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Cencer CS, Robinson KL, Tyska MJ. Loss of intermicrovillar adhesion impairs basolateral junctional complexes in transporting epithelia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.19.585733. [PMID: 38562895 PMCID: PMC10983982 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.585733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Transporting epithelial cells in the gut and kidney rely on protocadherin-based apical adhesion complexes to organize microvilli that extend into the luminal space. In these systems, CDHR2 and CDHR5 localize to the distal ends of microvilli, where they form an intermicrovillar adhesion complex (IMAC) that links the tips of these structures, promotes the formation of a well-ordered array of protrusions, and in turn maximizes apical membrane surface area. Recently, we discovered that IMACs can also form between microvilli that extend from neighboring cells, across cell-cell junctions. As an additional point of physical contact between cells, transjunctional IMACs are well positioned to impact the integrity of canonical tight and adherens junctions that form more basolaterally. Here, we sought to test this idea using cell culture and mouse models that lacked CDHR2 expression and were unable to form IMACs. CDHR2 knockout perturbed cell and junction morphology, led to loss of key components from tight and adherens junctions, and impaired barrier function and wound healing. These results indicate that, in addition to organizing apical microvilli, IMACs provide a layer of cell-cell contact that functions in parallel with canonical tight and adherens junctions to support the physiological functions of transporting epithelia.
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2
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Korczak M, Roszkowski P, Skowrońska W, Żołdak KM, Popowski D, Granica S, Piwowarski JP. Urolithin A conjugation with NSAIDs inhibits its glucuronidation and maintains improvement of Caco-2 monolayers' barrier function. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115932. [PMID: 38000358 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Urolithin A (UA) is an ellagitannin-derived postbiotic metabolite which emerged as a promising health-boosting agent, promoting mitophagy, improving skeletal muscle function, and suppressing the inflammatory response. However, phase II intestinal metabolism severely limits its biopotency, leading to the formation of nonactive glucuronides. To address this constraint, a set of new UA derivatives (UADs), conjugated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), was synthesized. The bioavailability and inhibitory activity of UADs against UA-glucuronidation were evaluated using differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers. Parallelly, after the administration of tested substances, the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of the cell monolayers was continuously monitored using the CellZscope device. Though investigated UADs did not penetrate Caco-2 monolayers, all of them significantly suppressed the glucuronidation rate of UA, while conjugates with diclofenac increased the concentration of free molecule on the basolateral side. Moreover, esters of UA with diclofenac (DicloUA) and aspirin (AspUA) positively influenced cell membrane integrity. Western blot analysis revealed that some UADs, including DicloUA, increased the expression of pore-sealing tight junction proteins and decreased the level of pore-forming claudin-2, which may contribute to their beneficial activity towards the barrier function. To provide comprehensive insight into the mechanism of action of DicloUA, Caco-2 cells were subjected to transcriptomic analysis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) uncovered substantial changes in the expression of genes involved, for instance, in multivesicular body organization and zinc ion homeostasis. The results presented in this study offer new perspectives on the beneficial effects of modifying UA's structure on its intestinal metabolism and bioactivity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Korczak
- Microbiota Lab, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Weronika Skowrońska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Dominik Popowski
- Microbiota Lab, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Ahn M, Cho WW, Lee H, Park W, Lee SH, Back JW, Gao Q, Gao G, Cho DW, Kim BS. Engineering of Uniform Epidermal Layers via Sacrificial Gelatin Bioink-Assisted 3D Extrusion Bioprinting of Skin. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301015. [PMID: 37537366 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
To reconstruct an ideal full-thickness skin model, basal keratinocytes must be distributed as a confluent monolayer on the dermis. However, the currently available extrusion bioprinting method for the skin is limited when producing an air-exposed cellular monolayer because the cells are encapsulated within a bioink. This is the first study to use sacrificial gelatin-assisted extrusion bioprinting to reproduce a uniform and stratified epidermal layer. Experimental analyses of the rheological properties, printability, cell viability, and initial keratinocyte adhesion shows that the optimal gelatin bioink concentration is 4 wt.%. The appropriate thickness of the bioprinted gelatin structure for achieving a confluent keratinocyte layer is determined to be 400 µm. The suggested strategy generates a uniform keratinocyte monolayer with tight junctions throughout the central and peripheral regions, whereas manual seeding generates non-uniform cellular aggregates and vacancies. These results influence gene expression, exhibiting a propensity for epidermal differentiation. Finally, the gelatin-assisted keratinocytes are bioprinted onto a dermis composed of gelatin methacryloyl and dermis-derived decellularized extracellular matrix to establish a full-thickness skin model. Thus, this strategy leads to significant improvements in epidermal differentiation/stratification. The findings demonstrate that the gelatin-assisted approach is advantageous for recreating reliable full-thickness skin models with significant consistency for mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Ahn
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 626841, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanju Lee
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 626841, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbin Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyeon Lee
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 626841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woo Back
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 626841, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiqi Gao
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ge Gao
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dong-Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Soo Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 626841, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 626841, Republic of Korea
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4
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Li M, Sun L, Liu Z, Shen Z, Cao Y, Han L, Sang S, Wang J. 3D bioprinting of heterogeneous tissue-engineered skin containing human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2461-2477. [PMID: 36762551 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm02092k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printed skin substitutes have great potential for wound healing. However, current 3D printed skin models are limited in simulating heterogeneity and complexity of skin tissue due to the lack of customized bioinks optimized for different skin layers. Herein, different gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)/nano-cellulose (BNC) bioink formulations were used to develop heterogeneous tissue-engineered skin (HTS) containing layers of fibroblast networks with larger pores, basal layers with smaller pores, and multilayered keratinocytes. The results revealed that the 10%GelMA/0.3%BNC bioink was better to model bioprinted dermis due to its high printability and cell-friendly sparse microenvironment. Additionally, the 10%GelMA/1.5%BNC bioink as the basal layer presented a dense network and sufficient material stiffness to support the establishment of keratinocyte confluent monolayers. The HTS not only had the ability to remodel the extracellular matrix but also supported epidermis reconstruction and stratification in vitro, with the epidermal thickness growing to 80 μm after 14 days. Furthermore, the full-thickness wound healing experiments demonstrated that the HTS promoted granulation tissue regeneration and improved wound healing quality. The generated skin of the HTS group had hair follicles and early-stage rete ridge structures, which were similar to normal skin in vivo. The HTS may deliver effective skin grafts for future clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China.
| | - Lei Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China. .,Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - Zixian Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China. .,Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - Zhizhong Shen
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China. .,Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan, 030031, PR China
| | - Yanyan Cao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China. .,Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan, 030031, PR China.,College of Information Science and Engineering, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, PR China
| | - Lu Han
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China. .,Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan, 030031, PR China
| | - Shengbo Sang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China. .,Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - Jianming Wang
- General Hospital of TISCO, North Street, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan 030809, PR China.
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5
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Ballegaard ASR, Bøgh KL. Intestinal protein uptake and IgE-mediated food allergy. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112150. [PMID: 36596102 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy is affecting 5-8% of young children and 2-4% of adults and seems to be increasing in prevalence. The cause of the increase in food allergy is largely unknown but proposed to be influenced by both environmental and lifestyle factors. Changes in intestinal barrier functions and increased uptake of dietary proteins have been suggested to have a great impact on food allergy. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the gastrointestinal digestion and intestinal barrier function and provide a more detailed description of intestinal protein uptake, including the various routes of epithelial transport, how it may be affected by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and the relation to food allergy. Further, we give an overview of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo techniques available for evaluation of intestinal protein uptake and gut permeability in general. Proteins are digested by gastric, pancreatic and integral brush border enzymes in order to allow for sufficient nutritional uptake. Absorption and transport of dietary proteins across the epithelial layer is known to be dependent on the physicochemical properties of the proteins and their digestion fragments themselves, such as size, solubility and aggregation status. It is believed, that the greater an amount of intact protein or larger peptide fragments that is transported through the epithelial layer, and thus encountered by the mucosal immune system in the gut, the greater is the risk of inducing an adverse allergic response. Proteins may be absorbed across the epithelial barrier by means of various mechanisms, and studies have shown that a transcellular facilitated transport route unique for food allergic individuals are at play for transport of allergens, and that upon mediator release from mast cells an enhanced allergen transport via the paracellular route occurs. This is in contrast to healthy individuals where transcytosis through the enterocytes is the main route of protein uptake. Thus, knowledge on factors affecting intestinal barrier functions and methods for the determination of their impact on protein uptake may be useful in future allergenicity assessments and for development of future preventive and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrine Lindholm Bøgh
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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6
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Liu Z, Lansley AB, Duong TN, Smart JD, Pannala AS. Increasing Cellular Uptake and Permeation of Curcumin Using a Novel Polymer-Surfactant Formulation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121739. [PMID: 36551167 PMCID: PMC9775279 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several therapeutically active molecules are poorly water-soluble, thereby creating a challenge for pharmaceutical scientists to develop an active solution for their oral drug delivery. This study aimed to investigate the potential for novel polymer-surfactant-based formulations (designated A and B) to improve the solubility and permeability of curcumin. A solubility study and characterization studies (FTIR, DSC and XRD) were conducted for the various formulations. The cytotoxicity of formulations and commercial comparators was tested via MTT and LDH assays, and their permeability by in vitro drug transport and cellular drug uptake was established using the Caco-2 cell model. The apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) are considered a good indicator of drug permeation. However, it can be argued that the magnitude of Papp, when used to reflect the permeability of the cells to the drug, can be influenced by the initial drug concentration (C0) in the donor chamber. Therefore, Papp (suspension) and Papp (solution) were calculated based on the different values of C0. It was clear that Papp (solution) can more accurately reflect drug permeation than Papp (suspension). Formulation A, containing Soluplus® and vitamin E TPGs, significantly increased the permeation and cellular uptake of curcumin compared to other samples, which is believed to be related to the increased aqueous solubility of the drug in this formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqi Liu
- Biomaterials and Drug Delivery Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Alison B. Lansley
- Biomaterials and Drug Delivery Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Tu Ngoc Duong
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - John D. Smart
- Biomaterials and Drug Delivery Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Ananth S. Pannala
- Biomaterials and Drug Delivery Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
- Correspondence:
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7
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Almeida A, Linares V, Mora-Castaño G, Casas M, Caraballo I, Sarmento B. 3D printed systems for colon-specific delivery of camptothecin-loaded chitosan micelles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 167:48-56. [PMID: 34280496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of 3D printing technology in the manufacturing of drug delivery systems has expanded and benefit of a customized care. The ability to create tailor-made structures filled with drugs/delivery systems with suitable drug dosage is especially appealing in the field of nanomedicine. In this work, chitosan-based polymeric micelles loaded with camptothecin (CPT) were incorporated into 3D printing systems (printfills) sealed with an enteric layer, aiming to protect the nanosystems from the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Polymeric micelles and printfills were fully characterized and, a simulated digestion of the 3D systems upon an oral administration was performed. The printfills maintained intact at the simulated gastric pH of the stomach and, only released the micelles at the colonic pH. From there, the dissolution media was used to recreate the intestinal absorption and, chitosan micelles showed a significant increase of the CPT permeability compared to the free drug, reaching an apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of around 9×10-6 cm/s in a 3D intestinal cell-based model. The combination of 3D printing with nanotechnology appears to have great potential for the colon-specific release of polymeric micelles, thereby increasing intestinal absorption while protecting the system/drug from degradation throughout the GIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Almeida
- INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vicente Linares
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Gloria Mora-Castaño
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Casas
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Isidoro Caraballo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central da Gandra, 137, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
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8
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Zhao J, Zhou T, Lu JZ, Ye D, Mu S, Tian XH, Zhang WD, Ma BL. Intra-Herb Interactions: Primary Metabolites in Coptidis Rhizoma Extract Improved the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Berberine Hydrochloride in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:675368. [PMID: 34163360 PMCID: PMC8215677 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.675368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary plant metabolites can be used for artificial preparation of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs), which have strong dissolving capacity, good biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In this study, for the first time, we verified that NADESs were present in Coptidis Rhizoma extract and systematically investigated its effects and mechanisms on the pharmacokinetics of oral berberine hydrochloride (BBR), a co-existing bioactive constituent. First, three LC-MS/MS based methods were established and fully validated to determine the levels of 11 primary metabolites in Coptidis Rhizoma extract. According to the weight ratio of four major primary metabolites in the Coptidis Rhizoma extract, a stable “endogenous” NADES was prepared using the heating method by the addition of 350 μl of water to 1,307.8 mg of the mixture of malic acid (490.5 mg), glucose (280.6 mg), sucrose (517.7 mg), and choline chloride (19.0 mg). The prepared NADES showed significant acute toxicity in mice and cytotoxicity in MDCK-MDR1 cells. However, after being diluted 10 times or 100 times, the NADES had no significant acute toxicity or cytotoxicity, respectively. The dilutions of the NADES significantly increased the water solubility of BBR, reduced its efflux in gut sacs and MDCK-MDR1 cell monolayer, and improved its metabolic stability in intestinal S9. In addition, the NADES dilutions reversibly opened the tight junctions between the enterocytes in the gut sacs. Moreover, the NADES dilutions significantly improved the exposure levels of BBR in the portal vein and livers of mice that were administered oral BBR. Malic acid was identified as a major component in the NADES in terms of solubility, acute toxicity, cytotoxicity, and pharmacokinetic-improving effects on oral BBR. In conclusion, the primary metabolites of Coptidis Rhizoma extract could form “endogenous” NADES, and its dilutions improve the pharmacokinetics of oral BBR. This study demonstrates the synergistic interaction of the constituents of Coptidis Rhizoma extract and the potential use of the NADES dilutions in oral BBR delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Ze Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Mu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Hui Tian
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Liang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Crudo F, Barilli A, Mena P, Rotoli BM, Rio DD, Dall'Asta C, Dellafiora L. An in vitro study on the transport and phase II metabolism of the mycotoxin alternariol in combination with the structurally related gut microbial metabolite urolithin C. Toxicol Lett 2021; 340:15-22. [PMID: 33421552 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alternariol is a mycotoxin produced by Alternaria spp. relevant to the food safety area due to its abundance in certain foods. The shortage of data on its toxicology, also as a part of chemical mixtures, prevents setting regulation to limit its abundance in food. To extend knowledge on the possible mechanisms underpinning alternariol toxicology in chemical mixtures, this work assessed the effects of urolithin C, a structurally related gut ellagitannin-derived metabolite, on its absorption and phase II metabolism in a monolayer of Caco-2 cells. A computational study was also used to provide a mechanistic explanation for the results obtained. Urolithin C influenced transport and phase II metabolism of alternariol with a late reduction of transport to the basolateral compartment. Moreover, it caused an early effect in terms of accumulation of alternariol glucuronides in the basolateral compartment, followed by a late reduction of glucuronides in both compartments. Concerning alternariol sulfates, the data collected pointed to a possible competition of urolithin C for the sulfotransferases resulting in a reduced production of alternariol sulfates. Our results provide a compelling line-of-evidence pointing to the need to systematically tackle the evaluation of mycotoxin toxicity in the context of chemical mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Crudo
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco Delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Amelia Barilli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Rotoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco Delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco Delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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10
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Linz G, Djeljadini S, Steinbeck L, Köse G, Kiessling F, Wessling M. Cell barrier characterization in transwell inserts by electrical impedance spectroscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112345. [PMID: 32513645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe an impedance-based method for cell barrier integrity testing. A four-electrode electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) setup can be realized by simply connecting a commercial chopstick-like electrode (STX-1) to a potentiostat allowing monitoring cell barriers cultivated in transwell inserts. Subsequent electric circuit modeling of the electrical impedance results the capacitive properties of the barrier next to the well-known transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). The versatility of the new method was analyzed by the EIS analysis of a Caco-2 monolayer in response to (a) different membrane coating materials, (b) two different permeability enhancers ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and saponin, and (c) sonoporation. For the different membrane coating materials, the TEERs of the standard and new protocol coincide and increase during cultivation, while the capacitance shows a distinct maximum for three different surface materials (no coating, Matrigel®, and collagen I). The permeability enhancers cause a decline in the TEER value, but only saponin alters the capacitance of the cell layer by two orders of magnitude. Hence, cell layer capacitance and TEER represent two independent properties characterizing the monolayer. The use of commercial chopstick-like electrodes to access the impedance of a barrier cultivated in transwell inserts enables remarkable insight into the behavior of the cellular barrier with no extra work for the researcher. This simple method could evolve into a standard protocol used in cell barrier research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Linz
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik-Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstrasse 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Suzana Djeljadini
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik-Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstrasse 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lea Steinbeck
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik-Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstrasse 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gurbet Köse
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik-Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstrasse 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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11
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Bhatia S, Wang P, Toh A, Thompson EW. New Insights Into the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity and EMT in Driving Cancer Progression. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:71. [PMID: 32391381 PMCID: PMC7190792 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells demonstrate substantial plasticity in their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) can be characterized into dynamic intermediate states and can be orchestrated by many factors, either intercellularly via epigenetic reprograming, or extracellularly via growth factors, inflammation and/or hypoxia generated by the tumor stromal microenvironment. EMP has the capability to alter phenotype and produce heterogeneity, and thus by changing the whole cancer landscape can attenuate oncogenic signaling networks, invoke anti-apoptotic features, defend against chemotherapeutics and reprogram angiogenic and immune recognition functions. We discuss here the role of phenotypic plasticity in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis and provide an update of the modalities utilized for the molecular characterization of the EMT states and attributes of cellular behavior, including cellular metabolism, in the context of EMP. We also summarize recent findings in dynamic EMP studies that provide new insights into the phenotypic plasticity of EMP flux in cancer and propose therapeutic strategies to impede the metastatic outgrowth of phenotypically heterogeneous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Bhatia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peiyu Wang
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan Toh
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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Synergistic Mechanisms of Constituents in Herbal Extracts during Intestinal Absorption: Focus on Natural Occurring Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020128. [PMID: 32028739 PMCID: PMC7076514 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The systematic separation strategy has long and widely been applied in the research and development of herbal medicines. However, the pharmacological effects of many bioactive constituents are much weaker than those of the corresponding herbal extracts. Thus, there is a consensus that purer herbal extracts are sometimes less effective. Pharmacological loss of purified constituents is closely associated with their significantly reduced intestinal absorption after oral administration. In this review, pharmacokinetic synergies among constituents in herbal extracts during intestinal absorption were systematically summarized to broaden the general understanding of the pharmaceutical nature of herbal medicines. Briefly, some coexisting constituents including plant-produced primary and secondary metabolites, promote the intestinal absorption of active constituents by improving solubility, inhibiting first-pass elimination mediated by drug-metabolizing enzymes or drug transporters, increasing the membrane permeability of enterocytes, and reversibly opening the paracellular tight junction between enterocytes. Moreover, some coexisting constituents change the forms of bioactive constituents via mechanisms including the formation of natural nanoparticles. This review will focus on explaining this new synergistic mechanism. Thus, herbal extracts can be considered mixtures of bioactive compounds and pharmacokinetic synergists. This review may provide ideas and strategies for further research and development of herbal medicines.
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13
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A unified in vitro test system for the assessment of tight junction modulators. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:353-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Uncoupling Traditional Functionalities of Metastasis: The Parting of Ways with Real-Time Assays. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070941. [PMID: 31261795 PMCID: PMC6678138 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental evaluation of metastasis overly focuses on the gain of migratory and invasive properties, while disregarding the contributions of cellular plasticity, extra-cellular matrix heterogeneity, niche interactions, and tissue architecture. Traditional cell-based assays often restrict the inclusion of these processes and warrant the implementation of approaches that provide an enhanced spatiotemporal resolution of the metastatic cascade. Time lapse imaging represents such an underutilized approach in cancer biology, especially in the context of disease progression. The inclusion of time lapse microscopy and microfluidic devices in routine assays has recently discerned several nuances of the metastatic cascade. Our review emphasizes that a complete comprehension of metastasis in view of evolving ideologies necessitates (i) the use of appropriate, context-specific assays and understanding their inherent limitations; (ii) cautious derivation of inferences to avoid erroneous/overestimated clinical extrapolations; (iii) corroboration between multiple assay outputs to gauge metastatic potential; and (iv) the development of protocols with improved in situ implications. We further believe that the adoption of improved quantitative approaches in these assays can generate predictive algorithms that may expedite therapeutic strategies targeting metastasis via the development of disease relevant model systems. Such approaches could potentiate the restructuring of the cancer metastasis paradigm through an emphasis on the development of next-generation real-time assays.
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15
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Moreno-Olivas F, Tako E, Mahler GJ. ZnO nanoparticles affect nutrient transport in an in vitro model of the small intestine. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 124:112-127. [PMID: 30503572 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nano-sized zinc oxide (ZnO) is present in food packaging, putting consumers at risk of ingestion. There is little information on the amount of ZnO nanoparticles (NP) present in food packaging and the effects of ZnO NP ingestion on intestinal function. To estimate physiologically relevant ZnO NP exposures from food that are commonly packaged with ZnO NP, food samples were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). An in vitro model of the small intestine was used to investigate the effects of ZnO NP exposure. Cells were exposed to pristine NP in culture medium and to NP subjected to an in vitro digestion process to better reflect the transformation that the NP undergo in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The findings show that a physiologically relevant dose of ZnO NP can cause a significant decrease in glucose transport, which is consistent with gene expression changes for the basolateral glucose transporter GLUT2. There is also evidence that the ZnO NP affect the microvilli of the intestinal cells, therefore reducing the amount of surface area available to absorb nutrients. These results suggest that the ingestion of ZnO NP can alter nutrient absorption in an in vitro model of the human small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Moreno-Olivas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Elad Tako
- Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
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16
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Richter JW, Shull GM, Fountain JH, Guo Z, Musselman LP, Fiumera AC, Mahler GJ. Titanium dioxide nanoparticle exposure alters metabolic homeostasis in a cell culture model of the intestinal epithelium and Drosophila melanogaster. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:390-406. [PMID: 29600885 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1457189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a common additive in food and cosmetic products. The goal of this study was to investigate if TiO2 nanoparticles affect intestinal epithelial tissues, normal intestinal function, or metabolic homeostasis using in vitro and in vivo methods. An in vitro model of intestinal epithelial tissue was created by seeding co-cultures of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells on a Transwell permeable support. These experiments were repeated with monolayers that had been cultured with the beneficial commensal bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (L. rhamnosus). Glucose uptake and transport in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles was assessed using fluorescent glucose analog 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG). When the cell monolayers were exposed to physiologically relevant doses of TiO2, a statistically significant reduction in glucose transport was observed. These differences in glucose absorption were eliminated in the presence of beneficial bacteria. The decrease in glucose absorption was caused by damage to intestinal microvilli, which decreased the surface area available for absorption. Damage to microvilli was ameliorated in the presence of L. rhamnosus. Complimentary studies in Drosophila melanogaster showed that TiO2 ingestion resulted in decreased body size and glucose content. The results suggest that TiO2 nanoparticles alter glucose transport across the intestinal epithelium, and that TiO2 nanoparticle ingestion may have physiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Richter
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Binghamton University , Binghamton , NY , USA
| | - Gabriella M Shull
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Binghamton University , Binghamton , NY , USA
| | - John H Fountain
- b Department of Biological Sciences , Binghamton University , Binghamton , NY , USA
| | - Zhongyuan Guo
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Binghamton University , Binghamton , NY , USA
| | - Laura P Musselman
- b Department of Biological Sciences , Binghamton University , Binghamton , NY , USA
| | - Anthony C Fiumera
- b Department of Biological Sciences , Binghamton University , Binghamton , NY , USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Binghamton University , Binghamton , NY , USA
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17
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Kim BS, Kwon YW, Kong JS, Park GT, Gao G, Han W, Kim MB, Lee H, Kim JH, Cho DW. 3D cell printing of in vitro stabilized skin model and in vivo pre-vascularized skin patch using tissue-specific extracellular matrix bioink: A step towards advanced skin tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2018; 168:38-53. [PMID: 29614431 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
3D cell-printing technique has been under spotlight as an appealing biofabrication platform due to its ability to precisely pattern living cells in pre-defined spatial locations. In skin tissue engineering, a major remaining challenge is to seek for a suitable source of bioink capable of supporting and stimulating printed cells for tissue development. However, current bioinks for skin printing rely on homogeneous biomaterials, which has several shortcomings such as insufficient mechanical properties and recapitulation of microenvironment. In this study, we investigated the capability of skin-derived extracellular matrix (S-dECM) bioink for 3D cell printing-based skin tissue engineering. S-dECM was for the first time formulated as a printable material and retained the major ECM compositions of skin as well as favorable growth factors and cytokines. This bioink was used to print a full thickness 3D human skin model. The matured 3D cell-printed skin tissue using S-dECM bioink was stabilized with minimal shrinkage, whereas the collagen-based skin tissue was significantly contracted during in vitro tissue culture. This physical stabilization and the tissue-specific microenvironment from our bioink improved epidermal organization, dermal ECM secretion, and barrier function. We further used this bioink to print 3D pre-vascularized skin patch able to promote in vivo wound healing. In vivo results revealed that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs)-laden 3D-printed skin patch together with adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) accelerates wound closure, re-epithelization, and neovascularization as well as blood flow. We envision that the results of this paper can provide an insightful step towards the next generation source for bioink manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Woo Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sik Kong
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Tae Park
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonil Han
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Bum Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungseok Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Higham A, Bostock D, Booth G, Dungwa JV, Singh D. The effect of electronic cigarette and tobacco smoke exposure on COPD bronchial epithelial cell inflammatory responses. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 13:989-1000. [PMID: 29615835 PMCID: PMC5870631 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s157728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are used to help smoking cessation. However, these devices contain harmful chemicals, and there are safety concerns. We have investigated the effects of e-cigs on the inflammatory response and viability of COPD bronchial epithelial cells (BECs). Methods BECs from COPD patients and controls were exposed to e-cig vapor extract (ECVE) and the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, C-X-C motif ligand 8 (CXCL8), and lactate dehydrogenase release were measured. We also examined the effect of ECVE pretreatment on polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C)-stimulated cytokine release from BECs. Parallel experiments using Calu-3 cells were performed. Comparisons were made with cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Results ECVE and CSE caused an increase in the release of IL-6 and CXCL8 from Calu-3 cells. ECVE only caused toxicity in BECs and Calu-3 cells. Furthermore, ECVE and CSE dampened poly I:C-stimulated C-X-C motif ligand 10 release from both cell culture models, reaching statistical significance for CSE at an optical density of 0.3. Conclusion ECVE caused toxicity and reduced the antiviral response to poly I:C. This raises concerns over the safety of e-cig use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Higham
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Medicines Evaluation Unit, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Declan Bostock
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - George Booth
- Medicines Evaluation Unit, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Josiah V Dungwa
- Medicines Evaluation Unit, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dave Singh
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Medicines Evaluation Unit, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
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19
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Moreno-Olivas F, Tako E, Mahler GJ. ZnO nanoparticles affect intestinal function in an in vitro model. Food Funct 2018; 9:1475-1491. [PMID: 29493670 PMCID: PMC5862782 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo02038d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) may be present in food packaging, which would put consumers at risk of NP ingestion. There is little information on the amount of ZnO NP that are present in food packaging and the effects of ZnO exposure on intestinal function. To estimate physiologically relevant ZnO exposures, foods that are naturally low in zinc (Zn), but are commonly packaged with ZnO NP, such as tuna, corn, and asparagus, were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). It was found that the Zn present in a serving of these foods is approximately one hundred times higher than the recommended dietary allowance. An in vitro model of the small intestine composed of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells was used to investigate the effects of ZnO NP exposure. Cells were exposed to physiologically realistic doses of pristine NP in culture medium and to NP subjected to an in vitro digestion to better reflect the transformation that the NP may undergo once they enter the human GI tract. Uptake and/or transport of iron (Fe), Zn, glucose, and fatty acids were assessed and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) levels were measured before and after NP exposure. The findings show that there is a 75% decrease in Fe transport and a 30% decrease in glucose transport following ZnO NP exposure. These decreases were consistent with gene expression changes for their transporters. There is also evidence that the ZnO NP affect the microvilli of the intestinal cells, therefore reducing the amount of surface area available to absorb nutrients. These results suggest that the ingestion of physiologically relevant doses of ZnO NP can alter intestinal function in an in vitro model of the human small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Moreno-Olivas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
| | - Elad Tako
- Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
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20
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Amadeu de Oliveira F, MacVinish LJ, Amin S, Herath D, Jeggle P, Mela I, Pieri M, Sharma C, Jarvis GE, Levy FM, Santesso MR, Khan ZN, Leite AL, Oliveira RC, Buzalaf MAR, Edwardson JM. The effect of fluoride on the structure, function, and proteome of intestinal epithelia. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:63-71. [PMID: 29068160 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride exposure is widespread, with drinking water commonly containing natural and artificially added sources of the ion. Ingested fluoride undergoes absorption across the gastric and intestinal epithelia. Previous studies have reported adverse gastrointestinal effects with high levels of fluoride exposure. Here, we examined the effects of fluoride on the transepithelial ion transport and resistance of three intestinal epithelia. We used the Caco-2 cell line as a model of human intestinal epithelium, and rat and mouse colonic epithelia for purposes of comparison. Fluoride caused a concentration-dependent decline in forskolin-induced Cl- secretion and transepithelial resistance of Caco-2 cell monolayers, with an IC50 for fluoride of about 3 mM for both parameters. In the presence of 5 mM fluoride, transepithelial resistance fell exponentially with time, with a t1/2 of about 7 hours. Subsequent imaging by immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy showed structural abnormalities in Caco-2 cell monolayers exposed to fluoride. The Young's modulus of the epithelium was not affected by fluoride, although proteomic analysis revealed changes in expression of a number of proteins, particularly those involved in cell-cell adhesion. In line with its effects on Caco-2 cell monolayers, fluoride, at 5 mM, also had profound effects on Cl- secretion and transepithelial resistance of both rat and mouse colonic epithelia. Our results show that treatment with fluoride has major effects on the structure, function, and proteome of intestinal epithelia, but only at concentrations considerably higher than those likely to be encountered in vivo, when much lower fluoride doses are normally ingested on a chronic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Amadeu de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lesley J MacVinish
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simran Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Duleni Herath
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Jeggle
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ioanna Mela
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Pieri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chetanya Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin E Jarvis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Flávia M Levy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana R Santesso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zohaib N Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline L Leite
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília A R Buzalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Michael Edwardson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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21
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Food contact materials and gut health: Implications for toxicity assessment and relevance of high molecular weight migrants. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:1-18. [PMID: 28830834 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gut health is determined by an intact epithelial barrier and balanced gut microbiota, both involved in the regulation of immune responses in the gut. Disruption of this system contributes to the etiology of various non-communicable diseases, including intestinal, metabolic, and autoimmune disorders. Studies suggest that some direct food additives, but also some food contaminants, such as pesticide residues and substances migrating from food contact materials (FCMs), may adversely affect the gut barrier or gut microbiota. Here, we focus on gut-related effects of FCM-relevant substances (e.g. surfactants, N-ring containing substances, nanoparticles, and antimicrobials) and show that gut health is an underappreciated target in the toxicity assessment of FCMs. Understanding FCMs' impact on gut health requires more attention to ensure safety and prevent gut-related chronic diseases. Our review further points to the existence of large population subgroups with an increased intestinal permeability; this may lead to higher uptake of compounds of not only low (<1000 Da) but also high (>1000 Da) molecular weight. We discuss the potential toxicological relevance of high molecular weight compounds in the gut and suggest that the scientific justification for the application of a molecular weight-based cut-off in risk assessment of FCMs should be reevaluated.
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22
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Study on the uptake and deglycosylation of the masked forms of zearalenone in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:232-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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In vitro toxicity assessment of oral nanocarriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:381-401. [PMID: 27544694 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The fascinating properties of nanomaterials opened new frontiers in medicine. Nanocarriers are useful systems in transporting drugs to site-specific targets. The unique physico-chemical characteristics making nanocarriers promising devices to treat diseases may also be responsible for potential adverse effects. In order to develop functional nano-based drug delivery systems, efficacy and safety should be carefully evaluated. To date, no common testing strategy to address nanomaterial toxicological challenges has been generated. Different cell culture models are currently used to evaluate nanocarrier safety using conventional in vitro assays, but overall they have generated a huge amount of conflicting data. In this review we describe state-of-the-art approaches for in vitro testing of orally administered nanocarriers, highlighting the importance of developing harmonized and validated standard operating procedures. These procedures should be applied in a safe-by-design context with the aim to reduce and/or eliminate the uncertainties and risks associated with nanomedicine development.
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24
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Hwang PA, Phan NN, Lu WJ, Ngoc Hieu BT, Lin YC. Low-molecular-weight fucoidan and high-stability fucoxanthin from brown seaweed exert prebiotics and anti-inflammatory activities in Caco-2 cells. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:32033. [PMID: 27487850 PMCID: PMC4973444 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.32033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of low-molecular-weight fucoidan (LMF) and high-stability fucoxanthin (HS-Fucox) in a lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory Caco-2 cell line co-culture with B. lactis. METHODS We used various methods such as transepithelial resistance (TER) assay, cytokine secretion assay, and tight junction protein mRNA expression assay to examine LMF and HS-Fucox anti-inflammatory properties. RESULTS LMF and HS-Fucox activated probiotic growth and reduced the inflammation of the intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, the combination of LMFHS-Fucox dramatically enhanced the intestinal epithelial barrier and immune function against the lipopolysaccharide effect by inhibiting IL-1β and TNF-α and promoting IL-10 and IFN-γ. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that LMF and HS-Fucox, alone or in combination, could be the potential natural compounds to enhance the immune system and have an anti-inflammatory effect on the intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-An Hwang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Nam Nhut Phan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Hồ Chí Minh, Vietnam
| | - Wen-Jung Lu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Bui Thi Ngoc Hieu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan;
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25
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Herb-partitioned moxibustion upregulated the expression of colonic epithelial tight junction-related proteins in Crohn's disease model rats. Chin Med 2016; 11:20. [PMID: 27118991 PMCID: PMC4845475 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-016-0090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herb-partitioned moxibustion (HPM) at Tianshu (ST25) and Qihai (RN6) has been used to treat Crohn's disease (CD). Injury to intestinal epithelial tight junctions (TJs) is the leading cause of CD onset with under expression of TJ-related proteins such as occludin, claudin-1, and zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1). This study aimed to investigate whether HPM can change the permeability of the intestinal epithelial barrier by affecting the expression of colonic epithelial TJ-related proteins in vitro. METHODS Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups of twelve rats: normal control (NC) group; model control (MC) group; herb-partitioned moxibustion (HPM) group; and mesalazine control (MESA) group. The rats in the latter three groups were given trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) enemas to establish CD models. The HPM group was treated with HPM at Tianshu (ST25) and Qihai (RN6) once daily for 14 consecutive days, while the MESA group was given mesalazine solution (at the proportion of 0.018:1) by lavage twice daily for the same period. After the treatment period, the colon tissues from all groups were partly processed for macroscopic damage assessment and histological observation, and partly purified and cultured in vitro to examine the permeability of the intestinal epithelial cell barrier by trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Western blot and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) analyses were performed to observe the expression of occludin, claudin-1, and ZO-1 proteins and mRNAs, respectively. RESULTS In the HPM and MESA groups, the typical CD macroscopic damage, i.e., inflammatory cell infiltration in colonic mucosa and submucosa, submucosal lymphoid follicular hyperplasia, hyperemia and edema, and morphological changes were improved to different degrees in the colonic tissues (HPM, MESA vs. MC for macroscopic score of colonic damage: all P < 0.001). The decreasing tendencies were minor for colonic TEER values (HPM, MESA vs. MC: all P < 0.001), and expression of intestinal epithelial TJ-related proteins (HPM, MESA vs. MC: all P < 0.05) and mRNAs (HPM, MESA vs. MC: all P < 0.05), especially in the HPM group (HPM vs. MESA for TEER values: P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS HPM at Tianshu (ST25) and Qihai (RN6) upregulated the expression of occludin, claudin-1, and ZO-1 in TNBS-induced CD model rats.
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Zhao X, Lang Q, Yildirimer L, Lin ZY(W, Cui W, Annabi N, Ng KW, Dokmeci MR, Ghaemmaghami AM, Khademhosseini A. Photocrosslinkable Gelatin Hydrogel for Epidermal Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:108-18. [PMID: 25880725 PMCID: PMC4608855 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Natural hydrogels are promising scaffolds to engineer epidermis. Currently, natural hydrogels used to support epidermal regeneration are mainly collagen- or gelatin-based, which mimic the natural dermal extracellular matrix but often suffer from insufficient and uncontrollable mechanical and degradation properties. In this study, a photocrosslinkable gelatin (i.e., gelatin methacrylamide (GelMA)) with tunable mechanical, degradation, and biological properties is used to engineer the epidermis for skin tissue engineering applications. The results reveal that the mechanical and degradation properties of the developed hydrogels can be readily modified by varying the hydrogel concentration, with elastic and compressive moduli tuned from a few kPa to a few hundred kPa, and the degradation times varied from a few days to several months. Additionally, hydrogels of all concentrations displayed excellent cell viability (>90%) with increasing cell adhesion and proliferation corresponding to increases in hydrogel concentrations. Furthermore, the hydrogels are found to support keratinocyte growth, differentiation, and stratification into a reconstructed multilayered epidermis with adequate barrier functions. The robust and tunable properties of GelMA hydrogels suggest that the keratinocyte laden hydrogels can be used as epidermal substitutes, wound dressings, or substrates to construct various in vitro skin models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Qi Lang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Lara Yildirimer
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Zhi Yuan (William) Lin
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, 708 Renmin Rd, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N4.1 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mehmet R. Dokmeci
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Amir M. Ghaemmaghami
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
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Netsomboon K, Laffleur F, Suchaoin W, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Novel in vitro transport method for screening the reversibility of P-glycoprotein inhibitors. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 100:9-14. [PMID: 26692501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish a novel in vitro method for screening reversibility of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors. Caco-2 cells with 21days of cultivation were used as an in vitro model. Transport of rhodamine 123 in the presence of various inhibitors and after removing of inhibitors was determined. Transport of rhodamine 123 at 4°C and in the secretory direction assured that Caco-2 cells exhibited P-gp function at all time of experiment. The apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of rhodamine 123 in the presence of verapamil, cyclosporin A, ritonavir, quinidine, N-ethylmaleimide, Cremophor® EL, Tween 80 and poly(acrylic acid)-cysteine-2-mercaptonicotinic acid (PAA-cys-2MNA) was 2.3-, 3.8-, 2.3-, 3.1, 7.5-, 2.1-, 2.9- and 2.5-fold higher than Papp of rhodamine 123 alone. After removing of the inhibitors, Papp decreased to the same range of control except in the case of N-ethylmaleimide which was 2.4-fold higher than the control. These results revealed a reversible inhibition of verapamil, cyclosporin A, ritonavir, quinidine, Cremophor® EL, Tween 80 and PAA-cys-2MNA and an irreversible inhibition of N-ethylmaleimide for P-gp. Thus, this novel established that in vitro method might be an effective tool for screening the reversibility of inhibition of P-gp inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesinee Netsomboon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Flavia Laffleur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wongsakorn Suchaoin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Friha I, Bradai M, Johnson D, Hilal N, Loukil S, Ben Amor F, Feki F, Han J, Isoda H, Sayadi S. Treatment of textile wastewater by submerged membrane bioreactor: In vitro bioassays for the assessment of stress response elicited by raw and reclaimed wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 160:184-92. [PMID: 26108634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) system for the treatment of textile wastewater was investigated. The MBR was continuously operated for 7 months. Very high treatment efficiencies were achieved (color, 100%; chemical oxygen demand (COD), 98%; biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), 96%; suspended solids (SS), 100%). Furthermore, the MBR treatment efficiency was analyzed from a toxicological-risk assessment point of view, via different In vitro bioassays using Caco-2 cells, a widely used cell model in toxicological studies. Results showed that MBR treatment significantly reduced the raw textile wastewater (RTWW) cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells by 53% for a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2 days. Additionally, the RTWW-induced disruption in the barrier function (BF) of the Caco-2 cell monolayer was also significantly reduced after MBR treatment under a HRT of 2 days (no disruption of BF was observed). Moreover, the effect of RTWW and treated wastewater on stress response was investigated using different stress genes: AHSA1, HSPD1, HSPA1A, HSPA5 and HSPA8. The cell exposure to RTWW significantly increased the expression of all used stress genes; interestingly, the treated wastewater (HRT 2 days) did not show any significant modulation of the stress genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Friha
- Environmental Bioprocesses Laboratory, AUF Regional Excellence Pole (AUF-PER-LBP), Sfax Biotechnology Centre, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Bradai
- Alliance for Research on North Africa (ARENA), Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Daniel Johnson
- Centre for Water Advanced Technologies and Environmental Research (CWATER), College of Engineering at Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Nidal Hilal
- Centre for Water Advanced Technologies and Environmental Research (CWATER), College of Engineering at Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Slim Loukil
- Environmental Bioprocesses Laboratory, AUF Regional Excellence Pole (AUF-PER-LBP), Sfax Biotechnology Centre, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Ben Amor
- Environmental Bioprocesses Laboratory, AUF Regional Excellence Pole (AUF-PER-LBP), Sfax Biotechnology Centre, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Firas Feki
- Environmental Bioprocesses Laboratory, AUF Regional Excellence Pole (AUF-PER-LBP), Sfax Biotechnology Centre, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Junkuy Han
- Alliance for Research on North Africa (ARENA), Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Alliance for Research on North Africa (ARENA), Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Environmental Bioprocesses Laboratory, AUF Regional Excellence Pole (AUF-PER-LBP), Sfax Biotechnology Centre, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3038, Tunisia.
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Chen S, Einspanier R, Schoen J. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER): a functional parameter to monitor the quality of oviduct epithelial cells cultured on filter supports. Histochem Cell Biol 2015. [PMID: 26223877 PMCID: PMC4628619 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cultivation of oviduct epithelial cells on porous filters fosters in vivo-like morphology and functionality. However, due to the optical properties of the filter materials and the cells’ columnar shape, cell quality is hard to assess via light microscopy. In this study, we aim to evaluate transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement as a prognostic quality indicator for the cultivation of porcine oviduct epithelial cells (POEC). POEC were maintained in four different types of media for 3 and 6 w to achieve diverse culture qualities, and TEER was measured before processing samples for histology. Culture quality was scored using morphological criteria (presence of cilia, confluence and cell polarity). We furthermore analyzed the correlation between cellular height (as a measure of apical–basal polarization) and TEER in fully differentiated routine cultures (biological variation) and in cultures with altered cellular height due to hormonal stimulation. Fully differentiated cultures possessed a moderate TEER between 500 and 1100 Ω*cm2. Only 5 % of cultures which exhibited TEER values in this defined range had poor quality. Sub-differentiated cultures showed either very low or excessively high TEER. We unveiled a highly significant (P < 0.0001) negative linear correlation between TEER and epithelial height in well-differentiated cultures (both routine and hormone stimulated group). This may point toward the interaction between tight junction assembly and epithelial apical–basal polarization. In conclusion, TEER is a straightforward quality indicator which could be routinely used to monitor the differentiation status of oviduct epithelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schoen
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Cajnko MM, Marušić M, Kisovec M, Rojko N, Benčina M, Caserman S, Anderluh G. Listeriolysin O Affects the Permeability of Caco-2 Monolayer in a Pore-Dependent and Ca2+-Independent Manner. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130471. [PMID: 26087154 PMCID: PMC4472510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food and soil-borne pathogen that secretes a pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO) as its major virulence factor. We tested the effects of LLO on an intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 and compared them to an unrelated pore-forming toxin equinatoxin II (EqtII). Results showed that apical application of both toxins causes a significant drop in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), with higher LLO concentrations or prolonged exposure time needed to achieve the same magnitude of response than with EqtII. The drop in TEER was due to pore formation and coincided with rearrangement of claudin-1 within tight junctions and associated actin cytoskeleton; however, no significant increase in permeability to fluorescein or 3 kDa FITC-dextran was observed. Influx of calcium after pore formation affected the magnitude of the drop in TEER. Both toxins exhibit similar effects on epithelium morphology and physiology. Importantly, LLO action upon the membrane is much slower and results in compromised epithelium on a longer time scale at lower concentrations than EqtII. This could favor listerial invasion in hosts resistant to E-cadherin related infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miša Mojca Cajnko
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Marušić
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matic Kisovec
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Rojko
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Benčina
- Laboratory for Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Caserman
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Da Silva LC, Da Silva TL, Antunes AH, Rezende KR. A Sensitive Medium-Throughput Method to Predict Intestinal Absorption in Humans Using Rat Intestinal Tissue Segments. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2807-12. [PMID: 25690454 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A range of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo approaches are currently used for drug development. Highly predictive human intestinal absorption models remain lagging behind the times because of numerous variables concerning permeability through gastrointestinal tract in humans. However, there is a clear need for a drug permeability model early in the drug development process that can balance the requirements for high throughput and effective predictive potential. The present study developed a medium throughput screening Snapwell (MTS-Snapwell) ex vivo model to provide an alternative method to classify drug permeability. Rat small intestine tissue segments were mounted in commercial Snapwell™ inserts. Unidirectional drug transport (A-B) was measured by collecting samples at different time points. Viability of intestinal tissue segments was measured by examining transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) and phenol red and caffeine transport. As a result, the apparent permeability (Papp; ×10(-6) cm/s) was determined for atenolol (10.7 ± 1.2), caffeine (17.6 ± 3.1), cimetidine (6.9 ± 0.1), metoprolol (12.6 ± 0.7), theophylline (15.3 ± 1.6) and, ranitidine (3.8 ± 0.4). All drugs were classified in high/low permeability according to Biopharmaceutics Classification System showing high correlation with human data (r = 0.89). These findings showed a high correlation with human data (r = 0.89), suggesting that this model has potential predictive capacity for paracellular and transcellular passively absorbed molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Cristina Da Silva
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Taynara Lourenço Da Silva
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Alisson Henrique Antunes
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Kênnia Rocha Rezende
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Lerner A, Matthias T. Changes in intestinal tight junction permeability associated with industrial food additives explain the rising incidence of autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:479-89. [PMID: 25676324 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmune diseases is increasing along with the expansion of industrial food processing and food additive consumption. The intestinal epithelial barrier, with its intercellular tight junction, controls the equilibrium between tolerance and immunity to non-self-antigens. As a result, particular attention is being placed on the role of tight junction dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD. Tight junction leakage is enhanced by many luminal components, commonly used industrial food additives being some of them. Glucose, salt, emulsifiers, organic solvents, gluten, microbial transglutaminase, and nanoparticles are extensively and increasingly used by the food industry, claim the manufacturers, to improve the qualities of food. However, all of the aforementioned additives increase intestinal permeability by breaching the integrity of tight junction paracellular transfer. In fact, tight junction dysfunction is common in multiple autoimmune diseases and the central part played by the tight junction in autoimmune diseases pathogenesis is extensively described. It is hypothesized that commonly used industrial food additives abrogate human epithelial barrier function, thus, increasing intestinal permeability through the opened tight junction, resulting in entry of foreign immunogenic antigens and activation of the autoimmune cascade. Future research on food additives exposure-intestinal permeability-autoimmunity interplay will enhance our knowledge of the common mechanisms associated with autoimmune progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Carmel Medical Center, B, Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel institute of Technology, Michal St, No. 7, Haifa 34362, Israel.
| | - Torsten Matthias
- Aesku.Kipp Institute, Mikroforum Ring 2, Wendelsheim 55234, Germany.
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Alvi MM, Chatterjee P. A prospective analysis of co-processed non-ionic surfactants in enhancing permeability of a model hydrophilic drug. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:339-53. [PMID: 24357111 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-0065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracellular route is a natural pathway for the transport of many hydrophilic drugs and macromolecules. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the ability of novel co-processed non-ionic surfactants to enhance the paracellular permeability of a model hydrophilic drug metformin using Caco-2 (human colonic adenocarcinoma) cell model. A three-tier screen was undertaken to evaluate the co-processed blends based on cytotoxicity, cellular integrity, and permeability coefficient. The relative contribution of the paracellular and the transcellular route in overall transport of metformin by co-processed blends was determined. Immunocytochemistry was conducted to determine the distribution of tight-junction protein claudin-1 after incubation with the co-processed blends. It was found that novel blends of Labrasol and Transcutol-P enhanced metformin permeability by approximately twofold with transient reduction in the transepithelia electrical resistance (TEER) and minimal cytotoxicity compared with the control, with the paracellular pathway as the major route of metformin transport. Maximum permeability of metformin (∼10-fold) was mediated by Tween-20 blends along with >75% reduction in the TEER which was irreversible over 24-h period. A shift in metformin transport from the paracellular to the transcellular route was observed with some Tween-20 blends. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed rearrangement of the cellular borders and fragmentation on treatment with Tween-20 blends. In conclusion, cytotoxicity, cellular integrity, and permeability of the hydrophilic drugs can be greatly influenced by the polyoxyethylene residues and medium chain fatty acids in the non-ionic surfactants at clinically relevant concentrations and therefore should be thoroughly investigated prior to their inclusion in formulations.
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Chau DYS, Johnson C, MacNeil S, Haycock JW, Ghaemmaghami AM. The development of a 3D immunocompetent model of human skin. Biofabrication 2013; 5:035011. [PMID: 23880658 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/5/3/035011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As the first line of defence, skin is regularly exposed to a variety of biological, physical and chemical insults. Therefore, determining the skin sensitization potential of new chemicals is of paramount importance from the safety assessment and regulatory point of view. Given the questionable biological relevance of animal models to human as well as ethical and regulatory pressure to limit or stop the use of animal models for safety testing, there is a need for developing simple yet physiologically relevant models of human skin. Herein, we describe the construction of a novel immunocompetent 3D human skin model comprising of dendritic cells co-cultured with keratinocytes and fibroblasts. This model culture system is simple to assemble with readily-available components and importantly, can be separated into its constitutive individual layers to allow further insight into cell-cell interactions and detailed studies of the mechanisms of skin sensitization. In this study, using non-degradable microfibre scaffolds and a cell-laden gel, we have engineered a multilayer 3D immunocompetent model comprised of keratinocytes and fibroblasts that are interspersed with dendritic cells. We have characterized this model using a combination of confocal microscopy, immuno-histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy and have shown differentiation of the epidermal layer and formation of an epidermal barrier. Crucially the immune cells in the model are able to migrate and remain responsive to stimulation with skin sensitizers even at low concentrations. We therefore suggest this new biologically relevant skin model will prove valuable in investigating the mechanisms of allergic contact dermatitis and other skin pathologies in human. Once fully optimized, this model can also be used as a platform for testing the allergenic potential of new chemicals and drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y S Chau
- Allergy Research Group, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Gamboa JM, Leong KW. In vitro and in vivo models for the study of oral delivery of nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:800-10. [PMID: 23415952 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oral delivery is an attractive route to deliver therapeutics via nanoparticles due to its ease of administration and patient compliance. This review discusses laboratory techniques for studying oral delivery of nanoparticles, which offer protection of cargo through the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the difficulties in modeling oral delivery include the harsh acidic environment, variable pH, and the tight monolayer of endothelial cells present throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The use of in vitro techniques including the Transwell ® system, simulated gastric/intestinal fluid, and diffusion chambers addresses these challenges. When studying effects after oral delivery in vivo, bioimaging of nanoparticle biodistribution using radioactive markers has been popular. Functional assays such as immune response and systemic protein concentration analysis can further define the merits of the oral delivery systems. As biologics become increasingly more important in chronic therapies, nanoparticle-mediated oral delivery will assume greater prominence, and more sophisticated in vitro and in vivo models will be required.
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Anti-inflammatory properties of fruit juices enriched with pine bark extract in an in vitro model of inflamed human intestinal epithelium: The effect of gastrointestinal digestion. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 53:94-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Vllasaliu D, Shubber S, Fowler R, Garnett M, Alexander C, Stolnik S. Epithelial Toxicity of Alkylglycoside Surfactants. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:114-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Velarde G, Ait-Aissa S, Gillet C, Rogerieux F, Lambre C, Vindimian E, Porcher JM. Use of the caco-2 model in the screening of polluting substance toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 13:719-22. [PMID: 20654540 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(99)00055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the oral toxicity of representative chemicals chosen from each class of the list of 132 substances present in industrial effluents after the EEC Directive 76-464. Owing to its characterization as a model of the intestinal epithelium, the CaCo-2 cell line model was chosen. Cytotoxicity was assayed using the tetrazolium blue (MTT) test. For most of the substances, a linear correlation was observed between the octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kw) and the median inhibition concentration (IC(50)). This relationship between lipophilicity and toxicity is the hallmark of a narcotic mechanism of action. However, diethylamine appeared more toxic than the correlation would predict. Other amines were then tested (tert-butylamine, n-butylamine and benzylamine). All of these did not fit into the baseline correlation. The IC(50) were corrected by taking into account only the non-ionized, lipid insoluble, concentration at pH7.3. The amines still did not fit into the correlation, reinforcing the idea of a non-narcotic mechanism. The toxicity of a large number of substances can thus be predicted from their physico-chemical properties only when the substances exert a direct and non-specific effect. The amines appeared more toxic than substances with the same partition coefficient, showing that knowledge of the only lipophilicity is too restrictive to predict toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Velarde
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Toxicologie in vitro, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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Velarde G, Ait-Aissa S, Gillet C, Rogerieux F, Lambre C, Vindimian E, Porcher JM. Use of transepithelial electrical resistance in the study of pentachlorophenol toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 13:723-7. [PMID: 20654541 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(99)00048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of pentachlorophenol (PCP), a polluting substance believed to exert a narcotic effect, was assayed using the Caco-2 cell line as a model. In order to assess this toxicity as fully as possible, several viability tests, each examining different endpoints, have been used. Neutral red uptake was found to be more sensitive to PCP than MTT and Alamar Blue tests. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was shown to be the most sensitive to PCP at concentrations and exposure times where the Alamar Blue, LDH leakage and Blue Dextran passage did not evidence any effect. Blue Dextran passage and optical microscopy revealed cellular detachment at concentrations where LDH and Alamar Blue showed little or no cytotoxicity. Thus, PCP seems to affect the integrity of the intestinal barrier at levels where no cytotoxicity is seen. Our results support the notion that TEER can be used as a very sensitive method for evaluating membrane-perturbing toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Velarde
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Toxicologie in vitro, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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Mahler GJ, Esch MB, Tako E, Southard TL, Archer SD, Glahn RP, Shuler ML. Oral exposure to polystyrene nanoparticles affects iron absorption. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 7:264-71. [PMID: 22327877 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of engineered nanoparticles in food and pharmaceuticals is expected to increase, but the impact of chronic oral exposure to nanoparticles on human health remains unknown. Here, we show that chronic and acute oral exposure to polystyrene nanoparticles can influence iron uptake and iron transport in an in vitro model of the intestinal epithelium and an in vivo chicken intestinal loop model. Intestinal cells that are exposed to high doses of nanoparticles showed increased iron transport due to nanoparticle disruption of the cell membrane. Chickens acutely exposed to carboxylated particles (50 nm in diameter) had a lower iron absorption than unexposed or chronically exposed birds. Chronic exposure caused remodelling of the intestinal villi, which increased the surface area available for iron absorption. The agreement between the in vitro and in vivo results suggests that our in vitro intestinal epithelium model is potentially useful for toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Bioengineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
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Mori A, Satsu H, Shimizu M. New model for studying the migration of immune cells into intestinal epithelial cell monolayers. Cytotechnology 2011; 43:57-64. [PMID: 19003208 DOI: 10.1023/b:cyto.0000039910.30540.8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel cell culture system was constructed to analyze the direct interaction between intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells. Human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells were monolayer-cultured on the under side of a permeable membrane (12 mum pore size) in a Millicell insert. Integrated monolayers of Caco-2 cells had formed after 12 days of culture. Human monocyte/macrophage-like THP-1 cells were then added to the upper chamber of the insert, and their migration into the Caco-2 cell monolayers was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, after staining the cells with specific antibodies. When MCP-1, a beta-chemokine, was added to the apical side of the monolayer, a greater number of THP-1 cells migrated into the Caco-2 cell monolayers. This cell culture system will be useful for studying the behavior of macrophages in the intestinal epithelial cell monolayers at the initial stage of an intestinal immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mori
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan,
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Mutlu EA, Engen PA, Soberanes S, Urich D, Forsyth CB, Nigdelioglu R, Chiarella SE, Radigan KA, Gonzalez A, Jakate S, Keshavarzian A, Budinger GRS, Mutlu GM. Particulate matter air pollution causes oxidant-mediated increase in gut permeability in mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2011; 8:19. [PMID: 21658250 PMCID: PMC3132719 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-8-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution may be an important environmental factor leading to exacerbations of inflammatory illnesses in the GI tract. PM can gain access to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract via swallowing of air or secretions from the upper airways or mucociliary clearance of inhaled particles. METHODS We measured PM-induced cell death and mitochondrial ROS generation in Caco-2 cells stably expressing oxidant sensitive GFP localized to mitochondria in the absence or presence of an antioxidant. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a very high dose of urban PM from Washington, DC (200 μg/mouse) or saline via gastric gavage and small bowel and colonic tissue were harvested for histologic evaluation, and RNA isolation up to 48 hours. Permeability to 4 kD dextran was measured at 48 hours. RESULTS PM induced mitochondrial ROS generation and cell death in Caco-2 cells. PM also caused oxidant-dependent NF-κB activation, disruption of tight junctions and increased permeability of Caco-2 monolayers. Mice exposed to PM had increased intestinal permeability compared with PBS treated mice. In the small bowel, colocalization of the tight junction protein, ZO-1 was lower in the PM treated animals. In the small bowel and colon, PM exposed mice had higher levels of IL-6 mRNA and reduced levels of ZO-1 mRNA. Increased apoptosis was observed in the colon of PM exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to high doses of urban PM causes oxidant dependent GI epithelial cell death, disruption of tight junction proteins, inflammation and increased permeability in the gut in vitro and in vivo. These PM-induced changes may contribute to exacerbations of inflammatory disorders of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece A Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Rush University Medical College, 1725 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612 USA
| | - Phillip A Engen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Rush University Medical College, 1725 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612 USA
| | - Saul Soberanes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron Street, McGaw M300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Daniela Urich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron Street, McGaw M300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Christopher B Forsyth
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Rush University Medical College, 1725 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612 USA
| | - Recep Nigdelioglu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron Street, McGaw M300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sergio E Chiarella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron Street, McGaw M300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Kathryn A Radigan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron Street, McGaw M300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Angel Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron Street, McGaw M300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Shriram Jakate
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612 USA
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Rush University Medical College, 1725 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612 USA
| | - GR Scott Budinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron Street, McGaw M300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Gökhan M Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron Street, McGaw M300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Ulluwishewa D, Anderson RC, McNabb WC, Moughan PJ, Wells JM, Roy NC. Regulation of tight junction permeability by intestinal bacteria and dietary components. J Nutr 2011; 141:769-76. [PMID: 21430248 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.135657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 790] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal epithelium is formed by a single layer of epithelial cells that separates the intestinal lumen from the underlying lamina propria. The space between these cells is sealed by tight junctions (TJ), which regulate the permeability of the intestinal barrier. TJ are complex protein structures comprised of transmembrane proteins, which interact with the actin cytoskeleton via plaque proteins. Signaling pathways involved in the assembly, disassembly, and maintenance of TJ are controlled by a number of signaling molecules, such as protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinases, myosin light chain kinase, and Rho GTPases. The intestinal barrier is a complex environment exposed to many dietary components and many commensal bacteria. Studies have shown that the intestinal bacteria target various intracellular pathways, change the expression and distribution of TJ proteins, and thereby regulate intestinal barrier function. The presence of some commensal and probiotic strains leads to an increase in TJ proteins at the cell boundaries and in some cases prevents or reverses the adverse effects of pathogens. Various dietary components are also known to regulate epithelial permeability by modifying expression and localization of TJ proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulantha Ulluwishewa
- Food Nutrition Genomics Team, Agri-Foods and Health Section, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Vaka SRK, Sammeta SM, Day LB, Murthy SN. Delivery of nerve growth factor to brain via intranasal administration and enhancement of brain uptake. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:3640-6. [PMID: 19156912 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the study was to investigate the efficacy of chitosan to facilitate brain bioavailability of intranasally administered nerve growth factor (NGF). In vitro permeability studies and electrical resistance studies were carried out across the bovine olfactory epithelium using Franz diffusion cells. The bioavailability of intranasally administered NGF in rat hippocampus was determined by carrying out brain microdialysis in Sprague-Dawley rats. The in vitro permeation flux across the olfactory epithelium of NGF solution without chitosan (control) was found to be 0.37 +/- 0.06 ng/cm(2)/h. In presence of increasing concentration of chitosan (0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5%, w/v) the permeation flux of NGF was found to be 2.01 +/- 0.12, 3.88 +/- 0.19, and 4.12 +/- 0.21 ng/cm(2)/h respectively. Trans-olfactory epithelial electrical resistance decreased approximately 34.50 +/- 4.06% in presence of 0.25% (w/v) chitosan. The C(max) in rats administered with 0.25% (w/v) chitosan and NGF was 1008.62 +/- 130.02 pg/mL, which was significantly higher than that for rats administered with NGF only 97.38 +/- 10.66 pg/mL. There was approximately 14-fold increase in the bioavailability of intranasally administered NGF with chitosan than without chitosan. Chitosan can enhance the brain bioavailability of intranasally administered NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Ram Kiran Vaka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
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Kusano M, Uematsu M, Kumagami T, Sasaki H, Kitaoka T. Evaluation of Acute Corneal Barrier Change Induced by Topically Applied Preservatives Using Corneal Transepithelial Electric Resistance In Vivo. Cornea 2010; 29:80-5. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3181a3c3e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning: A Review on the Chemistry, Ecology, and Toxicology with an Emphasis on Human Health Impacts. Mar Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.3390/md6020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Azaspiracid shellfish poisoning: a review on the chemistry, ecology, and toxicology with an emphasis on human health impacts. Mar Drugs 2008; 6:39-72. [PMID: 18728760 PMCID: PMC2525481 DOI: 10.3390/md20080004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Azaspiracids (AZA) are polyether marine toxins that accumulate in various shellfish species and have been associated with severe gastrointestinal human intoxications since 1995. This toxin class has since been reported from several countries, including Morocco and much of western Europe. A regulatory limit of 160 μg AZA/kg whole shellfish flesh was established by the EU in order to protect human health; however, in some cases, AZA concentrations far exceed the action level. Herein we discuss recent advances on the chemistry of various AZA analogs, review the ecology of AZAs, including the putative progenitor algal species, collectively interpret the in vitro and in vivo data on the toxicology of AZAs relating to human health issues, and outline the European legislature associated with AZAs.
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Weangsripanaval T, Murota K, Murakami Y, Kominami M, Kusudo T, Moriyama T, Ogawa T, Kawada T. Sodium cromoglycate inhibits absorption of the major soybean allergen, Gly m Bd 30K, in mice and human intestinal Caco-2 cells. J Nutr 2006; 136:2874-80. [PMID: 17056816 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.11.2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous data showed that Gly m Bd 30K was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and circulated in blood in mice. This study was conducted to determine the mechanism and identify the inhibitor of such absorption. Using sandwich ELISA and immunoblotting, we found that intact Gly m Bd 30K was absorbed from apical to basolateral solutions and intracellularly accumulated by Caco-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The absorption and intracellular accumulation of Gly m Bd 30K were significantly suppressed when Caco-2 cells were treated with sodium cromoglycate (SCG) (0-50 mmol/L) in a dose-dependent manner. In 24-d-old mice orally treated with SCG (10-1000 mg/kg body weight), plasma Gly m Bd 30K concentration decreased significantly 30-120 min after Gly m Bd 30K (2000 mg/kg body weight) administration. Moreover, inhibitors that suppress the clathrin-dependent endocytosis dansylcadaverine, the caveolae-dependent endocytosis nystatin and clathrin, and the caveolae-dependent endocytosis methyl-beta-cyclodextrin had inhibitory effects on the absorption and intracellular accumulation of Gly m Bd 30K by Caco-2 cells. These data indicate that Gly m Bd 30K is absorbed and intracellularly accumulated in Caco-2 cells via clathrin- or caveolae-dependent endocytosis. We propose that the absorption and intracellular accumulation of Gly m Bd 30K are inhibited by SCG via clathrin- or caveolae-dependent endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanakorn Weangsripanaval
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
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Isoda H, Talorete TPN, Han J, Nakamura K. Expressions of galectin-3, glutathione S-transferase A2 and peroxiredoxin-1 by nonylphenol-incubated Caco-2 cells and reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance by nonylphenol. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20:63-70. [PMID: 16054331 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nonylphenol, an estrogenic xenobiotic widely used in the manufacture of plastics and detergents, has been found in drinking water and may therefore enter the body through the oral route. Thus, intestinal cells lining the alimentary tract serve as the body's first line of defense against this compound. In this study, the effects of nonylphenol on the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 were determined using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement and proteomics. Results show that 10 microM nonylphenol can disrupt the tight-junction permeability of Caco-2 cells in approximately 15 min. Incubating the cells with 1 or 10 microM nonylphenol for 6 days resulted in the enhanced expressions of galectin-3 (approximately 4-fold vs. control with 1 microM; 2-fold with 10 microM), glutathione S-transferase A2 (approximately 8-fold with 1 microM; 5-fold with 10 microM) and peroxiredoxin-1 (approximately 6-fold with 1 microM; 4-fold with 10 microM). These expressions may represent a possible consortium of mechanisms by which the cells protect themselves against nonylphenol-induced stresses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the effects of nonylphenol on Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Isoda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
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Esposito A, Sannino A, Cozzolino A, Quintiliano SN, Lamberti M, Ambrosio L, Nicolais L. Response of intestinal cells and macrophages to an orally administered cellulose-PEG based polymer as a potential treatment for intractable edemas. Biomaterials 2005; 26:4101-10. [PMID: 15664637 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The elimination of water from the body represents a fundamental therapeutic goal in those diseases in which oedemas occur. Aim of this work is the design of a material able to absorb large amount of water to be used, by oral administration, in those cases in which resistance to diuretics appears. Sorption and mechanical properties of the cellulose based superabsorbent hydrogel acting as a water elimination system have been modulated through the insertion of molecular spacers between the crosslinks. Starting polymers are the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose (CMCNa), a polyelectrolyte cellulose derivative, and the hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), a non-polyelectrolyte derivative. Polyethyleneglycol (PEG) with various molecular weights, has been linked by its free ends at two divinylsulfone (DVS) crosslinker molecules, in order to increase the average distance between two crosslinking sites and thus acting as spacer. Both the effect of concentration and molecular weight of the spacer resulted to significantly affect the hydrogel final sorption properties and thus the efficiency of the body water elimination system. Biocompatibility studies have been performed to test the hydrogel compatibility with respect to intestinal and macrophages cell lines. To investigate the effects of intestinal cells conditioned media after the contact with the gel on macrophages nitric oxide release tests have been carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaclaudia Esposito
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli, 16 80138, Naples, Italy
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