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Wu B, Guo X, Feng L, Gao J, Xia W, Xie P, Ma S, Liu H, Zhao D, Qu G, Sun C, Lowe S, Bentley R, Sun Y. Combined exposure to multiple dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls on hypertension among US adults in NHANES: a cross-sectional study under three statistical models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:28730-28744. [PMID: 36401011 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) are mainly released as by-products of human activities, often in the form of mixtures, and the potential harm on human health deserves attention. Therefore, our study aimed to analyze the combined effect of dioxins and DL-PCB exposures on hypertension (HTN) among US adults. Data of eligible participants were acquired from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multiple logistic regression models with adjustment for covariates were applied to explore the associations between 13 persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and HTN. Stratified analyses and interaction analyses were then conducted by age and gender. Finally, the combined effects of dioxins and DL-PCBs on HTN were assessed by the weighted quantile sum (WQS) model and the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model. A total of 976 adults were included in our study, of whom 397 had HTN. Spearman correlations indicated positive correlations among 13 POPs. And most of them (except PCB28, PCB66, and 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-hpcdf) had significant effects on HTN. The result of WQS revealed that mixed exposure to dioxins and DL-PCBs was significantly associated with increased risk of HTN (OR: 2.205; 95% CIs: 1.555, 3.127). The BKMR model also presented a positive trend of HTN risk with exposure to multiple dioxins and DL-PCBs. And 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-ocdd may be the main factor for this positive association. Considering the limitations of our cross-sectional study with the small sample, further prospective studies are necessary to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birong Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xianwei Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Linya Feng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Weihang Xia
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shaodi Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Center for Evidence-Based Practice, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Chenyu Sun
- AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, 2900 N. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60657, USA
| | - Scott Lowe
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO, 64106, USA
| | - Rachel Bentley
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO, 64106, USA
| | - Yehuan Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Center for Evidence-Based Practice, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006, Anhui, China.
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Aimuzi R, Wang Y, Luo K, Jiang Y. Exposure to phthalates, phenols, and parabens mixture and alterations in sex steroid hormones among adolescents. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134834. [PMID: 35533932 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to phthalates (PAEs), phenols, and parabens has been linked with sex hormone imbalance; however, previous studies were predominantly limited to adults and failed to examine the combined effects of these chemicals mixture among adolescents. Thus, we used the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2016) to explore the associations of urinary PAEs, phenols, and parabens biomarkers with sex hormones among participants aged 12-19 years old (n = 613). Latent class analysis (LCA) and quantile-based g-computation (QGC) were applied to assess the associations of the latent exposure profiles and chemicals mixture with sex hormone indicators, including steroid hormones and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), in adolescents and by sex. Using LCA, four latent classes were identified among all participants. Compared with the class characterized by "Low exposure", the class represented by "High PAEs" [mono (2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and monobenzyl phthalate (MBZP)] had lower level of estradiol (E2) [β = -0.249, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.419, -0.08], free androgen index (FAI) (β = -0.258, 95%CI: -0.512, -0.005) and free testosterone (FT) (β = -0.248, 95%CI: -0.496, -0.001) among male adolescents. These results were echoed by the results in QGC analyses, where PAEs mixture was negatively associated with E2 (β = -0.137, 95% CI: -0.263, -0.011), FAI (β = -0.198, 95%CI: -0.387, -0.008) and FT (β = -0.189, 95%CI: -0.375, -0.002) among male adolescents. By contrast, the associations of the identified latent classes or chemicals mixture with sex hormone indicators were generally nonsignificant among female counterparts, except for a positive association between PAEs mixture and SHBG (β = 0.121, 95%CI: 0.012, 0.23). Our study demonstrated that exposure to PAEs, particularly MECPP, MEHHP, and MBZP, would be a threat to the sex hormone homeostasis of male adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxianguli Aimuzi
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Yu Jiang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Changes in IL-16 Expression in the Ovary during Aging and Its Potential Consequences to Ovarian Pathology. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:2870389. [PMID: 35497879 PMCID: PMC9053759 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2870389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging in females is not only associated with the changes in hormonal status but is also responsible for dysregulation of immune functions in various organs including ovaries. The goal of this study was to determine whether the expression of interleukin 16 (IL-16), a proinflammatory and chemoattractant cytokine, changes during ovarian aging, to determine factors involved in such changes in IL-16 expression, and to examine if changes in IL-16 expression during aging predisposes the ovary to pathologies. Ovarian tissues from premenopausal women (30-50 years old), women at early menopause (55-59 years old), and late menopause (60-85 years old) were used. In addition, tumor tissues from patients with ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma at early stage (n = 5) were also used as reference tissue for comparing the expression of several selected markers in aging ovaries. The expression of IL-16, frequency of macrophages (a source of IL-16) and expression of microRNA (miR) 125a-5p (a regulator of IL-16 gene) were performed by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and gene expression assays. In addition, we examined changes in nuclear expression of IL-16 expression with regards to exposure to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by in vitro cell culture assays with human ovarian cancer cells. The frequencies of IL-16 expressing cells were significantly higher in ovarian stroma in women at early and late menopause as compared with premenopausal women (P < 0.0001). Similar patterns were also observed for macrophages. Expression of miR-125a-5p decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with the increase in IL-16 expression during aging. Furthermore, expression of nuclear IL-16 increased remarkably upon exposure to FSH. Consequently, ovarian aging is associated with increased expression of IL-16 including its nuclear fraction. Therefore, persistent high levels of FSH in postmenopausal women may be a factor for enhanced expression of IL-16. Effects of increased nuclear fraction of IL-16 need to be examined.
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Donat-Vargas C, Åkesson A, Tornevi A, Wennberg M, Sommar J, Kiviranta H, Rantakokko P, Bergdahl IA. Persistent Organochlorine Pollutants in Plasma, Blood Pressure, and Hypertension in a Longitudinal Study. Hypertension 2018; 71:1258-1268. [PMID: 29712742 PMCID: PMC5959216 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) have shown to be involved in the atherosclerotic process and to cause endothelial cell dysfunction. To assess longitudinally whether plasma concentrations of different POPs were associated with blood pressure and risk of hypertension in middle-aged women and men. Study subjects were 850 participants in the VIP (Västerbotten Intervention Programme) with 2 blood samples and blood pressure measurements, 10 years apart, during 1990 to 2003 (baseline) and during 2000 to 2013 (follow-up). Dioxin-like and nondioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs, NDL-PCBs) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) were measured. Associations were assessed using generalized estimating equations. At baseline sampling 49% and at follow-up 64% had hypertension. DL-PCBs and DDE, but not NDL-PCBs or hexachlorobenzene, were associated with hypertension. Only the association for DL-PCBs remained statistically significant after lipid-standardization and adjustment for body mass index and total serum lipids. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio of hypertension based on repeated measurements were 1.52 (95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.13) for DL-PCBs (third versus first tertile of lipid-standardized POPs). In stratified adjusted analyses, odds ratio for those born after 1950 increased to 3.99 (95% confidence interval, 2.15-7.43), whereas no association was observed among those born earlier. Based on repeated measurements, the accumulated exposure to DL-PCBs and DDE, although less clear for the latter, may disrupt the normal blood pressure levels and increase the odds of hypertension. Moreover, individuals experiencing early-life POP exposure may be at elevated risk of vascular POP effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Donat-Vargas
- From the Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.D.-V., A.A.)
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- From the Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.D.-V., A.A.)
| | - Andreas Tornevi
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine (A.T., J.S., I.A.B.)
| | | | - Johan Sommar
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine (A.T., J.S., I.A.B.)
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- Umeå University, Sweden; and Department for Health Security, Environmental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland (H.K., P.R.)
| | - Panu Rantakokko
- Umeå University, Sweden; and Department for Health Security, Environmental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland (H.K., P.R.)
| | - Ingvar A Bergdahl
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine (A.T., J.S., I.A.B.)
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Sobolewski M, Weiss B, Martin M, Gurven M, Barrett E. Toxicoanthropology: Phthalate exposure in relation to market access in a remote forager-horticulturalist population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:799-809. [PMID: 28392401 PMCID: PMC5512270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a class of plasticizing chemicals produced in high volume and widely found in consumer products. Evidence suggests that phthalates may have non-monotonic effects on reproductive hormone activity. With exposure to phthalates virtually ubiquitous among industrialized populations, identifying unexposed and/or minimally exposed human populations is essential for understanding the effects of low level exposures. Our primary objective was to quantify urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations in the Tsimane', a remote population of Bolivian forager-horticulturalists. Our secondary objectives were to determine if phthalate metabolite concentrations vary in relation to access to market goods; and to explore relationships between phthalate and reproductive hormone metabolite concentrations. Given that phthalate exposure is of particular concern during fetal development, we focused on reproductive age women in the current analyses. Phthalate metabolites were assayed in urine samples from 59 naturally cycling, reproductive age Tsimane' women. Market access was assessed as: (1) distance from residence to the largest nearby town (San Borja, Bolivia) and (2) Spanish fluency. Urinary reproductive hormone metabolite concentrations were quantified using enzyme immunoassays. We fit linear models to examine: (1) predictors of phthalate exposure; and (2) relationships between urinary phthalate and reproductive hormone metabolite concentrations. Eight phthalate metabolites were detectable in at least 75% of samples. Median concentrations were up to an order of magnitude lower than industrialized populations. Proximity to San Borja and Spanish fluency were strong predictors of exposure. In exploratory analyses, the sum of the di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites (∑DEHP) and Mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) were significantly associated with altered concentrations of urinary reproductive hormone metabolites. Remote, subsistence populations, like the Tsimane', offer a unique window into the health effects of endocrine active compounds because: (1) exposures are low and likely to be first generation; (2) a natural fertility lifestyle allows for exploration of reproductive effects; and (3) ever-increasing globalization will result in increasing exposure in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Sobolewski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, 575 Elmwood Ave, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
| | - Bernard Weiss
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, 575 Elmwood Ave, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
| | - Melanie Martin
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3210, United States; Department of Anthropology, Yale University, 10 Sachem St., New Haven, CT 06511, United States.
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3210, United States.
| | - Emily Barrett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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Dimitraki M, Koutlaki N, Gioka T, Messini CI, Dafopoulos K, Anifandis G, Messinis IE. Attenuation of the oestrogen positive feedback mechanism with the age in postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 83:377-83. [PMID: 25649331 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been reported that the positive feedback mechanism of oestrogens and progesterone is preserved, although attenuated, in late postmenopausal years. Whether this is also true for the positive feedback effect of oestrogens alone has not been investigated. DESIGN Prospective intervention study. PATIENTS Thirty healthy postmenopausal women. MEASUREMENTS The women were divided into three groups according to the years since menopause (group I: 2-8 years, group II: 9-17 years, group III: 18-25 years). They were studied during a period of 41 days. Two acute experiments (EP) of exogenous oestradiol, given via skin patches, were performed from days 1 to 7 (EP1) and from days 35 to 41 (EP2) to induce an LH surge. Between the two experiments (days 7-34), oestradiol was given at the dose of 100 μg every 3 days, while oral progesterone was added from day 21 to day 34 in order to simulate a luteal phase. Blood samples were taken every 6 h during EP1 and EP2 as well as on days 8, 13, 20, 21, 27 and 34. FSH, LH, oestradiol and progesterone were measured in all blood samples. RESULTS An LH surge occurred as a result of the oestradiol positive feedback mechanism in group I and in group II, in both EP1 and EP2. Peak LH values during the surge were significantly lower in group II than in group I in both experiments. None of the patients in group III displayed an LH surge. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate for the first time a gradual attenuation of the pituitary response to oestrogenic provocation over a certain period following the menopause, with complete abolition after 20 years. It is suggested that the reserves of pituitary gonadotrophs diminish with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dimitraki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Koutlaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theodora Gioka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christina I Messini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dafopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - George Anifandis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis E Messinis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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Lee YM, Kim KS, Kim SA, Hong NS, Lee SJ, Lee DH. Prospective associations between persistent organic pollutants and metabolic syndrome: a nested case-control study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 496:219-225. [PMID: 25089684 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has recently been linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and some MetS components. However, prospective evidence in humans is scarce, and the nature of the dose-response relationship is unclear. We evaluated the association between POPs and MetS using a nested-case control study within a community-based Korean cohort. METHOD The study subjects were 64 patients newly diagnosed with MetS during a 4-year follow-up, and the controls were 182 subjects without MetS. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in stored serum collected at baseline. RESULTS The concentrations of most PCBs and some OCPs such as β-hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorobenzene, oxychlordane, and heptachlor epoxide predicted the risk for MetS. The POP exposure and MetS showed an inverted U-shaped or a linear association with plateau rather than a linear dose-response association. When the summary measure of the PCBs and OCPs was used, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) across the quartiles of the summary measure were 1.0, 1.3, 3.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-10.7), and 2.1 (Pquadratic=0.013) after adjusting for potential confounders. In the analyses of each of the five MetS components, POP exposure was mainly associated with an increased risk for glucose and lipid metabolism disturbances. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that chronic exposure to a mixture of PCBs and OCPs can increase the risk for MetS within the low-dose background exposure range of POPs. As the findings of this study suggest a nonmonotonic dose-response relationship, in vitro and in vivo experimental studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-842, Republic of Korea; Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Su Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-A Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-842, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Lee
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Hee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-842, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea.
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Liu L, Wang C, Lu X, Xiao F, Wang H, Yang L, Xu L, Kong Q. The MNS16A polymorphism in the TERT gene in peri-centenarians from the Han Chinese population. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:1024-7. [PMID: 25216705 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
MNS16A, a variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism in the TERT gene, has been suggested to regulate telomerase activity. As telomerase activity has been reported to be related to life-span, we hypothesized that this polymorphism might affect human longevity by controlling the length of the telomere. To test this hypothesis, we collected 446 unrelated pericentenarian individuals (age[Symbol: see text]90, mean 94.45±3.45 years) and 332 normal controls (age 22-53, mean 35.0±12.0 years) from Dujiangyan, Sichuan, China. We typed the MNS16A polymorphism in both groups, and compared the allele and genotype frequencies between the peri-centenarian and control groups using the chi-squared test. There was no significant difference between the peri-centenarian and control groups. Thus, the MNS16A polymorphism in TERT might not influence human life-span, at least in the Han Chinese population studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiNa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
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Lee DH, Porta M, Jacobs DR, Vandenberg LN. Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:557-601. [PMID: 24483949 PMCID: PMC5393257 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are lipophilic compounds that travel with lipids and accumulate mainly in adipose tissue. Recent human evidence links low-dose POPs to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Because humans are contaminated by POP mixtures and POPs possibly have nonmonotonic dose-response relations with T2D, critical methodological issues arise in evaluating human findings. This review summarizes epidemiological results on chlorinated POPs and T2D, and relevant experimental evidence. It also discusses how features of POPs can affect inferences in humans. The evidence as a whole suggests that, rather than a few individual POPs, background exposure to POP mixtures-including organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls-can increase T2D risk in humans. Inconsistent statistical significance for individual POPs may arise due to distributional differences in POP mixtures among populations. Differences in the observed shape of the dose-response curves among human studies may reflect an inverted U-shaped association secondary to mitochondrial dysfunction or endocrine disruption. Finally, we examine the relationship between POPs and obesity. There is evidence in animal studies that low-dose POP mixtures are obesogenic. However, relationships between POPs and obesity in humans have been inconsistent. Adipose tissue plays a dual role of promoting T2D and providing a relatively safe place to store POPs. Large prospective studies with serial measurements of a broad range of POPs, adiposity, and clinically relevant biomarkers are needed to disentangle the interrelationships among POPs, obesity, and the development of T2D. Also needed are laboratory experiments that more closely mimic real-world POP doses, mixtures, and exposure duration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Hee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine (D.-H.L.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science (D.-H.L.), Kyungpook National University, Korea; Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (M.P.), School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona 08193, Spain; Division of Epidemiology (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Department of Nutrition (D.R.J.), University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway; and University of Massachusetts-Amherst (L.N.V.), School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Russoniello CV, Zhirnov YN, Pougatchev VI, Gribkov EN. Heart rate variability and biological age: implications for health and gaming. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2013; 16:302-8. [PMID: 23574369 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2013.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Accurate and inexpensive psychophysiological equipment and software are needed to measure and monitor the autonomic nervous system for gaming and therapeutic purposes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether heart rate variability (HRV) derived from photoplethesmography (PPG) technology was predictive of autonomic nervous system (ANS) aging or biological age. Second, we sought to determine which HRV variable was most predictive of ANS change and aging. To test our hypotheses, we first conducted a criterion related validity study by comparing parameters of a 5 minute resting HRV test obtained from electrocardiography (ECG), the current "gold standard," with PPG technologies, and found them to be significantly correlated (r≥0.92) on all parameters during a resting state. PPG was strongly correlated to ECG on all HRV parameters during a paced six breaths per minute deep breathing test (r≥0.98). Further analysis revealed that maximum variation of heart rate had the highest negative correlation (r=-0.67) with age. We conclude that PPG is comparable to ECG in accuracy, and maximum variation of heart rate derived from a paced breathing test can be considered a marker of biological aging. Therapeutic interventions and games designed to reduce dysfunction in the ANS can now be developed using accurate physiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen V Russoniello
- Psychophysiology Lab and Biofeedback Clinic, Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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11
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Fuchs J, Busch M, Lange C, Scheidt-Nave C. Prevalence and patterns of morbidity among adults in Germany. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2012; 55:576-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-012-1464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Lee DH, Lind L, Jacobs DR, Salihovic S, van Bavel B, Lind PM. Associations of persistent organic pollutants with abdominal obesity in the elderly: The Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 40:170-178. [PMID: 21835469 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In animal experiments, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have induced visceral obesity. To address this possibility in humans, we evaluated associations between POPs and abdominal obesity both cross-sectionally and prospectively. METHODS Twenty-one plasma POPs (16 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, 3 organochlorine (OC) pesticides, 1 brominated diphenyl ether (BDE), and 1 dioxin) were measured at baseline in 970 participants aged 70 years of the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS), with prospective analyses in 511 participants re-examined after 5 years. Abdominal obesity was defined by an increased waist circumference. RESULTS In the cross-sectional analyses, concentrations of the less chlorinated PCBs, OC pesticides such as p,p'-DDE and dioxin had adjusted odds ratios of 2 to 3 for abdominal obesity. Many relations had inverted U-shapes rather than being linear, particularly in women. In contrast, concentrations of highly chlorinated PCBs were strongly inversely associated with abdominal obesity. In a single model including summary measures of the less chlorinated PCBs, highly chlorinated PCBs, and OC pesticides, both the positive associations and inverse associations strengthened. Similar but somewhat weaker associations were seen between POPs and risk of development of abdominal obesity in the prospective analyses. CONCLUSION Using both a cross-sectional and a prospective design, low-dose exposure to less chlorinated PCBs, p,p'-DDE, and dioxin, were associated with existence or development of abdominal obesity, while highly chlorinated PCBs had an opposite association in an elderly population, despite the previous observation of higher incident diabetes associated with these same PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Hee Lee
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lars Lind
- Acute and Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Samira Salihovic
- MTM Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bert van Bavel
- MTM Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Rönn M, Lind L, van Bavel B, Salihovic S, Michaëlsson K, Lind PM. Circulating levels of persistent organic pollutants associate in divergent ways to fat mass measured by DXA in humans. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:335-343. [PMID: 21767864 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental contaminants have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity. OBJECTIVE To explore relations between persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and fat mass independently of body stature, using a cross-sectional design. METHODS In the Prospective Study of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS), fat mass was determined in 70-year-old subjects (n=890) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The plasma levels of 21 POPs (including 16 PCB congeners, 3 OC pesticides, 1 BDE47, and 1 dioxin) were measured by high resolution chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). RESULTS Lipid-standardized plasma concentrations of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD), the PCBs 74, 99, 105 and 118, and the pesticides HCB, TNK, and DDE were all positively related to fat mass (p=0.03-0.0001). Subjects in the fifth quintile for PCB 105 showed a mean fat mass that was 4.8 kg more than subjects in the first quintile. On the other hand, the PCBs 156, 157, 169, 170, 180, 189, 194, 206, and 209 were negatively related to fat mass (p=0.0001). For PCB 194, subjects in the fifth quintile showed a mean fat mass that was 10.8 kg less than subjects in the first quintile. Following adjustment for smoking, physical activity, education level, height, lean mass, and gender, these results remained significant (p=0.01-0.0001) except for the PCBs 74 and 99. For some PCBs, the associations vs. fat mass were more pronounced in women than in men. CONCLUSION Plasma concentrations of some pesticides are positively related to fat mass, while divergent associations are seen for the PCBs. These results implicate a complex role of POPs in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rönn
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Uppsala University, and Department of Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Lee DH, Lind PM, Jacobs DR, Salihovic S, van Bavel B, Lind L. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in plasma predict development of type 2 diabetes in the elderly: the prospective investigation of the vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:1778-84. [PMID: 21700918 PMCID: PMC3142022 DOI: 10.2337/dc10-2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), lipophilic chemicals that accumulate mainly in adipose tissue, have recently been linked to type 2 diabetes. However, evidence from prospective studies is sparse. This study was performed to evaluate prospective associations of type 2 diabetes with selected POPs among the elderly. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Nineteen POPs (14 polychlorinated biphenyl [PCB] congeners, 3 organochlorine pesticides, 1 brominated diphenyl ether, and 1 dioxin) were measured in plasma collected at baseline in 725 participants, aged 70 years, of the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS). RESULTS After adjusting for known type 2 diabetes risk factors, including obesity, odds ratios (ORs) (95% CIs) for type 2 diabetes at age 75 years (n = 36) according to the quintiles of a summary measure of concentrations of PCBs (vs. the lowest quintile) were 4.5, 5.1, 8.8 (1.8-42.7), and 7.5 (1.4-38.8) (P(trend) <0.01). Among organochlorine pesticides, adjusted ORs across concentrations of trans-nonachlor showed that P(trend) = 0.03. Adjusted ORs (95% CIs) across quintiles of the sum of three organochlorine pesticides were 1.1, 1.6, 1.5, and 3.4 (1.0-11.7) (P(trend) = 0.03). Neither brominated diphenyl ether 47 nor dioxin was significantly associated with incident diabetes. The sum of PCBs improved reclassification significantly when added to traditional risk factors for diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Despite the small number of incident cases, this study found that environmental exposure to some POPs substantially increased risk of future type 2 diabetes in an elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Hee Lee
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Flack KD, Davy KP, Hulver MW, Winett RA, Frisard MI, Davy BM. Aging, resistance training, and diabetes prevention. J Aging Res 2010; 2011:127315. [PMID: 21197110 PMCID: PMC3010636 DOI: 10.4061/2011/127315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aging of the baby-boom generation and increases in life expectancy, the American population is growing older. Aging is associated with adverse changes in glucose tolerance and increased risk of diabetes; the increasing prevalence of diabetes among older adults suggests a clear need for effective diabetes prevention approaches for this population. The purpose of paper is to review what is known about changes in glucose tolerance with advancing age and the potential utility of resistance training (RT) as an intervention to prevent diabetes among middle-aged and older adults. Age-related factors contributing to glucose intolerance, which may be improved with RT, include improvements in insulin signaling defects, reductions in tumor necrosis factor-α, increases in adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations, and reductions in total and abdominal visceral fat. Current RT recommendations and future areas for investigation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Flack
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, 221 Wallace Hall (0430), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Kevin P. Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, 221 Wallace Hall (0430), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Matthew W. Hulver
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, 221 Wallace Hall (0430), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Richard A. Winett
- Center for Research in Health Behavior, 460 Turner Street, Suite 203, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Madlyn I. Frisard
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, 221 Wallace Hall (0430), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Brenda M. Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, 221 Wallace Hall (0430), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Barontini M, Lázzari JO, Levin G, Armando I, Basso SJ. Age-related changes in sympathetic activity: biochemical measurements and target organ responses. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 25:175-86. [PMID: 18653104 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4943(97)00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/1996] [Revised: 01/12/1997] [Accepted: 04/04/1997] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate using several parameters the effect of aging on sympathetic nervous system activity. We measured heart rate, skin conductance level and free and total plasma catecholamines in 60 normal subjects aged 20-80 years, divided into three age groups, in basal supine conditions and in response to standing and to hyperventilation. Basal heart rate was similar in all subjects and failed to correlate with age. Skin conductance level decreased with increasing age and correlated negatively and significantly with age. In response to standing and to hyperventilation, heart rate and skin conductance level increased in all groups but the values attained became lower in older subjects. Basal free and total norepinephrine (NE) and total epinephrine (E) correlated positively and significantly with age. In response to standing, free NE determined at the peak heart rate response, increased significantly only in young subjects. In response to hyperventilation free and total NE increased in all subjects. In conclusion, our study supports and extends previous findings that sympathetic nervous system activity is altered in aging. Moreover, these data also show that biochemical measurements of sympathetic nerve activity do not reflect the same alterations as those involving target organ responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barontini
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas, CONICET, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez, Gallo 1330, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sheridan
- Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D. Meletis
- Beaverton Naturopathic Medicine, an integrative medicine clinic in Portland, Oregon
- National College of Naturopathic Medicine, Portland
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Abstract
Aging has been associated with a loss of muscle mass that is referred to as 'sarcopenia'. This decrease in muscle tissue begins around the age of 50 years, but becomes more dramatic beyond the 60th year of life. Loss of muscle mass among the aged directly results in diminished muscle function. Decreased strength and power contribute to the high incidence of accidental falls observed among the elderly and can compromise quality of life. Moreover, sarcopenia has been linked to several chronic afflictions that are common among the aged, including osteoporosis, insulin resistance and arthritis. Loss of muscle fibre number is the principal cause of sarcopenia, although fibre atrophy--particularly among type II fibres--is also involved. Several physiological mechanisms have been implicated in the development of sarcopenia. Denervation results in the loss of motor units and thus, muscle fibres. A decrease in the production of anabolic hormones such as testosterone, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 impairs the capacity of skeletal muscle to incorporate amino acids and synthesise proteins. An increase in the release of catabolic agents, specifically interleukin-6, amplifies the rate of muscle wasting among the elderly. Given the demographic trends evident in most western societies, i.e. increased number of those considered aged, management interventions for sarcopenia must become a major goal of the healthcare profession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Deschenes
- Department of Kinesiology, The College of William & Mary, Center for Excellence in Aging and Geriatric Health, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, USA.
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Leopold SS, Casnellie MT, Warme WJ, Dougherty PJ, Wingo ST, Shott S. Endogenous cortisol production in response to knee arthroscopy and total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003; 85:2163-7. [PMID: 14630847 DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200311000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is controversy about whether patients who take exogenous glucocorticoids, such as prednisone, require supplemental (exogenous) glucocorticoids in order to meet the physiological demands of surgery. In this study, we sought to define the magnitude of the surgical stress response in normal patients undergoing major and minor elective orthopaedic surgery. METHODS A prospective, observational study of thirty patients who had not taken exogenous glucocorticoids and who underwent either elective knee arthroscopy or elective unilateral total knee arthroplasty was performed. Regional anesthesia was used for all patients, and all patients treated with total knee arthroplasty had continuous epidural anesthesia for forty-eight hours after the surgery. The stress response was assessed on the basis of serum and twenty-four-hour urine cortisol levels; comparisons of the urine values were made after correcting for renal function by calculating the cortisol-to-creatinine clearance ratio. RESULTS Preoperatively, patients undergoing arthroscopy and total knee arthroplasty had similar cortisol-to-creatinine clearance ratios. Patients treated with total knee arthroplasty had a significant (p < 0.001) surgical stress response on the day of the surgery, compared with baseline, whereas patients treated with arthroscopy did not. The mean cortisol-to-creatinine clearance ratio in patients treated with total knee arthroplasty was highest on the day of the surgery and decreased on the third postoperative day. However, on the third postoperative day, the cortisol-to-creatinine clearance ratio still was significantly higher than the baseline value (p < 0.001). Significant differences in the serum cortisol levels also were detected between the patients treated with arthroscopy and those treated with total knee replacement. CONCLUSIONS Patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty had a significant surgical stress response (a seventeenfold increase in the cortisol-to-creatinine clearance ratio); patients treated with arthroscopy did not. Additional studies, including a prospective trial of patients taking exogenous glucocorticoids, are warranted. Until they are performed, the significantly increased cortisol production observed in non-steroid-dependent patients following total knee arthroplasty leaves open the possibility that steroid-dependent patients undergoing this procedure could benefit from perioperative glucocorticoid supplementation. Since the non-steroid-dependent patients in the present series did not mount a substantial stress response to knee arthroscopy, our results do not support the use of supplemental steroids for that less-invasive procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth S Leopold
- William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, Texas 79920, USA.
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Murray TM, Desai KS, Cinader B. Age-related changes in hepatic and splenic insulin receptors and serum insulin and glucose levels in inbred mice. Metabolism 1993; 42:140-4. [PMID: 8474309 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(93)90027-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inbred mice of strains A/J, DBA/1J, and SJL/J were housed and aged in our animal colony, and parameters of carbohydrate metabolism were assessed at various ages. The patterns of age-related change were both organ- and strain-specific. Age-related changes in two of the strains were associated with relative carbohydrate intolerance. Common to all three strains was a biphasic pattern of change in hepatic insulin receptor number, with a decrease in early life and a return to earlier levels late in life. In both A/J and DBA/1J mice, there was a sharp increase in serum insulin level (twofold to 9.7-fold) that corresponded to the decrease in hepatic insulin receptors and was associated with hyperglycemia; no significant change in serum insulin or glucose levels was seen in SJL/J mice, despite a similar biphasic pattern in hepatic insulin receptor concentration. Age-related changes in splenic insulin receptors resembled changes in the liver in A/J and SJL/J mice, ie, there were synchronous biphasic age-related patterns. This was not the case in the spleens of DBA/1J mice, in which we did not observe age-related changes. There was no change in insulin receptor affinity with age, nor was there any difference in affinity between tissues or mouse strains. The pattern of change in hepatic insulin receptors and serum insulin levels was more complex than has been previously recognized. We do not know the mechanisms responsible for this complex pattern, but it must involve at least two discrete age-related events.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Murray
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chin JH, Hoffman BB. Beta-adrenergic responsiveness in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts: effect of age. Mech Ageing Dev 1991; 57:259-73. [PMID: 1647473 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(91)90051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
beta-Adrenergic agonists stimulate cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation and relaxation in vascular smooth muscle; both of these responses decline in rat aorta with increasing age. To ascertain whether the deficit in beta-receptor stimulated cAMP accumulation persists in isolated aortic smooth muscle cells, the effect of isoproterenol on cAMP accumulation was measured in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and vascular fibroblasts taken from young (4-6 weeks) and older (8-12 months) Fischer 344 male rats. Immunofluorescent staining confirmed the identity of VSMC as distinct from fibroblasts. Isoproterenol stimulated cAMP accumulation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in both cell types; maximal cAMP accumulation induced by beta-adrenergic stimulation in cultured cells was much higher than those seen in the intact aorta. While there was a blunting of cAMP response to isoproterenol in fibroblasts cultured from the older rats, the response in VSMC cultured from the older rats was actually increased compared to the VSMC cultured from the younger rats. In contrast, activation of cAMP accumulation in the cultured cells by forskolin was similar in cells from older and young animals. The results suggest that the blunting in isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP accumulation found in aortas from older animals is not seen in VSMC cultured from these animals; whether this change in the culture reflects removal of some extrinsic factor in the older rats or is a consequence of intrinsic changes in the cells in culture requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Chin
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304
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Sambhi MP, Chobanian AV, Julius S, Noth RH, Borhani NO, Perry HM. University of California, Davis, conference: Mild hypertension. Am J Med 1988; 85:675-96. [PMID: 3055978 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(88)80241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of "higher than normal" blood pressures in a community is inversely related to the magnitude of the elevation; the milder grades of elevation are far more prevalent. A multifactorially inherited tendency to develop hypertension is modulated by multiple environmental influences. Autonomic nervous and behavioral factors plausibly appear to contribute to the initiating mechanisms of hypertension; the associated hemodynamic changes and the resulting cardiovascular structural changes interact to perpetuate the process. The complex interaction of hypertension and atherosclerosis is further complicated by direct as well as secondary effects of antihypertensive drugs on atherogenesis. Attributable cardiovascular risk is generally proportional to the degree of hypertension across the entire range of elevated blood pressure; this kind of relationship holds also for normal versus subnormal blood pressure values. Pharmacologic lowering of blood pressure, however, does not confer proportional benefit. Thus, such lowering of blood pressure to normotensive levels does not reduce the risk level to that in the normotensive population. Therapeutic outcome is influenced by the interaction of blood pressure lowering, type of antihypertensive agents used, existing risk factors, and target organ damage. Benefits of lowering blood pressure in established mild hypertension (diastolic blood pressure greater than 95 mm Hg) are confirmed. Drug treatment of patients with lower diastolic blood pressure or with isolated elevations of systolic blood pressures continues to be controversial as does the choice of initial therapeutic agent(s). The large-scale experience of clinical trials encompassing the long-term risks and benefits of the drug treatment of mild hypertension is limited to the use of diuretics and adrenergic beta blockers. A variety of new and promising therapeutic agents for use as alternate choices for initial therapy needs to undergo comparative evaluation.
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Abstract
Primary hyperaldosteronism is a challenging diagnosis because of its low incidence and variable pathophysiology. Serum potassium, properly done, is the routine screening test, but is not without its limitations. Confirmation of the diagnosis requires demonstration of abnormally high and nonsuppressible values for aldosterone in plasma and urine and low plasma renin activity. Sophisticated biochemical profiling and localization procedures often are required to identify those subtypes that will benefit from surgical management, including aldosterone-producing adenomas, primary adrenal hyperplasia, unilateral hyperplasia, and aldosterone-producing renin responsive adenomas. Glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism and isolated aldosterone-producing adrenal carcinoma are rare additional subtypes to be identified. Differentiation among these subtypes is a developing process that can be expected to continue to improve with new techniques and new understanding of underlying pathophysiology.
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