zonna occludens-1/-2, Claudin-1, Occludin, Mucin-1/-2) was up-regulated in the FRe groups. In addition, the FRe reduced lipid peroxidation and enhanced antioxidant activity. Interestingly, the microbiota dysbiosis was attenuated in the FRe groups, and the number of beneficial bacteria, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, was increased. It suggests that the FRe potently ameliorate UC as a functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won‐Seok Oh
- Department of Veterinary Internal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
| | - Jae‐Chul Jung
- Life Science Research InstituteNOVAREX CO., Ltd.CheongjuKorea
| | - Yong‐Min Choi
- Life Science Research InstituteNOVAREX CO., Ltd.CheongjuKorea
| | - Ju‐Young Mun
- Life Science Research InstituteNOVAREX CO., Ltd.CheongjuKorea
| | - Sae‐Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and HistologyCollege of Korean MedicineDaegu Haany UniversityGyeongsanKorea
- Research Center for Herbal Convergence on Liver DiseaseGyeongsanKorea
| | - Chang‐Hyun Song
- Department of Anatomy and HistologyCollege of Korean MedicineDaegu Haany UniversityGyeongsanKorea
- Research Center for Herbal Convergence on Liver DiseaseGyeongsanKorea
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7
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Freise AC, Zettlitz KA, Salazar FB, Tavaré R, Tsai WTK, Chatziioannou AF, Rozengurt N, Braun J, Wu AM. Immuno-PET in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Imaging CD4-Positive T Cells in a Murine Model of Colitis. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:980-985. [PMID: 29326360 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.199075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) in humans are characterized in part by aberrant CD4-positive (CD4+) T-cell responses. Currently, identification of foci of inflammation within the gut requires invasive procedures such as colonoscopy and biopsy. Molecular imaging with antibody fragment probes could be used to noninvasively monitor cell subsets causing intestinal inflammation. Here, GK1.5 cys-diabody (cDb), an antimouse CD4 antibody fragment derived from the GK1.5 hybridoma, was used as a PET probe for CD4+ T cells in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse model of IBD. Methods: The DSS mouse model of IBD was validated by assessing changes in CD4+ T cells in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) using flow cytometry. Furthermore, CD4+ T cell infiltration in the colons of colitic mice was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. 89Zr-labeled GK1.5 cDb was used to image distribution of CD4+ T cells in the abdominal region and lymphoid organs of mice with DSS-induced colitis. Region-of-interest analysis was performed on specific regions of the gut to quantify probe uptake. Colons, ceca, and MLNs were removed and imaged ex vivo by PET. Imaging results were confirmed by ex vivo biodistribution analysis. Results: An increased number of CD4+ T cells in the colons of colitic mice was confirmed by anti-CD4 immunohistochemistry. Increased uptake of 89Zr-maleimide-deferoxamine (malDFO)-GK1.5 cDb in the distal colon of colitic mice was visible in vivo in PET scans, and region-of-interest analysis of the distal colon confirmed increased activity in DSS mice. MLNs from colitic mice were enlarged and visible in PET images. Ex vivo scans and biodistribution confirmed higher uptake in DSS-treated colons (DSS, 1.8 ± 0.40; control, 0.45 ± 0.12 percentage injected dose [%ID] per organ, respectively), ceca (DSS, 1.1 ± 0.38; control, 0.35 ± 0.09 %ID per organ), and MLNs (DSS, 1.1 ± 0.58; control, 0.37 ± 0.25 %ID per organ). Conclusion:89Zr-malDFO-GK1.5 cDb detected CD4+ T cells in the colons, ceca, and MLNs of colitic mice and may prove useful for further investigations of CD4+ T cells in preclinical models of IBD, with potential to guide development of antibody-based imaging in human IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Freise
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Felix B Salazar
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Richard Tavaré
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Wen-Ting K Tsai
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Arion F Chatziioannou
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Nora Rozengurt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna M Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and
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8
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Wang J, Goepfert C, Mueller N, Piersigilli A, Lin R, Wen H, Vuitton DA, Vuitton L, Mueller C, Gottstein B. Larval Echinococcus multilocularis infection reduces dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in mice by attenuating T helper type 1/type 17-mediated immune reactions. Immunology 2017; 154:76-88. [PMID: 29121394 PMCID: PMC5904711 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour‐like growth of larval Echinococcus multilocularis tissue (causing alveolar echinococcosis, AE) is directly linked to the nature/orientation of the periparasitic host immune‐mediated processes. Parasite‐mediated immune suppression is a hallmark triggering infection outcome in both chronic human and murine AE. So far, little is known about secondary systemic immune effects of this pathogen on other concomitant diseases, e.g. endogenous gut inflammation. We examined the influence of E. multilocularis infection on murine dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) ‐induced colitis. At 3 months after E. multilocularis infection (chronic stage), the mice were challenged with 3% DSS in the drinking water for 5 days plus subsequently with tap water (alone) for another 4 days. After necropsy, fixed tissues/organs were sectioned and stained with haematoxylin & eosin for assessing inflammatory reactions. Cytokine levels were measured by flow cytometry and quantitative RT‐PCR. Colitis severity was assessed (by board‐certified veterinary pathologists) regarding (i) colon length, (ii) weight loss and (iii) a semi‐quantitative score of morphological changes. The histopathological analysis of the colon showed a significant reduction of DSS‐induced gut inflammation by concomitant E. multilocularis infection, which correlated with down‐regulation of T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th17 T‐cell responses in the colon tissue. Echinococcus multilocularis infection markedly reduced the severity of DSS‐induced gut inflammation upon down‐regulation of Th1/Th17 cytokine expression and attenuation of CD11b+ cell activation. In conclusion, E. multilocularis infection remarkably reduces DSS‐induced colitis in mice by attenuating Th1/Th17‐mediated immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Christine Goepfert
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Animal Pathology, COMPATH, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Mueller
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Animal Pathology, COMPATH, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Renyong Lin
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dominique A Vuitton
- WHO-Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis and French National Reference Centre on Alveolar Echinococcosis, University of Franche-Comté and University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Lucine Vuitton
- WHO-Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis and French National Reference Centre on Alveolar Echinococcosis, University of Franche-Comté and University Hospital, Besançon, France.,Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Christoph Mueller
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Mourad FH, Yau Y, Wasinger VC, Leong RW. Proteomics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Approach Using Animal Models. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:2266-2276. [PMID: 28717845 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, proteomics studies have provided important information on the role of proteins in health and disease. In the domain of inflammatory bowel disease, proteomics has shed important light on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of inflammation and has contributed to the discovery of some putative clinical biomarkers of disease activity. By being able to obtain a large number of specimens from multiple sites and control for confounding environmental, genetic, and metabolic factors, proteomics studies using animal models of colitis offered an alternative approach to human studies. Our aim is to review the information and lessons acquired so far from the use of proteomics in animal models of colitis. These studies helped understand the importance of different proteins at different stages of the disease and unraveled the different pathways that are activated or inhibited during the inflammatory process. Expressed proteins related to inflammation, cellular structure, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and energy depletion advanced the knowledge about the reaction of intestinal cells to inflammation and repair. The role of mesenteric lymphocytes, exosomes, and the intestinal mucosal barrier was emphasized in the inflammatory process. In addition, studies in animal models revealed mechanisms of the beneficial effects of some therapeutic interventions and foods or food components on intestinal inflammation by monitoring changes in protein expression and paved the way for some new possible inflammatory pathways to target in the future. Advances in proteomics technology will further clarify the interaction between intestinal microbiota and IBD pathogenesis and investigate the gene-environmental axis of IBD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi H Mourad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 113-6044, Hamra, Beirut, 110 32090, Lebanon. .,Gastroenterology and Liver Services, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Hospital Road, Concord, NSW, 2137, Australia.
| | - Yunki Yau
- Gastroenterology and Liver Services, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Hospital Road, Concord, NSW, 2137, Australia
| | - Valerie C Wasinger
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of NSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rupert W Leong
- Gastroenterology and Liver Services, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Hospital Road, Concord, NSW, 2137, Australia
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10
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Pedrotti LP, Sena AA, Rodriguez Galán MC, Cejas H, Correa SG. Intestinal mononuclear cells primed by systemic interleukin-12 display long-term ability to aggravate colitis in mice. Immunology 2017; 150:290-300. [PMID: 27891587 PMCID: PMC5290244 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To address whether the burst of systemic interleukin-12 (IL-12) influences intestinal inflammation elicited by luminal stimuli, we induced IL-12 release by cDNA injection in C57BL/6 mice and simultaneously started dextran sulphate sodium administration. The sequence of the inflammatory response triggered by IL-12 release was characterized by assessing myeloperoxidase activity and histological damage in colon samples on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 after colitis induction. To evaluate the persistence of IL-12 priming, colitis was induced in mice 7 or 60 days after cDNA injection. Under IL-12 influence, the development of acute colitis presented a faster and selective infiltration of inflammatory mononuclear cells in the lamina propria. Recruitment was driven by systemic cytokines rather than luminal antigens. Interestingly, when colitis was triggered 7 or 60 days after the cytokine storm, cells maintained the ability to worsen clinical signs of intestinal inflammation. Together, a systemic IL-12 burst effectively primed intestinal cells that became more prone to develop inflammatory responses. Activation was long-lasting because intestinal cells maintained their inflammatory potential and their ability to aggravate colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano P. Pedrotti
- ImmunologyDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry‐CIBICI (CONICET)Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
| | - Angela A. Sena
- ImmunologyDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry‐CIBICI (CONICET)Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
| | - María Cecilia Rodriguez Galán
- ImmunologyDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry‐CIBICI (CONICET)Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
| | - Hugo Cejas
- ImmunologyDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry‐CIBICI (CONICET)Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
| | - Silvia G. Correa
- ImmunologyDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry‐CIBICI (CONICET)Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
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11
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Van Welden S, De Vos M, Wielockx B, Tavernier SJ, Dullaers M, Neyt S, Descamps B, Devisscher L, Devriese S, Van den Bossche L, Holvoet T, Baeyens A, Correale C, D'Alessio S, Vanhove C, De Vos F, Verhasselt B, Breier G, Lambrecht BN, Janssens S, Carmeliet P, Danese S, Elewaut D, Laukens D, Hindryckx P. Haematopoietic prolyl hydroxylase-1 deficiency promotes M2 macrophage polarization and is both necessary and sufficient to protect against experimental colitis. J Pathol 2017; 241:547-558. [PMID: 27981571 DOI: 10.1002/path.4861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins (PHDs) regulate the adaptation of cells to hypoxia. Pan-hydroxylase inhibition is protective in experimental colitis, in which PHD1 plays a prominent role. However, it is currently unknown how PHD1 targeting regulates this protection and which cell type(s) are involved. Here, we demonstrated that Phd1 deletion in endothelial and haematopoietic cells (Phd1f/f Tie2:cre) protected mice from dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, with reduced epithelial erosions, immune cell infiltration, and colonic microvascular dysfunction, whereas the response of Phd2f/+ Tie2:cre and Phd3f/f Tie2:cre mice to DSS was similar to that of their littermate controls. Using bone marrow chimeras and cell-specific cre mice, we demonstrated that ablation of Phd1 in haematopoietic cells but not in endothelial cells was both necessary and sufficient to inhibit experimental colitis. This effect relied, at least in part, on skewing of Phd1-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. These cells showed an attenuated nuclear factor-κB-dependent response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which in turn diminished endothelial chemokine expression. In addition, Phd1 deficiency in dendritic cells significantly reduced interleukin-1β production in response to LPS. Taken together, our results further support the development of selective PHD1 inhibitors for ulcerative colitis, and identify haematopoietic cells as their primary target. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martine De Vos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Heisenberg Research Group, Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon J Tavernier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Inflammation Research Centre VIB, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Melissa Dullaers
- Inflammation Research Centre VIB, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sara Neyt
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Descamps
- Infinity Imaging Laboratory (iMinds Medical IT-IBiTech-MEDISIP), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sarah Devriese
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Tom Holvoet
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Baeyens
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carmen Correale
- IBD Centre, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Silvia D'Alessio
- IBD Centre, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Christian Vanhove
- Infinity Imaging Laboratory (iMinds Medical IT-IBiTech-MEDISIP), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip De Vos
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Verhasselt
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georg Breier
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Inflammation Research Centre VIB, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Sophie Janssens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Inflammation Research Centre VIB, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular metabolism, Vesalius Research Centre, KU Leuven, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvio Danese
- IBD Centre, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Inflammation Research Centre VIB, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Debby Laukens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Hindryckx
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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β7-Integrin exacerbates experimental DSS-induced colitis in mice by directing inflammatory monocytes into the colon. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:527-38. [PMID: 26349655 PMCID: PMC4801899 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment is pivotal for the initiation and perpetuation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and controlled by the specificity and interactions of chemokines and adhesion molecules. Interactions of the adhesion molecules α4β7-integrin and mucosal addressin cell-adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) promote the accumulation of pathogenic T-cell populations in the inflamed intestine. We aimed to elucidate the significance of β7-integrin expression on innate immune cells for the pathogenesis of IBD. We demonstrate that β7-integrin deficiency protects recombination-activating gene-2 (RAG-2)-deficient mice from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and coincides with decreased numbers of colonic effector monocytes. We also show that β7-integrin is expressed on most CD11b(+)CD64(low)Ly6C(+) bone marrow progenitors and contributes to colonic recruitment of these proinflammatory monocytes. Importantly, adoptive transfer of CD115(+) wild-type (WT) monocytes partially restored the susceptibility of RAG-2/β7-integrin double-deficient mice to DSS-induced colitis, thereby demonstrating the functional importance of β7-integrin-expressing monocytes for the development of DSS colitis. We also reveal that genetic ablation of MAdCAM-1 ameliorates experimental colitis in RAG-2-deficient mice as well. In summary, we demonstrate a previously unknown role of α4β7-integrin-MAdCAM-1 interactions as drivers of colitis by directing inflammatory monocytes into the colon.
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13
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Potential therapeutic utility of mesenchymal stem cells in inflammatory bowel disease in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:515-21. [PMID: 25133649 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were found to provide an effective therapeutic role in inflammatory diseases by modulating inflammatory responses and tissue regeneration by their differentiation ability. The present work sought to demonstrate the potential therapeutic use of MSCs in treating chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in mice. A new model to induce chronic IBD based on alternative administration periods of Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) was established. Mice were divided into 2 groups; one was treated with MSCs and the other was treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Assessment of therapeutic efficacy of MSCs was by measuring weight, stool scoring, histopathological examination, and measuring the gene expression of inflammatory markers: Interleukin-23 (IL-23), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). The results showed that DSS administration causes bloody and watery stool, weight loss, and altered histopathologic picture. MSC treated mice showed a significant improvement in stool condition, weight gain, and normal histopathologic picture compared to the PBS treated mice. Moreover, gene expressions of inflammatory markers in the intestines of the MSC treated mice were also significantly lower than those of the PBS treated mice. In conclusion, the data here showed that MSCs have a clear potential efficacy in the treatment for IBD, as their immune modulation effects include inhibition in the expression of key inflammatory markers that each plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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14
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Matsumoto H, Haga K, Ohno I, Hiraoka K, Kimura T, Hermann K, Kasahara N, Anton P, McGowan I. Mucosal gene therapy using a pseudotyped lentivirus vector encoding murine interleukin-10 (mIL-10) suppresses the development and relapse of experimental murine colitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:68. [PMID: 24712338 PMCID: PMC3991919 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-14-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic gene transfer is currently being evaluated as a potential therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. This study investigates the safety and therapeutic benefit of a locally administered lentiviral vector encoding murine interleukin-10 in altering the onset and relapse of dextran sodium sulfate induced murine colitis. Methods Lentiviral vectors encoding the reporter genes firefly-luciferase and murine interleukin-10 were administered by intrarectal instillation, either once or twice following an ethanol enema to facilitate mucosal uptake, on Days 3 and 20 in Balb/c mice with acute and relapsing colitis induced with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). DSS colitis was characterized using clinical disease activity, macroscopic, and microscopic scores. Bioluminescence optical imaging analysis was employed to examine mucosal lentiviral vector uptake and transgene expression. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in homogenates of rectal tissue were measured by ELISA. Biodistribution of the lentiviral vector to other organs was evaluated by real time quantitative PCR. Results Mucosal delivery of lentiviral vector resulted in significant transduction of colorectal mucosa, as shown by bioluminescence imaging analysis. Lentiviral vector-mediated local expression of interleukin-10 resulted in significantly increased levels of this cytokine, as well as reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, and significantly reduced the clinical disease activity, macroscopic, and microscopic scores of DSS colitis. Systemic biodistribution of locally instilled lentiviral vector to other organs was not detected. Conclusions Topically-delivered lentiviral vectors encoding interleukin-10 safely penetrated local mucosal tissue and had therapeutic benefit in this DSS model of murine colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian McGowan
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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15
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Nishitani Y, Yamamoto K, Yoshida M, Azuma T, Kanazawa K, Hashimoto T, Mizuno M. Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of luteolin: role of the aglycone in NF-κB inactivation in macrophages co-cultured with intestinal epithelial cells. Biofactors 2013; 39:522-33. [PMID: 23460110 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The flavonoid luteolin is reported to exert anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated whether luteolin inhibits gut inflammation, using in vivo and in vitro inflammation models. In a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model, luteolin (20 and 50 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated shortening of colon length and histological score. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that luteolin also significantly inhibited infiltration of macrophages and interferon (IFN)-γ-producing CD4⁺ T cells into the colonic mucosa. Treatment with luteolin also improved IFN-γ mRNA expression in the colon. At the cellular level, a co-culture consisting of intestinal epithelial Caco-2 and macrophage RAW264.7 cells, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, the addition of luteolin (100 μM) suppressed interleukin (IL)-8 mRNA expression in Caco-2 cells without epithelial monolayer disruption. Expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α protein and proinflammatory cytokines mRNA (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in RAW264.7 cells were also suppressed. HPLC analysis and subsequent cellular assay revealed that aglycone of luteolin was present in the basolateral supernatant of this system at a sufficient concentration to suppress TNF-α production and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation of RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that the luteolin aglycones released from the Caco-2 epithelium inhibits NF-κB nuclear translocation in RAW264.7 cells, followed by reduction of TNF-α mRNA expression, which results in downregulation of IL-8 mRNA expression in Caco-2 cells. The mechanism by which aglycone inhibits inflammation is important for understanding the roles of luteolin in diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Nishitani
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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16
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Hou YC, Liu JJ, Pai MH, Tsou SS, Yeh SL. Alanyl-glutamine administration suppresses Th17 and reduces inflammatory reaction in dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:1-8. [PMID: 23721689 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T helper (Th) cells play a major role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Glutamine (Gln) is known to have immunomodulatory effects in metabolic stressed conditions. This study investigated the effects of post-treatment of alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) on Th cell-associated cytokine expressions and inflammatory reaction in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. C57BL/6 mice received distilled water containing 3% DSS for 5 days to induce colitis, whereas the normal control (NC) group received distilled water. After induction of colitis, one of the colitis groups (DG) was intraperitoneally injected with an Ala-Gln solution (0.5 g Gln/kg/d), and the saline DSS group (DS) received an identical volume of saline. After treatment for 3 days, mice were sacrificed, and the blood and tissue samples were collected for further analysis. DSS colitis resulted in higher percentages of blood interleukin (IL)-17-secreting Th cells and greater expression of Th cell-associated cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Also, luminal immunoglobin (Ig) G, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 levels were higher in the DS group than the NC group, whereas these parameters did not differ between the DG and NC groups. The DG group had lower blood IL-17A, 17F, MLN IL-17 mRNA and macrophage percentage in the peritoneal lavage fluid than those of the DS group. These results suggest that post-treatment with Ala-Gln suppressed Th17-associated cytokine expressions, reduced macrophage infiltration into the peritoneal cavity and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the colon, thus may have attenuated inflammatory response in DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Hou
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Kersting S, Behrendt V, Kersting J, Reinecke K, Hilgert C, Stricker I, Herdegen T, Janot MS, Uhl W, Chromik AM. The impact of JNK inhibitor D-JNKI-1 in a murine model of chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium. J Inflamm Res 2013; 6:71-81. [PMID: 23667316 PMCID: PMC3650567 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s40092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) are involved in the activation of T cells and the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. Several studies have established the relevance of the JNK pathway in inflammatory bowel diseases. The present study analyzed the therapeutic effect of D-JNKI-1, a specific JNK-inhibiting peptide, in a low-dose dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model of chronic colitis. Methods: DSS colitis was induced in female C57/BL6 mice by cyclic administration using different concentrations of DSS (1.0% and 1.5%). Mice in the intervention groups received subcutaneous administration of 1 μg/kg D-JNKI-1 on days 2, 12, and 22. They were monitored daily to assess the severity of colitis, body weight, stool consistency, and the occurrence of occult blood or gross rectal bleeding using evaluation of the disease activity index. The animals were sacrificed after 30 days, and the inflamed intestine was histologically evaluated using a crypt damage score. Immunohistochemical quantification of CD4+ and CD8+ cells was also carried out. Results: Administration of 1 μg/kg D-JNKI-1 resulted in a significant decrease in the disease activity index (P = 0.013 for 1.0% DSS; P = 0.007 for 1.5% DSS). As a mild form of colitis was induced, histological examination did not show any distinct damage to the mucosa and crypts. However, expression of CD4+ and CD8+ cells was reduced in mice treated with D-JNKI-1 (not significant). Conclusion: Administration of D-JNKI-1 resulted in a clinical attenuation of chronic DSS colitis, and a therapeutic effect of D-JNKI-1 must therefore be assumed. The decrease in CD4+ and CD8+ cells may reflect the influence of D-JNKI-1 on T-cell activation, differentiation, and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kersting
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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18
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Yao Y, Han W, Liang J, Ji J, Wang J, Cantor H, Lu L. Glatiramer acetate ameliorates inflammatory bowel disease in mice through the induction of Qa-1-restricted CD8⁺ regulatory cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 43:125-36. [PMID: 23002042 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are complex multifactorial immunological disorders characterized by dysregulated immune reactivity in the intestine. Here, we investigated the contribution of Qa-1-restricted CD8(+) Treg cells in regulating experimental IBD in mice. We found that CD8(+) T cells induced by T-cell vaccination ameliorated the pathological manifestations of dextran sulfate sodium induced IBD when adoptively transferred into IBD mice. In addition, CD8(+) cell suppressive activity was induced by vaccination with glatiramer acetate (GA), an FDA-approved drug for multiple sclerosis (MS). We next showed that GA-induced CD8(+) Treg cells worked in a Qa-1-dependent manner and their suppressive activity depends on perforin-mediated cytotoxicity. Finally, we confirmed the role of CD4(+) T cells in dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis progression, and clarified that GA-induced CD8(+) T cells exerted their therapeutic effects on colitis by targeting pathogenic CD4(+) T cells. Our results reveal a new regulatory role of Qa-1-restricted CD8(+) Treg cells in IBD and suggest their induction by GA vaccination as a potential therapeutic approach to IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Yao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P R China
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19
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Effects of alanyl-glutamine dipeptide on the expression of colon-inflammatory mediators during the recovery phase of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:1089-98. [PMID: 22847641 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glutamine (Gln) is a nutrient with immunomodulatory effects in metabolic stressed conditions. This study investigated the effects of Gln on colonic-inflammatory-mediator expression and mucosal repair in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. METHODS C57BL/6 mice received distilled water containing 3 % DSS for 5 d to induce colitis. One of the DSS-treated groups was intraperitoneally injected with an alanyl (Ala)-Gln solution 3 days before (G-DSS) while the other group was administered Ala-Gln 3 days after colitis (DSS-G) was induced. The Ala-Gln solution provided 0.5 g Gln/kg/d. The saline-DSS group (S-DSS) received an identical amount of saline before and after colitis was induced to serve as a positive control. RESULTS The S-DSS group had a shorter colon length, higher plasma haptoglobin level, and more-severe colon inflammation. Also, the toll-like receptor (TLR)4 level, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation, and inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the colon were higher than those of the normal control group. Gln administration either before or after colitis suppressed TLR4 protein levels, decreased plasma haptoglobin, and reduced colon inflammation. Histological inflammatory scores were also lowered. Compared to the post-colitis Gln group, preventive use of Gln had higher colon length, expressions of mucin 2, trefoil factor 3, and heat shock protein 72 genes were also upregulated in the colon. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Gln administered either before or after the colitis mitigated inflammation of colitis that was not observed in group without Gln injection. Prophylactic treatment with Gln had more-beneficial effects on reducing inflammatory markers and enhancing the recovery of mucosa in DSS-induced colitis.
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20
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Kim DJ, Kim KS, Song MY, Seo SH, Kim SJ, Yang BG, Jang MH, Sung YC. Delivery of IL-12p40 ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by suppressing IL-17A expression and inflammation in the intestinal mucosa. Clin Immunol 2012; 144:190-9. [PMID: 22836084 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IL-12p40 homodimer is a natural antagonist of IL-12 and IL-23, which are potent pro-inflammatory cytokines required for Th1 and Th17 immune responses, respectively. It has been reported that Th17 response is involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic disorder of the digestive system with steadily increasing incidence. Here, we investigated the effects of IL-12p40 delivered via recombinant adenovirus (rAd/IL-12p40) or mesenchymal stem cells (MSC/IL-12p40) in a dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced colitis model. Injection of rAd/IL-12p40 or MSC/IL-12p40 efficiently attenuated colitis symptoms and tissue damage, leading to an increased survival rate. Moreover, IL-12p40 delivery suppressed IL-17A, but enhanced IFN-γ production from mesenteric lymph node cells, supporting the preferential suppression of IL-23 by IL-12p40 homodimer in vitro and the suppression of Th17 responses in vivo. Our results demonstrate that IL-12p40 delivery ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by suppressing IL-17A production and inflammation in the intestinal mucosa, providing an effective new therapeutic strategy for IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Jin Kim
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, POSTECH, Hyoja-dong, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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Hara T, Shitara S, Imai K, Miyachi H, Kitano S, Yao H, Tani-ichi S, Ikuta K. Identification of IL-7-producing cells in primary and secondary lymphoid organs using IL-7-GFP knock-in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1577-84. [PMID: 22786774 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
IL-7 is a cytokine crucial for development and maintenance of lymphocytes and other hematopoietic cells. However, how IL-7-expressing cells are distributed in lymphoid organs is not well known. To address this question, we established and analyzed IL-7-GFP knock-in mice. Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) expressed high GFP levels in the cortex and medulla, as detected with an anti-GFP Ab. Thymic mesenchymal cells also expressed GFP. Flow cytometry analysis suggested that cortical TECs expressed higher GFP levels than did medullary TECs. In bone marrow, immunohistochemistry indicated high levels of GFP in many VCAM-1(+) mesenchymal stromal cells and in some VCAM-1(-) cells. Additionally, half of the VCAM-1(+)CD31(-) stromal cells and some platelet-derived growth factor receptor α(+) stromal cells were GFP(+), as detected by flow cytometry. Moreover, we detected GFP expression in fibroblastic reticular cells in the T cell zone and cortical ridge of lymph nodes. Remarkably, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) expressed GFP at high levels within the lymph node medulla, skin epidermis, and intestinal tissues. Additionally, we detected abundant IL-7 transcripts in isolated LECs, suggesting that LECs produce IL-7, a heretofore unknown finding. Furthermore, GFP is expressed in a subpopulation of intestinal epithelial cells, and that expression was markedly upregulated in a dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis model. Overall, IL-7-GFP knock-in mice serve as a unique and powerful tool to examine the identity and distribution of IL-7-expressing cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hara
- Laboratory of Biological Protection, Department of Biological Responses, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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22
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Kim JM. [Inflammatory bowel diseases and inflammasome]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2012; 58:300-10. [PMID: 22198227 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2011.58.6.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the most important entities being ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are chronic, relapsing and remitting inflammatory conditions that result from chronic dysregulation of the mucosal immune system in the intestinal tract. Although the precise pathogenesis of IBD is still incompletely understood, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor-a, are detected in active IBD and correlate with the severity of inflammation, indicating that these cytokines may play a key role in the development of IBD. Recently, the intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family members, including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4 and NLRP6, are emerging as important regulators of intestinal homeostasis. Together, one of those aforementioned molecules or the DNA sensor absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing 'a caspase recruitment domain (CARD)' (ASC) and caspase-1 form a large (> 700 kDa) multi-protein complex called the inflammasome. Stimulation with specific microbial and endogenous molecules triggers inflammasome assembly and caspase-1 activation. Activated caspase-1 leads to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1b and IL-18, and the promotion of pyroptosis, a form of phagocyte cell death induced by bacterial pathogens, in an inflamed tissue. Therefore, inflammasomes are assumed to mediate host defense against microbial pathogens and gut homeostasis, so that their dysregulation might contribute to IBD pathogenesis. This review focuses on recent advances of the role of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in IBD pathogenesis. Improving knowledge of the inflammasome could provide insights into potential therapeutic targets for patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Mogg Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Hudcovic T, Kolinska J, Klepetar J, Stepankova R, Rezanka T, Srutkova D, Schwarzer M, Erban V, Du Z, Wells JM, Hrncir T, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Kozakova H. Protective effect of Clostridium tyrobutyricum in acute dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis: differential regulation of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-18 in BALB/c and severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:356-65. [PMID: 22236013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the promising approaches in the therapy of ulcerative colitis is administration of butyrate, an energy source for colonocytes, into the lumen of the colon. This study investigates the effect of butyrate producing bacterium Clostridium tyrobutyricum on dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Immunocompetent BALB/c and immunodeficient severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice reared in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) conditions were treated intrarectally with C. tyrobutyricum 1 week prior to the induction of DSS colitis and during oral DSS treatment. Administration of DSS without C. tyrobutyricum treatment led to an appearance of clinical symptoms - bleeding, rectal prolapses and colitis-induced increase in the antigen CD11b, a marker of infiltrating inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. The severity of colitis was similar in BALB/c and SCID mice as judged by the histological damage score and colon shortening after 7 days of DSS treatment. Both strains of mice also showed a similar reduction in tight junction (TJ) protein zonula occludens (ZO)-1 expression and of MUC-2 mucin depression. Highly elevated levels of cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the colon of SCID mice and of interleukin (IL)-18 in BALB/c mice were observed. Intrarectal administration of C. tyrobutyricum prevented appearance of clinical symptoms of DSS-colitis, restored normal MUC-2 production, unaltered expression of TJ protein ZO-1 and decreased levels of TNF-α and IL-18 in the descending colon of SCID and BALB/c mice, respectively. Some of these features can be ascribed to the increased production of butyrate in the lumen of the colon and its role in protection of barrier functions and regulation of IL-18 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hudcovic
- Institute of Microbiology of Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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Chu CC, Hou YC, Pai MH, Chao CJ, Yeh SL. Pretreatment with alanyl-glutamine suppresses T-helper-cell-associated cytokine expression and reduces inflammatory responses in mice with acute DSS-induced colitis. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:1092-9. [PMID: 22137260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
T-helper (Th) cells play a major role in initiating and shaping the pathologic response in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Glutamine (GLN) is a nutrient with immune-modulating effects. This study investigated the effect of GLN on cytokine expressions and inflammatory responses of three subsets of Th cells in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD. There were one normal control (NC) and two DSS groups. Mice in the DSS groups drank distilled water containing 3% DSS for 5 days, whereas the NC group received distilled water. Mice in the G-DSS group were given intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 g GLN/kg/d for 3 days before receiving DSS water. The other DSS group (C-DSS) received an identical amount of amino acid solution without GLN. After induction of IBD, the mice were allowed to recover for 3 days and then were sacrificed. Blood and colon samples were collected for further analysis. The C-DSS group had higher percentages of blood interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-4 and interferon-γ than the NC group. The G-DSS group had lower Th1/Th17/Th2 cytokine expressions, which showed no differences from the NC group. Plasma haptoglobin, colon immunoglobin G and chemokine levels and myeloperoxidase activities were higher in the DSS groups than the NC group. These parameters were significantly lower in the G-DSS than the C-DSS group. These results suggest that pretreatment with GLN suppressed Th-associated cytokine expressions and may consequently reduce inflammatory mediator production and leukocyte infiltration into tissues, thus ameliorating the severity of acute DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chou Chu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Chen GY, Núñez G. Inflammasomes in intestinal inflammation and cancer. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:1986-99. [PMID: 22005480 PMCID: PMC3442608 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that mediate activation of caspase-1, which promotes secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 and pyroptosis, a form of phagocyte cell death induced by bacterial pathogens. Members of the Nod-like receptor family (including Nlrp1, Nlrp3, and Nlrc4), the DNA sensor Aim2, the adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and pro-caspase-1 are important components of inflammasomes. Stimulation with specific microbial and endogenous molecules leads to inflammasome assembly and caspase-1 activation. Inflammasomes are believed to mediate host defense against microbial pathogens and tissue homeostasis within the intestine, and their dysregulation might contribute to inflammatory diseases and intestinal cancer. Improving our understanding of inflammasome signaling pathways could provide insights into the pathogenesis of many gastrointestinal disorders and the development of therapeutic targets and approaches to treat diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases and gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y. Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, MI 48109
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26
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Jeffery P, McDonald V, Tippett E, McGuckin M. Ghrelin in gastrointestinal disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:35-43. [PMID: 21458525 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells of the gastric fundus are the predominant source of ghrelin production, although ghrelin gene transcripts and ghrelin-producing cells have been identified throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Various infectious, inflammatory and malignant disorders of the gastrointestinal system have been shown to alter ghrelin production and secretion and consequently to affect endocrine ghrelin levels and activity. Animal studies have demonstrated that ghrelin and synthetic ghrelin mimetics can reduce the severity of gastric and colonic inflammation and human clinical trials are underway to determine the efficacy of ghrelin in improving motility disorders. This review summarises the impact of gastrointestinal disease on ghrelin synthesis and secretion and the potential use of ghrelin and its mimetics for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Jeffery
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.
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27
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Wurbel MA, McIntire MG, Dwyer P, Fiebiger E. CCL25/CCR9 interactions regulate large intestinal inflammation in a murine model of acute colitis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16442. [PMID: 21283540 PMCID: PMC3026821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims CCL25/CCR9 is a non-promiscuous chemokine/receptor pair and a key regulator of leukocyte migration to the small intestine. We investigated here whether CCL25/CCR9 interactions also play a role in the regulation of inflammatory responses in the large intestine. Methods Acute inflammation and recovery in wild-type (WT) and CCR9−/− mice was studied in a model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Distribution studies and phenotypic characterization of dendritic cell subsets and macrophage were performed by flow cytometry. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) scores were assessed and expression of inflammatory cytokines was studied at the mRNA and the protein level. Results CCL25 and CCR9 are both expressed in the large intestine and are upregulated during DSS colitis. CCR9−/− mice are more susceptible to DSS colitis than WT littermate controls as shown by higher mortality, increased IBD score and delayed recovery. During recovery, the CCR9−/− colonic mucosa is characterized by the accumulation of activated macrophages and elevated levels of Th1/Th17 inflammatory cytokines. Activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) accumulate in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of CCR9−/− animals, altering the local ratio of DC subsets. Upon re-stimulation, T cells isolated from these MLNs secrete significantly higher levels of TNFα, IFNγ, IL2, IL-6 and IL-17A while down modulating IL-10 production. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that CCL25/CCR9 interactions regulate inflammatory immune responses in the large intestinal mucosa by balancing different subsets of dendritic cells. These findings have important implications for the use of CCR9-inhibitors in therapy of human IBD as they indicate a potential risk for patients with large intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Andre Wurbel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Boston, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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28
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Kajii M, Suzuki C, Kashihara J, Kobayashi F, Kubo Y, Miyamoto H, Yuuki T, Yamamoto T, Nakae T. Prevention of excessive collagen accumulation by human intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in a murine model of bleomycin-induced scleroderma. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 163:235-41. [PMID: 21091669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by fibrotic changes in skin and other organs involving excessive collagen deposition. Here we investigated the effect of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) on fibrosis in a murine model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced scleroderma. Scleroderma was induced in C3H/He J mice by subcutaneous BLM injections daily for 35 days. The collagen content in skin samples from the BLM-injected group (6·30 ± 0·11 mg/g tissue) was significantly higher than the PBS group (5·80 ± 0·10 mg/g tissue), and corresponded with dermal thickening at the injection site. In contrast, mice treated with IVIG for 5 consecutive days after initiating BLM injection showed lesser collagen content significantly (IVIG group, 5·61 ± 0·09 mg/g tissue; BLM vs. IVIG). In order to investigate the cellular and protein characteristics in the early stage of the model, the skin samples were obtained 7 days after the onset of experiment. Macrophage infiltration to the dermis, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1)-positive cells, and increased TGF-β1 mRNA expression were also observed in the BLM group. IVIG inhibited these early fibrogenic changes; MCP-1 expression was significantly lesser for the IVIG group (1·52 ± 0·19 pg/mg tissue) than for the BLM group (2·49 ± 0·26 pg/mg tissue). In contrast, TGF-β1 mRNA expression was significantly inhibited by IVIG. These results suggest that IVIG treatment may inhibit macrophage recruitment to fibrotic sites by down regulating MCP-1 and TGF-β production, and thus could be a potential drug for managing fibrotic disorders such as SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kajii
- Benesis Corporation, Osaka, Japan.
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González-García A, Sánchez-Ruiz J, Flores JM, Carrera AC. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma inhibition ameliorates inflammation and tumor growth in a model of colitis-associated cancer. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1374-83. [PMID: 20004201 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A large body of evidence supports a correlation between inflammation and cancer, although the molecular mechanisms that govern this process are incompletely understood. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is an enzyme that regulates the immune response and contributes to cell transformation in several tumor types. Here, we address the role of the PI3Kgamma isoform in inflammatory bowel disease and in the development of colitis-associated cancer. METHODS PI3Kgamma(-/-) and control mice were repeatedly treated with dextran sulfate sodium to induce chronic colitis and colitis-associated cancer. Colorectal tumor burden and colon inflammation were evaluated in these mice. Leukocyte populations in colon were characterized by flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS PI3Kgamma-deficient mice had a lower incidence of colitis-associated tumors, as well as reduced tumor multiplicity and smaller tumor size compared with controls. Reduced tumor development paralleled less colon inflammation in PI3Kgamma-deficient mice. Analysis of leukocyte populations in the colon of PI3Kgamma-deficient mice showed defective activation and infiltration of myeloid cells and defective recruitment of T cells to the colon compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS PI3Kgamma regulates the innate immune response in a murine model of ulcerative colitis, thereby controlling colon inflammation and tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana González-García
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
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Jin Y, Hofseth AB, Cui X, Windust AJ, Poudyal D, Chumanevich AA, Matesic LE, Singh NP, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS, Hofseth LJ. American ginseng suppresses colitis through p53-mediated apoptosis of inflammatory cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:339-47. [PMID: 20179294 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a dynamic, chronic inflammatory condition associated with an increased colon cancer risk. Inflammatory cell apoptosis is a key mechanism regulating ulcerative colitis. American ginseng (AG) is a putative antioxidant that can suppress hyperactive immune cells. We have recently shown that AG can prevent and treat mouse colitis. Because p53 levels are elevated in inflammatory cells in both mouse and human colitis, we tested the hypothesis that AG protects from colitis by driving inflammatory cell apoptosis through a p53 mechanism. We used isogenic p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) inflammatory cell lines as well as primary CD4(+)/CD25(-) effector T cells from p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) mice to show that AG drives apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner. Moreover, we used a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model of colitis in C57BL/6 p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) mice to test whether the protective effect of AG against colitis is p53 dependent. Data indicate that AG induces apoptosis in p53(+/+) but not in isogenic p53(-/-) cells in vitro. In vivo, C57BL/6 p53(+/+) mice are responsive to the protective effects of AG against DSS-induced colitis, whereas AG fails to protect from colitis in p53(-/-) mice. Furthermore, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling of inflammatory cells within the colonic mesenteric lymph nodes is elevated in p53(+/+) mice consuming DSS + AG but not in p53(-/-) mice consuming DSS + AG. Results are consistent with our in vitro data and with the hypothesis that AG drives inflammatory cell apoptosis in vivo, providing a mechanism by which AG protects from colitis in this DSS mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, 770 Sumter Street, Coker Life Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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31
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Zhong W, Xia Z, Hinrichs D, Rosenbaum JT, Wegmann KW, Meyrowitz J, Zhang Z. Hemin exerts multiple protective mechanisms and attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 50:132-9. [PMID: 20081544 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181c61591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by recurrent and severe gastrointestinal inflammation. Activation of inflammatory cells, such as TH17 lymphocytes, and/or deficiency of regulatory T cells (Treg) are responsible for the pathogenesis of IBD. As an acute phase reactant, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been shown to play an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory role in many disease processes. In this study, we used a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis model to investigate the effect of upregulating HO-1 by hemin on the development of colonic inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mice were enterically challenged with 4% DSS. In addition, some mice were intraperitoneally administered with hemin or Sn-protoporphyrin (SnPP) on days 0, 1, and 6 after DSS treatment. The severity of colitis was evaluated by daily monitoring of weight change and diarrhea. At the end of the experiment, the colon, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes were harvested for histology and various immunological assays. RESULTS Compared to control groups, DSS challenge markedly induced HO-1 expression in the colon epithelium. Upregulation of HO-1 by hemin was further correlated with attenuation of DSS-induced colitis. In contrast, inhibition of endogenous HO-1 by SnPP aggravated the colitis. To further assess the anti-inflammatory mechanisms, we examined whether hemin enhanced the proliferation of Treg cells and suppressed the production of interleukin (IL)-17. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that hemin markedly expanded the CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3+ Treg population. Moreover, hemin attenuated IL-17 and TH17-related cytokines. This inhibition coincided with the attenuation of DSS-induced colitis. Finally, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling assay showed that hemin treatment markedly reduced programmed cell death of colonic epithelium, indicating that hemin exerts a modulatory effect on the induction of Treg, IL-17, and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that upregulation of HO-1 by hemin ameliorated experimental colitis. Moreover, our study suggests a broader protective mechanism of hemin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Singh UP, Singh NP, Singh B, Hofseth LJ, Price RL, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) induces silent mating type information regulation-1 and down-regulates nuclear transcription factor-kappaB activation to abrogate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 332:829-39. [PMID: 19940103 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.160838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic, relapsing, and tissue-destructive disease. Resveratrol (3,4,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a naturally occurring polyphenol that exhibits beneficial pleiotropic health effects, is recognized as one of the most promising natural molecules in the prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory disease and autoimmune disorders. In the present study, we investigated the effect of resveratrol on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and found that it effectively attenuated overall clinical scores as well as various pathological markers of colitis. Resveratrol reversed the colitis-associated decrease in body weight and increased levels of serum amyloid A, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL-6), and IL-1beta. After resveratrol treatment, the percentage of CD4(+) T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of colitis mice was restored to normal levels, and there was a decrease in these cells in the colon lamina propria (LP). Likewise, the percentages of macrophages in MLN and the LP of mice with colitis were decreased after resveratrol treatment. Resveratrol also suppressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression induced in DSS-exposed mice. Colitis was associated with a decrease in silent mating type information regulation-1 (SIRT1) gene expression and an increase in p-inhibitory kappaB expression and nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. Resveratrol treatment of mice with colitis significantly reversed these changes. This study demonstrates for the first time that SIRT1 is involved in colitis, functioning as an inverse regulator of NF-kappaB activation and inflammation. Furthermore, our results indicate that resveratrol may protect against colitis through up-regulation of SIRT1 in immune cells in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udai P Singh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Peng XD, Wu XH, Chen LJ, Wang ZL, Hu XH, Song LF, He CM, Luo YF, Chen ZZ, Jin K, Lin HG, Li XL, Wang YS, Wei YQ. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 332:46-56. [PMID: 19828878 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.153494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The critical role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kgamma) in inflammatory cell activation and recruitment makes it an attractive target for immunomodulatory therapy. 5-Quinoxilin-6-methylene-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione (AS605240), a potent PI3Kgamma inhibitor, has been reported to ameliorate chronic inflammatory disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and atherosclerosis. However, its in vivo effect on intestinal inflammation remains unknown. Here we evaluated the protective and therapeutic potentials of AS605240 in mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute and chronic colitis. Our results showed that AS605240 improved survival rate, disease activity index, and histological damage score in mice administered DSS in both preventive and therapeutic studies. AS605240 treatment also significantly inhibited the increase in myeloperoxidase levels, macrophage infiltration, and CD4(+) T-cell number in the colon of DSS-fed mice. The DSS-induced overproduction of colonic proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma was significantly suppressed in mice undergoing AS605240 therapy, whereas colonic anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 were up-regulated. The down-regulation of the phospho-Akt level in immunological cells from the inflamed colon tissue and spleen of AS605240-treated mice was detected both by immunohistochemical analysis and Western blotting. These findings demonstrate that AS605240 may represent a promising novel agent for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease by suppressing leukocyte infiltration as well as by immunoregulating the imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-dong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Induction and cellular expression of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase during dextran sodium sulphate induced colitis in rats. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 132:599-612. [PMID: 19821118 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular and molecular expression of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) as a marker of activated macrophages in macrophage dependent dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. In normal colon, TRAP+/CX(3)CR(1)+ macrophages were located in the upper part of the lamina propria. In the early stage (day 1-3) of acute colitis prior to histopathological changes, induction of the cytokines TNFalpha, IL-12 and IFN gamma occurred concomitant with increased mRNA and enzyme activity of TRAP along with a slight increase of TRAP immunolabelling in macrophages of the upper lamina propria, suggesting induction of TRAP in resident macrophages. Among these cytokines, TNFalpha up-regulated TRAP expression in the RAW 264.7 monocyte/macrophage cell line. In a later phase (day 7) with fulminant colitis, a massive infiltration of macrophages including recruited TRAP+/CCR2+ cells was observed also in the lower part of the lamina propria as well as in the submuscular layer. Additionally, differentiated cellular expression of pro- and mature TRAP also suggest that mucosal macrophages in the lower part of lamina propria bordering the sub-mucosa provide a source of replenishment of macrophages situated in the upper lamina propria. In conclusion, induction of TRAP provides an early sign of macrophage responsiveness in DSS induced colitis.
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Sagiv Y, Kaminitz A, Lorberboum-Galski H, Askenasy N, Yarkoni S. A Fusion Protein Composed of IL-2 and Caspase-3 Ameliorates the Outcome of Experimental Inflammatory Colitis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1173:791-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Dasu T, Qualls JE, Tuna H, Raman C, Cohen DA, Bondada S. CD5 plays an inhibitory role in the suppressive function of murine CD4(+) CD25(+) T(reg) cells. Immunol Lett 2008; 119:103-13. [PMID: 18573278 PMCID: PMC2604124 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 04/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A subset of CD4(+) T cells, the CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells in the lymphoid organs and peripheral blood are known to possess suppressive function. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that T cell receptor (TCR) signal is required for development of such 'natural regulatory (T(reg)) cells' and for activation of the effector function of CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells. CD5 is a cell surface molecule present on all T cells and a subtype of B lymphocytes, the B-1 cells, primarily localized to coelomic cavities, Peyer's patches, tonsils and spleen. CD5 acts as a negative regulator of T cell and B cell signaling via recruitment of SHP-1. Here, we demonstrate that T(reg) cells obtained from CD5(-/-) mice are more potent than those from wild type mice in suppressing the in vitro cell proliferation of anti-CD3 stimulated CD4(+) CD25(-) responder T cells. This phenomenon was cell contact and GITR dependent. Lack of CD5 expression on T(reg) cells (from spleen, lymph node and thymus) did not affect the intracellular levels of Foxp3. However, CD5(-/-) T(reg) thymocytes were able to elicit a higher Ca(2+) response to TCR + co-stimulatory signals than the wild type cells. CD5(-/-) mice expressed more Foxp3 mRNA in the colon than wild type mice, and additionally, the severity of the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in CD5(-/-) mice was less than the wild type strain. We suggest that manipulation of CD5 expression or the downstream signaling components of CD4(+) CD25(+) T(reg) cells as a potential strategy for therapeutic intervention in cases of auto-immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trivikram Dasu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics
| | | | - Halide Tuna
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Donald A Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics
| | - Subbarao Bondada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0230
- Markey Cancer Research Center
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Kotakadi VS, Jin Y, Hofseth AB, Ying L, Cui X, Volate S, Chumanevich A, Wood PA, Price RL, McNeal A, Singh UP, Singh NP, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS, Matesic LE, Auclair K, Wargovich MJ, Hofseth LJ. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 has anti-inflammatory properties and ameliorates colitis in mice by driving effector T cell apoptosis. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:1799-806. [PMID: 18567620 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a dynamic, chronic inflammatory condition of the colon associated with an increased colon cancer risk. Ginkgo biloba is a putative antioxidant and has been used for thousands of years to treat a variety of ailments. The aim of this study was to test whether the standardized G.biloba extract, EGb 761, is an antioxidant that can be used to prevent and treat colitis in mice. Here, we show that EGb 761 suppresses the activation of macrophages and can be used to both prevent and treat mouse colitis. Markers of inflammation (iNOS, Cox-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and inflammatory stress (p53 and p53-phospho-serine 15) are also downregulated by EGb 761. Furthermore, we show that EGb 761 reduces the numbers of CD4+/CD25-/Foxp3- effector T cells in the colon. Interestingly, EGb 761 drives CD4+ effector T cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, providing a mechanistic explanation to the reduction in numbers of this cell type in the colon. This current study is in agreement with previous studies supporting a use of EGb 761 as a complementary and alternative strategy to abate colitis and associated colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata S Kotakadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Tao R, de Zoeten EF, Ozkaynak E, Chen C, Wang L, Porrett PM, Li B, Turka LA, Olson EN, Greene MI, Wells AD, Hancock WW. Deacetylase inhibition promotes the generation and function of regulatory T cells. Nat Med 2007; 13:1299-307. [PMID: 17922010 DOI: 10.1038/nm1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 716] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone/protein deacetylases (HDACs) regulate chromatin remodeling and gene expression as well as the functions of more than 50 transcription factors and nonhistone proteins. We found that administration of an HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) in vivo increased Foxp3 gene expression, as well as the production and suppressive function of regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells). Although T(reg) cells express multiple HDACs, HDAC9 proved particularly important in regulating Foxp3-dependent suppression. Optimal T(reg) function required acetylation of several lysines in the forkhead domain of Foxp3, and Foxp3 acetylation enhanced binding of Foxp3 to the Il2 promoter and suppressed endogenous IL-2 production. HDACi therapy in vivo enhanced T(reg)-mediated suppression of homeostatic proliferation, decreased inflammatory bowel disease through T(reg)-dependent effects, and, in conjunction with a short course of low-dose rapamycin, induced permanent, T(reg)-dependent cardiac and islet allograft survival and donor-specific allograft tolerance. Our data show that use of HDACi allows the beneficial pharmacologic enhancement of both the numbers and suppressive function of Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Biesecker Center for Studies of Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4318, USA
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Rijnierse A, Nijkamp FP, Kraneveld AD. Mast cells and nerves tickle in the tummy: implications for inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 116:207-35. [PMID: 17719089 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are well known as versatile cells capable of releasing and producing a variety of inflammatory mediators upon activation and are often found in close proximity of neurons. In addition, inflammation leads to local activation of neurons resulting in the release neuropeptides, which also play an important immune modulatory role by stimulation of immune cells. In intestinal disorders like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), the number of mast cells is known to be much higher than in the normal intestine. Moreover, both these disorders are also reported to be associated with alterations in neuropeptide content and in neural innervation. Mutual association between mast cells and enteric nerves has been demonstrated to be increased in pathophysiological conditions and contribute to spreading and amplification of the response in IBD and IBS. In this review the focus lies on studies appointed to the direct interaction between mast cells and nerves in IBD, IBS, and animal models for these disorders so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Rijnierse
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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40
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Bauer C, Loher F, Dauer M, Mayer C, Lehr HA, Schönharting M, Hallwachs R, Endres S, Eigler A. The ICE inhibitor pralnacasan prevents DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice and suppresses IP-10 mRNA but not TNF-alpha mRNA expression. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:1642-52. [PMID: 17393315 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-9802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated an ameliorating effect of the interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitor pralnacasan on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. This study investigates the effects of pralnacasan on cytokine expression in DSS-induced colitis. Colitis was induced by oral administration of DSS. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with the ICE inhibitor pralnacasan (50 mg/kg body weight twice daily). Body weight as well as the presence of occult blood or diarrhea was monitored daily. Subgroups were sacrificed at days 4, 8, and 11 after the beginning of DSS application. Cytokine profiles in colonic tissue were analyzed on the protein level by ELISA and on the mRNA level by real time RT-PCR. Administration of DSS led to an increase in IL-18, IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma protein as well as IP-10 and TNF-alpha mRNA. The increase in IL-18 and IFN-gamma was reduced by ICE inhibition. Pralnacasan prevented DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice. In C57BL/6 mice, the DSS-induced increase in IP-10 mRNA, but not TNF-alpha mRNA, was completely prevented by ICE inhibition. In conclusion, prevention of colitis in C57BL/6 mice was associated with a suppresion of IP-10 mRNA, but not TNF-alpha mRNA expression, indicating that IL-18-mediated cytokine production is a key element in the pathogenesis of DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bauer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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41
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Melgar S, Drmotova M, Rehnström E, Jansson L, Michaëlsson E. Local production of chemokines and prostaglandin E2 in the acute, chronic and recovery phase of murine experimental colitis. Cytokine 2006; 35:275-83. [PMID: 17088072 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 09/17/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Increased levels of chemokines and prostaglandins have been reported in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, although their changes during disease development are less understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the local production of nine selected chemokines and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) to elucidate their role in colitis progression in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice exposed to dextran sulphate sodium. The acute inflammation in both strains was accompanied by a significant up-regulation of CXCL1, CXCL2/3, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL4 and CCL22 and a downregulation of PGE(2). In the recovery phase in BALB/c, one-week post-DSS, PGE(2) levels were significantly increased with a concomitant downregulation of CXCL1, CXCL2/3, CXCL10, CCL2, and CCL4. In contrast, in C57BL/6 mice CXCL1, CXCL2/3, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3 and CCL4 production remained high during the chronic phase, without any up-regulation of PGE(2). In addition, CCL5 was significantly increased at d26 and 33 compared to d5. Interestingly, the number of macrophages was significantly increased during the acute phase, whereas T cells were significantly increased in both the acute and chronic phase in C57BL/6 mice. Thus, our results show that chemokines are produced in a dynamic manner during colitis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Melgar
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, GI Biology, SE-431 83, Sweden.
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42
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Kim TW, Seo JN, Suh YH, Park HJ, Kim JH, Kim JY, Oh KI. Involvement of lymphocytes in dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:302-5. [PMID: 16482634 PMCID: PMC4066043 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i2.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the roles of lymphocytes in the development of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis.
METHODS: Using various doses of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), we induced colitis in wild-type B6 control and Rag-1 knockout (H-2b haplotype) mice, and evaluated the colitis in terms of symptomatic and histologic parameters, such as weight loss, survival, severity of diarrhea, shortage of colon length and histological changes. Symptomatic parameters were checked daily and histological changes were scored.
RESULTS: Although development of colitis in Rag-1 knockout mice treated with high dose (5%) of DSS was comparable to that in B6 control mice, colitis progression was much more tolerable in Rag-1 knockout mice compared to than in B6 mice treated with low dose (1.5%) DSS. Symptomatic parameters as well as histopathologic changes were improved in Rag-1 knockout mice.
CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the presence of lymphocytes contributes to colitis progression at low dose of DSS stimulation. Lymphocytes may play roles as an aggravating factor in DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University College of Medicine, 39 Hallymdaehak-Gil, Chuncheon-Si, Gangwon-Do 200-702, Korea
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43
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Melgar S, Karlsson A, Michaëlsson E. Acute colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium progresses to chronicity in C57BL/6 but not in BALB/c mice: correlation between symptoms and inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 288:G1328-38. [PMID: 15637179 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00467.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induces acute colitis, which is normally resolved after DSS removal. To study chronicity, mice are typically subjected to three to five cycles of weekly DSS exposures, each followed by a 1- to 2-wk rest period. Here, we describe a novel and convenient way of inducing chronic, progressive colitis by a single exposure to DSS. C57BL/6 mice exposed to DSS for 5 days developed acute colitis that progressed to severe chronic inflammation. The plasma haptoglobin levels remained high during the chronic phase, showing that the inflammation was active. Surprisingly, the mice regained their original weight along with the progression of colitis, and the only apparent symptom was loose feces. Histopathological changes 4 wk after DSS removal were dense infiltrates of mononuclear cells, irregular epithelial structure, and persistent deposits of collagen. A progressive production of the cytokines IL-1beta, IL-12 p70, and IL-17 correlated with the extensive cellular infiltration, whereas high IFN-gamma production was mainly found late in the chronic phase. Similar to C57BL/6 mice, BALB/c mice exposed to 5 days of DSS developed acute colitis as previously described. The acute colitis was accompanied by elevated plasma levels of haptoglobin and increased colonic levels of IL-1alpha/beta, IL-6, IL-18, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. However, soon after DSS removal, BALB/c mice recovered and were symptom free within 2 wk and completely recovered 4 wk after DSS removal in terms of histopathology, haptoglobin levels, and local cytokine production. In summary, these data stress the effect of genetic background on the outcome of DSS provocation. We believe that the present protocol to induce chronic colitis in C57BL/6 mice offers a robust model for validating future therapies for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Melgar
- AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, Dept. of Integrative Pharmacology, GI Biology, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden.
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44
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Sund M, Xu LL, Rahman A, Qian BF, Hammarström ML, Danielsson Å. Reduced susceptibility to dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in the interleukin-2 heterozygous (IL-2) mouse. Immunology 2005; 114:554-64. [PMID: 15804292 PMCID: PMC1782116 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Summary Mice homozygous for an inactivation of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene develop a T-cell dependent colitis. Heterozygous (IL-2+/-) mice are clinically healthy but have been shown to express reduced levels of IL-2 in the colon. Splenocytes from the IL-2+/- mice had a poorer proliferative response to polyclonal T-cell activation and these mice have reduced numbers of intestinal regulatory T cells (CD4+ CD25+ cells) when compared to wild type mice. When exposed to dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) IL-2+/- mice showed a markedly reduced susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. While DSS treatment caused a marked increase in both CD4+ and CD8+ colonic T cells expressing increased levels of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in wild type mice none of these changes were seen in IL-2+/- mice. On the contrary, cytokine expression in intestinal T cells of IL-2+/- mice was actually reduced after DSS treatment. These results suggest that reduced levels of IL-2 leads to attenuated activation and function of intestinal T cells in IL-2+/- mice and a failure to react adequately to DSS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Sund
- Department of Medicine, University of UmeåUmeå, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, University of UmeåUmeå, Sweden
| | - Li Li Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of UmeåUmeå, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, University of UmeåUmeå, Sweden
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Arman Rahman
- Department of Medicine, University of UmeåUmeå, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, University of UmeåUmeå, Sweden
| | - Bi-Feng Qian
- Department of Medicine, University of UmeåUmeå, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, University of UmeåUmeå, Sweden
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Jurjus AR, Khoury NN, Reimund JM. Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2005; 50:81-92. [PMID: 15385082 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 12/24/2003] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), experimental models have proven to be important tools for detecting potential therapeutic agents and for investigating the mechanisms of pathogenesis. This review is intended to cover recent advances in basic IBD model applications. The use of more than 20 animal models has allowed the detection of numerous protective pharmacological agents, including a number of immunomodulatory agents that have entered the therapeutic armamentarium. The models have been classified into five main categories based on the methods of induction: gene knockout (KO), transgenic, chemical, adoptive transfer, and spontaneous (each with subcategories).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdo R Jurjus
- Department of Human Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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46
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Abstract
The animal models of inflammatory bowel disease provide a framework to define the immunopathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. Studies in these models support the hypothesis that exaggerated immune responses to normal enteric microflora are involved in the initiation and perpetuation of chronic intestinal inflammation. A major pathway involves development of acquired immune responses by the interactions of CD4+ T-cell receptor alphabeta T cells with antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells). Immunoregulatory cells, including Tr1 cells, Th3 cells, and CD4+ CD25+ T cells and B cells, directly or indirectly affect the T-cell receptor alphabeta T cell-induced immune responses and bridge innate and acquired immunity. The study of these complicated immune networks provides the rationale for the development of new therapeutic interventions in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Department of Pathology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, U.S.A
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Myers KJ, Murthy S, Flanigan A, Witchell DR, Butler M, Murray S, Siwkowski A, Goodfellow D, Madsen K, Baker B. Antisense oligonucleotide blockade of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in two murine models of colitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 304:411-24. [PMID: 12490618 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.040329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a key cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. We have developed a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide (ISIS 25302) specific for murine TNF-alpha and have evaluated this oligonucleotide in two models of gut inflammation of distinct etiology. ISIS 25302 decreased TNF-alpha mRNA in a dose- and sequence-dependent manner in vitro in the mouse macrophage cell line P388D1. It also reduced TNF-alpha mRNA in vivo, in whole adipose tissue and in macrophages isolated from the adipose tissue of db/db mice, a strain with constitutively high expression of TNF-alpha. ISIS 25302 significantly reduced disease activity index scores in mice with both an acute and a chronic form of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. It also significantly improved histopathological scores in interleukin (IL)-10-deficient mice. This was accompanied by reductions in both the basal and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated secretion of TNF-alpha and interferon-gamma in colonic organ cultures from IL-10 -/- mice. In this model, efficacy was obtained with both a prophylactic treatment regimen or a therapeutic dosing protocol begun after colitis was already present. In both the DSS and IL-10 -/- models, scrambled and mismatch control oligonucleotides were largely without effect, suggesting that ISIS 25302 was exerting its effects through a sequence-dependent antisense mechanism.
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48
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Spahn TW, Herbst H, Rennert PD, Lügering N, Maaser C, Kraft M, Fontana A, Weiner HL, Domschke W, Kucharzik T. Induction of colitis in mice deficient of Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes is associated with increased disease severity and formation of colonic lymphoid patches. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:2273-82. [PMID: 12466141 PMCID: PMC1850913 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2002] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with immune activation in Peyer's patches and mucosal lymph nodes. The role of these organs in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis was investigated. We used mice lacking Peyer's patches and/or lymph nodes because of lymphotoxin-alpha gene deficiency or treatment in utero with lymphotoxin-beta-receptor IgG and tumor necrosis factor-receptor-I (55)-IgG fusion proteins. Mice lacking Peyer's patches and lymph nodes because of lymphotoxin-alpha deficiency or in utero fusion protein treatment developed more severe colitis than control mice as indicated by more severe intestinal shrinking, longer colonic ulcers, and higher histological disease scores. Oral DSS triggered the formation of colonic submucosal lymphoid patches in these mice and caused an increase in the number of submucosal lymphoid patches in mice treated in utero with the fusion proteins. Mice lacking Peyer's patches only showed more submucosal lymphoid patches whereas intestinal length and histological disease score were similar to control mice. In conclusion, more severe DSS-induced colitis correlates with the loss of the mesenteric lymph nodes. However, neither the absence of Peyer's patches nor the presence of colonic lymphoid patches were correlated with increased disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Spahn
- Department of Medicine B, Münster University Hospital, Albert Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany.
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49
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Saubermann LJ, Nakajima A, Wada K, Zhao S, Terauchi Y, Kadowaki T, Aburatani H, Matsuhashi N, Nagai R, Blumberg RS. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist ligands stimulate a Th2 cytokine response and prevent acute colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2002; 8:330-9. [PMID: 12479648 DOI: 10.1097/00054725-200209000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a member of a nuclear transcription factor family, has been previously demonstrated to have antiinflammatory activity. The effects of PPARgamma activation in the development of an immune response are less well characterized. Through evaluation of PPARgamma heterozygote mice (PPARgamma(+/-) and specific PPARgamma agonist ligand binding, we evaluated the immunologic effects of PPARgamma activation in a well-described model of colitis. Increased susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis as defined by body weights, histologic injury, and survival was observed in the PPARgamma(+/-) mice in comparison to wild-type mice. Three different PPARgamma ligands (troglitazone, pioglitazone, and rosiglitazone) demonstrated beneficial dose-related treatment effects when administered prior to the onset of colitis. However, no protection was observed when PPARgamma ligand activation occurred after the onset of colitis. The reduction in DSS-induced inflammation noted with PPARgamma ligand treatment was associated with decreased interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and increased interleukin (IL)-4 and IL- 10 levels as assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Consistent with this shift towards a T helper (Th2) cytokine dominance, PPARgamma ligand treatment stimulated increased GATA-3 expression. These results indicate that the protective effects exhibited by PPARgamma ligands in intestinal inflammation may be due to immune deviation away from Th1 and towards Th2 cytokine production.
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50
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Egger B, Bajaj-Elliott M, MacDonald TT, Inglin R, Eysselein VE, Büchler MW. Characterisation of acute murine dextran sodium sulphate colitis: cytokine profile and dose dependency. Digestion 2001; 62:240-8. [PMID: 11070407 DOI: 10.1159/000007822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In our experience with the acute murine dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) model of experimental colitis, we noted both interstrain and interanimal variations in daily water consumption. One might critically question whether observed differences in injuries are just a dose dependency phenomenon reflecting variations in DSS intake. To clarify this important topic, we performed a dose and concentration dependency study of DSS in Balb/c mice. We also determined Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels to compare the cytokine profile to that from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS In four groups (14 animals each group) different concentrations of DSS (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5%) were given for 7 days ad libitum. Mucosal injury of the entire colon was histologically assessed and graded. Cytokine levels were determined by competitive quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS A linear increase in the crypt damage score was noted with increasing concentrations (0, 4.9 +/- 0.7, 11.9 +/- 0.5 and 18.9 +/- 1.3, respectively), but the total dose of DSS intake did not correlate with mucosal damage. Progressive upregulation in the transcripts for Th1 cytokines (IL-12, IFN-gamma, IL-1, TNF-alpha) was observed with increasing dosage of DSS. Interestingly, an increase in IL-10, but not IL-4 mRNA transcripts was also noted. DISCUSSION Acute DSS-induced mucosal injury is dependent on the administered DSS water concentration but not on the consumed DSS dose. The cytokine profile is a classic Th1 response and is similar to that of various inflammatory conditions in the colon. CONCLUSIONS Minor variations in fluid consumption do not affect the severity of DSS-induced injury in mice. The acute murine DSS colitis model is useful for studying the pathophysiological aspects of colonic inflammatory diseases as IBD and for evaluating new potential therapeutic agents
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Affiliation(s)
- B Egger
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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