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Boudries R, Williams H, Paquereau-Gaboreau S, Bashir S, Hojjat Jodaylami M, Chisanga M, Trudeau LÉ, Masson JF. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Nanosensing and Imaging in Neuroscience. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22620-22647. [PMID: 39088751 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring neurochemicals and imaging the molecular content of brain tissues in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo is essential for enhancing our understanding of neurochemistry and the causes of brain disorders. This review explores the potential applications of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanosensors in neurosciences, where their adoption could lead to significant progress in the field. These applications encompass detecting neurotransmitters or brain disorders biomarkers in biofluids with SERS nanosensors, and imaging normal and pathological brain tissues with SERS labeling. Specific studies highlighting in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo analysis of brain disorders using fit-for-purpose SERS nanosensors will be detailed, with an emphasis on the ability of SERS to detect clinically pertinent levels of neurochemicals. Recent advancements in designing SERS-active nanomaterials, improving experimentation in biofluids, and increasing the usage of machine learning for interpreting SERS spectra will also be discussed. Furthermore, we will address the tagging of tissues presenting pathologies with nanoparticles for SERS imaging, a burgeoning domain of neuroscience that has been demonstrated to be effective in guiding tumor removal during brain surgery. The review also explores future research applications for SERS nanosensors in neuroscience, including monitoring neurochemistry in vivo with greater penetration using surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman scattering (SESORS), near-infrared lasers, and 2-photon techniques. The article concludes by discussing the potential of SERS for investigating the effectiveness of therapies for brain disorders and for integrating conventional neurochemistry techniques with SERS sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryma Boudries
- Department of Chemistry, Institut Courtois, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), and Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Hannah Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Institut Courtois, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), and Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Soraya Paquereau-Gaboreau
- Department of Chemistry, Institut Courtois, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), and Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Neural Signalling and Circuitry Research Group (SNC), Center for Interdisciplinary Research on the Brain and Learning (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Saba Bashir
- Department of Chemistry, Institut Courtois, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), and Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Maryam Hojjat Jodaylami
- Department of Chemistry, Institut Courtois, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), and Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Malama Chisanga
- Department of Chemistry, Institut Courtois, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), and Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Louis-Éric Trudeau
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Neural Signalling and Circuitry Research Group (SNC), Center for Interdisciplinary Research on the Brain and Learning (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Masson
- Department of Chemistry, Institut Courtois, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), and Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Neural Signalling and Circuitry Research Group (SNC), Center for Interdisciplinary Research on the Brain and Learning (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Lee WL, Westergaard X, Hwu C, Hwu J, Fiala T, Lacefield C, Boltaev U, Mendieta AM, Lin L, Sonders MS, Brown KR, He K, Asher WB, Javitch JA, Sulzer D, Sames D. Molecular Design of SERTlight: A Fluorescent Serotonin Probe for Neuronal Labeling in the Brain. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9564-9574. [PMID: 38557024 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The serotonergic transmitter system plays fundamental roles in the nervous system in neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, pathological processes, and therapeutic effects of antidepressants and psychedelics, as well as in the gastrointestinal and circulatory systems. We introduce a novel small molecule fluorescent agent, termed SERTlight, that specifically labels serotonergic neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and axonal projections as a serotonin transporter (SERT) fluorescent substrate. SERTlight was developed by an iterative molecular design process, based on an aminoethyl-quinolone system, to integrate structural elements that impart SERT substrate activity, sufficient fluorescent brightness, and a broad absence of pharmacological activity, including at serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) receptors, other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), ion channels, and monoamine transporters. The high labeling selectivity is not achieved by high affinity binding to SERT itself but rather by a sufficient rate of SERT-mediated transport of SERTlight, resulting in accumulation of these molecules in 5HT neurons and yielding a robust and selective optical signal in the mammalian brain. SERTlight provides a stable signal, as it is not released via exocytosis nor by reverse SERT transport induced by 5HT releasers such as MDMA. SERTlight is optically, pharmacologically, and operationally orthogonal to a wide range of genetically encoded sensors, enabling multiplexed imaging. SERTlight enables labeling of distal 5HT axonal projections and simultaneous imaging of the release of endogenous 5HT using the GRAB5HT sensor, providing a new versatile molecular tool for the study of the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Westergaard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Christopher Hwu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jennifer Hwu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Tomas Fiala
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Clay Lacefield
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Umed Boltaev
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Adriana M Mendieta
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Lisa Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Mark S Sonders
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Keaon R Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Keer He
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Wesley B Asher
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Liu K, Chen Y, Dong X, Huang H. Simultaneous voltammetric determination of dopamine and uric acid based on MOF-235 nanocomposite. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Song Q, Li Q, Yan J, Song Y. Echem methods and electrode types of the current in vivo electrochemical sensing. RSC Adv 2022; 12:17715-17739. [PMID: 35765338 PMCID: PMC9199085 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, people have been eager to realize continuous real-time online monitoring of biological compounds. Fortunately, in vivo electrochemical biosensor technology has greatly promoted the development of biological compound detection. This article summarizes the existing in vivo electrochemical detection technologies into two categories: microdialysis (MD) and microelectrode (ME). Then we summarized and discussed the electrode surface time, pollution resistance, linearity and the number of instances of simultaneous detection and analysis, the composition and characteristics of the sensor, and finally, we also predicted and prospected the development of electrochemical technology and sensors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuye Song
- The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University Zhangjiagang 215600 Jiangsu People's Republic of China +86 791 87802135 +86 791 87802135
| | - Qianmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 1688 Meiling Road Nanchang 330006 China
| | - Jiadong Yan
- The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University Zhangjiagang 215600 Jiangsu People's Republic of China +86 791 87802135 +86 791 87802135
| | - Yonggui Song
- Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 1688 Meiling Road Nanchang 330006 China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation, Health Commission of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Medical College 1688 Meiling Road Nanchang 330006 China
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Turk AZ, Lotfi Marchoubeh M, Fritsch I, Maguire GA, SheikhBahaei S. Dopamine, vocalization, and astrocytes. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2021; 219:104970. [PMID: 34098250 PMCID: PMC8260450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2021.104970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine, the main catecholamine neurotransmitter in the brain, is predominately produced in the basal ganglia and released to various brain regions including the frontal cortex, midbrain and brainstem. Dopamine's effects are widespread and include modulation of a number of voluntary and innate behaviors. Vigilant regulation and modulation of dopamine levels throughout the brain is imperative for proper execution of motor behaviors, in particular speech and other types of vocalizations. While dopamine's role in motor circuitry is widely accepted, its unique function in normal and abnormal speech production is not fully understood. In this perspective, we first review the role of dopaminergic circuits in vocal production. We then discuss and propose the conceivable involvement of astrocytes, the numerous star-shaped glia cells of the brain, in the dopaminergic network modulating normal and abnormal vocal productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Z Turk
- Neuron-Glia Signaling and Circuits Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | - Mahsa Lotfi Marchoubeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 72701 AR, USA
| | - Ingrid Fritsch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 72701 AR, USA
| | - Gerald A Maguire
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 92521 CA, USA
| | - Shahriar SheikhBahaei
- Neuron-Glia Signaling and Circuits Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA.
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Estes MK, Bland JJ, Ector KK, Puppa MJ, Powell DW, Lester DB. A high fat western diet attenuates phasic dopamine release. Neurosci Lett 2021; 756:135952. [PMID: 33979702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural rewards, such as food and social interaction, as well as drugs of abuse elicit increased mesolimbic dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Drugs of abuse, however, increase NAc dopamine release to a greater extent and are known to induce lasting changes on the functioning of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. Less is known about the long-term effects of diet composition on this reward pathway. In the present study, two diets were compared: a higher-fat diet (Western Diet: WD) and a control diet (standard lab chow) on their effect on the mesolimbic dopamine system. Twenty male C57BL/6 J mice were placed on one of these diets at 7 weeks old. After twelve weeks on the diet, in vivo fixed potential amperometry was used to measure real-time stimulation-evoked dopamine release in the NAc of anesthetized mice before and after an i.p. injection of the dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor nomifensine. Results indicated that diet altered mesolimbic dopamine functioning. Mice that consumed the WD demonstrated a hypodopaminergic profile, specifically reduced baseline dopamine release and an attenuated dopaminergic response to DAT inhibition compared to the control diet group. Thus, diet may play a role in mediating dopamine-related behavior, disorders associated with dopamine dysfunction, and pharmacological treatments aimed at altering dopamine transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Estes
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA
| | - Jasric J Bland
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA
| | - Kenya K Ector
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA
| | - Melissa J Puppa
- College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA
| | - Douglas W Powell
- College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA
| | - Deranda B Lester
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA.
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Raja IS, Vedhanayagam M, Preeth DR, Kim C, Lee JH, Han DW. Development of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials Based Electrochemical Biosensors on Enhancing the Analysis of Food Toxicants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3277. [PMID: 33806998 PMCID: PMC8005143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, food safety has become a topic of debate as the foodborne diseases triggered by chemical and biological contaminants affect human health and the food industry's profits. Though conventional analytical instrumentation-based food sensors are available, the consumers did not appreciate them because of the drawbacks of complexity, greater number of analysis steps, expensive enzymes, and lack of portability. Hence, designing easy-to-use tests for the rapid analysis of food contaminants has become essential in the food industry. Under this context, electrochemical biosensors have received attention among researchers as they bear the advantages of operational simplicity, portability, stability, easy miniaturization, and low cost. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have a larger surface area to volume compared to other dimensional nanomaterials. Hence, researchers nowadays are inclined to develop 2D nanomaterials-based electrochemical biosensors to significantly improve the sensor's sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility while measuring the food toxicants. In the present review, we compile the contribution of 2D nanomaterials in electrochemical biosensors to test the food toxicants and discuss the future directions in the field. Further, we describe the types of food toxicity, methodologies quantifying food analytes, how the electrochemical food sensor works, and the general biomedical properties of 2D nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Desingh Raj Preeth
- Chemical Biology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, MIT Campus, Chromepet, Chennai 600 044, India;
| | - Chuntae Kim
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (I.S.R.); (C.K.)
| | - Jong Hun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Han
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (I.S.R.); (C.K.)
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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Gomez DM, Everett TJ, Hamilton LR, Ranganath A, Cheer JF, Oleson EB. Chronic cannabinoid exposure produces tolerance to the dopamine releasing effects of WIN 55,212-2 and heroin in adult male rats. Neuropharmacology 2021; 182:108374. [PMID: 33115642 PMCID: PMC7836093 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids were introduced into recreational drug culture in 2008 and quickly became one of the most commonly abused drugs in the United States. The neurobiological consequences resulting from synthetic cannabinoid repeated exposure remain poorly understood. It is possible that a blunted dopamine (DA) response may lead drug users to consume larger quantities to compensate for this form of neurochemical tolerance. Because the endogenous cannabinoid and opioid systems exhibit considerable cross-talk and cross-tolerance frequently develops following repeated exposure to either opioids or cannabinoids, there is interest in investigating whether a history of synthetic cannabinoid exposure influences the ability of heroin to increase DA release. To test the effects of chronic cannabinoid exposure on cannabinoid- and heroin-evoked DA release, male adult rats were treated with either vehicle or a synthetic cannabinoid (WIN55-212-2; WIN) using an intravenous (IV) dose escalation regimen (0.2-0.8 mg/kg IV over 9 treatments). As predicted, WIN-treated rats showed a rightward shift in the dose-response relationship across all behavioral/physiological measures when compared to vehicle-treated controls. Then, using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to measure changes in the frequency of transient DA events in the nucleus accumbens shell of awake and freely-moving rats, it was observed that the DA releasing effects of both WIN and heroin were significantly reduced in male rats with a pharmacological history of cannabinoid exposure. These results demonstrate that repeated exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid WIN can produce tolerance to its DA releasing effects and cross-tolerance to the DA releasing effects of heroin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devan M Gomez
- Psychology Department, University of Colorado Denver, USA; Current: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, USA
| | | | | | - Ajit Ranganath
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Maryland Baltimore, USA
| | - Joseph F Cheer
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Maryland Baltimore, USA
| | - Erik B Oleson
- Psychology Department, University of Colorado Denver, USA; Biology Department, University of Colorado Denver, USA.
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The Effect of Synthesis Procedure on Hydrogen Peroxidase-Like Catalytic Activity of Iron Oxide Magnetic Particles. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study was carried out using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for the fabrication of non-enzymatic sensors for the continuous and rapid detection and monitoring of H2O2. Various MNPs, differing in terms of their synthesis procedure and modification, were synthesized and characterized by different techniques. The electrochemical catalytic activity of the synthesized MNPs toward the reduction in H2O2 was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The naked MNPs showed the highest catalytic activity among all the synthesized MNPs. The biosensor based on the naked MNPs was then applied in the determination of H2O2 using chronoamperometry. The parameters such as the applied cathodic potential and the amount of MNPs on the developed biosensor were optimized. Moreover, the analytical figures of merit, including reproducibility (RSD = 6.14%), sensitivity (m = 0.0676 µA µM−1), limit of detection (LOD) = 27.02 µmol L−1, and limit of quantification (LOQ) = 89.26 µmol L−1 of the developed biosensor indicate satisfactory analysis. Finally, MNPs were successfully utilized for the determination of H2O2 in milk.
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Isaacs DP, Leman RP, Everett TJ, Lopez-Beltran H, Hamilton LR, Oleson EB. Buprenorphine is a weak dopamine releaser relative to heroin, but its pretreatment attenuates heroin-evoked dopamine release in rats. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2020; 40:355-364. [PMID: 32935483 PMCID: PMC7718284 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The United States of America is currently in an opioid epidemic. Heroin remains the most lethal opioid option with its death rate increasing by over 500% in the last decade. The rewarding and reinforcing effects of heroin are thought to be mediated by its ability to increase dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens shell. By activating Gi/o-coupled μ-opioid receptors, opioids are thought to indirectly excite midbrain dopamine neurons by removing an inhibitory GABAergic tone. The partial μ-opioid receptor agonist buprenorphine is a substitution-based therapy for heroin dependence that is thought to produce a steady-state level of μ-opioid receptor activation. But it remains unclear how buprenorphine alters dopamine release relative to heroin and how buprenorphine alters the dopamine-releasing effects of heroin. Because buprenorphine is a partial agonist at the μ-opioid receptor and heroin is a full agonist, we predicted that buprenorphine would function as a weak dopamine releaser relative to heroin, while functioning as a competitive antagonist if administered in advance of heroin. METHODS We performed fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in awake and behaving rats to measure how heroin, buprenorphine HCl, and their combination affect transient dopamine release events in the nucleus accumbens shell. We also performed a complimentary pharmacokinetic analysis comparing opioid plasma levels at time points correlated to our neurochemical findings. RESULTS Both buprenorphine and heroin produced changes in the frequency of transient dopamine release events, although the effect of buprenorphine was weak and only observed at a low dose. In comparison with vehicle, the frequency of dopamine release events maximally increased by ~25% following buprenorphine treatment and by ~60% following heroin treatment. Distinct neuropharmacological effects were observed in the high-dose range. The frequency of dopamine release events increased linearly with heroin dose but biphasically with buprenorphine dose. We also found that buprenorphine pretreatment occluded the dopamine-releasing effects of heroin, but plasma levels of buprenorphine had returned to baseline at this time point. CONCLUSION These findings support the notion that low-dose buprenorphine is a weak dopamine releaser relative to heroin and that buprenorphine pretreatment can block the dopamine-releasing effects of heroin. The finding that high-dose buprenorphine fails to increase dopamine release might explain its relatively low abuse potential among opioid-dependent populations. Because high-dose buprenorphine decreased dopamine release before occluding heroin-evoked dopamine release, and buprenorphine was no longer detected in plasma, we conclude that the mechanisms through which buprenorphine blocks heroin-evoked dopamine release involve multifaceted pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Isaacs
- Psychology Department, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Ryan P Leman
- Psychology Department, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas J Everett
- Psychology Department, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Erik B Oleson
- Psychology Department, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Shaidarova LG, Chelnokova IA, Leksina YA, Gedmina AV, Budnikov HC. A Dual Screen-Printed Electrode with Palladium Nanoparticles for the Flow-Injection Amperometric Determination of Dopamine and Adrenaline. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820080134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Ko M, Mendecki L, Eagleton AM, Durbin CG, Stolz RM, Meng Z, Mirica KA. Employing Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks for Voltammetric Detection of Neurochemicals. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11717-11733. [PMID: 32155057 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the first implementation of an array of two-dimensional (2D) layered conductive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as drop-casted film electrodes that facilitate voltammetric detection of redox active neurochemicals in a multianalyte solution. The device configuration comprises a glassy carbon electrode modified with a film of conductive MOF (M3HXTP2; M = Ni, Cu; and X = NH, 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene (HITP) or O, 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene (HHTP)). The utility of 2D MOFs in voltammetric sensing is measured by the detection of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA), and serotonin (5-HT) in 0.1 M PBS (pH = 7.4). In particular, Ni3HHTP2 MOFs demonstrated nanomolar detection limits of 63 ± 11 nM for DA and 40 ± 17 nM for 5-HT through a wide concentration range (40 nM-200 μM). The applicability in biologically relevant detection was further demonstrated in simulated urine using Ni3HHTP2 MOFs for the detection of 5-HT with a nanomolar detection limit of 63 ± 11 nM for 5-HT through a wide concentration range (63 nM-200 μM) in the presence of a constant background of DA. The implementation of conductive MOFs in voltammetric detection holds promise for further development of highly modular, sensitive, selective, and stable electroanalytical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Lukasz Mendecki
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Aileen M Eagleton
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Claudia G Durbin
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Robert M Stolz
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Zheng Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Katherine A Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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13
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Holloway ZR, Paige NB, Comstock JF, Nolen HG, Sable HJ, Lester DB. Cerebellar Modulation of Mesolimbic Dopamine Transmission Is Functionally Asymmetrical. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 18:922-931. [PMID: 31478166 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01074-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres are known to be asymmetrical in structure and function, and previous literature supports that asymmetry extends to the neural dopamine systems. Using in vivo fixed potential amperometry with carbon fiber microelectrodes in anesthetized mice, the current study assessed hemispheric lateralization of stimulation-evoked dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the influence of the cerebellum in regulating this reward-associated pathway. Our results suggest that cerebellar output can modulate mesolimbic dopamine transmission, and this modulation contributes to asymmetrically lateralized dopamine release. Dopamine release did not differ between hemispheres when evoked by medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation; however, dopamine release was significantly greater in the right NAc relative to the left when evoked by electrical stimulation of the cerebellar dentate nucleus (DN). Furthermore, cross-hemispheric talk between the left and right cerebellar DN does not seem to influence mesolimbic release given that lidocaine infused into the DN opposite to the stimulated DN did not alter release. These studies may provide a neurochemical mechanism for studies identifying the cerebellum as a relevant node for reward, motivational behavior, saliency, and inhibitory control. An increased understanding of the lateralization of dopaminergic systems may reveal novel targets for pharmacological interventions in neuropathology of the cerebellum and extending projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zade R Holloway
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA
| | - Nick B Paige
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA
| | - Josiah F Comstock
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA
| | - Hunter G Nolen
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA
| | - Helen J Sable
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA
| | - Deranda B Lester
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA.
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14
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Jiao R, Liu W, Yin L, Qiao Z, Li J, Zhou L, Younus M, Wang L, Xu H, Zhou Z. A method for recording the two phases of dopamine release in mammalian brain striatum slices. Analyst 2020; 145:453-459. [PMID: 31799556 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01941c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Striatal dopamine (DA) release plays an essential role in many physiological functions including motor and non-motor behaviors (such as reward, motivation, and cognition). We have previously reported that, following a single electrical field stimulation, the amperometric recording of DA release from presynaptic terminals in striatal slices (both ventral and dorsal) contains two temporally separated phases. The first phase (direct DA transmission, direct DT) arises from DA terminal release following autologous action potentials (APs), while the second phase (cholinergic transmission-induced DA transmission, CTDT) arises from delayed DA release triggered by the activation of cholinergic interneurons to DA terminals (axon-axon transmission). The millisecond time-resolution of amperometry permits separation of an ∼7 ms latency difference from the single synapse (axon-axon) within the two-phase DA-release (2pDA) signal, and thus the 2pDA signal provides a novel method to study either direct DT, or CTDT, or both. Here, we describe the 2pDA method, including signal recording, processing, analysis, and troubleshooting (anti-artifact). Compared with other DA assays using different stimuli, recording methods, and preparations (such as high performance liquid chromatography or fast scan cyclic voltammetry), 2pDA recording is a novel and powerful physiological recording method for the study of DA transmissions in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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15
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Freels TG, Gabriel DBK, Lester DB, Simon NW. Risky decision-making predicts dopamine release dynamics in nucleus accumbens shell. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:266-275. [PMID: 31546248 PMCID: PMC6901435 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The risky decision-making task (RDT) measures risk-taking in a rat model by assessing preference between a small, safe reward and a large reward with increasing risk of punishment (mild foot shock). It is well-established that dopaminergic drugs modulate risk-taking; however, little is known about how differences in baseline phasic dopamine signaling drive individual differences in risk preference. Here, we used in vivo fixed potential amperometry in male Long-Evans rats to test if phasic nucleus accumbens shell (NACs) dopamine dynamics are associated with risk-taking. We observed a positive correlation between medial forebrain bundle-evoked dopamine release in the NACs and risky decision-making, suggesting that risk-taking is associated with elevated dopamine sensitivity. Moreover, "risk-taking" subjects were found to demonstrate greater phasic dopamine release than "risk-averse" subjects. Risky decision-making also predicted enhanced sensitivity to the dopamine reuptake inhibitor nomifensine, and elevated autoreceptor function. Importantly, this hyperdopaminergic phenotype was selective for risky decision-making, as delay discounting performance was not predictive of phasic dopamine release or dopamine supply. These data identify phasic NACs dopamine release as a possible therapeutic target for alleviating the excessive risk-taking observed across multiple forms of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G. Freels
- 0000 0000 9560 654Xgrid.56061.34Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152 USA
| | - Daniel B. K. Gabriel
- 0000 0000 9560 654Xgrid.56061.34Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152 USA
| | - Deranda B. Lester
- 0000 0000 9560 654Xgrid.56061.34Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152 USA
| | - Nicholas W. Simon
- 0000 0000 9560 654Xgrid.56061.34Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152 USA
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16
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Soucy JR, Bindas AJ, Koppes AN, Koppes RA. Instrumented Microphysiological Systems for Real-Time Measurement and Manipulation of Cellular Electrochemical Processes. iScience 2019; 21:521-548. [PMID: 31715497 PMCID: PMC6849363 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in electronic materials and subsequent surface modifications have facilitated real-time measurements of cellular processes far beyond traditional passive recordings of neurons and muscle cells. Specifically, the functionalization of conductive materials with ligand-binding aptamers has permitted the utilization of traditional electronic materials for bioelectronic sensing. Further, microfabrication techniques have better allowed microfluidic devices to recapitulate the physiological and pathological conditions of complex tissues and organs in vitro or microphysiological systems (MPS). The convergence of these models with advances in biological/biomedical microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) instrumentation has rapidly bolstered a wide array of bioelectronic platforms for real-time cellular analytics. In this review, we provide an overview of the sensing techniques that are relevant to MPS development and highlight the different organ systems to integrate instrumentation for measurement and manipulation of cellular function. Special attention is given to how instrumented MPS can disrupt the drug development and fundamental mechanistic discovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Soucy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam J Bindas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abigail N Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryan A Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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17
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Manivel P, Thamilselvan A, Rajagopal V, Nesakumar N, Suryanarayanan V. Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity of Ni‐CNT Nanocomposites for Simultaneous Determination of Epinephrine and Dopamine. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Manivel
- Electroorganic DivisionCSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute Karaikudi- 630003 India
| | - Annadurai Thamilselvan
- Electroorganic DivisionCSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute Karaikudi- 630003 India
| | - Venkatachalam Rajagopal
- Electroorganic DivisionCSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute Karaikudi- 630003 India
| | - Noel Nesakumar
- School of Chemical and BiotechnologySASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur – 613 401 India
| | - Vembu Suryanarayanan
- Electroorganic DivisionCSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute Karaikudi- 630003 India
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18
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Estes MK, Freels TG, Prater WT, Lester DB. Systemic oxytocin administration alters mesolimbic dopamine release in mice. Neuroscience 2019; 408:226-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Tavakolian-Ardakani Z, Hosu O, Cristea C, Mazloum-Ardakani M, Marrazza G. Latest Trends in Electrochemical Sensors for Neurotransmitters: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E2037. [PMID: 31052309 PMCID: PMC6539656 DOI: 10.3390/s19092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemical messengers which play an important role in many of the brain functions, abnormal levels being correlated with physical, psychotic and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. Therefore, their sensitive and robust detection is of great clinical significance. Electrochemical methods have been intensively used in the last decades for neurotransmitter detection, outclassing more complicated analytical techniques such as conventional spectrophotometry, chromatography, fluorescence, flow injection, and capillary electrophoresis. In this manuscript, the most successful and promising electrochemical enzyme-free and enzymatic sensors for neurotransmitter detection are reviewed. Focusing on the activity of worldwide researchers mainly during the last ten years (2010-2019), without pretending to be exhaustive, we present an overview of the progress made in sensing strategies during this time. Particular emphasis is placed on nanostructured-based sensors, which show a substantial improvement of the analytical performances. This review also examines the progress made in biosensors for neurotransmitter measurements in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tavakolian-Ardakani
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd 89195-741, Iran.
| | - Oana Hosu
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Pasteur 4 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cecilia Cristea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Pasteur 4 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | | | - Giovanna Marrazza
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
- Instituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Unit of Florence, Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy.
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20
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Johari-Ahar M, Barar J, Karami P, Asgari D, Davaran S, Rashidi MR. Nafion-coated cadmium pentacyanonitrosylferrate-modified glassy carbon electrode for detection of dopamine in biological samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 8:263-270. [PMID: 30397581 PMCID: PMC6209831 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2018.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: Dopamine is one of the key neurotransmitters (NTs) in nature, which plays a crucial role in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Its selective determination in the biological fluids is an essential need in the field of biomedicine studies.
Methods: In this work, an amperometric sensor was developed using Nafion-coated cadmium pentacyanonitrosylferrate (CdPCNF) modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode (Nafion|CdPCNF|GC electrode) as an electrocatalyst to detect dopamine (DA) in human serum samples. To develop this sensor, the surface of bare GC electrode was coated with the film of CdPCNF through an electropolymerization method and then the modified electrode was coated with Nafion to minimize interferences, especially those arising from the presence of anionic compounds. The electrocatalytic behavior of the modified electrodes was studied using the cyclic voltammetry and amperometry, and then the ability of the sensor for the determination of DA in synthetic and biological samples was investigated.
Results: The modified electrode was showed a significant electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of DA at pH 7.4. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.7 µM and also no interference effects arose from ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA) or the other biological NTs was observed in the DA detection using the modified Nafion|CdPCNF|GC electrode.
Conclusion: In comparison with the bare electrode, the Nafion|CdPCNF|GC electrode could determine DA in the biological samples with adequate sensitivity and selectivity. Therefore, we propose that the modified electrode is utilizable as an amperometric DA sensor for the biological sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Johari-Ahar
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pari Karami
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Davoud Asgari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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21
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Dopamine release in mushroom bodies of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) in response to aversive stimulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16277. [PMID: 30389979 PMCID: PMC6214997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster, aversive (electric shock) stimuli have been shown to activate subpopulations of dopaminergic neurons with terminals in the mushroom bodies (MBs) of the brain. While there is compelling evidence that dopamine (DA)-induced synaptic plasticity underpins the formation of aversive memories in insects, the mechanisms involved have yet to be fully resolved. Here we take advantage of the accessibility of MBs in the brain of the honey bee to examine, using fast scan cyclic voltammetry, the kinetics of DA release and reuptake in vivo in response to electric shock, and to investigate factors that modulate the release of this amine. DA increased transiently in the MBs in response to electric shock stimuli. The magnitude of release varied depending on stimulus duration and intensity, and a strong correlation was identified between DA release and the intensity of behavioural responses to shock. With repeated stimulation, peak DA levels increased. However, the amount of DA released on the first stimulation pulse typically exceeded that evoked by subsequent pulses. No signal was detected in response to odour alone. Interestingly, however, if odour presentation was paired with electric shock, DA release was enhanced. These results set the stage for analysing the mechanisms that modulate DA release in the MBs of the bee.
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22
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Holloway ZR, Freels TG, Comstock JF, Nolen HG, Sable HJ, Lester DB. Comparing phasic dopamine dynamics in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex. Synapse 2018; 73:e22074. [PMID: 30317673 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons project to and modulate multiple highly interconnected modules of the basal ganglia, limbic system, and frontal cortex. Dopamine regulates behaviors associated with action selection in the striatum, reward in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), emotional processing in the amygdala, and executive functioning in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The multifunctionality of dopamine likely occurs at the individual synapses, with varied levels of phasic dopamine release acting on different receptor populations. This study aimed to characterize specific aspects of stimulation-evoked phasic dopamine transmission, beyond simple dopamine release, using in vivo fixed potential amperometry with carbon fiber recording microelectrodes positioned in either the dorsal striatum, NAc, amygdala, or mPFC of anesthetized mice. To summarize results, the present study found that the striatum and NAc had increased stimulation-evoked phasic dopamine release, faster dopamine uptake (leading to restricted dopamine diffusion), weaker autoreceptor functioning, greater supply levels of available dopamine, and increased dopaminergic responses to DAT blockade compared to the amygdala and mPFC. Overall, these findings indicate that phasic dopamine may have different modes of communication between striatal and corticolimbic regions, with the first being profuse in concentration, rapid, and synaptically confined and the second being more limited in concentration but longer lasting and spatially dispersed. An improved understanding of regional differences in dopamine transmission can lead to more efficient treatments for disorders related to dopamine dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zade R Holloway
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Timothy G Freels
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Hunter G Nolen
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Helen J Sable
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Deranda B Lester
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
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23
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Dorta-Quiñones CI, Huang M, Ruelas JC, Delacruz J, Apsel AB, Minch BA, Lindau M. A Bidirectional-Current CMOS Potentiostat for Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Detector Arrays. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2018; 12:894-903. [PMID: 29994774 PMCID: PMC6131114 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2018.2828828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A potentiostat circuit for the application of bipolar electrode voltages and detection of bidirectional currents using a microelectrode array is presented. The potentiostat operates as a regulated-cascode amplifier for positive input currents, and as an active-input regulated-cascode mirror for negative input currents. This topology enables constant-potential amperometry and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at microelectrode arrays for parallel recording of quantal release events, electrode impedance characterization, and high-throughput drug screening. A 64-channel FSCV detector array, fabricated in a 0.5-$\mu$m, 5-V CMOS process, is also demonstrated. Each detector occupies an area of 45 $\mu$m $\times$ 30 $\mu$m and consists of only 14 transistors and a 50-fF integrating capacitor. The system was validated using prerecorded input stimuli from actual FSCV measurements at a carbon-fiber microelectrode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meng Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ()
| | - John C. Ruelas
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ()
| | - Joannalyn Delacruz
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ()
| | - Alyssa B. Apsel
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ()
| | - Bradley A. Minch
- Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, Needham,MA 02492 USA ()
| | - Manfred Lindau
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ()
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24
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Majdi S, Larsson A, Hoang Philipsen M, Ewing AG. Electrochemistry in and of the Fly Brain. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soodabeh Majdi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anna Larsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mai Hoang Philipsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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25
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Prater WT, Swamy M, Beane MD, Lester DB. Examining the Effects of Common Laboratory Methods on the Sensitivity of Carbon Fiber Electrodes in Amperometric Recordings of Dopamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2018.83007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Davidson C, Raby CAR, Barrese V, Ramsey J. In Vitro Neurochemical Assessment of Methylphenidate and Its "Legal High" Analogs 3,4-CTMP and Ethylphenidate in Rat Nucleus Accumbens and Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:149. [PMID: 29892233 PMCID: PMC5985416 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
3,4-dichloromethylphenidate (3,4-CTMP) and ethylphenidate are new psychoactive substances and analogs of the attention deficit medication methylphenidate. Both drugs have been reported on online user fora to induce effects similar to cocaine. In the UK, 3,4-CTMP appeared on the drug market in 2013 and ethylphenidate has been sold since 2010. We aimed to explore the neurochemical effects of these drugs on brain dopamine and noradrenaline efflux. 3,4-CTMP and ethylphenidate, purchased from online vendors, were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy to confirm their identity. Drugs were then tested in adolescent male rat brain slices of the nucleus accumbens and stria terminalis for effects on dopamine and noradrenaline efflux respectively. Fast cyclic voltammetry was used to measure transmitter release. Methylphenidate (10 μM) increased evoked dopamine and noradrenaline efflux by 4- and 2-fold, respectively. 3,4-CTMP (0.1 and 1 μM) increased evoked dopamine and noradrenaline efflux by ~6-fold and 2-fold, respectively. Ethylphenidate (1 μM) doubled evoked dopamine and noradrenaline efflux in both cases. 3,4-CTMP's effect on dopamine efflux was greater than that of methylphenidate, but ethylphenidate appears to be a weaker dopamine transporter inhibitor. Experiments using the dopamine D2 antagonist haloperidol, the noradrenaline α2 receptor antagonist yohimbine, the dopamine transporter inhibitor GBR12909 and the noradrenaline transporter inhibitor desipramine confirmed that we were measuring dopamine in the accumbens and noradrenaline in the ventral BNST. All three psychostimulant drugs, through their effects on dopamine efflux, may have addictive liability although the effect of 3,4-CTMP on dopamine suggests that it might be most addictive and ethylphenidate least addictive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Davidson
- Basic Medical Science, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vincenzo Barrese
- Basic Medical Science, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Ramsey
- TICTAC Communications Ltd, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Noga BR, Turkson RP, Xie S, Taberner A, Pinzon A, Hentall ID. Monoamine Release in the Cat Lumbar Spinal Cord during Fictive Locomotion Evoked by the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:59. [PMID: 28912689 PMCID: PMC5582069 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord neurons active during locomotion are innervated by descending axons that release the monoamines serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) and these neurons express monoaminergic receptor subtypes implicated in the control of locomotion. The timing, level and spinal locations of release of these two substances during centrally-generated locomotor activity should therefore be critical to this control. These variables were measured in real time by fast-cyclic voltammetry in the decerebrate cat's lumbar spinal cord during fictive locomotion, which was evoked by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) and registered as integrated activity in bilateral peripheral nerves to hindlimb muscles. Monoamine release was observed in dorsal horn (DH), intermediate zone/ventral horn (IZ/VH) and adjacent white matter (WM) during evoked locomotion. Extracellular peak levels (all sites) increased above baseline by 138 ± 232.5 nM and 35.6 ± 94.4 nM (mean ± SD) for NE and 5-HT, respectively. For both substances, release usually began prior to the onset of locomotion typically earliest in the IZ/VH and peaks were positively correlated with net activity in peripheral nerves. Monoamine levels gradually returned to baseline levels or below at the end of stimulation in most trials. Monoamine oxidase and uptake inhibitors increased the release magnitude, time-to-peak (TTP) and decline-to-baseline. These results demonstrate that spinal monoamine release is modulated on a timescale of seconds, in tandem with centrally-generated locomotion and indicate that MLR-evoked locomotor activity involves concurrent activation of descending monoaminergic and reticulospinal pathways. These gradual changes in space and time of monoamine concentrations high enough to strongly activate various receptors subtypes on locomotor activated neurons further suggest that during MLR-evoked locomotion, monoamine action is, in part, mediated by extrasynaptic neurotransmission in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Noga
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, United States
| | - Riza P Turkson
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, United States
| | - Songtao Xie
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, United States
| | - Annette Taberner
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, United States
| | - Alberto Pinzon
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, United States
| | - Ian D Hentall
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, United States
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Akyilmaz E, Canbay E, Dinçkaya E, Güvenç C, Yaşa İ, Bayram E. Simultaneous Determination of Epinephrine and Dopamine by Using Candida tropicalis
Yeast Cells Immobilized in a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Single Wall Carbon Nanotube. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erol Akyilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Ege University; 35100 Bornova-Izmir/ Turkey
| | - Erhan Canbay
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Ege University; 35100 Bornova-Izmir/ Turkey
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; 35100 Bornova-Izmir/ Turkey
| | - Erhan Dinçkaya
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Ege University; 35100 Bornova-Izmir/ Turkey
| | - Cansu Güvenç
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Ege University; 35100 Bornova-Izmir/ Turkey
| | - İhsan Yaşa
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Science; Ege University; 35100 Bornova-Izmir/ Turkey
| | - Ezgi Bayram
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Ege University; 35100 Bornova-Izmir/ Turkey
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29
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Recent Advances in Biosensing for Neurotransmitters and Disease Biomarkers using Microelectrodes. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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30
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Massicotte G, Carrara S, Di Micheli G, Sawan M. A CMOS Amperometric System for Multi-Neurotransmitter Detection. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2016; 10:731-741. [PMID: 26761882 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2015.2490225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In vivo multi-target and selective concentration monitoring of neurotransmitters can help to unravel the brain chemical complex signaling interplay. This paper presents a dedicated integrated potentiostat transducer circuit and its selective electrode interface. A custom 2-electrode time-based potentiostat circuit was fabricated with 0.13 μm CMOS technology and provides a wide dynamic input current range of 20 pA to 600 nA with 56 μ W, for a minimum sampling frequency of 1.25 kHz. A multi-working electrode chip is functionalized with carbon nanotubes (CNT)-based chemical coatings that offer high sensitivity and selectivity towards electroactive dopamine and non-electroactive glutamate. The prototype was experimentally tested with different concentrations levels of both neurotransmitter types, and results were similar to measurements with a commercially available potentiostat. This paper validates the functionality of the proposed biosensor, and demonstrates its potential for the selective detection of a large number of neurochemicals.
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31
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Barman K, Jasimuddin S. Simultaneous electrochemical detection of dopamine and epinephrine in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid using a AgNPs–penicillamine–Au electrode. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19813a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A silver nanoparticle immobilized penicillamine self-assembled electrode, AgNPs–PCA–Au, can simultaneously sense dopamine, epinephrine, ascorbic acid and uric acid at neutral pH.
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32
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Abstract
The lateral habenula (LHb) is involved in reward and aversion and is reciprocally connected with dopamine (DA)-containing brain regions, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We used a multidisciplinary approach to examine the properties of DA afferents to the LHb in the rat. We find that >90% of VTA tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neurons projecting to the LHb lack vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) mRNA, and there is little coexpression of TH and VMAT2 protein in this mesohabenular pathway. Consistent with this, electrical stimulation of LHb did not evoke DA-like signals, assessed with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. However, electrophysiological currents that were inhibited by L741,742, a DA-D4-receptor antagonist, were observed in LHb neurons when DA uptake or degradation was blocked. To prevent DA activation of D4 receptors, we repeated this experiment in LHb slices from DA-depleted rats. However, this did not disrupt D4 receptor activation initiated by the dopamine transporter inhibitor, GBR12935. As the LHb is also targeted by noradrenergic afferents, we examined whether GBR12935 activation of DA-D4 receptors occurred in slices depleted of norepinephrine (NE). Unlike DA, NE depletion prevented the activation of DA-D4 receptors. Moreover, direct application of NE elicited currents in LHb neurons that were blocked by L741,742, and GBR12935 was found to be a more effective blocker of NE uptake than the NE-selective transport inhibitor nisoxetine. These findings demonstrate that NE is released in the rat LHb under basal conditions and that it activates DA-D4 receptors. Therefore, NE may be an important regulator of LHb function.
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33
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Figueiredo-Filho LCS, Silva TA, Vicentini FC, Fatibello-Filho O. Simultaneous voltammetric determination of dopamine and epinephrine in human body fluid samples using a glassy carbon electrode modified with nickel oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes within a dihexadecylphosphate film. Analyst 2015; 139:2842-9. [PMID: 24733185 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00229f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and highly selective electrochemical method was developed for the single or simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA) and epinephrine (EP) in human body fluids using a glassy carbon electrode modified with nickel oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes within a dihexadecylphosphate film using square-wave voltammetry (SWV) or differential-pulse voltammetry (DPV). Using DPV with the proposed electrode, a separation of ca. 360 mV between the peak reduction potentials of DA and EP present in binary mixtures was obtained. The analytical curves for the simultaneous determination of dopamine and epinephrine showed an excellent linear response, ranging from 7.0 × 10(-8) to 4.8 × 10(-6) and 3.0 × 10(-7) to 9.5 × 10(-6) mol L(-1) for DA and EP, respectively. The detection limits for the simultaneous determination of DA and EP were 5.0 × 10(-8) mol L(-1) and 8.2 × 10(-8) mol L(-1), respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied in the simultaneous determination of these analytes in human body fluid samples of cerebrospinal fluid, human serum and lung fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C S Figueiredo-Filho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís km 235, P. O. Box 676, São Carlos, 13560-970, SP, Brazil.
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34
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Taylor IM, Nesbitt KM, Walters SH, Varner EL, Shu Z, Bartlow KM, Jaquins-Gerstl AS, Michael AC. Kinetic diversity of dopamine transmission in the dorsal striatum. J Neurochem 2015; 133:522-31. [PMID: 25683259 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA), a highly significant neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, operates on multiple time scales to affect a diverse array of physiological functions. The significance of DA in human health is heightened by its role in a variety of pathologies. Voltammetric measurements of electrically evoked DA release have brought to light the existence of a patchwork of DA kinetic domains in the dorsal striatum (DS) of the rat. Thus, it becomes necessary to consider how these domains might be related to specific aspects of DA's functions. Responses evoked in the fast and slow domains are distinct in both amplitude and temporal profile. Herein, we report that responses evoked in fast domains can be further classified into four distinct types, types 1-4. The DS, therefore, exhibits a total of at least five distinct evoked responses (four fast types and one slow type). All five response types conform to kinetic models based entirely on first-order rate expressions, which indicates that the heterogeneity among the response types arises from kinetic diversity within the DS terminal field. We report also that functionally distinct subregions of the DS express DA kinetic diversity in a selective manner. Thus, this study documents five response types, provides a thorough kinetic explanation for each of them, and confirms their differential association with functionally distinct subregions of this key DA terminal field. The dorsal striatum is composed of five significantly different dopamine domains (types 1-4 and slow, average ± SEM responses to medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation are shown in the figure). Responses from each of these five domains exhibit significantly different ascending and descending kinetic profiles and return to a long lasting elevated dopamine state, termed the dopamine hang-up. All features of these responses are modeled with high correlation using first-order modeling as well as our recently published restricted diffusion model of evoked dopamine overflow. We also report that functionally distinct subregions of the dorsal striatum express selective dopamine kinetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mitch Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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35
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Da Cunha C, Boschen SL, Gómez-A A, Ross EK, Gibson WSJ, Min HK, Lee KH, Blaha CD. Toward sophisticated basal ganglia neuromodulation: Review on basal ganglia deep brain stimulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 58:186-210. [PMID: 25684727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents state-of-the-art knowledge about the roles of the basal ganglia (BG) in action-selection, cognition, and motivation, and how this knowledge has been used to improve deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Such pathological conditions include Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette syndrome, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The first section presents evidence supporting current hypotheses of how the cortico-BG circuitry works to select motor and emotional actions, and how defects in this circuitry can cause symptoms of the BG diseases. Emphasis is given to the role of striatal dopamine on motor performance, motivated behaviors and learning of procedural memories. Next, the use of cutting-edge electrochemical techniques in animal and human studies of BG functioning under normal and disease conditions is discussed. Finally, functional neuroimaging studies are reviewed; these works have shown the relationship between cortico-BG structures activated during DBS and improvement of disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Da Cunha
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Suelen L Boschen
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alexander Gómez-A
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Erika K Ross
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Hoon-Ki Min
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Charles D Blaha
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Choi SJ, Panhelainen A, Schmitz Y, Larsen KE, Kanter E, Wu M, Sulzer D, Mosharov EV. Changes in neuronal dopamine homeostasis following 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) exposure. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6799-809. [PMID: 25596531 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.631556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)), the active metabolite of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, selectively kills dopaminergic neurons in vivo and in vitro via a variety of toxic mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction, generation of peroxynitrite, induction of apoptosis, and oxidative stress due to disruption of vesicular dopamine (DA) storage. To investigate the effects of acute MPP(+) exposure on neuronal DA homeostasis, we measured stimulation-dependent DA release and non-exocytotic DA efflux from mouse striatal slices and extracellular, intracellular, and cytosolic DA (DAcyt) levels in cultured mouse ventral midbrain neurons. In acute striatal slices, MPP(+) exposure gradually decreased stimulation-dependent DA release, followed by massive DA efflux that was dependent on MPP(+) concentration, temperature, and DA uptake transporter activity. Similarly, in mouse midbrain neuronal cultures, MPP(+) depleted vesicular DA storage accompanied by an elevation of cytosolic and extracellular DA levels. In neuronal cell bodies, increased DAcyt was not due to transmitter leakage from synaptic vesicles but rather to competitive MPP(+)-dependent inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity. Accordingly, monoamine oxidase blockers pargyline and l-deprenyl had no effect on DAcyt levels in MPP(+)-treated cells and produced only a moderate effect on the survival of dopaminergic neurons treated with the toxin. In contrast, depletion of intracellular DA by blocking neurotransmitter synthesis resulted in ∼30% reduction of MPP(+)-mediated toxicity, whereas overexpression of VMAT2 completely rescued dopaminergic neurons. These results demonstrate the utility of comprehensive analysis of DA metabolism using various electrochemical methods and reveal the complexity of the effects of MPP(+) on neuronal DA homeostasis and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Panhelainen
- the Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Min Wu
- From the Departments of Neurology
| | - David Sulzer
- From the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032 and
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37
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Ross AE, Venton BJ. Sawhorse waveform voltammetry for selective detection of adenosine, ATP, and hydrogen peroxide. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7486-93. [PMID: 25005825 PMCID: PMC4368507 DOI: 10.1021/ac501229c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV)
is an electrochemistry technique
which allows subsecond detection of neurotransmitters in vivo. Adenosine detection using FSCV has become increasingly popular
but can be difficult because of interfering agents which oxidize at
or near the same potential as adenosine. Triangle shaped waveforms
are traditionally used for FSCV, but modified waveforms have been
introduced to maximize analyte sensitivity and provide stability at
high scan rates. Here, a modified sawhorse waveform was used to maximize
the time for adenosine oxidation and to manipulate the shapes of cyclic
voltammograms (CVs) of analytes which oxidize at the switching potential.
The optimized waveform consists of scanning at 400 V/s from −0.4
to 1.35 V and holding briefly for 1.0 ms followed by a ramp back down
to −0.4 V. This waveform allows the use of a lower switching
potential for adenosine detection. Hydrogen peroxide and ATP also
oxidize at the switching potential and can interfere with adenosine
measurements in vivo; however, their CVs were altered
with the sawhorse waveform and they could be distinguished from adenosine.
Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine that the
sawhorse waveform was better than the triangle waveform at discriminating
between adenosine, hydrogen peroxide, and ATP. In slices, mechanically
evoked adenosine was identified with PCA and changes in the ratio
of ATP to adenosine were observed after manipulation of ATP metabolism
by POM-1. The sawhorse waveform is useful for adenosine, hydrogen
peroxide, and ATP discrimination and will facilitate more confident
measurements of these analytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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38
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Dhillon S, Kant R. Theory of Double Potential Step Chronoamperometry at Rough Electrodes: Reversible Redox Reaction and Ohmic Effects. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Stefan-van Staden RI, Moldoveanu I, van Staden JF. Pattern recognition of neurotransmitters using multimode sensing. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 229:1-7. [PMID: 24680958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pattern recognition is essential in chemical analysis of biological fluids. Reliable and sensitive methods for neurotransmitters analysis are needed. NEW METHOD Therefore, we developed for pattern recognition of neurotransmitters: dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine a method based on multimode sensing. Multimode sensing was performed using microsensors based on diamond paste modified with 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphyrine, hemin and protoporphyrin IX in stochastic and differential pulse voltammetry modes. RESULTS Optimized working conditions: phosphate buffer solution of pH 3.01 and KCl 0.1mol/L (as electrolyte support), were determined using cyclic voltammetry and used in all measurements. The lowest limits of quantification were: 10(-10)mol/L for dopamine and epinephrine, and 10(-11)mol/L for norepinephrine. The multimode microsensors were selective over ascorbic and uric acids and the method facilitated reliable assay of neurotransmitters in urine samples, and therefore, the pattern recognition showed high reliability (RSD<1% for more than 6 months) for the simultaneous determination of dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine from urine and whole blood samples. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) The proposed method can perform pattern recognition of the three neurotransmitters on biological fluids at a lower determination level than chromatographic methods. The sampling of the biological fluids referees only to the buffering (1:1, v/v) with a phosphate buffer pH 3.01, while for chromatographic methods the sampling is laborious. CONCLUSIONS Accordingly with the statistic evaluation of the results at 99.00% confidence level, both modes can be used for pattern recognition and quantification of neurotransmitters with high reliability. The best multimode microsensor was the one based on diamond paste modified with protoporphyrin IX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB Bucharest, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Splaiul Independentei No. 202, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Iuliana Moldoveanu
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB Bucharest, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Splaiul Independentei No. 202, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jacobus Frederick van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB Bucharest, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Splaiul Independentei No. 202, Bucharest, Romania
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Chandra S, Miller AD, Bendavid A, Martin PJ, Wong DKY. Minimizing Fouling at Hydrogenated Conical-Tip Carbon Electrodes during Dopamine Detection in Vivo. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2443-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403283t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Avi Bendavid
- CSIRO Materials
Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
| | - Philip J. Martin
- CSIRO Materials
Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
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Mazloum-Ardakani M, Abolhasani M, Mirjalili BF, Sheikh-Mohseni MA, Dehghani-Firouzabadi A, Khoshroo A. Electrocatalysis of dopamine in the presence of uric acid and folic acid on modified carbon nanotube paste electrode. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(12)60734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bucher ES, Brooks K, Verber MD, Keithley RB, Owesson-White C, Carroll S, Takmakov P, McKinney CJ, Wightman RM. Flexible software platform for fast-scan cyclic voltammetry data acquisition and analysis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10344-53. [PMID: 24083898 PMCID: PMC3838858 DOI: 10.1021/ac402263x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several decades, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) has proved to be a valuable analytical tool for the real-time measurement of neurotransmitter dynamics in vitro and in vivo. Indeed, FSCV has found application in a wide variety of disciplines including electrochemistry, neurobiology, and behavioral psychology. The maturation of FSCV as an in vivo technique led users to pose increasingly complex questions that require a more sophisticated experimental design. To accommodate recent and future advances in FSCV application, our lab has developed High Definition Cyclic Voltammetry (HDCV). HDCV is an electrochemical software suite that includes data acquisition and analysis programs. The data collection program delivers greater experimental flexibility and better user feedback through live displays. It supports experiments involving multiple electrodes with customized waveforms. It is compatible with transistor-transistor logic-based systems that are used for monitoring animal behavior, and it enables simultaneous recording of electrochemical and electrophysiological data. HDCV analysis streamlines data processing with superior filtering options, seamlessly manages behavioral events, and integrates chemometric processing. Furthermore, analysis is capable of handling single files collected over extended periods of time, allowing the user to consider biological events on both subsecond and multiminute time scales. Here we describe and demonstrate the utility of HDCV for in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Bucher
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290
| | - Kenneth Brooks
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290
| | - Matthew D. Verber
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290
| | | | - Catarina Owesson-White
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290
| | - Susan Carroll
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290
| | - Pavel Takmakov
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290
| | - Collin J. McKinney
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290
| | - R. Mark Wightman
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290
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43
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Simultaneous determination of dopamine, sertonin and ascorbic acid at a glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon-spheres. SENSORS 2013; 13:14029-40. [PMID: 24135993 PMCID: PMC3859106 DOI: 10.3390/s131014029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with carbon-spheres has been fabricated through a simple casting procedure. The modified GCE displays high selectivity and excellent electrochemical catalytic activities towards dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and ascorbic acid (AA). In the co-existence system, the peak separations between AA and DA, DA and 5-HT, and AA and 5-HT are large up to 230, 180, and 410 mV, respectively. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) has been employed to simultaneously detect DA, 5-HT, and AA, and the linear calibration curves for DA, 5-HT, and AA are obtained in the range of 20.0-150.0 μM, 40.0-750.0 μM and 300.0-2,000.0 μM with detection limits (S/N = 3) of 2.0 μM, 0.7 μM and 0.6 μM, respectively. The proposed electrode has been applied to detect DA, 5-HT, and AA in real samples using standard addition method with satisfactory results.
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44
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Gale JT, Lee KH, Amirnovin R, Roberts DW, Williams ZM, Blaha CD, Eskandar EN. Electrical stimulation-evoked dopamine release in the primate striatum. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2013; 91:355-63. [PMID: 24107983 DOI: 10.1159/000351523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primate studies demonstrate that high-frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) of the caudate can enhance learning. Importantly, in these studies, stimulation was applied following the execution of behavior and the effect persisted into subsequent trials, suggesting a change in plasticity rather than a momentary facilitation of behavior. OBJECTIVES/METHODS Although the mechanism of HFS-enhanced learning is not understood, evidence suggests that dopamine plays a critical role. Therefore, we used in vivo amperometry to evaluate the effects of HFS on striatal dopamine release in the anesthetized primate. While this does not directly examine dopamine during learning, it provides insight with relation to dopamine dynamics during electrical stimulation and specifically between different stimulation parameters and striatal compartments. RESULTS We demonstrate that HFS results in significantly more dopamine release in the striatum compared to low-frequency stimulation. In addition, electrical stimulation operates differentially on specific neuronal elements, as the parameters for dopamine release are different for the caudate, putamen and medial forebrain bundle. CONCLUSIONS While not direct evidence, these data suggest that HFS evokes significant dopamine release which may play a role in stimulation-enhanced learning. Moreover, these data suggest a means to modulate extracellular dopamine with a high degree of temporal and spatial precision for either research or clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Gale
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
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Chandra S, Miller AD, Wong DK. Evaluation of physically small p-phenylacetate-modified carbon electrodes against fouling during dopamine detection in vivo. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Wickham RJ, Solecki W, Rathbun LR, Neugebauer NM, Wightman RM, Addy NA. Advances in studying phasic dopamine signaling in brain reward mechanisms. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2013; 5:982-99. [PMID: 23747914 DOI: 10.2741/e678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The last sixty years of research has provided extraordinary advances of our knowledge of the reward system. Since its discovery as a neurotransmitter by Carlsson and colleagues (1), dopamine (DA) has emerged as an important mediator of reward processing. As a result, a number of electrochemical techniques have been developed to measure DA in the brain. Together, these techniques have begun to elucidate the complex roles of tonic and phasic DA signaling in reward processing and addiction. In this review, we will first provide a guide for the most commonly used electrochemical methods for DA detection and describe their utility in furthering our knowledge about DA's role in reward and addiction. Second, we will review the value of common in vitro and in vivo preparations and describe their ability to address different types of questions. Last, we will review recent data that has provided new mechanistic insight of in vivo phasic DA signaling and its role in reward processing and reward-mediated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Wickham
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Diss LB, Robinson SD, Wu Y, Fidalgo S, Yeoman MS, Patel BA. Age-related changes in melatonin release in the murine distal colon. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:879-87. [PMID: 23631514 DOI: 10.1021/cn4000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Constipation and fecal impaction are conditions of the bowel whose prevalence increases with age. Limited information is known about how these conditions manifest; however, functional deficits are likely to be due to changes in signaling within the bowel. This study investigated the effects of age on colonic mucosal melatonin (MEL) release and the consequences this had on colonic motility. Electrochemical measurements of MEL overflow demonstrated that both basal and mechanically stimulated MEL release decreased with age. The MEL/serotonin also decreased with increasing age, and the trend was similar to that of MEL overflow, suggestive that age-related changes were primarily due to a reduction in MEL levels. Levels of N-acetylserotonin and the N-acetylserotonin/serotonin ratio were reduced with age, providing an explanation for the reduction in MEL release. Decreases in colonic motility were observed in animals between 3 and 24 months old. Exogenous application of MEL could reverse this deficit in aged colon. In summary, we propose that the age-related decline in MEL release may be due to either decreases or alterations in mechanosensory channels and/or a loss in levels/activity of the N-acetyltransferase enzyme responsible for the synthesis of N-acetylserotonin. Decreases in MEL release may explain the decreases in colonic motility observed in 24 month old animals and could offer a new potential therapeutic treatment for age-related constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy B. Diss
- School of Pharmacy and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D. Robinson
- School of Pharmacy and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yukyee Wu
- School of Pharmacy and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Fidalgo
- School of Pharmacy and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Yeoman
- School of Pharmacy and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavik Anil Patel
- School of Pharmacy and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
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Ferris MJ, Calipari ES, Yorgason JT, Jones SR. Examining the complex regulation and drug-induced plasticity of dopamine release and uptake using voltammetry in brain slices. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:693-703. [PMID: 23581570 DOI: 10.1021/cn400026v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast scan cyclic voltammetry in brain slices (slice voltammetry) has been used over the last several decades to increase substantially our understanding of the complex local regulation of dopamine release and uptake in the striatum. This technique is routinely used for the study of changes that occur in the dopamine system associated with various disease states and pharmacological treatments, and to study mechanisms of local circuitry regulation of dopamine terminal function. In the context of this Review, we compare the relative advantages of voltammetry using striatal slice preparations versus in vivo preparations, and highlight recent advances in our understanding of dopamine release and uptake in the striatum specifically from studies that use slice voltammetry in drug-naïve animals and animals with a history of psychostimulant self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Ferris
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Erin S. Calipari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Jordan T. Yorgason
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Sara R. Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
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Ytterbium fluoride nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes: preparation, characterization and application for simultaneous electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-013-0240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hascup KN, Hascup ER, Littrell OM, Hinzman JM, Werner CE, Davis VA, Burmeister JJ, Pomerleau F, Quintero JE, Huettl P, Gerhardt GA. Microelectrode Array Fabrication and Optimization for Selective Neurochemical Detection. NEUROMETHODS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-370-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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