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Du L, Zong Y, Li H, Wang Q, Xie L, Yang B, Pang Y, Zhang C, Zhong Z, Gao J. Hyperuricemia and its related diseases: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:212. [PMID: 39191722 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01916-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia, characterized by elevated levels of serum uric acid (SUA), is linked to a spectrum of commodities such as gout, cardiovascular diseases, renal disorders, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, etc. Significantly impairing the quality of life for those affected, the prevalence of hyperuricemia is an upward trend globally, especially in most developed countries. UA possesses a multifaceted role, such as antioxidant, pro-oxidative, pro-inflammatory, nitric oxide modulating, anti-aging, and immune effects, which are significant in both physiological and pathological contexts. The equilibrium of circulating urate levels hinges on the interplay between production and excretion, a delicate balance orchestrated by urate transporter functions across various epithelial tissues and cell types. While existing research has identified hyperuricemia involvement in numerous biological processes and signaling pathways, the precise mechanisms connecting elevated UA levels to disease etiology remain to be fully elucidated. In addition, the influence of genetic susceptibilities and environmental determinants on hyperuricemia calls for a detailed and nuanced examination. This review compiles data from global epidemiological studies and clinical practices, exploring the physiological processes and the genetic foundations of urate transporters in depth. Furthermore, we uncover the complex mechanisms by which the UA induced inflammation influences metabolic processes in individuals with hyperuricemia and the association with its relative disease, offering a foundation for innovative therapeutic approaches and advanced pharmacological strategies.
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Grants
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Du
- Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yao Zong
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Haorui Li
- Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Qiyue Wang
- Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yidan Pang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Zhigang Zhong
- Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - Junjie Gao
- Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Wu YT, Hu LM, Lee CW, Lee WC, Lin JR, Tsai HI, Yu HP. Low preoperative serum uric acid is associated with early acute kidney injury after living donor liver transplantation. J Chin Med Assoc 2024; 87:635-642. [PMID: 38690873 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation is treatment option for patients with end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Renal function deterioration significantly impacts the survival rates of liver recipients, and serum uric acid (SUA) is associated with both acute and chronic renal function disorders. Thus, our study aimed to assess the relationship and predictive value of preoperative SUA level and postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study on 87 patients undergoing LDLT. Blood samples were collected immediately before LDLT, and renal function status was followed up for 3 consecutive days postoperatively. RESULTS Low SUA levels (cutoff value 4.15 mg/dL) were associated with a high risk of early posttransplantation AKI. The area under the curve was 0.73 (sensitivity, 79.2%; specificity, 59.4%). Although not statistically significant, there were no deaths in the non-AKI group but two in the early AKI group secondary to liver graft dysfunction in addition to early AKI within the first month after LDLT. CONCLUSION AKI after liver transplantation may lead to a deterioration of patient status and increased mortality rates. We determined low preoperative SUA levels as a possible risk factor for early postoperative AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Tse Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Min Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Medical Education, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Wei Lee
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of General Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Chen Lee
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of General Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Liver and Transplant Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jr-Rung Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
- Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Gung Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-I Tsai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huang-Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
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Lower range of serum uric acid level increases risk of rapid decline of kidney function in young and middle-aged adults: the Yuport Medical Checkup Center Study. Clin Exp Nephrol 2023; 27:435-444. [PMID: 36773175 PMCID: PMC10104940 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-023-02318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of low serum uric acid (sUA) levels on kidney function is unclear. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between low sUA levels and the rapid decline in kidney function. METHODS We examined the relationship between sUA levels and kidney function decline in health check-up examinees. A total of 10,547 participants were enrolled using data from the Yuport Medical Checkup Center Study between 1998 and 2002 for baseline and data from 2002 to 2006 as the follow-up period in Japan. According to sUA level (mg/dL), we classified the participants into the following six groups: (1) 2.0-2.9 (n = 247), (2) 3.0-3.9 (n = 1457), (3) 4.0-4.9 (n = 2883), (4) 5.0-5.9 (n = 2899), (5) 6.0-6.9 (n = 2010), and (6) 7.0-7.9 (n = 1,051). The relationship between sUA level and rapid decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (ΔeGFR ≥ 3 mL/min/1.73 m2/year) was examined using a logistic regression model. RESULTS During study period (5.4 ± 1.6 years), the incidence of rapid eGFR decline for the respective sUA groups (2.0-2.9, 3.0-3.9, 4.0-4.9, 5.0-5.9, 6.0-6.9, 7.0-7.9) were as follows: 4.5%, 4.0%, 2.4%, 3.3%, 3.1%, 3.4%. The crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for rapid eGFR decline were significantly higher in the 2.0-2.9 (OR:1.93 and 1.86) and 3.0-3.9 (OR:1.72 and 1.73) groups than in the 4.0-4.9 groups (reference). Stratified analysis of age differences revealed that the detrimental effect of low sUA was not evident in older adults (age ≥ 65 years). CONCLUSION A lower normal sUA level is related to an increased risk for a rapid decline in kidney function.
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Gao Z, Jia S, Ou H, Hong Y, Shan K, Kong X, Wang Z, Feng G, Ding D. An Activatable Near-Infrared Afterglow Theranostic Prodrug with Self-Sustainable Magnification Effect of Immunogenic Cell Death. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209793. [PMID: 35916871 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an activatable near-infrared (NIR) afterglow theranostic prodrug that circumvents high background noise interference caused by external light excitation. The prodrug can release hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) in response to the high intratumoral peroxynitrite level associated with immunogenic cell death (ICD), and synchronously activate afterglow signal to monitor the drug release process and cold-to-hot tumor transformation. The prodrug itself is an ICD inducer achieved by photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT initiates ICD and recruits first-arrived neutrophils to secrete peroxynitrite to trigger HCPT release. Intriguingly, we demonstrate that HCPT can significantly amplify PDT-mediated ICD process. The prodrug thus shows a self-sustainable ICD magnification effect by establishing an "ICD-HCPT release-amplified ICD" cycling loop. In vivo studies demonstrate that the prodrug can eradicate existing tumors and prevent further tumor recurrence through antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shaorui Jia
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hanlin Ou
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuning Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Ke Shan
- Shandong Artificial intelligence Institute and Shandong Computer Science Center, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Xianglong Kong
- Shandong Artificial intelligence Institute and Shandong Computer Science Center, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- AIE Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Guangxue Feng
- AIE Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dan Ding
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Johnson RJ, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Nakagawa T, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Tolan D, Gaucher EA, Andrews P, Lanaspa MA. Do thrifty genes exist? Revisiting uricase. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1917-1926. [PMID: 36150210 PMCID: PMC9512363 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sixty years ago, the geneticist James Neel proposed that the epidemics of obesity and diabetes today may have evolutionary roots. Specifically, he suggested that our ancestors may have accumulated mutations during periods of famine that provided a survival advantage at that time. However, the presence of this "thrifty genotype" in today's world, where food is plentiful, would predispose us to obesity and diabetes. The "thrifty gene" hypothesis, attractive to some, has been challenged over the years. The authors have previously postulated that the loss of the uricase gene, resulting in a rise in serum and intracellular uric acid levels, satisfies the criteria of a thrifty genotype mutation. This paper reviews and brings up-to-date the evidence supporting the hypothesis and discusses the current arguments that challenge this hypothesis. Although further studies are needed to test the hypothesis, the evidence supporting a loss of uricase as a thrifty gene is substantial and supports a role for evolutionary biology in the pathogenesis of the current obesity and diabetes epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | | | - Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico and INC Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dean Tolan
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston MA
| | - Eric A. Gaucher
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Peter Andrews
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Division of Nephrology, Oregon Health Sciences University
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Gao Z, Jia S, Ou H, Hong Y, Shan K, Kong X, Wang Z, Feng G, Ding D. An Activatable Near‐Infrared Afterglow Theranostic Prodrug with Self‐Sustainable Magnification Effect of Immunogenic Cell Death. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Gao
- Nankai University College of Life Sciences CHINA
| | - Shaorui Jia
- Nankai University College of Life Sciences CHINA
| | - Hanlin Ou
- Nankai University College of Life Sciences CHINA
| | - Yuning Hong
- La Trobe University Department of Chemistry and Physics AUSTRALIA
| | - Ke Shan
- Qilu University of Technology Shandong Artificial Intelligence Institute CHINA
| | - Xianglong Kong
- Qilu University of Technology Shandong Artificial Intelligence Institute CHINA
| | - Zhiming Wang
- South China University of Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Guangxue Feng
- South China University of Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Dan Ding
- Nankai University College of Life Sciences 94 Weijin Road 300071 Tianjin CHINA
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Sanchez JMS, DePaula-Silva AB, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Role of diet in regulating the gut microbiota and multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2022; 235:108379. [PMID: 32156562 PMCID: PMC7483914 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert S. Fujinami
- Corresponding author at: University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. (R.S. Fujinami)
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Therapeutic Potential of Combined Therapy of Vitamin A and Vitamin C in the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2328-2347. [PMID: 35072933 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination, inflammation, oxidative injury, and glial activation are the main pathological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). Vitamins, as essential micronutrients, seem to be crucial in the pathogenesis of MS, and particularly vitamins A and C were found to have a protective role in MS development or progression. In this study, the therapeutic potential of combined therapy of vitamins A and C on progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and myelin repair mechanisms was examined. EAE, an animal model of MS, was induced in female Lewis rats. The rats were treated with daily intraperitoneal injections of vitamins A and C and their combination. We found that co-supplementation of vitamins A and C mitigated neurological severity and EAE disease progression. Histological study confirmed a significant reduction in demyelination size, inflammation and immune cell infiltration as well as microglia and astrocyte activation following co-administration of vitamins A and C. Co-administration of vitamins A and C also decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL1β) and iNOS and increased gene expressions of IL-10, Nrf-2, HO-1, and MBP. Combination therapy of vitamins A and C also increased the total antioxidant capacity and decreased levels of oxidative stress markers. Finally, we proved that co-administration of vitamins A and C has anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective impacts in EAE via decreasing caspase-3 and increasing BDNF and NeuN expressing cells. The present study suggests that combined therapy of vitamins A and C may be an effective strategy for development of alternative medicine in boosting myelin repair in demyelinating diseases.
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Chung S, Kim GH. Urate Transporters in the Kidney: What Clinicians Need to Know. Electrolyte Blood Press 2021; 19:1-9. [PMID: 34290818 PMCID: PMC8267069 DOI: 10.5049/ebp.2021.19.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urate is produced in the liver by the degradation of purines from the diet and nucleotide turnover and excreted by the kidney and gut. The kidney is the major route of urate removal and has a pivotal role in the regulation of urate homeostasis. Approximately 10% of the glomerular filtered urate is excreted in the urine, and the remainder is reabsorbed by the proximal tubule. However, the transport of urate in the proximal tubule is bidirectional: reabsorption and secretion. Thus, an increase in reabsorption or a decrease in secretion may induce hyperuricemia. In contrast, a decrease in reabsorption or an increase in secretion may result in hyperuricosuria. In the proximal tubule, urate reabsorption is mainly mediated by apical URAT1 (SLC22A12) and basolateral GLUT9 (SLC2A9) transporter. OAT4 (SLC22A11) also acts in urate reabsorption in the apical membrane, and its polymorphism is associated with the risk of hyperuricemia. Renal hypouricemia is caused by SLC22A12 or SLC2A9 loss-of-function mutations, and it may be complicated by exercise-induced acute kidney injury. URAT1 and GLUT9 are also drug targets for uricosuric agents. Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors may induce hyperuricosuria by inhibiting GLUT9b located in the apical plasma membrane. Urate secretion is mediated by basolateral OAT1 (SLC22A6) and OAT3 (SLC22A8) and apical ATP-binding cassette super-family G member 2 (ABCG2), NPT1 (SLC17A1), and NPT4 (SLC17A3) transporter in the proximal tubule. NPT1 and NPT4 may be key players in renal urate secretion in humans, and deletion of SLC22A6 and SLC22A8 in mice leads to decreased urate excretion. Dysfunctional variants of ABCG2 inhibit urate secretion from the gut and kidney and may cause gout. In summary, the net result of urate transport in the proximal tubule is determined by the dominance of transporters between reabsorption (URAT1, OAT4, and GLUT9) and secretion (ABCG2, NPT1, NPT4, OAT1, and OAT3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gheun-Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Shibuya S, Watanabe K, Ozawa Y, Shimizu T. Xanthine Oxidoreductase-Mediated Superoxide Production Is Not Involved in the Age-Related Pathologies in Sod1-Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3542. [PMID: 33805516 PMCID: PMC8037342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism is regulated by the oxygen-mediated enzyme reaction and antioxidant mechanism within cells under physiological conditions. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) exhibits two inter-convertible forms (xanthine oxidase (XO) and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH)), depending on the substrates. XO uses oxygen as a substrate and generates superoxide (O2•-) in the catalytic pathway of hypoxanthine. We previously showed that superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) loss induced various aging-like pathologies via oxidative damage due to the accumulation of O2•- in mice. However, the pathological contribution of XO-derived O2•- production to aging-like tissue damage induced by SOD1 loss remains unclear. To investigate the pathological significance of O2•- derived from XOR in Sod1-/- mice, we generated Sod1-null and XO-type- or XDH-type-knock-in (KI) double-mutant mice. Neither XO-type- nor XDH-type KI mutants altered aging-like phenotypes, such as anemia, fatty liver, muscle atrophy, and bone loss, in Sod1-/- mice. Furthermore, allopurinol, an XO inhibitor, or apocynin, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) inhibitor, failed to improve aging-like tissue degeneration and ROS accumulation in Sod1-/- mice. These results showed that XOR-mediated O2•- production is relatively uninvolved in the age-related pathologies in Sod1-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Shibuya
- Aging Stress Response Research Project Team, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan; (S.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Aging Stress Response Research Project Team, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan; (S.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Yusuke Ozawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Geriatrics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
| | - Takahiko Shimizu
- Aging Stress Response Research Project Team, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan; (S.S.); (K.W.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Geriatrics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
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Braga TT, Foresto-Neto O, Camara NOS. The role of uric acid in inflammasome-mediated kidney injury. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2021; 29:423-431. [PMID: 32452918 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Uric acid is produced after purine nucleotide degradation, upon xanthine oxidase catalytic action. In the evolutionary process, humans lost uricase, an enzyme that converts uric acid into allantoin, resulting in increased serum uric acid levels that may vary according to dietary ingestion, pathological conditions, and other factors. Despite the controversy over the inflammatory role of uric acid in its soluble form, crystals of uric acid are able to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in different tissues. Uric acid, therefore, triggers hyperuricemic-related disease such as gout, metabolic syndrome, and kidney injuries. The present review provides an overview on the role of uric acid in the inflammasome-mediated kidney damage. RECENT FINDINGS Hyperuricemia is present in 20-35% of patients with chronic kidney disease. However, whether this increased circulating uric acid is a risk factor or just a biomarker of renal and cardiovascular injuries has become a topic of intense discussion. Despite these conflicting views, several studies support the idea that hyperuricemia is indeed a cause of progression of kidney disease, with a putative role for soluble uric acid in activating renal NLRP3 inflammasome, in reprograming renal and immune cell metabolism and, therefore, in promoting kidney inflammation/injury. SUMMARY Therapies aiming to decrease uric acid levels prevent renal NLRP3 inflammasome activation and exert renoprotective effects in experimental kidney diseases. However, further clinical studies are needed to investigate whether reduced circulating uric acid can also inhibit the inflammasome and be beneficial in human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarcio Teodoro Braga
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR.,Carlos Chagas Institute - Fiocruz-Parana, Curitiba
| | - Orestes Foresto-Neto
- Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Chang SH, Tian XB, Wang J, Liu MQ, Huang CN, Qi Y, Zhang LJ, Gao CL, Zhang DQ, Sun LS, Yang L. Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Uric Acid Levels in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Front Neurol 2020; 11:589928. [PMID: 33281729 PMCID: PMC7689003 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.589928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) is a natural scavenger for peroxynitrite and can reflect antioxidant activity and oxidative stress in several neurological disorders. Changes in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of UA have been reported in patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. The levels of UA in CSF are relatively poorly understood in patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). It remains unclear whether UA can play an antioxidant role and reflect oxidative stress in GBS. The purpose of this study is to investigate CSF and serum UA levels in patients with GBS and their relationship with clinical characteristics. The CSF and serum UA levels were detected in 43 patients with GBS, including 14 acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), 6 acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), 13 with acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), 7 Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), and 3 unclassified, and 25 patients with non-inflammatory neurological disorders (NIND) as controls. Moreover, serum UA levels were also detected in 30 healthy controls. The levels of UA were measured using uricase-based methods with an automatic biochemical analyzer. CSF UA levels were significantly increased in patients with GBS (p = 0.011), particularly in patients with AIDP (p = 0.004) when compared with NIND. Among patients with GBS, CSF UA levels were higher in those with demyelination (p = 0.022), although the difference was not significant after multiple testing correction. CSF UA levels in GBS were positively correlated with serum UA levels (r = 0.455, p = 0.022) and CSF lactate (r = 0.499, p = 0.011). However, no significant correlations were found between CSF UA levels and GBS disability scores. There were no significant differences in serum UA levels among GBS, NIND, and healthy controls. These results suggest that CSF UA may be related to the pathogenesis of demyelination in patients with GBS and may be partially determined by serum UA and the impaired blood–nerve barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hui Chang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming-Qi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen-Na Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Qi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chun-Li Gao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Da-Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Li-Sha Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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13
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Amjad S, Rahman MS, Pang MG. Role of Antioxidants in Alleviating Bisphenol A Toxicity. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081105. [PMID: 32722388 PMCID: PMC7465987 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an oestrogenic endocrine disruptor widely used in the production of certain plastics, e.g., polycarbonate, hard and clear plastics, and epoxy resins that act as protective coating for food and beverage cans. Human exposure to this chemical is thought to be ubiquitous. BPA alters endocrine function, thereby causing many diseases in human and animals. In the last few decades, studies exploring the mechanism of BPA activity revealed a direct link between BPA-induced oxidative stress and disease pathogenesis. Antioxidants, reducing agents that prevent cellular oxidation reactions, can protect BPA toxicity. Although the important role of antioxidants in minimizing BPA stress has been demonstrated in many studies, a clear consensus on the associated mechanisms is needed, as well as the directives on their efficacy and safety. Herein, considering the distinct biochemical properties of BPA and antioxidants, we provide a framework for understanding how antioxidants alleviate BPA-associated stress. We summarize the current knowledge on the biological function of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and discuss their practical potential as BPA-detoxifying agents.
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14
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Villoslada P, Steinman L. New targets and therapeutics for neuroprotection, remyelination and repair in multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:443-459. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1757647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Villoslada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences & Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, California, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences & Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, California, CA, USA
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15
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High-Protein Diet Induces Hyperuricemia in a New Animal Model for Studying Human Gout. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062147. [PMID: 32245084 PMCID: PMC7140009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is a central risk factor for gout and increases the risk for other chronic diseases, including cardiometabolic disease, kidney disease, and hypertension. Overproduction of urate is one of the main reasons for hyperuricemia, and dietary factors including seafoods, meats, and drinking are contributed to the development of it. However, the lack of a suitable animal model for urate metabolism is one of the main reasons for the delay and limitations of hyperuricemia research. Combining evolutionary biological studies and clinical studies, we conclude that chicken is a preferred animal model for hyperuricemia. Thus, we provided chickens a high-protein diet (HPD) to evaluate the changes in the serum urate levels in chickens. In our study, the HPD increased the serum urate level and maintained it at a long-term high level in chickens. Long-term high serum urate levels induced an abnormal chicken claw morphology and the precipitation of monosodium urate (MSU) in joint synovial fluid. In addition, a long-term HPD also decreased the glomerular filtration rate and induced mild renal injury. Most importantly, allopurinol and probenecid displayed the positive effects in decreasing serum urate and then attenuated hyperuricemia in chicken model. These findings provide a novel model for hyperuricemia and a new opportunity to further investigate the effects of long-term hyperuricemia on other metabolic diseases.
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16
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Evans E, Piccio L, Cross AH. Use of Vitamins and Dietary Supplements by Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. JAMA Neurol 2019; 75:1013-1021. [PMID: 29710293 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Importance Surveys of patients with multiple sclerosis report that most are interested in modifying their diet and using supplements to potentially reduce the severity and symptoms of the disease. This review provides an updated overview of the current state of evidence for the role that vitamins and dietary supplements play in multiple sclerosis and its animal models, with an emphasis on recent studies, and addresses biological plausibility and safety issues. Observations Several vitamins and dietary supplements have been recently explored both in animal models and by patients with multiple sclerosis. Most human trials have been small or nonblinded, limiting their generalizability. Biotin and vitamin D are currently being tested in large randomized clinical trials. Smaller trials are ongoing or planned for other supplements such as lipoic acid and probiotics. The results of these studies may help guide clinical recommendations. Conclusions and Relevance At the present time, the only vitamin with sufficient evidence to support routine supplementation for patients with multiple sclerosis is vitamin D. Vitamin deficiencies should be avoided. It is important for clinicians to know which supplements their patients are taking and to educate patients on any known efficacy data, along with any potential medication interactions and adverse effects of individual supplements. Given that dietary supplements and vitamins are not subject to the same regulatory oversight as prescription pharmaceuticals in the United States, it is recommended that vitamins and supplements be purchased from reputable manufacturers with the United States Pharmacopeia designation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Evans
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology Section, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology Section, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Anne H Cross
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology Section, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
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17
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Song Q, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Liu J, Wei C, Liu M. Serum Uric Acid and Risk of Hemorrhagic Transformation in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 70:94-101. [PMID: 31486972 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) is an antioxidant with neuroprotective effects in experimental stroke models. Whether serum UA plays a role in hemorrhagic transformation (HT) remains unclear. We aimed to explore the association between serum UA and HT in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). AIS patients within 7 days after stroke onset were consecutively enrolled between January 2016 and October 2017. Patients were categorized into three groups according to serum UA tertiles by sex. HT was detected by follow-up CT or MRI within 7 days after admission. The multivariate logistic analysis was performed to assess the association of serum UA with HT. We included 1230 patients (mean age 64.1 years, 63.5% males) and 133 (10.8%) patients experienced HT. After adjusting confounders, patients in the second and third UA tertiles showed a significant decrease in HT compared with those in the lowest tertile (OR 0.432, 95% CI 0.266-0.702; OR 0.033, 95% CI 0.013-0.086, respectively). Similar results were observed for sex-based subgroups. Males with higher UA had lower risk of HT compared with the lowest UA tertile (OR 0.332, 95% CI 0.170-0.651; OR 0.008, 95% CI 0.001-0.070, respectively). In females, the highest UA tertile was inversely associated with HT (OR 0.148, 95% CI 0.058-0.376). Multiple-adjusted spline regression analyses further confirmed the dose-response relationship between UA levels and HT. Higher serum UA is independently associated with lower HT following stroke. More studies are needed to elucidate the potential neuroprotective mechanism of serum UA and its link to HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quhong Song
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yajun Cheng
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenchen Wei
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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18
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Tang Y, Luo M, Pan K, Ahmad T, Zhou T, Miao Z, Zhou H, Sun H, Xu X, Namaka M, Wang Y. DNA hydroxymethylation changes in response to spinal cord damage in a multiple sclerosis mouse model. Epigenomics 2018; 11:323-335. [PMID: 30426768 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Roles of DNA 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in myelin repair were investigated in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model via its regulation on BDNF. METHODS DNA 5hmC level and its limiting enzymes were detected in EAE mice. RESULTS Global 5hmC modification, Tet1 and Tet2 significantly decreased in the spinal cord tissues of EAE mice. BDNF protein and mRNA decreased and were highly associated with BDNF 5hmC. Vitamin C, a Tet co-factor, increased global DNA 5hmC and reduced the neurological deficits at least by increasing BDNF 5hmC modification and protein levels. CONCLUSION Tet protein-mediated 5hmC modifications represent a critical target involved in EAE-induced myelin damage. Targeting epigenetic modification may be a therapeutic strategy for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, PR China.,Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, PR China
| | - Man Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, PR China
| | - Kailing Pan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, PR China
| | - Tina Ahmad
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Zhigang Miao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, PR China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, PR China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, PR China
| | - Xingshun Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, PR China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, PR China
| | - Michael Namaka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, PR China.,Department of Orthopedics, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou City, PR China
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19
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Abstract
We presented scientific findings concerning changes of the clinical and laboratory blood indicators and
the presence of mercury in hair of reproductive age women (from 18 to 44 years). With the accumulation
mercury level above 0,5 mg/kg in hair, we take a closer look at statistically significant (p ≤ 0,05) increase
in uric acid and creatine kinase in blood serum, as well as platelet count reduction in the peripheral
blood.
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20
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Busto R, Serna J, Perianes-Cachero A, Quintana-Portillo R, García-Seisdedos D, Canfrán-Duque A, Paino CL, Lerma M, Casado ME, Martín-Hidalgo A, Arilla-Ferreiro E, Lasunción MA, Pastor Ó. Ellagic acid protects from myelin-associated sphingolipid loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:958-967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Belova AN, Solovieva VS, Boyko AN. [Anemia and dysregulation of iron metabolism in multiple sclerosis]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 118:10-17. [PMID: 30160662 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811808210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anemia is one of the common diseases comorbid with multiple sclerosis (MS). This article reviews the prevalence and types of anemia in MS patients. It has been shown that anemia is often accompanied by a decrease in serum iron level. The authors present the data on iron metabolism in patients with MS and MRI findings concerning deposits of iron in the gray matter of the brain. The causal relationship between abnormalities in iron metabolism and MS remains unclear; this study allows to approach the understanding of the MS pathogenesis and to increase the efficacy of therapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Belova
- Privolzskyi Federal Medical Research Center, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - V S Solovieva
- City Clinical Hospital #3, Regional Center fo Multiple Sclerosis, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - A N Boyko
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Center for Demyelination Diseases 'Neuroclinic', Moscow, Russia
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22
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Qiu H. Association between Dietary Zinc Intake and Hyperuricemia among Adults in the United States. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050568. [PMID: 29734733 PMCID: PMC5986448 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We aim to explore the associations between dietary zinc intake and hyperuricemia (HU) in United States (US) adults. 24,975 US adults aged 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001 to 2014 were stratified into quintiles based on zinc intake. All dietary intake measured through 24-h dietary recalls. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between zinc intake and HU after adjustment for possible confounders. For males, compared with respondents consuming less than 7.33 mg zinc daily, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.83 (95% CI, 0.71, 0.97) among those consuming 10.26–13.54 mg zinc daily, 0.78 (95% CI, 0.63–0.96) among those consuming 18.50 mg or greater, and p for the trend was 0.0134. For females, compared with respondents consuming less than 5.38 mg zinc daily, the OR was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.63, 0.97) among those consuming 9.64–12.93 mg zinc daily, and p for the trend was 0.3024. Our findings indicated that dietary zinc intake is inversely associated with HU in US men and women, independent of some major confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China.
- School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Hongbin Qiu
- School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China.
- School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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23
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Khosravi-Largani M, Pourvali-Talatappeh P, Rousta AM, Karimi-Kivi M, Noroozi E, Mahjoob A, Asaadi Y, Shahmohammadi A, Sadeghi S, Shakeri S, Ghiyasvand K, Tavakoli-Yaraki M. A review on potential roles of vitamins in incidence, progression, and improvement of multiple sclerosis. eNeurologicalSci 2018; 10:37-44. [PMID: 29736427 PMCID: PMC5934114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease, with unknown etiology. Vitamins, as important micronutrients playing different roles in body, seem to be important in MS pathogenesis. In vitro, in vivo and human studies, supports the protective role of some vitamins in MS occurrence or progression. Current study reviews recent insights and reports about the importance of vitamins in MS incidence or progression. In accordance, the importance of all water and fat-soluble vitamins in MS pathogenesis based on observational studies in human population and their role in the function of immune system as well as possible therapeutic opportunities are discussed in depth throughout this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elahe Noroozi
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mahjoob
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Asaadi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sarina Sadeghi
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Shakeri
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimiya Ghiyasvand
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Liu H, He J, Zhong J, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Liu L, Huang Z, Wu Y, Jiang L, Guo Z, Xu R, Chai W, Huo G, Sun X, Cheng C. Clinical and Basic Evaluation of the Prognostic Value of Uric Acid in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1072-1082. [PMID: 30013449 PMCID: PMC6036155 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.25799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: As a major antioxidant in serum, uric acid (UA) was once considered only as the leading cause of gout; however, recent studies have validated its neuroprotective role in ischemic stroke. Because the potential protective effects of UA in traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain largely unknown, this study investigated the role of UA in TBI in both clinical patients and experimental animals. Methods: In TBI patients, serum UA concentrations were measured within 3 days after injury. Clinical outcomes at discharge were classified according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale: good outcome (4-5) and poor outcome (1-3). Risk factors for good outcome were identified via backward logistic regression analysis. For the animal study, a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury model was established in mice. These mice were given UA at different doses intraperitoneally, and subsequent UA concentrations in mouse serum and brain tissue were determined. Neurological function, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, neuronal maintenance, cerebral blood flow, and lesion size were also assessed. Results: The serum UA level was significantly lower in TBI patients who had a good outcome (P<0.01), and low serum UA was an independent predictor of good outcome after TBI (P<0.01; odds ratio, 0.023; 95% confidence interval, 0.006-0.082). Consistently, decreased levels of serum UA were observed in both TBI patients and CCI animals (P<0.05), whereas the UA concentration was increased in CCI brain tissue (P<0.05). Administration of UA further increased the UA level in brain tissue as compared to that in control animals (P<0.05). Among the different doses administered, 16 mg/kg UA improved sensorimotor functional recovery, spatial learning, and memory in CCI mice (P<0.05). Moreover, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response were inhibited by UA treatment (P<0.05). UA treatment also improved neuronal maintenance and cortical blood flow (P<0.05) but not lesion size (P>0.05). Conclusions: UA acted to attenuate neuronal loss, cerebral perfusion impairment and neurological deficits in TBI mice through suppression of neuronal and vascular oxidative stress. Following TBI, active antioxidant defense in the brain may result in consumption of UA in the serum, and thus, a decreased serum UA level could be predictive of good clinical recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junchi He
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongrong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaosi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weina Chai
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chongjie Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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25
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Yong H, Chartier G, Quandt J. Modulating inflammation and neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:927-950. [PMID: 28580582 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder of the central nervous system with a presentation and disease course that is largely unpredictable. MS can cause loss of balance, impaired vision or speech, weakness and paralysis, fatigue, depression, and cognitive impairment. Immunomodulation is a major target given the appearance of focal demyelinating lesions in myelin-rich white matter, yet progression and an increasing appreciation for gray matter involvement, even during the earliest phases of the disease, highlights the need to afford neuroprotection and limit neurodegenerative processes that correlate with disability. This review summarizes key aspects of MS pathophysiology and histopathology with a focus on neuroimmune interactions in MS, which may facilitate neurodegeneration through both direct and indirect mechanisms. There is a focus on processes thought to influence disease progression and the role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in MS. The goals and efficacy of current disease-modifying therapies and those in the pipeline are discussed, highlighting recent advances in our understanding of pathways mediating disease progression to identify and translate both immunomodulatory and neuroprotective therapeutics from the bench to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Yong
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Chartier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Quandt
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Hsu WL, Li SY, Liu JS, Huang PH, Lin SJ, Hsu CC, Lin YP, Tarng DC. High Uric Acid Ameliorates Indoxyl Sulfate-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Is Associated with Lower Mortality among Hemodialysis Patients. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9010020. [PMID: 28067806 PMCID: PMC5308252 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High uric acid (UA) can act as a pro-oxidant in normal physiological conditions; however, emerging evidence is still debatable with regard to the association between high UA and poor outcomes among chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. In the present study, 27,229 stable prevalent HD patients were enrolled and divided into four groups according to the quartiles of baseline UA concentration, and 5737 died during a median follow-up of 38 months. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that a UA level of <6.1 mg/dL was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality compared with a UA level of >8.1 mg/dL [HR, 1.20, 95% CI (1.10–1.31)] adjusting for baseline demographic and biochemical parameters. Moreover, a UA level of <6.1 mg/dL was associated with greater risks of cardiovascular mortality [HR, 1.26, 95% CI (1.13–1.41)] and stroke-related mortality [HR, 1.59, 95% CI (1.12–2.25)], respectively. In vitro experiments further showed an increase in oxidative stress and an inhibition nitric oxide synthesis by indoxyl sulfate (IS) in human aortic endothelial cells, which were significantly attenuated by UA in a dose-dependent manner. We concluded that higher UA in serum was associated with lower risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among HD patients probably through its antioxidant property in ameliorating the IS-related vascular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Szu-Yuan Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Sin Liu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipe 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Cheng Hsu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan.
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Ping Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Der-Cherng Tarng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
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Huang Z, Hong Q, Zhang X, Xiao W, Wang L, Cui S, Feng Z, Lv Y, Cai G, Chen X, Wu D. Aldose reductase mediates endothelial cell dysfunction induced by high uric acid concentrations. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:3. [PMID: 28057038 PMCID: PMC5217275 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uric acid (UA) is an antioxidant found in human serum. However, high UA levels may also have pro-oxidant functions. According to previous research, aldose reductase (AR) plays a vital role in the oxidative stress-related complications of diabetes. We sought to determine the mechanism by which UA becomes deleterious at high concentrations as well as the effect of AR in this process. METHOD and vWF levels were measured in vivo. RESULTS production in hyperuricemic mice and protected endothelial cell function. CONCLUSIONS could protect endothelial function and maintain the antioxidant activities of UA. These findings provide new insight into the role of UA in chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nephrology, The 175th Hospital of PLA, Zhangzhou Fujian, 36300, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Hong
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueguang Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Wenzhen Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyuan Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyan Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.
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A J-shaped association between serum uric acid levels and poor renal survival in female patients with IgA nephropathy. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:291-297. [PMID: 27733763 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently, low serum uric acid (SUA) levels and high SUA levels, have emerged as risk factors for cardiovascular disease, as well as for the incidence of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the effect of low SUA on the progression of CKD remains unclear. To evaluate the association between SUA and renal prognosis in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), one of the most common causes of CKD, we retrospectively followed 1218 patients who were diagnosed with primary IgAN by kidney biopsy between October 1979 and December 2010. Patients were divided into three groups on the basis of SUA level tertiles: low (L group), middle (M group) and high (H group) tertiles (<6.1, 6.1-7.0, and >7.0 mg dl-1, respectively, for men and <4.4, 4.4-5.3, and >5.3 mg dl-1, respectively, for women). The risk factors for developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model. After a median follow-up of 5.1 years, 142 patients (11.7%) developed ESRD. The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) showed a J-shaped trend with the tertiles in both men (1.18 (0.55-2.54), 1.00 (reference), and 1.80 (1.01-3.10) in L, M and H groups, respectively) and women (2.73 (1.10-6.76), 1.00 (reference) and 2.49 (1.16-5.34) in L, M and H groups, respectively). Notably, low SUA was significantly associated with incident ESRD in women. This finding suggests that SUA has a J-shaped association with ESRD in patients with IgAN, especially women.
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Aloia E, Sciaccaluga C. Low acid uric in primary prophylaxis: worthy? Int J Cardiol 2016; 215:223-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Leakage of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a common pathological feature in multiple sclerosis (MS). Following a breach of the BBB, albumin, the most abundant protein in plasma, gains access to CNS tissue where it is exposed to an inflammatory milieu and tissue damage, e.g., demyelination. Once in the CNS, albumin can participate in protective mechanisms. For example, due to its high concentration and molecular properties, albumin becomes a target for oxidation and nitration reactions. Furthermore, albumin binds metals and heme thereby limiting their ability to produce reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. Albumin also has the potential to worsen disease. Similar to pathogenic processes that occur during epilepsy, extravasated albumin could induce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and affect the ability of astrocytes to maintain potassium homeostasis thereby possibly making neurons more vulnerable to glutamate exicitotoxicity, which is thought to be a pathogenic mechanism in MS. The albumin quotient, albumin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/albumin in serum, is used as a measure of blood-CSF barrier dysfunction in MS, but it may be inaccurate since albumin levels in the CSF can be influenced by multiple factors including: 1) albumin becomes proteolytically cleaved during disease, 2) extravasated albumin is taken up by macrophages, microglia, and astrocytes, and 3) the location of BBB damage affects the entry of extravasated albumin into ventricular CSF. A discussion of the roles that albumin performs during MS is put forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M LeVine
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Gu Y, Han B, Wang L, Chang Y, Zhu L, Ren W, Yan M, Zhang X, He J. Low Serum Levels of Uric Acid are Associated With Development of Poststroke Depression. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1897. [PMID: 26559256 PMCID: PMC4912250 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poststroke depression (PSD) is a frequent complication of stroke that has been associated with poorer outcome of stroke patients. This study sought to examine the possible association between serum uric acid levels and the development of PSD.We recruited 196 patients with acute ischemic stroke and 100 healthy volunteers. Serum uric acid levels were tested by uricase-PAP method within 24 hr after admission. Neuropsychological evaluations were conducted at 3-month poststroke. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale was used to assess depressive symptoms. Diagnosis of PSD was made in accordance with DSM-IV criteria for depression. Multivariate analyses were conducted using logistic regression models.Fifty-six patients (28.6%) were diagnosed as having PSD at 3 months. PSD patients showed significantly lower levels of uric acid at baseline as compared to non-PSD patients (237.02 ± 43.43 vs 309.10 ± 67.44 μmol/L, t = -8.86, P < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, uric acid levels (≤239.0 and ≥328.1 μmol/L) were independently associated with the development of PSD (OR, 7.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.56-23.47, P < 0.001 and OR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.43, P = 0.01, respectively) after adjustment for possible variables.Serum uric acid levels at admission are found to be correlated with PSD and may predict its development at 3 months after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Gu
- From the Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang (YG, BH, LW, YC, LZ, WR, MY, JH), Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China (XZ); and Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (XZ)
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Plemel JR, Juzwik CA, Benson CA, Monks M, Harris C, Ploughman M. Over-the-counter anti-oxidant therapies for use in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Mult Scler 2015; 21:1485-95. [PMID: 26286700 DOI: 10.1177/1352458515601513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-oxidant compounds that are found in over-the-counter (OTC) supplements and foods are gaining interest as treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS). They are widely used by patients, sometimes without a clear evidence base. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review of animal and clinical research to determine the evidence for the benefits of OTC anti-oxidants in MS. METHODS Using predefined criteria, we searched key databases. Two authors scrutinized all studies against inclusion/exclusion criteria, assessed study risk-of-bias and extracted results. RESULTS Of the 3507 titles, 145 met criteria and included compounds, α(alpha)-lipoic acid (ALA), anti-oxidant vitamins, Ginkgo biloba, quercetin, resveratrol and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (ECGC). The strongest evidence to support OTC anti-oxidants was for compounds EGCG and ALA in animal models; both consistently showed anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant effects and reduced neurological impairment. Only vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba and ALA were examined for efficacy in pilot clinical trials with either conflicting evidence or evidence of no benefit. CONCLUSION OTC anti-oxidants EGCG and ALA show the most consistent benefit, however only in preclinical studies. There is no evidence that they alter MS relapses or progression. Future work should focus on testing more of these therapies for clinical efficacy before recommending them to MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Plemel
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Camille A Juzwik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, Canada
| | - Curtis A Benson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Monks
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Memorial University, Canada
| | - Chelsea Harris
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Memorial University, Canada
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Szigeti T, Óvári M, Dunster C, Kelly FJ, Lucarelli F, Záray G. Changes in chemical composition and oxidative potential of urban PM(2.5) between 2010 and 2013 in Hungary. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:534-44. [PMID: 25777959 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive chemical characterization and oxidative potential (OP) assessment of PM2.5 was carried out at an urban site of Budapest between June 2010 and May 2013 to investigate the seasonal variability of particulate phase air pollutants and their oxidative activity. Chemical analyses included the determination of the concentration of trace elements, major water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous fractions (total carbon, water-soluble organic carbon, organic carbon, elemental carbon). The OP of PM2.5 was assessed by antioxidant depletion using a synthetic respiratory tract lining fluid containing ascorbate, reduced glutathione and urate. The mean PM2.5 mass concentration (21.0 μg m(-3)) was just below the 25 μg m(-3) annual mean PM2.5 limit value set by the European Commission and showed a seasonal pattern with higher levels during winter. On average, 84% of the gravimetric mass could be reconstructed by the chemical measurements. Organic matter and secondary inorganic ions were the most dominant PM2.5 constituents contributing 40 and 29% of its mass, respectively. Changes in the yearly concentrations were not identified for the investigated compounds between 2010 and 2013. Temporal differences in both ascorbate and glutathione oxidation could be observed during the 3-year long sampling period; however, no clear seasonal trend was apparent. OP metrics were associated mainly with traffic-related trace elements; however, other PM sources (i.e., long-range transport, secondary aerosol formation) could also contribute to particulate OP in Budapest. The weak correlation between OP metrics and PM2.5 mass concentration suggests the possibility of using OP as an additional metric in epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Szigeti
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Satellite Trace Elements Institute to UNESCO, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Mihály Óvári
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Satellite Trace Elements Institute to UNESCO, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Christina Dunster
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, UK.
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, UK.
| | - Franco Lucarelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence/INFN, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Gyula Záray
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Satellite Trace Elements Institute to UNESCO, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M. Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the anthropocene. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4440-75. [PMID: 25856774 DOI: 10.1021/cr500487s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Schmitz K, Barthelmes J, Stolz L, Beyer S, Diehl O, Tegeder I. "Disease modifying nutricals" for multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:85-113. [PMID: 25435020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The association between vitamin D and multiple sclerosis has (re)-opened new interest in nutrition and natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of this neuroinflammatory disease. The dietary amount and type of fat, probiotics and biologicals, salmon proteoglycans, phytoestrogens and protease inhibitor of soy, sodium chloride and trace elements, and fat soluble vitamins including D, A and E were all considered as disease-modifying nutraceuticals. Studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice suggest that poly-unsaturated fatty acids and their 'inflammation-resolving' metabolites and the gut microflora may reduce auto-aggressive immune cells and reduce progression or risk of relapse, and infection with whipworm eggs may positively change the gut-brain communication. Encouraged by the recent interest in multiple sclerosis-nutrition nature's pharmacy has been searched for novel compounds with anti-inflammatory, immune-modifying and antioxidative properties, the most interesting being the scorpion toxins that inhibit specific potassium channels of T cells and antioxidative compounds including the green tea flavonoid epigallocatechin-3-gallate, curcumin and the mustard oil glycoside from e.g. broccoli and sulforaphane. They mostly also inhibit pro-inflammatory signaling through NF-κB or toll-like receptors and stabilize the blood brain barrier. Disease modifying functions may also complement analgesic and anti-spastic effects of cannabis, its constituents, and of 'endocannabinoid enhancing' drugs or nutricals like inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Nutricals will not solve multiple sclerosis therapeutic challenges but possibly support pharmacological interventions or unearth novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmitz
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Barthelmes
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Leonie Stolz
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Beyer
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Olaf Diehl
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany.
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36
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Iron and multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35 Suppl 2:S51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lim JL, Wilhelmus MMM, de Vries HE, Drukarch B, Hoozemans JJM, van Horssen J. Antioxidative defense mechanisms controlled by Nrf2: state-of-the-art and clinical perspectives in neurodegenerative diseases. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1773-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Oxidative tissue injury in multiple sclerosis is only partly reflected in experimental disease models. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:247-66. [PMID: 24622774 PMCID: PMC4102830 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggest that oxidative injury may play an important role in demyelination and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). We compared the extent of oxidative injury in MS lesions with that in experimental models driven by different inflammatory mechanisms. It was only in a model of coronavirus-induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis that we detected an accumulation of oxidised phospholipids, which was comparable in extent to that in MS. In both, MS and coronavirus-induced encephalomyelitis, this was associated with massive microglial and macrophage activation, accompanied by the expression of the NADPH oxidase subunit p22phox but only sparse expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Acute and chronic CD4+ T cell-mediated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis lesions showed transient expression of p22phox and iNOS associated with inflammation. Macrophages in chronic lesions of antibody-mediated demyelinating encephalomyelitis showed lysosomal activity but very little p22phox or iNOS expressions. Active inflammatory demyelinating lesions induced by CD8+ T cells or by innate immunity showed macrophage and microglial activation together with the expression of p22phox, but low or absent iNOS reactivity. We corroborated the differences between acute CD4+ T cell-mediated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and acute MS lesions via gene expression studies. Furthermore, age-dependent iron accumulation and lesion-associated iron liberation, as occurring in the human brain, were only minor in rodent brains. Our study shows that oxidative injury and its triggering mechanisms diverge in different models of rodent central nervous system inflammation. The amplification of oxidative injury, which has been suggested in MS, is only reflected to a limited degree in the studied rodent models.
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Hilary Koprowski, MD: A Lifetime of Work. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 33:1-43. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2014.kop.biblio] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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40
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Lyngdoh T, Bochud M, Glaus J, Castelao E, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Preisig M. Associations of serum uric acid and SLC2A9 variant with depressive and anxiety disorders: a population-based study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76336. [PMID: 24204615 PMCID: PMC3812204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited information exists regarding the association between serum uric acid (SUA) and psychiatric disorders. We explored the relationship between SUA and subtypes of major depressive disorder (MDD) and specific anxiety disorders. Additionally, we examined the association of SLC2A9 rs6855911 variant with anxiety disorders. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis on 3,716 individuals aged 35-66 years previously selected for the population-based CoLaus survey and who agreed to undergo further psychiatric evaluation. SUA was measured using uricase-PAP method. The French translation of the semi-structured Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies was used to establish lifetime and current diagnoses of depression and anxiety disorders according to the DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS Men reported significantly higher levels of SUA compared to women (357±74 µmol/L vs. 263±64 µmol/L). The prevalence of lifetime and current MDD was 44% and 18% respectively while the corresponding estimates for any anxiety disorders were 18% and 10% respectively. A quadratic hockey-stick shaped curve explained the relationship between SUA and social phobia better than a linear trend. However, with regards to the other specific anxiety disorders and other subtypes of MDD, there was no consistent pattern of association. Further analyses using SLC2A9 rs6855911 variant, known to be strongly associated with SUA, supported the quadratic relationship observed between SUA phenotype and social phobia. CONCLUSIONS A quadratic relationship between SUA and social phobia was observed consistent with a protective effect of moderately elevated SUA on social phobia, which disappears at higher concentrations. Further studies are needed to confirm our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanica Lyngdoh
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Gerard Waeber
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, CHUV and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, CHUV and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Jana M, Pahan K. Down-regulation of Myelin Gene Expression in Human Oligodendrocytes by Nitric Oxide: Implications for Demyelination in Multiple Sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4. [PMID: 24273691 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) with unknown etiology. Several studies have shown that demyelination in MS is caused by proinflammatory mediators and nitric oxide (NO), which is released by perivascular infiltrates and/or activated glial cells. Both endogenous NO released by microglia and astrocytes; and NO generated from exogenous NO donors are known to induce oligodendrocytes death. However, the molecular mechanism of oligodendroglial death is poorly understood. Here we explore the role of NO in modulating the expression of myelin-specific genes that leads to oligodendroglial death. We investigated the effect of NO on the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and proteolipid protein (PLP) in human primary oligodendrocytes. Combination of IFN-γ and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or double stranded RNA in the form of polyIC induced the production of NO and decreased the expression of myelin gene in human fetal mixed glial cultures. Either a scavenger of NO (PTIO) or an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (L-NIL) abrogated (LPS+IFN-γ)- and polyIC-mediated suppression of myelin genes in human mixed glial cells. The role of NO was further corroborated by the inhibition of myelin gene expression in purified human oligodendroglia by several NO donors including SNP, NOC-7, SIN-1, and SNAP. This study illustrates a novel biological role of NO in down-regulating the expression of myelin genes preceding the death of oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabendu Jana
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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von Geldern G, Mowry EM. The influence of nutritional factors on the prognosis of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2012; 8:678-89. [PMID: 23026980 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effect of nutrition and dietary supplements on the course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is a topic of great interest to both patients and clinicians. In particular, vitamin D status has been shown to influence both the incidence and the course of MS. High vitamin D levels are probably protective against the development of MS, although the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in slowing progression of MS remains to be established. The influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the development and course of MS has also long been under investigation. Small clinical trials suggest a modest reduction in the severity and duration of relapses in patients with MS receiving PUFA supplements. Other nutritional factors have been evaluated for their effect on MS disease progression, including milk proteins, gluten, probiotics, antioxidants (uric acid, vitamins A, C and E, lipoic acid), polyphenols, Ginkgo biloba extracts and curcumin. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of these dietary components on the relapse rate and progression of MS. This Review gives an overview of the literature on the nutritional factors most commonly implicated as having an effect on MS and discusses the biological rationale that is thought to underlie their influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria von Geldern
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Pathology Building Room 627, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Shiraiwa M, Selzle K, Pöschl U. Hazardous components and health effects of atmospheric aerosol particles: reactive oxygen species, soot, polycyclic aromatic compounds and allergenic proteins. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:927-39. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.663084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Venkatesan A, Uzasci L, Chen Z, Rajbhandari L, Anderson C, Lee MH, Bianchet MA, Cotter R, Song H, Nath A. Impairment of adult hippocampal neural progenitor proliferation by methamphetamine: role for nitrotyrosination. Mol Brain 2011; 4:28. [PMID: 21708025 PMCID: PMC3142219 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-4-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse has reached epidemic proportions, and it has become increasingly recognized that abusers suffer from a wide range of neurocognitive deficits. Much previous work has focused on the deleterious effects of METH on mature neurons, but little is known about the effects of METH on neural progenitor cells (NPCs). It is now well established that new neurons are continuously generated from NPCs in the adult hippocampus, and accumulating evidence suggests important roles for these neurons in hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions. In a rat hippocampal NPC culture system, we find that METH results in a dose-dependent reduction of NPC proliferation, and higher concentrations of METH impair NPC survival. NPC differentiation, however, is not affected by METH, suggesting cell-stage specificity of the effects of METH. We demonstrate that the effects of METH on NPCs are, in part, mediated through oxidative and nitrosative stress. Further, we identify seventeen NPC proteins that are post-translationally modified via 3-nitrotyrosination in response to METH, using mass spectrometric approaches. One such protein was pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2), an important mediator of cellular energetics and proliferation. We identify sites of PKM2 that undergo nitrotyrosination, and demonstrate that nitration of the protein impairs its activity. Thus, METH abuse may result in impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and effects on NPCs may be mediated by protein nitration. Our study has implications for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for METH-abusing individuals with neurologic dysfunction and may be applicable to other neurodegenerative diseases in which hippocampal neurogenesis is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Venkatesan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lerna Uzasci
- Middle Atlantic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Zhaohui Chen
- Middle Atlantic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Labchan Rajbhandari
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Carol Anderson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- National Institutes of Health, Section of Infections of the Nervous Systems, Bldg 10-CRC, Room 7C103; Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Myoung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- National Institutes of Health, Section of Infections of the Nervous Systems, Bldg 10-CRC, Room 7C103; Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mario A Bianchet
- Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Robert Cotter
- Middle Atlantic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Avindra Nath
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- National Institutes of Health, Section of Infections of the Nervous Systems, Bldg 10-CRC, Room 7C103; Bethesda, MD 20892
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Abstract
Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism in humans due to the loss of uricase activity by various mutations of its gene during the Miocene epoch, which led to humans having higher UA levels than other mammals. Furthermore, 90% of UA filtered by the kidneys is reabsorbed, instead of being excreted. These facts suggest that evolution and physiology have not treated UA as a harmful waste product, but as something beneficial that has to be kept. This has led various researchers to think about the possible evolutionary advantages of the loss of uricase and the subsequent increase in UA levels. It has been argued that due to the powerful antioxidant activity of UA, the evolutionary benefit could be the increased life expectancy of hominids. For other authors, the loss of uricase and the increase in UA could be a mechanism to maintain blood pressure in times of very low salt ingestion. The oldest hypothesis associates the increase in UA with higher intelligence in humans. Finally, UA has protective effects against several neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting it could have interesting actions on neuronal development and function. These hypotheses are discussed from an evolutionary perspective and their clinical significance. UA has some obvious harmful effects, and some, not so well-known, beneficial effects as an antioxidant and neuroprotector.
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Markowitz CE, Spitsin S, Zimmerman V, Jacobs D, Udupa JK, Hooper DC, Koprowski H. The treatment of multiple sclerosis with inosine. J Altern Complement Med 2009; 15:619-25. [PMID: 19425822 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2008.0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of inosine in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The secondary objectives are to assess the effects of inosine administration on serum urate (UA) levels, the progression of neurologic disability, the cumulative number of new, active lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and changes in serum levels for markers of inflammation. DESIGN Oral administration of inosine was used to raise serum levels of the natural peroxynitrite scavenger UA in 16 patients with RRMS during a 1-year randomized, double-blind trial. OUTCOME MEASURES The endpoints studied were relapse rate, disability assessed by the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), MRI, and analysis of serum levels of nitrotyrosine, and oxidative and pro-inflammatory makers. RESULTS Increased serum UA levels correlated with a significant decrease in the number of gadolinium-enhanced lesions and improved EDSS. A number of MRI intensity-based parameters were altered by inosine treatment, in certain cases correlating with changes in serum UA levels. In a patient with low serum UA and high lesion activity, raising UA levels by inosine treatment decreased serum nitrotyrosine while increasing the ratio of Th2 to Th1 cytokines in circulating cells. The only side-effect correlated with inosine treatment was kidney stone formation in 4/16 subjects. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the use of inosine to raise serum UA levels may have benefits for at least some MS patients. The effect of this treatment is likely to be a consequence of inactivation of peroxynitrite-dependent free radicals. Close monitoring of serum UA levels as well as other measures are required to avoid the potential development of kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde E Markowitz
- Neurology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Urtasun R, Cubero FJ, Vera M, Nieto N. Reactive nitrogen species switch on early extracellular matrix remodeling via induction of MMP1 and TNFalpha. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:1410-22, e1-4. [PMID: 19250650 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver injury leads to generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which can react to produce peroxynitrite (ONOO-). We investigated whether ONOO- and its metabolites modulate extracellular matrix remodeling. METHODS Stellate cells (HSC) were incubated with pure ONOO- or SIN-1 (a ONOO- donor). Western blot, nuclear in vitro transcription, Northern blot, qPCR, and promoter transactivation analysis for COL1A1 and COL1A2 were carried out. Rats were fed alcohol or injected with CCl4 to cause alcohol-induced liver injury and an early fibrogenic response. RESULTS HSC incubated with ONOO- or SIN-1 showed similar viability, proliferation, COL1A1 and COL1A2 transcription rates, and mRNA levels as controls. There was a time- and dose-dependent down-regulation of collagen I and alpha-Sma proteins and up-regulation of MMP1 and TNFalpha, indicating decreased HSC activation. These effects were blocked by ONOO- scavengers. SIN-1 or ONOO- increased nitrosylation of MMP1/MMP13 and transactivation of the MMP1, MMP13, and TNFalpha promoters. A TNFalpha neutralizing antibody or GSH-ethyl ester blocked MMP1 promoter transactivation; whereas TNFalpha or l-buthionine sulfoximine, which depletes GSH, further enhanced it. Pretreatment with SIN-1 or ONOO- reduced the TGFbeta pro-fibrogenic response in HSC. In vivo experiments validated the protective role of ONOO- on the early fibrogenic response. However, highly activated HSC, such as myofibroblasts and HSC from chronic alcohol-fed rats, were resistant to the anti-fibrogenic actions of ONOO- due to higher levels of GSH, a ONOO- scavenger, overproduction of pro-fibrogenic TGFbeta, and reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSION ONOO- could induce a protective mechanism in HSC in early stages of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Urtasun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Sautin YY, Johnson RJ. Uric acid: the oxidant-antioxidant paradox. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 27:608-19. [PMID: 18600514 DOI: 10.1080/15257770802138558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid, despite being a major antioxidant in the human plasma, both correlates and predicts development of obesity, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, conditions associated with oxidative stress. While one explanation for this paradox could be that a rise in uric acid represents an attempted protective response by the host, we review the evidence that uric acid may function either as an antioxidant (primarily in plasma) or pro-oxidant (primarily within the cell). We suggest that it is the pro-oxidative effects of uric acid that occur in cardiovascular disease and may have a contributory role in the pathogenesis of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Y Sautin
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0224, USA
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Rupérez FJ, García-Martínez D, Baena B, Maeso N, Cifuentes A, Barbas C, Herrera E. Evolution of oxidative stress parameters and response to oral vitamins E and C in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 60:871-8. [PMID: 18549673 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.7.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Type I diabetes in humans and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats has been associated with oxidative stress, but antioxidant therapy has given contradictory results, in part related to the absence of common conditions used to evaluate in-vivo antioxidant properties. This prompted the study of an experimental model of antioxidant therapy in STZ-treated rats. Adult female rats received STZ (50 mgkg(-1)) and were studied 7 or 14 days later. Adipose tissue weight progressively decreased with the time of treatment, whereas plasma triglycerides increased at 7 days, before returning to control values at 14 days after STZ treatment. STZ diabetic rats had increased plasma thiobarbituric acid reacting substances and alpha-tocopherol levels, but the latter variable was decreased when corrected for total lipids. STZ diabetic rats showed a higher GSSG/GSH ratio at Day 14 and lower GSH + GSSG at Day 7 in liver. To evaluate the effect of short-term antioxidant therapy, rats received 5 doses of vitamins C and E over 3 days before being killed on Day 14. Treatment with antioxidants decreased plasma lactic acid and thiobarbituric acid reacting substances, as well as urine 8-isoprostane, and decreased plasma uric acid in controls. Vitamins increased the plasma alpha-tocopherol/lipids ratio only in control rats, although the plasma and liver alpha-tocopherol concentration increased in both groups. STZ diabetic rats showed moderate oxidative stress and treatment with antioxidant vitamins caused a significant change in a selected group of oxidative stress markers, which reflected an improvement in some of the complications associated with this disease. The present experimental conditions can be used as a sensitive experimental model to study the responsiveness of diabetes to other antioxidant interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Rupérez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain.
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