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Müller UJ, Schmalenbach LJ, Dobrowolny H, Guest PC, Schlaaff K, Mawrin C, Truebner K, Bogerts B, Gos T, Bernstein HG, Steiner J. Reduced anterior insular cortex volume in male heroin addicts: a postmortem study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:1233-1241. [PMID: 36719479 PMCID: PMC9888352 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We and others have observed reduced volumes of brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, hypothalamus, and habenula in opioid addiction. Notably, the insular cortex has been under increasing study in addiction, and a smaller anterior insula has been found in alcohol-addicted cases. Here, we have investigated whether similar effects occur in heroin addicts compared to healthy controls. Volumes of the anterior and posterior insula in heroin addicts (n = 14) and controls (n = 13) were assessed by morphometry of Nissl-myelin-stained serial whole-brain coronal sections. The mean relative volume of the anterior insular cortex was smaller than in non-addicted controls (3010 ± 614 *10-6 versus 3970 ± 1306 *10-6; p = 0.021). However, no significant differences in neuronal cell counts were observed. Therefore, the observed volume reduction appears to be a consequence of damaged connecting structures such as neuropil and glial cells. The findings were not confounded by age or duration of autolysis. Our results provide further evidence of structural deficits in key hubs of the addiction circuitry in heroin-dependent individuals and warrant further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf J Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Forensic Psychiatric State Hospital of Saxony-Anhalt, Stendal-Uchtspringe, Germany
| | - Lucas J Schmalenbach
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Paul C Guest
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Konstantin Schlaaff
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZP), Center for Intervention and Research On Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying, Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
| | - Christian Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kurt Truebner
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
- Salus Institute, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Gos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
- German Center for Mental Health (DZP), Center for Intervention and Research On Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying, Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany.
- Center for Health Und Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Magdeburg, Germany.
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2
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Boschetti A, Camperio Ciani A, Scarpazza C. Sexual offenses and the brain. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 197:161-179. [PMID: 37633708 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821375-9.00017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Sexual offenses are a great concern worldwide due to the devastating physical and psychological consequences the victims of such crimes often experience. It is an important task to investigate potential mechanisms that may underlie sexual offending and predispose an individual for such antisocial behavior. Advanced techniques in neuroscience are increasingly used to uncover biomarkers in psychiatric disorders and organic brain disease. As this type of research is flourishing, preliminary studies with the aim to explore the neural basis of sex offenders have started to appear. To this purpose, researchers began to study the brain's structural and functional changes and the neurocognitive profiles of sex offenders, in comparison to nonoffenders and nonsex offenders, or among different subtypes of sex offenders. Most of the research to date has focused on pedophilia, with some inconsistent findings, which hampers the translation of the results into the forensic and clinical context. Any attempt to increase convergent evidence may profit from the harmonization of data analysis and avoidance of methodological inconsistencies, which can account for the different results across studies. Today, uncovering the neural basis of sex offences has to become a priority, not only for clinical interventions, but might also be important knowledge for crime prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Boschetti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Camperio Ciani
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Scarpazza
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Translational Cognitive and NeuroImaging Lab, IRCCS Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy.
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3
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Measuring variability of local brain volume using improved volume preserved warping. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2022; 96:102039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2022.102039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Bian B, Couvy-Duchesne B, Wray NR, McRae AF. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac078. [PMID: 35441133 PMCID: PMC9014537 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in the human leukocyte antigen and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor regions have been associated with many brain-related diseases, but how they shape brain structure and function remains unclear. To identify the genetic variants in HLA and KIR genes associated with human brain phenotypes, we performed a genetic association study of ∼30 000 European unrelated individuals using brain MRI phenotypes generated by the UK Biobank (UKB). We identified 15 HLA alleles in HLA class I and class II genes significantly associated with at least one brain MRI-based phenotypes (P < 5 × 10−8). These associations converged on several main haplotypes within the HLA. In particular, the human leukocyte antigen alleles within an ancestral haplotype 8.1 were associated with multiple MRI measures, including grey matter volume, cortical thickness (TH) and diffusion MRI (dMRI) metrics. These alleles have been strongly associated with schizophrenia. Additionally, associations were identified between HLA-DRB1*04∼DQA1*03:01∼DQB1*03:02 and isotropic volume fraction of diffusion MRI in multiple white matter tracts. This haplotype has been reported to be associated with Parkinson’s disease. These findings suggest shared genetic associations between brain MRI biomarkers and brain-related diseases. Additionally, we identified 169 associations between the complement component 4 (C4) gene and imaging phenotypes. We found that C4 gene copy number was associated with cortical TH and dMRI metrics. No KIR gene copy numbers were associated with image-derived phenotypes at genome-wide threshold. To address the multiple testing burden in the phenome-wide association study, we performed a multi-trait association analysis using trait-based association test that uses extended Simes procedure and identified MRI image-specific associations. This study contributes to insight into how critical immune genes affect brain-related traits as well as the development of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Bian
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, INRIA, Paris, France
| | - Naomi R. Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Allan F. McRae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence to: Allan F. McRae The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia E-mail:
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Shimizu T, Gheorghe LA, Nemoto K, Horie T, Takano S, Haida M. Gymkhana and pylon slalom driving training effects on the cerebellum structure. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136281. [PMID: 34601040 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To develop a suitable automobile design as per each driver's characteristics and state, it is important to understand the brain function in acquiring driving skills. Reportedly, the brain structures of professionals, such as athletes and musicians, and those who have received training in special skills, undergo changes with training. However, the development process of the brain in terms of acquiring driving skills has not yet been clarified. In this study, we evaluated the effects of driving training on the brain and observed an increase in the volume of the right cerebellum after short-term training (3 days). The right cerebellum is responsible for controlling the right hand and right foot, which are important for driving. Drivers train to control a vehicle smoothly at high speeds at gymkhana and pylon slalom courses, which are often used in motor sports. The brain structure was analyzed before and after training using magnetic resonance imaging. Voxel-based morphometry was used to assess possible structural changes. First, the lap times after training were clearly shortened and vehicle dynamics were more stable, indicating that the drivers' skill level clearly improved. Second, brain structural analysis revealed a volumetric increase in the right cerebellum. The cerebellum is involved in the process of learning sensory motor skills, such as smooth steering and pedal operations, driving course shape, and vehicle size perception. These results suggest a new inner model for driving operation and support the hypothesis that motor learning affects the cerebellum during vehicle driving training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Shimizu
- Research Planning Department, Research Division, Nissan Motor Co., LTD., Yokosuka Kanagawa 237-8523, Japan.
| | - Lucian A Gheorghe
- Advanced Materials and Processing Laboratory, Research Division, Nissan Motor Co., LTD., Yokosuka Kanagawa 237-8523, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nemoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Horie
- Department of Radiology Clinical Technology Division, Tokai University, Isehara Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Susumu Takano
- Department of Radiology Clinical Technology Division, Tokai University, Isehara Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Munetaka Haida
- Tokai University Junior College of Nursing and Medical Technology, Hiratsuka Kanagawa 259-1207, Japan
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6
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Kirk-Provencher KT, Nelson-Aguiar RJ, Spillane NS. Neuroanatomical Differences Among Sexual Offenders: A Targeted Review with Limitations and Implications for Future Directions. VIOLENCE AND GENDER 2020; 7:86-97. [PMID: 32939353 PMCID: PMC7488205 DOI: 10.1089/vio.2019.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As sexual assault and child sexual abuse continue to be worldwide public health concerns, research has continued to explore factors associated with sexual offending. Structural and functional neuroanatomical brain differences have been examined in an effort to differentiate sexual offenders and their behavior. This targeted review searched PubMed and Google Scholar for empirical studies using brain imaging techniques to examine possible structural or functional differences among control groups compared with at least one group of sexual offenders with contact offenses. This targeted review summarizes the structural and functional findings of 15 brain imaging studies (i.e., computed tomography, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging), which suggest possible differences in brain size and gray matter volume, cortical thickness, white matter connectivity, and specific structural and functional differences among brain regions (fronto-temporal region, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, etc.). The methodological limitations of brain imaging studies and the associated findings with regard to sexual offenders are highlighted, as research indicates that many of the proposed differences in brain structure and function are not unique to this population. We further highlight several limitations to using neuroimaging studies to examine this population of interest, including publication bias, small sample size, underpowered studies, and all-male samples. As these results are mixed and findings are not seemingly unique to sexual offenders, we suggest future sexual offender research may benefit from focusing on more financially feasible options, such as neuropsychological assessment approaches, to assess for and attend to offenders' criminogenic and rehabilitative/therapeutic needs in alignment with the risk-need-responsivity model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nichea S. Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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7
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Lundin NB, Todd PM, Jones MN, Avery JE, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Semantic Search in Psychosis: Modeling Local Exploitation and Global Exploration. SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN OPEN 2020; 1:sgaa011. [PMID: 32803160 PMCID: PMC7418865 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Impairments in category verbal fluency task (VFT) performance have been widely documented in psychosis. These deficits may be due to disturbed “cognitive foraging” in semantic space, in terms of altered salience of cues that influence individuals to search locally within a subcategory of semantically related responses (“clustering”) or globally between subcategories (“switching”). To test this, we conducted a study in which individuals with schizophrenia (n = 21), schizotypal personality traits (n = 25), and healthy controls (n = 40) performed VFT with “animals” as the category. Distributional semantic model Word2Vec computed cosine-based similarities between words according to their statistical usage in a large text corpus. We then applied a validated foraging-based search model to these similarity values to obtain salience indices of frequency-based global search cues and similarity-based local cues. Analyses examined whether diagnosis predicted VFT performance, search strategies, cue salience, and the time taken to switch between vs search within clusters. Compared to control and schizotypal groups, individuals with schizophrenia produced fewer words, switched less, and exhibited higher global cue salience, indicating a selection of more common words when switching to new clusters. Global cue salience negatively associated with vocabulary ability in controls and processing speed in schizophrenia. Lastly, individuals with schizophrenia took a similar amount of time to switch to new clusters compared to control and schizotypal groups but took longer to transition between words within clusters. Findings of altered local exploitation and global exploration through semantic memory provide preliminary evidence of aberrant cognitive foraging in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Lundin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Peter M Todd
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Michael N Jones
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Johnathan E Avery
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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8
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Identification of changes in grey matter volume using an evolutionary approach: an MRI study of schizophrenia. MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00530-020-00649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Pareek V, Nath B, Roy PK. Role of Neuroimaging Modality in the Assessment of Oxidative Stress in Brain: A Comprehensive Review. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2019; 18:372-381. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666190507102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective:Oxidative stress (OS) is the secondary source of an injury in consequence to the earlier caused primary injury; it is the condition of an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants within the physiological system. OS causes alterations in proteins and DNA structure, leading to inflammation, apoptotic cell death, and tissue damage. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Glioma-induced neurodegeneration and the normal aging-related neuro-degeneration are primarily associated with the increased OS. The present review article is committed to delivering a comprehensive overview of the current neuroimaging modalities which estimates an indirect correlate of OS in the brain. OS-induced changes in white matter tracts and the gray matter volumes are reviewed assessing the role of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) respectively. Further, the role of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to assess the OS-induced alterations of chemical moieties, and thus the resultant structural implications in the neurological disorders are also briefly as well as precisely reviewed.Conclusions:In the present review article we present an overview of the role of neuroimaging modalities in the diagnosis, and longitudinal assessment during treatment of the OS induced changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Pareek
- National Neuroimaging Facility, Computational Neuroscience & Neuroimaging Department, National Brain Research Center, Manesar, Haryana, 122052, India
| | - Banshi Nath
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec QC, Canada
| | - Prasun K. Roy
- Computational Neuroscience & Neuro-Imaging Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 122005, India
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10
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Geng X, Li G, Lu Z, Gao W, Wang L, Shen D, Zhu H, Gilmore JH. Structural and Maturational Covariance in Early Childhood Brain Development. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:1795-1807. [PMID: 26874184 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain structural covariance networks (SCNs) composed of regions with correlated variation are altered in neuropsychiatric disease and change with age. Little is known about the development of SCNs in early childhood, a period of rapid cortical growth. We investigated the development of structural and maturational covariance networks, including default, dorsal attention, primary visual and sensorimotor networks in a longitudinal population of 118 children after birth to 2 years old and compared them with intrinsic functional connectivity networks. We found that structural covariance of all networks exhibit strong correlations mostly limited to their seed regions. By Age 2, default and dorsal attention structural networks are much less distributed compared with their functional maps. The maturational covariance maps, however, revealed significant couplings in rates of change between distributed regions, which partially recapitulate their functional networks. The structural and maturational covariance of the primary visual and sensorimotor networks shows similar patterns to the corresponding functional networks. Results indicate that functional networks are in place prior to structural networks, that correlated structural patterns in adult may arise in part from coordinated cortical maturation, and that regional co-activation in functional networks may guide and refine the maturation of SCNs over childhood development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Geng
- Department of Psychiatry.,State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Laboratory of Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, University of Hong Kong
| | - Gang Li
- IDEA Lab, Department of Radiology and BRIC
| | - Zhaohua Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Li Wang
- IDEA Lab, Department of Radiology and BRIC
| | - Dinggang Shen
- IDEA Lab, Department of Radiology and BRIC.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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11
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Crossley NA, Marques TR, Taylor H, Chaddock C, Dell'Acqua F, Reinders AATS, Mondelli V, DiForti M, Simmons A, David AS, Kapur S, Pariante CM, Murray RM, Dazzan P. Connectomic correlates of response to treatment in first-episode psychosis. Brain 2016; 140:487-496. [PMID: 28007987 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Connectomic approaches using diffusion tensor imaging have contributed to our understanding of brain changes in psychosis, and could provide further insights into the neural mechanisms underlying response to antipsychotic treatment. We here studied the brain network organization in patients at their first episode of psychosis, evaluating whether connectome-based descriptions of brain networks predict response to treatment, and whether they change after treatment. Seventy-six patients with a first episode of psychosis and 74 healthy controls were included. Thirty-three patients were classified as responders after 12 weeks of antipsychotic treatment. Baseline brain structural networks were built using whole-brain diffusion tensor imaging tractography, and analysed using graph analysis and network-based statistics to explore baseline characteristics of patients who subsequently responded to treatment. A subgroup of 43 patients was rescanned at the 12-week follow-up, to study connectomic changes over time in relation to treatment response. At baseline, those subjects who subsequently responded to treatment, compared to those that did not, showed higher global efficiency in their structural connectomes, a network configuration that theoretically facilitates the flow of information. We did not find specific connectomic changes related to treatment response after 12 weeks of treatment. Our data suggest that patients who have an efficiently-wired connectome at first onset of psychosis show a better subsequent response to antipsychotics. However, response is not accompanied by specific structural changes over time detectable with this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A Crossley
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK .,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Santiago 8330077, Chile
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK .,MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Heather Taylor
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Chris Chaddock
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Flavio Dell'Acqua
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Antje A T S Reinders
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Marta DiForti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Andrew Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Anthony S David
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Shitij Kapur
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
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12
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Korenic SA, Nisonger SJ, Krause BW, Wijtenburg SA, Hong LE, Rowland LM. Effectiveness of fast mapping to promote learning in schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2016; 4:24-31. [PMID: 27774411 PMCID: PMC5072452 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fast mapping (FM), a process that promotes the expeditious incidental learning of information, is thought to support rapid vocabulary acquisition in young children through extra-medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions. A recent study suggested that patients with MTL damage resulting in profound amnesia were able to learn novel word–image associations using an FM paradigm. The present study investigated whether FM would be an effective strategy to promote learning for individuals with schizophrenia, a severe mental illness associated with compromised MTL functionality. Twenty-five patients with schizophrenia and 27 healthy control subjects completed trials of incidental FM encoding (experimental condition) and explicit encoding (EE, control condition) over the course of three visits spaced one week (± 2 days) apart. All participants were evaluated for recognition 10 min after each encoding condition was presented, and again one week (± 2 days) later. Results indicate that both groups performed better on the EE recognition trials when compared to FM (p's < 0.05). For the FM recognition trials, both groups performed similarly. However, participants with schizophrenia performed significantly worse on the EE recognition trials than healthy control participants (p's < 0.05). While participants with schizophrenia did not perform significantly worse when assessed for FM recognition, these results do not provide enough evidence to suggest that FM facilitates learning to a greater extent in schizophrenia when compared to EE. Whether FM may benefit a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia remains a focus of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Korenic
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Sarah J. Nisonger
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Benjamin W. Krause
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - S. Andrea Wijtenburg
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County
- Corresponding author at: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228. Tel.: + 1 410 402 6803; fax: + 1 410 402 6077.Maryland Psychiatric Research CenterP.O. Box 21247BaltimoreMD21228
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A Correlative Classification Study of Schizophrenic Patients with Results of Clinical Evaluation and Structural Magnetic Resonance Images. Behav Neurol 2016; 2016:7849526. [PMID: 27843197 PMCID: PMC5098109 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7849526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia suffer from symptoms such as hallucination and delusion. There are currently a number of publications that discuss the treatment, diagnosis, prognosis, and damage in schizophrenia. This study utilized joint independent component analysis to process the images of GMV and WMV and incorporated the Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) and the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) to examine the correlation of obtained brain characteristics. We also used PANSS score to classify schizophrenic patients into acute and subacute cases, to analyze the brain structure differences. Finally, we used brain structure images and the error rate of the WCST as eigenvalues in support vector machine learning and classification. The results of this study showed that the frontal and temporal lobes of a normal brain are more apparent than those of a schizophrenia brain. The highest level of classification recognition reached 91.575%, indicating that the WCST error rate and characteristic changes in brain structure volume can be used to effectively distinguish schizophrenia and normal brains. Similarly, this result confirmed that the WCST and brain structure volume are correlated with the differences between schizophrenia and normal participants.
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Wiebels K, Waldie KE, Roberts RP, Park HR. Identifying grey matter changes in schizotypy using partial least squares correlation. Cortex 2016; 81:137-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mouchlianitis E, McCutcheon R, Howes OD. Brain-imaging studies of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3:451-63. [PMID: 26948188 PMCID: PMC5796640 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Around 30% of patients with schizophrenia show an inadequate response to antipsychotics-ie, treatment resistance. Neuroimaging studies can help to uncover the underlying neurobiological reasons for such resistance and identify these patients earlier. Additionally, studies examining the effect of clozapine on the brain can help to identify aspects of clozapine that make it uniquely effective in patients with treatment resistance. We did a systematic search of PubMed between Jan 1, 1980, and April 13, 2015, to identify all neuroimaging studies that examined treatment-resistant patients or longitudinally assessed the effects of clozapine treatment. We identified 330 articles, of which 61 met the inclusion criteria. Replicated differences between treatment-resistant and treatment-responsive patients include reductions in grey matter and perfusion of frontotemporal regions, and increases in white matter and basal ganglia perfusion, with effect sizes ranging from 0·4 to greater than 1. Clozapine treatment led to reductions in caudate nucleus volume in three separate studies. The available evidence supports the hypothesis that some of the neurobiological changes seen in treatment-resistant schizophrenia lie along a continuum with treatment-responsive schizophrenia, whereas other differences are categorical in nature and have potential to be used as biomarkers. However, further replication is needed, and for neuroimaging findings to be clinically translatable, future studies need to focus on a-priori hypotheses and be adequately powered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Mouchlianitis
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert McCutcheon
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; Psychiatric Imaging Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Institute of Clinical Science, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; Psychiatric Imaging Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Institute of Clinical Science, Imperial College London, London, UK
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16
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Egashira K, Matsuo K, Mihara T, Nakano M, Nakashima M, Watanuki T, Matsubara T, Watanabe Y. Different and shared brain volume abnormalities in late- and early-onset schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2015; 70:142-51. [PMID: 25358262 DOI: 10.1159/000364827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The differences in clinical characteristics between late- (LOS) and early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) are well documented. However, very little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying these differences. Here, we compared morphometric abnormalities between patients with EOS and those with LOS. A total of 22 patients with LOS, 24 patients with EOS and 41 healthy control subjects were included in this magnetic resonance imaging study. Brain images were analyzed using DARTEL preprocessing for voxel-based morphometry in SPM8. We tested a main effect of diagnosis in the whole-brain analysis and compared the results among the three groups. We also carried out correlation analyses between regional volumes and clinical variables. Patients with LOS showed larger gray matter (GM) volume of the left precuneus compared with healthy subjects and patients with EOS. Patients with LOS and EOS showed decreased GM volumes in the right insula, left superior temporal gyrus and left orbitofrontal gyrus compared with healthy subjects. A longer duration of illness was associated with reduced GM volume in the temporal pole in patients with EOS. Our findings may help improve our understanding of schizophrenia pathophysiology and shed light on the different and shared neurobiological underpinnings of LOS and EOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuteru Egashira
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyusyu, Japan
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Xu L, Qin W, Zhuo C, Zhu J, Liu H, Liu X, Xu Y, Yu C. Selective Functional Disconnection of the Dorsal Subregion of the Temporal Pole in Schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11258. [PMID: 26058049 PMCID: PMC4460906 DOI: 10.1038/srep11258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although extensive resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) changes have been reported in schizophrenia, rsFC changes in the temporal pole (TP) remain unknown. The TP contains several subregions with different connection patterns; however, it is not known whether TP subregions are differentially affected in schizophrenia. Sixty-six schizophrenia patients and 76 healthy comparison subjects underwent resting-state fMRI using a sensitivity-encoded spiral-in (SENSE-SPIRAL) imaging sequence to reduce susceptibility-induced signal loss and distortion. The TP was subdivided into the dorsal (TPd) and ventral (TPv) subregions. Mean fMRI time series were extracted for each TP subregion and entered into a seed-based rsFC analysis. Direct between-group comparisons revealed reduced rsFC between the right TPd and brain regions involved in language processing and multisensory integration in schizophrenia, including the left superior temporal gyrus, left mid-cingulate cortex, and right insular cortex. The rsFC changes of the right TPd in schizophrenia were independent of the grey matter reduction of this subregion. Moreover, these rsFC changes were unrelated to illness severity, duration of illness and antipsychotic medication dosage. No significant group differences were observed in the rsFC of the left TPd and bilateral TPv subregions. These findings suggest a selective (the right TPd) functional disconnection of TP subregions in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Xu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- 1] Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China [2] Tianjin Anding Hospital (Tianjin Mental Health Center), Tianjin City 300222, China [3] Tianjin Anning Hospital, Tianjin City 300300, China
| | - Jiajia Zhu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Huaigui Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xingyun Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yongjie Xu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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18
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Zhang T, Koutsouleris N, Meisenzahl E, Davatzikos C. Heterogeneity of structural brain changes in subtypes of schizophrenia revealed using magnetic resonance imaging pattern analysis. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:74-84. [PMID: 25261565 PMCID: PMC4266302 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a multifaceted mental disorder characterized by cognitive, perceptual, and affective symptom dimensions. This heterogeneity at the phenomenological level may be subserved by complex and heterogeneous patterns of structural abnormalities. Thus, delineating such patterns may improve the insight into the variability of disease and facilitate future magnetic resonance imaging-based diagnosis. METHODS We aimed to identify structurally complex signatures that directly differentiate patients with predominantly negative (pNEG), positive (pPOS), and disorganized (pDIS) symptoms using Optimally-Discriminative Voxel-Based Analysis (ODVBA). ODVBA is a new analytical framework for group analysis, which showed to have superior sensitivity and specificity over conventional voxel-based morphometric approaches, thus facilitating the identification of subtle neuroanatomical signatures delineating different subgroups. RESULTS pPOS were characterized by pronounced gray matter (GM) volume reductions in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), which herein is defined to include the orbitofrontal cortex, and in occipitotemporal GM and parts of the lingual gyrus. pNEG was found to have vmPFC reduction but to a lesser degree than pPOS and with a relative sparing of the more medial vmPFC regions, compared to pDIS; it also had significantly less cerebellar GM. pDIS showed relatively highest GM volume preservation among three subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Although a common prefronto-perisylvian GM reduction pattern was present at the whole-group level, marked morphometric differences emerged between the three subgroups, including reduced cerebellar GM in pNEG and reduced vmPFC and occipitotemporal GM in pPOS. Besides deepening our insight into the neurobiological underpinnings of clinical heterogeneity, these results also identify important imaging biomarkers that may aid patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, and Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; These authors contributed equally to the article;
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany;,These authors contributed equally to the article
| | - Eva Meisenzahl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany;,These authors shared the senior coauthorship
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, and Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA;,These authors shared the senior coauthorship
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Zhang GY, Yang M, Liu B, Huang ZC, Chen H, Zhang PP, Li J, Chen JY, Liu LJ, Wang J, Teng GJ. Changes in the default mode networks of individuals with long-term unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Neuroscience 2014; 285:333-42. [PMID: 25463518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hearing impairment contributes to cognitive dysfunction. Previous studies have found changes of functional connectivity in the default mode network (DMN) associated with cognitive processing in individuals with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Whereas the changes in the DMN in patients with long-term unilateral SNHL (USNHL) is still not entirely clear. In this work, we analyzed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and neuropsychological test scores from normal hearing subjects (n = 11) and patients (n = 21) with long-term USNHL. Functional connectivity and nodal topological properties were computed for every brain region in the DMN. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and post hoc analyses were conducted to identify differences between normal controls and patients for each measure. Results indicated that the left USNHL presented enhanced connectivity (p < 0.05, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected), and significant changes (p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected) of the nodal topological properties in the DMN compared with the control. More changes in the DMN have been found in the left than right long-term USNHL (RUSNHL). However, the neuropsychological tests did not show significant differences between the USNHL and the control. These findings suggest that long-term USNHL contributes to changes in the DMN, and these changes might affect cognitive abilities in patients with long-term USNHL. Left hearing loss affects the DMN more than the right hearing loss does. The fMRI measures might be more sensitive for observing cognitive changes in patients with hearing loss than clinical neuropsychological tests. This study provides some insights into the mechanisms of the association between hearing loss and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-Y Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecule Imaging and Functional Imaging, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Radiology, Taishan Medical University, Chang Cheng Road, Hi-Tech Development Zone, Taian 271016, Shandong Province, China.
| | - M Yang
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecule Imaging and Functional Imaging, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - B Liu
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecule Imaging and Functional Imaging, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Z-C Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-neck Surgery, Zhong-Da Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - H Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-neck Surgery, Zhong-Da Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - P-P Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-neck Surgery, Zhong-Da Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecule Imaging and Functional Imaging, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - J-Y Chen
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecule Imaging and Functional Imaging, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - L-J Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Human Communication Disorder, Dalhousie University, 1256 Barrington St, Halifax B3J1Y6, Canada
| | - G-J Teng
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecule Imaging and Functional Imaging, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China
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20
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Varga E, Simon M, Tényi T, Schnell Z, Hajnal A, Orsi G, Dóczi T, Komoly S, Janszky J, Füredi R, Hamvas E, Fekete S, Herold R. Irony comprehension and context processing in schizophrenia during remission--a functional MRI study. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2013; 126:231-242. [PMID: 23867921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenic patients have Theory of Mind (ToM) deficits even during remission, but it is yet unknown whether this could be influenced. We examined the neural correlates of irony understanding in schizophrenic patients, as an indicator of ToM capacity, and evaluated how linguistic help inserted into the context phase could affect irony comprehension. Schizophrenic patients in remission and healthy controls were subjected to event-related functional MRI scanning while performing irony, 'irony with linguistic help', and control tasks. Patients understood irony significantly worse than healthy controls. The patients showed stronger brain activity in the parietal and frontal areas in the early phase of irony task, however the healthy controls exhibited higher activation in frontal, temporal and parietal regions in the latter phase of the irony task. Interestingly the linguistic help not only improved the patients' ToM performance, but it also evoked similar activation pattern to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Varga
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, Hungary
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21
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Brain structural changes as vulnerability factors and acquired signs of post-earthquake stress. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:618-23. [PMID: 22614289 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many survivors of severe disasters, even those without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), need psychological support. To understand the pathogenesis of PTSD symptoms and prevent the development of PTSD, the critical issue is to distinguish neurological abnormalities as vulnerability factors from acquired signs of PTSD symptoms in the early stage of adaptation to the trauma in the normal population. The neurological underpinnings of PTSD have been well characterized, but the causal relationships with the traumatic event are still unclear. We examined 42 non-PTSD subjects to find brain morphometric changes related to the severity of PTSD symptoms in a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study extending through the Great East Japan Earthquake. We found that regional grey matter volume (rGMV) in the right ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) before the earthquake, and decreased rGMV in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) through the earthquake were negatively associated with PTSD symptoms. Our results indicate that subjects with smaller GMV in the ACC before the earthquake, and subjects with decreased GMV in the OFC through the earthquake were likely to have PTSD symptoms. As the ACC is involved in processing of fear and anxiety, our results indicate that these processing are related to vulnerability for PTSD symptoms. In addition, decreased OFC volume was induced by failing to extinct conditioned fear soon after the traumatic event. These findings provide a better understanding of posttraumatic responses in early stage of adaptation to the trauma and may contribute to the development of effective methods to prevent PTSD.
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Iwashiro N, Suga M, Takano Y, Inoue H, Natsubori T, Satomura Y, Koike S, Yahata N, Murakami M, Katsura M, Gonoi W, Sasaki H, Takao H, Abe O, Kasai K, Yamasue H. Localized gray matter volume reductions in the pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis and first episode for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012; 137:124-31. [PMID: 22425035 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested an important role for Broca's region and its right hemisphere counterpart in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, owing to its roles in language and interpersonal information processing. Broca's region consists of the pars opercularis (PO) and the pars triangularis (PT). Neuroimaging studies have suggested that they have differential functional roles in healthy individuals and contribute differentially to the pathogenesis of schizophrenic symptoms. However, volume changes in these regions in subjects with ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR) or first-episode schizophrenia (FES) have not been clarified. In the present 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging study, we separately measured the gray matter volumes of the PO and PT using a reliable manual-tracing volumetry in 80 participants (20 with UHR, 20 with FES, and 40 matched controls). The controls constituted two groups: the first group was matched for age, sex, parental socioeconomic background, and intelligence quotient to UHR (n=20); the second was matched for those to FES (n=20). Compared with matched controls, the volume of the bilateral PT, but not that of the PO, was significantly reduced in the subjects with UHR and FES. The reduced right PT volume, which showed the largest effect size among regions-of-interest in the both UHR and FES groups, correlated with the severity of the positive symptoms also in the both groups. These results suggest that localized gray matter volume reductions of the bilateral PT represent a vulnerability to schizophrenia in contrast to the PO volume, which was previously found to be reduced in patients with chronic schizophrenia. The right PT might preferentially contribute to the pathogenesis of psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norichika Iwashiro
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Virupaksha HS, Kalmady SV, Shivakumar V, Arasappa R, Venkatasubramanian G, Gangadhar BN. Volume and asymmetry abnormalities of insula in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia: a 3-tesla magnetic resonance imaging study. Indian J Psychol Med 2012; 34:133-9. [PMID: 23162188 PMCID: PMC3498775 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.101778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Insula, which is a vital brain region for self-awareness, empathy, and sensory stimuli processing, is critically implicated in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Existing studies on insula volume abnormalities report inconsistent findings potentially due to the evaluation of 'antipsychotic-treated' schizophrenia patients as well as suboptimal methodology. AIM To understand the role of insula in schizophrenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this first-time 3-T magnetic resonance imaging study, we examined antipsychotic-naive schizophrenic patients (N=30) and age-, sex-, handedness- and education-matched healthy controls (N=28). Positive and negative symptoms were scored with good interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)>0.9) by using the scales for negative and positive symptoms. Gray matter volume of insula and its anterior/posterior subregions were measured by using a three-dimensional, interactive, semiautomated software based on the valid method with good interrater reliability (ICC>0.85). Intracranial volume was automatically measured by using the FreeSurfer software. RESULTS Patients had significantly deficient gray matter volumes of left (F=33.4; P<0.00001) and right (F=11.9; P=0.001) insula after controlling for the effects of age, sex, and intracranial volume. Patients with predominantly negative symptoms had a significantly deficient right posterior insula volume than those with predominantly positive symptoms (F=6.3; P=0.02). Asymmetry index analysis revealed anterior insular asymmetry to be significantly reversed (right>left) in male patients in comparison with male controls (left>right) (t=2.7; P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Robust insular volume deficits in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia support intrinsic role for insula in pathogenesis of this disorder. The first-time demonstration of a relationship between right posterior insular deficit and negative symptoms is in tune with the background neurobiological literature. Another novel observation of sex-specific anterior insular asymmetry reversal in patients supports evolutionary postulates of schizophrenia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harve Shanmugam Virupaksha
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Alexander-Bloch A, Lambiotte R, Roberts B, Giedd J, Gogtay N, Bullmore E. The discovery of population differences in network community structure: new methods and applications to brain functional networks in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2012; 59:3889-900. [PMID: 22119652 PMCID: PMC3478383 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The modular organization of the brain network can vary in two fundamental ways. The amount of inter- versus intra-modular connections between network nodes can be altered, or the community structure itself can be perturbed, in terms of which nodes belong to which modules (or communities). Alterations have previously been reported in modularity, which is a function of the proportion of intra-modular edges over all modules in the network. For example, we have reported that modularity is decreased in functional brain networks in schizophrenia: There are proportionally more inter-modular edges and fewer intra-modular edges. However, despite numerous and increasing studies of brain modular organization, it is not known how to test for differences in the community structure, i.e., the assignment of regional nodes to specific modules. Here, we introduce a method based on the normalized mutual information between pairs of modular networks to show that the community structure of the brain network is significantly altered in schizophrenia, using resting-state fMRI in 19 participants with childhood-onset schizophrenia and 20 healthy participants. We also develop tools to show which specific nodes (or brain regions) have significantly different modular communities between groups, a subset that includes right insular and perisylvian cortical regions. The methods that we propose are broadly applicable to other experimental contexts, both in neuroimaging and other areas of network science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Alexander-Bloch
- Behavioural & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Ben Roberts
- Statistical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
| | - Jay Giedd
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nitin Gogtay
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ed Bullmore
- Behavioural & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK,Corresponding authors at: Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK. Fax: +44 1223 336581
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25
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Watson DR, Anderson JM, Bai F, Barrett SL, McGinnity TM, Mulholland CC, Rushe TM, Cooper SJ. A voxel based morphometry study investigating brain structural changes in first episode psychosis. Behav Brain Res 2012; 227:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Mukherjee P, Whalley HC, McKirdy JW, McIntosh AM, Johnstone EC, Lawrie SM, Hall J. Lower effective connectivity between amygdala and parietal regions in response to fearful faces in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012; 134:118-24. [PMID: 22019361 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral abnormalities related to processing negative emotions such as fear have been demonstrated in schizophrenia. The amygdala is strongly associated with fear processing, and alterations in amygdala function and structure have been demonstrated in schizophrenia. Further, functional disconnectivity has been attributed as key to the etiology of schizophrenia, with a number of lines of evidence supporting this theory. In the present study, we examine the effective connectivity corresponding to fear processing, from the amygdala to the whole brain, and compare this between patients with schizophrenia and control participants. An implicit facial emotion processing task was performed by 19 patients with schizophrenia and 24 matched controls during fMRI scanning. During the task, participants made gender judgments from facial images with either neutral or fearful emotion. Neural response to fearful images versus neutral was used as contrast of interest to estimate effective connectivity between the amygdala and the whole brain using the psycho-physiological interactions approach. This connectivity was compared between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. We show that when looking at fearful compared to neutral faces patients with schizophrenia show significantly reduced effective connectivity from the amygdala to a large cluster of regions including parts of the precuneus and parietal lobe, compared to healthy controls. These regions have been associated with emotion processing and high level social cognition tasks involving self related processing and mental representations about other people. The reduced amygdala connectivity in schizophrenia shown here further illuminates the neural basis for the behavioral abnormalities in emotional and social function found in the disorder.
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Bora E, Fornito A, Yücel M, Pantelis C. The effects of gender on grey matter abnormalities in major psychoses: a comparative voxelwise meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 2012; 42:295-307. [PMID: 21835091 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291711001450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence from genetic and familial studies revitalized the debate concerning the validity of the distinction between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Comparing brain imaging findings is an important avenue to examine similarities and differences and, therefore, the validity of the distinction between these conditions. However, in contrast to bipolar disorder, most patient samples in studies of schizophrenia are predominantly male. This a limiting factor for comparing schizophrenia and bipolar disorder since male gender is associated with more severe neurodevelopmental abnormalities, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. METHOD We used a coordinate-based meta-analysis technique to compare grey matter (GM) abnormalities in male-dominated schizophrenia, gender-balanced schizophrenia and bipolar disorder samples based on published voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies. In total, 72 English-language, peer reviewed articles published prior to January 2011 were included. All reports used VBM for comparing schizophrenia or bipolar disorder with controls and reported whole-brain analyses in standard stereotactic space. RESULTS GM reductions were more extensive in male-dominated schizophrenia compared to gender-balanced bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. In gender-balanced samples, GM reductions were less severe. Compared to controls, GM reductions were restricted to dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and ACC and bilateral fronto-insular cortex in bipolar disorder. CONCLUSIONS When gender is controlled, GM abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are mostly restricted to regions that have a role in emotional and cognitive aspects of salience respectively. Dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were the only regions that showed greater GM reductions in schizophrenia compared to bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bora
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, VIC, Australia
| | - A Fornito
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, VIC, Australia
| | - M Yücel
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, VIC, Australia
| | - C Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, VIC, Australia
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Alexander-Bloch A, Lambiotte R, Roberts B, Giedd J, Gogtay N, Bullmore E. The discovery of population differences in network community structure: new methods and applications to brain functional networks in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2011. [PMID: 22119652 DOI: 10.1016/jneuroimage.2011.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The modular organization of the brain network can vary in two fundamental ways. The amount of inter- versus intra-modular connections between network nodes can be altered, or the community structure itself can be perturbed, in terms of which nodes belong to which modules (or communities). Alterations have previously been reported in modularity, which is a function of the proportion of intra-modular edges over all modules in the network. For example, we have reported that modularity is decreased in functional brain networks in schizophrenia: There are proportionally more inter-modular edges and fewer intra-modular edges. However, despite numerous and increasing studies of brain modular organization, it is not known how to test for differences in the community structure, i.e., the assignment of regional nodes to specific modules. Here, we introduce a method based on the normalized mutual information between pairs of modular networks to show that the community structure of the brain network is significantly altered in schizophrenia, using resting-state fMRI in 19 participants with childhood-onset schizophrenia and 20 healthy participants. We also develop tools to show which specific nodes (or brain regions) have significantly different modular communities between groups, a subset that includes right insular and perisylvian cortical regions. The methods that we propose are broadly applicable to other experimental contexts, both in neuroimaging and other areas of network science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Alexander-Bloch
- Behavioural & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Optimized voxel brain morphometry: association between brain volumes and the response to atypical antipsychotics. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011; 261:407-16. [PMID: 21191610 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-010-0182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To date, few studies have addressed the relationship between brain structure alterations and responses to atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia. To this end, in this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) were used to assess the relationship between the brain volumes of gray (GM) and white (WM) matters and the clinical response to risperidone or olanzapine in 30 schizophrenia patients. In comparison with healthy controls, the patients in this study showed a bilateral decrease in the anteromedial cerebellar hemispheres, the rectal gyrus and the insula, together with bilateral increases in GM in the basal ganglia. Both patient groups had a significantly smaller volume of WM in a region encompassing the internal and external capsules as compared to the controls. We found an inverse association between striatal size and the degree of clinical improvement, and a direct association between the degree of insular volume deficit and its improvement. The non-responder patient group showed a significant decrease in their left rectal gyrus as compared with the responder group. This study reveals a pattern of structural alterations in schizophrenia associated with the response to risperidone or olanzapine.
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Corradi-Dell'Acqua C, Tomelleri L, Bellani M, Rambaldelli G, Cerini R, Pozzi-Mucelli R, Balestrieri M, Tansella M, Brambilla P. Thalamic-insular dysconnectivity in schizophrenia: evidence from structural equation modeling. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:740-52. [PMID: 21484952 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional studies have shown that schizophrenia is often associated with frontolimbic abnormalities in the prefrontal and mediotemporal regions. It is still unclear, however, if such dysfunctional interaction extends as well to relay regions such as the thalamus and the anterior insula. Here, we measured gray matter volumes of five right-hemisphere regions in 68 patients with schizophrenia and 77 matched healthy subjects. The regions were amygdala, thalamus, and entorhinal cortex (identified as anomalous by prior studies on the same population) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior insula (isolated by voxel-based morphometry analysis). We used structural equation modeling and found altered path coefficients connecting the thalamus to the anterior insula, the amygdala to the DLPFC, and the entorhinal cortex to the DLPFC. In particular, patients exhibited a stronger thalamus-insular connection than healthy controls. Instead, controls showed positive entorhinal-DLPFC and negative amygdalar-DLPFC connections, both of which were absent in the clinical population. Our data provide evidence that schizophrenia is characterized by an impaired right-hemisphere network, in which intrahemispheric communication involving relay structures may play a major role in sustaining the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Bora E, Fornito A, Radua J, Walterfang M, Seal M, Wood SJ, Yücel M, Velakoulis D, Pantelis C. Neuroanatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia: a multimodal voxelwise meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Schizophr Res 2011; 127:46-57. [PMID: 21300524 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite an increasing number of published voxel based morphometry studies of schizophrenia, there has been no adequate attempt to examine gray (GM) and white matter (WM) abnormalities and the heterogeneity of published findings. In the current article, we used a coordinate based meta-analysis technique to simultaneously examine GM and WM abnormalities in schizophrenia and to assess the effects of gender, chronicity, negative symptoms and other clinical variables. 79 studies meeting our inclusion criteria were included in the meta-analysis. Schizophrenia was associated with GM reductions in the bilateral insula/inferior frontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus/medial frontal cortex, thalamus and left amygdala. In WM analyses of volumetric and diffusion-weighted images, schizophrenia was associated with decreased FA and/or WM in interhemispheric fibers, anterior thalamic radiation, inferior longitudinal fasciculi, inferior frontal occipital fasciculi, cingulum and fornix. Male gender, chronic illness and negative symptoms were associated with more severe GM abnormalities and illness chronicity was associated with more severe WM deficits. The meta-analyses revealed overlapping GM and WM structural findings in schizophrenia, characterized by bilateral anterior cortical, limbic and subcortical GM abnormalities, and WM changes in regions including tracts that connect these structures within and between hemispheres. However, the available findings are biased towards characteristics of schizophrenia samples with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Bora
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Level 3, National Neuroscience Facility, Alan Gilbert Building, 161, Barry St, Carlton South, VIC, 3053, Australia.
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Tomasino B, Bellani M, Perlini C, Rambaldelli G, Cerini R, Isola M, Balestrieri M, Calì S, Versace A, Pozzi Mucelli R, Gasparini A, Tansella M, Brambilla P. Altered microstructure integrity of the amygdala in schizophrenia: a bimodal MRI and DWI study. Psychol Med 2011; 41:301-311. [PMID: 20459886 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291710000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amygdala plays a central role in the fronto-limbic network involved in the processing of emotions. Structural and functional abnormalities of the amygdala have recently been found in schizophrenia, although there are still contradictory results about its reduced or preserved volumes. METHOD In order to address these contradictory findings and to further elucidate the possibly underlying pathophysiological process of the amygdala, we employed structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), exploring amygdalar volume and microstructural changes in 69 patients with schizophrenia and 72 matched healthy subjects, relating these indices to psychopathological measures. RESULTS Measuring water diffusivity, the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) for the right amygdala were found to be significantly greater in patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls, with a trend for abnormally reduced volumes. Also, significant correlations between mood symptoms and amygdalar volumes were found in schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS We therefore provide evidence that schizophrenia is associated with disrupted tissue organization of the right amygdala, despite partially preserved size, which may ultimately lead to abnormal emotional processing in schizophrenia. This result confirms the major role of the amygdala in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and is discussed with respect to amygdalar structural and functional abnormalities found in patients suffering from this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tomasino
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Udine, Italy
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Chan RCK, Di X, McAlonan GM, Gong QY. Brain anatomical abnormalities in high-risk individuals, first-episode, and chronic schizophrenia: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of illness progression. Schizophr Bull 2011; 37:177-88. [PMID: 19633214 PMCID: PMC3004195 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbp073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study reviewed voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies on high-risk individuals with schizophrenia, patients experiencing their first-episode schizophrenia (FES), and those with chronic schizophrenia. We predicted that gray matter abnormalities would show progressive changes, with most extensive abnormalities in the chronic group relative to FES and least in the high-risk group. METHOD Forty-one VBM studies were reviewed. Eight high-risk studies, 14 FES studies, and 19 chronic studies were analyzed using anatomical likelihood estimation meta-analysis. RESULTS Less gray matter in the high-risk group relative to controls was observed in anterior cingulate regions, left amygdala, and right insula. Lower gray matter volumes in FES compared with controls were also found in the anterior cingulate and right insula but not the amygdala. Lower gray matter volumes in the chronic group were most extensive, incorporating similar regions to those found in FES and high-risk groups but extending to superior temporal gyri, thalamus, posterior cingulate, and parahippocampal gryus. Subtraction analysis revealed less frontotemporal, striatal, and cerebellar gray matter in FES than the high-risk group; the high-risk group had less gray matter in left subcallosal gyrus, left amygdala, and left inferior frontal gyrus compared with FES. Subtraction analysis confirmed lower gray matter volumes through ventral-dorsal anterior cingulate, right insula, left amygdala and thalamus in chronic schizophrenia relative to FES. CONCLUSIONS Frontotemporal brain structural abnormalities are evident in nonpsychotic individuals at high risk of developing schizophrenia. The present meta-analysis indicates that these gray matter abnormalities become more extensive through first-episode and chronic illness. Thus, schizophrenia appears to be a progressive cortico-striato-thalamic loop disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C. K. Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4A Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China,To whom correspondence should be addressed;
| | - Xin Di
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Grainne M. McAlonan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China,State key laboratory for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Qi-yong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Centre, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital / West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Roiz-Santiáñez R, Pérez-Iglesias R, Quintero C, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, Mata I, Gutiérrez A, Sánchez E, Pazos A, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Vázquez-Barquero JL, Crespo-Facorro B. Temporal pole morphology in first-episode schizophrenia patients: clinical correlations. Psychiatry Res 2010; 184:189-91. [PMID: 21055908 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the temporal pole (TP) in schizophrenia patients are not consistent. The aim of this study was to investigate morphometric anomalies of the TP in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Patients did not significantly differ from controls in the TP morphometric variables evaluated. Clinical variables were not significantly related to the TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Roiz-Santiáñez
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IFIMAV, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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35
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Yamasaki S, Yamasue H, Abe O, Suga M, Yamada H, Inoue H, Kuwabara H, Kawakubo Y, Yahata N, Aoki S, Kano Y, Kato N, Kasai K. Reduced gray matter volume of pars opercularis is associated with impaired social communication in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68:1141-7. [PMID: 20801427 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent literature suggests that the inferior frontal gyrus, especially its posterior portion, has an important role in imitation and social reciprocity and in the pathophysiology of their disturbance in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, the structural abnormality of this region has not fully been clarified in subjects with ASD. METHODS Here we obtained magnetic resonance images from 13 right-handed men with high-functioning ASD (Asperger disorder [n = 10] or autism [n = 3]) and from 11 age-, parental socioeconomic background-, and intelligence quotient-matched right-handed typical men. A reliable manual tracing methodology was employed to measure the gray matter volume of the pars opercularis, corresponding to Brodmann area 44, and the pars triangularis, corresponding to Brodmann area 45. RESULTS A significant gray matter volume reduction of both the pars opercularis and triangularis was found bilaterally in the subjects with ASD compared with the typical control subjects. The effect size seemed to be larger for pars opercularis (1.25) than for pars triangularis (.90). The reduced volume of right as well as total pars opercularis showed a significant association with the increased severity of social communication problems in the ASD group. CONCLUSIONS The current findings support an important role of pars opercularis, a center of the mirror neuron system, in the pathophysiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syudo Yamasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Baharnoori M, Bartholomeusz C, Boucher AA, Buchy L, Chaddock C, Chiliza B, Föcking M, Fornito A, Gallego JA, Hori H, Huf G, Jabbar GA, Kang SH, El Kissi Y, Merchán-Naranjo J, Modinos G, Abdel-Fadeel NA, Neubeck AK, Ng HP, Novak G, Owolabi O, Prata DP, Rao NP, Riecansky I, Smith DC, Souza RP, Thienel R, Trotman HD, Uchida H, Woodberry KA, O'Shea A, DeLisi LE. The 2nd Schizophrenia International Research Society Conference, 10-14 April 2010, Florence, Italy: summaries of oral sessions. Schizophr Res 2010; 124:e1-62. [PMID: 20934307 PMCID: PMC4182935 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The 2nd Schizophrenia International Research Society Conference, was held in Florence, Italy, April 10-15, 2010. Student travel awardees served as rapporteurs of each oral session and focused their summaries on the most significant findings that emerged from each session and the discussions that followed. The following report is a composite of these reviews. It is hoped that it will provide an overview for those who were present, but could not participate in all sessions, and those who did not have the opportunity to attend, but who would be interested in an update on current investigations ongoing in the field of schizophrenia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moogeh Baharnoori
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3, phone (514) 761-6131 ext 3346,
| | - Cali Bartholomeusz
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 2-3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry St, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia, phone +61 3 8344 1878, fax +61 3 9348 0469,
| | - Aurelie A. Boucher
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, 100 Mallett Street, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia, phone +61 (0)2 9351 0948, fax +61 (0)2 9351 0652,
| | - Lisa Buchy
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Québec, Canada, H4H 1R3 phone: 514-761-6131 x 3386, fax: 514-888-4064,
| | - Christopher Chaddock
- PO67, Section of Neuroimaging, Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, phone 020 7848 0919, mobile 07734 867854 fax 020 7848 0976,
| | - Bonga Chiliza
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa, phone: +27 (0)21 9389227, fax +27 (0)21 9389738,
| | - Melanie Föcking
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland, phone +353 1 809 3857, fax +353 1 809 3741,
| | - Alex Fornito
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Downing St, Cambridge, UK, CB2 3EB, phone +44 (0) 1223 764670, fax +44 (0) 1223 336581,
| | - Juan A. Gallego
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, 75-59 263rd St, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, phone 718-470-8177, fax 718-343-1659,
| | - Hiroaki Hori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, JAPAN, phone: +81 42 341 2711; fax: +81 42 346 1744,
| | - Gisele Huf
- National Institute of Quality Control in Health - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation.Av. Brasil 4365 Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro RJ BRAZIL 21045-900, phone + 55 21 38655112, fax + 55 21 38655139,
| | - Gul A. Jabbar
- Clinical Research Coordinator, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, 940 Belmont Street 2-B, Brockton, MA 02301, office (774) 826-1624, cell (845) 981-9514, fax (774) 286-1076,
| | - Shi Hyun Kang
- Seoul National Hospital, 30-1 Junggok3-dong Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-711, Korea, phone +82-2-2204-0326, fax +82-2-2204-0394,
| | - Yousri El Kissi
- Psychiatry department, Farhat Hached Hospital. Ibn Jazzar Street, 4002 Sousse. Tunisia. phone + 216 98468626, fax + 216 73226702,
| | - Jessica Merchán-Naranjo
- Adolescent Unit. Department of Psychiatry. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain. C/Ibiza 43, C.P:28009, phone +34 914265005, fax +34 914265004,
| | - Gemma Modinos
- Department of Psychosis Studies (PO67), Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, King's Health Partners, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, United Kingdo, phone +44 (0)20 78480917, fax +44 (0)20 78480976,
| | - Nashaat A.M. Abdel-Fadeel
- Minia University, Egypt, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, phone 617 953 0414, fax 617-998-5007, ,
| | - Anna-Karin Neubeck
- Project Manager at Karolinska Institute, Skinnarviksringen 12, 117 27 Stockholm, Sweden, phone +46708777908,
| | - Hsiao Piau Ng
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, phone 857-544-0192, fax 617-525-6150,
| | - Gabriela Novak
- University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4345, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, phone (416) 946-8219, fax (416) 971-2868,
| | - Olasunmbo.O. Owolabi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Science University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, phone +2348030764811,
| | - Diana P. Prata
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK, phone +44(0)2078480917, fax +44(0)2078480976,
| | - Naren P. Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029 Karnataka, India, phone +91 9448342379,
| | - Igor Riecansky
- Address: Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia, phone +421-2-52 92 62 76, fax +421-2-52 96 85 16,
| | - Darryl C. Smith
- 3336 Mt Pleasant St. NW #2, Washington, DC 20010, phone 202.494.3892,
| | - Renan P. Souza
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health 250 College St R31 Toronto - Ontario - Canada M5T1R8, phone +14165358501 x4883, fax +14169794666,
| | - Renate Thienel
- Postdoctoral Research Fellow, PRC Brain and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Mc Auley Centre Level 5, Mater Hospital, Edith Street, Waratah NSW 2298, phone +61 (2) 40335636,
| | - Hanan D. Trotman
- 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, phone 404-727-8384, fax 404-727-1284,
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Psychopharmacology Research Program, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan, phone +81.3.3353.1211(x62454), fax +81.3.5379.0187,
| | - Kristen A. Woodberry
- Landmark Center 2 East, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, phone 617-998-5022, fax 617-998-5007,
| | - Anne O'Shea
- Coordinator of reports. Harvard Medical School, VA Boston Healthcare System, 940 Belmont Street, Brockton, MA 02301, phone 774-826-1374, anne_o’
| | - Lynn E. DeLisi
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 940 Belmont Street, Brockton, MA 02301, phone 774-826-1355, fax 774-826-2721
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Yu K, Cheung C, Leung M, Li Q, Chua S, McAlonan G. Are Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Neuroanatomically Distinct? An Anatomical Likelihood Meta-analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2010; 4:189. [PMID: 21103008 PMCID: PMC2987512 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: There is renewed debate on whether modern diagnostic classification should adopt a dichotomous or dimensional approach to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. This study synthesizes data from voxel-based studies of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder to estimate the extent to which these conditions have a common neuroanatomical phenotype. Methods: A post-hoc meta-analytic estimation of the extent to which bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or both conditions contribute to brain gray matter differences compared to controls was achieved using a novel application of the conventional anatomical likelihood estimation (ALE) method. 19 schizophrenia studies (651 patients and 693 controls) were matched as closely as possible to 19 bipolar studies (540 patients and 745 controls). Result: Substantial overlaps in the regions affected by schizophrenia and bipolar disorder included regions in prefrontal cortex, thalamus, left caudate, left medial temporal lobe, and right insula. Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia jointly contributed to clusters in the right hemisphere, but schizophrenia was almost exclusively associated with additional gray matter deficits (left insula and amygdala) in the left hemisphere. Limitation: The current meta-analytic method has a number of constraints. Importantly, only studies identifying differences between controls and patient groups could be included in this analysis. Conclusion: Bipolar disorder shares many of the same brain regions as schizophrenia. However, relative to neurotypical controls, lower gray matter volume in schizophrenia is more extensive and includes the amygdala. This fresh application of ALE accommodates multiple studies in a relatively unbiased comparison. Common biological mechanisms may explain the neuroanatomical overlap between these major disorders, but explaining why brain differences are more extensive in schizophrenia remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Modinos G, Mechelli A, Ormel J, Groenewold NA, Aleman A, McGuire PK. Schizotypy and brain structure: a voxel-based morphometry study. Psychol Med 2010; 40:1423-1431. [PMID: 19917146 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291709991875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizotypy is conceptualized as a subclinical manifestation of the same underlying biological factors that give rise to schizophrenia and other schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Individuals with psychometric schizotypy (PS) experience subthreshold psychotic signs and can be psychometrically identified among the general population. Previous research using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown gray-matter volume (GMV) abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia, in subjects with an at-risk mental state (ARMS) and in individuals with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). However, to date, no studies have investigated the neuroanatomical correlates of PS. METHOD Six hundred first- and second-year university students completed the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE), a self-report instrument on psychosis proneness measuring attenuated positive psychotic experiences. A total of 38 subjects with high and low PS were identified and subsequently scanned with MRI. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was applied to examine GMV differences between subjects with high and low positive PS. RESULTS Subjects with high positive PS showed larger global volumes compared to subjects with low PS, and larger regional volumes in the medial posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the precuneus. There were no regions where GMV was greater in low than in high positive PS subjects. CONCLUSIONS These regions, the PCC and precuneus, have also been sites of volumetric differences in MRI studies of ARMS subjects and schizophrenia, suggesting that psychotic or psychotic-like experiences may have common neuroanatomical correlates across schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Modinos
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, and BCN Neuroimaging Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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39
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Suga M, Yamasue H, Abe O, Yamasaki S, Yamada H, Inoue H, Takei K, Aoki S, Kasai K. Reduced gray matter volume of Brodmann's Area 45 is associated with severe psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 260:465-73. [PMID: 20020306 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-009-0094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous literature has suggested an important role of inferior frontal gyrus, which mainly consists of Brodmann's Area (BA) 44 and 45, in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. While recent neuroimaging techniques have revealed differential functional correlates of BA 44 and 45 in healthy individuals, previous studies have not yet separately evaluated the gray matter volume reduction of BA 44 and 45 and their relationships to psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. In the present study, magnetic resonance images were obtained from 29 right-handed male patients with schizophrenia and from 29 age- and handedness-matched healthy male controls. The reliable manual tracing methodology was employed to measure the gray matter volume of BA 44 and BA 45. The severities of psychotic symptoms were evaluated using the five-factor model of positive and negative syndrome scale in the patient group. A significant gray matter volume reduction of both the BA 44 and BA 45 was found bilaterally in the patients with schizophrenia compared with the healthy controls. Among these inferior frontal sub-regions, reduced volume of right BA 45 revealed the largest effect size. In addition, the reduced volume of BA 45 in left hemisphere showed a significant association with the increased severity of delusional behavior, while the severity of disorganized and positive symptoms were correlated with the bilateral BA 45 volumes in the patient group. The findings support an important role of inferior frontal gyrus in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The present study further demonstrated that BA 45 might especially contribute to the production of psychotic symptoms in the patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motomu Suga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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40
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Tanskanen P, Ridler K, Murray GK, Haapea M, Veijola JM, Jääskeläinen E, Miettunen J, Jones PB, Bullmore ET, Isohanni MK. Morphometric brain abnormalities in schizophrenia in a population-based sample: relationship to duration of illness. Schizophr Bull 2010; 36:766-77. [PMID: 19015212 PMCID: PMC2894604 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biased recruitment and sample selection may cause variability in neuroimaging studies. Epidemiologically principled population-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of schizophrenia are very rare. We gathered structural MRI data on 154 subjects from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, aged 33-35 (100 controls, 54 schizophrenia patients). Regional differences in density of gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were identified between groups using nonparametric statistical analysis, and the relationship of the regional differences to duration of illness was explored. Gray matter reductions were found bilaterally in the cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, insula, superior temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, cuneus, and lingual gyrus; in the left posterior cingulate, superior frontal gyrus, transverse temporal gyrus, and precuneus; and in the right postcentral gyrus. Gray matter excesses were observed bilaterally in the basal ganglia, anterior cingulate, and medial orbitofrontal cortices. There were white matter deficits in an extensive network including inter- and intrahemispheric tracts bilaterally in the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, subcortical structures, cerebellum, and brain stem. CSF excesses were found bilaterally in the lateral ventricles, third ventricle, interhemispheric, and left Sylvian fissure. We replicated the previous findings of structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia on a general population level. Gray and white matter deficits were associated with duration of illness suggesting either that developmental brain deficits relate to an earlier age of onset or that brain abnormalities in schizophrenia are progressive in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivikki Tanskanen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Oulu, FIN-90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Khanum Ridler
- GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK,Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Graham K. Murray
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Marianne Haapea
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Oulu, FIN-90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha M. Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland,Academy of Finland, PL 99, FIN-00501 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jouko Miettunen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Peter B. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Matti K. Isohanni
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland,University of Oulu, Department of Public Health Science and General Practice, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
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41
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Schultz CC, Koch K, Wagner G, Roebel M, Nenadic I, Schachtzabel C, Reichenbach JR, Sauer H, Schlösser RGM. Complex pattern of cortical thinning in schizophrenia: results from an automated surface based analysis of cortical thickness. Psychiatry Res 2010; 182:134-40. [PMID: 20418074 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A considerable body of evidence from structural brain imaging studies suggests that patients with schizophrenia have significant alterations of gray matter density. Additionally, recently developed surface-based analysis approaches demonstrate reduced cortical thickness in patients with schizophrenia. However, the number of studies employing this relatively new method is still limited. Specifically, little is known about changes in cortical thickness in schizophrenia patients whose duration of illness is relatively short. Therefore, the present study sought to examine cortical thickness in a large sample of patients with adult onset schizophrenia and an average duration of illness of 4.4 years, using an automated analysis method over the entire cortex. A significantly decreased cortical thickness in prefrontal and temporolimbic regions as well as parieto-occipital cortical areas was hypothesized. A sample of 58 patients with schizophrenia and 58 age- and sex-matched healthy controls was investigated using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and an automated algorithm for extraction of the cortical surface in order to assess local cortical thinning across the entire cerebrum. Significant reduction of cortical thickness in schizophrenia was found in a spatially complex pattern of focal anatomical regions. This pattern comprised the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as well as the medial prefrontal cortex, lateral temporal cortices, left entorhinal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus and lingual cortex, bilaterally. A complex fronto-temporo-parietal pattern of reduced cortical thickness in schizophrenia was observed. This pattern is consistent with a disruption of neurofunctional networks previously implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christoph Schultz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, Jena, Germany.
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42
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Ellison-Wright I, Bullmore E. Anatomy of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2010; 117:1-12. [PMID: 20071149 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genetic results have indicated that the two major, classically distinct forms of psychosis - schizophrenia and bipolar disorder - may share causative factors in common. However it is not clear to what extent they may also have similar profiles of brain abnormality. We used meta-analytic techniques to generate and compare maps of brain structural abnormality in the large samples of patients with both disorders that have been studied using magnetic resonance imaging. METHOD A systematic search was conducted for voxel-based morphometry studies examining gray matter in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The anatomical distribution of the co-ordinates of gray matter differences was meta-analysed using Anatomical Likelihood Estimation. RESULTS Forty-two schizophrenia studies including 2058 patients with schizophrenia and 2131 comparison subjects were compared with fourteen bipolar studies including 366 patients with bipolar disorder and 497 comparison subjects. In schizophrenia, there were extensive gray matter deficits in frontal, temporal, cingulate and insular cortex and thalamus, and increased gray matter in the basal ganglia. In bipolar disorder, gray matter reductions were present in the anterior cingulate and bilateral insula. These substantially overlapped with areas of gray matter reduction in schizophrenia, except for a region of anterior cingulate where gray matter reduction was specific to bipolar disorder. IMPLICATIONS In bipolar disorder studies there were consistent regional gray matter reductions in paralimbic regions (anterior cingulate and insula) implicated in emotional processing. Gray matter reductions in schizophrenia studies were more extensive and involved limbic and neocortical structures as well as the paralimbic regions affected in bipolar disorder.
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43
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Lee SJ, Kang DH, Kim CW, Gu BM, Park JY, Choi CH, Shin NY, Lee JM, Kwon JS. Multi-level comparison of empathy in schizophrenia: an fMRI study of a cartoon task. Psychiatry Res 2010; 181:121-9. [PMID: 20080395 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Empathy deficits might play a role in social dysfunction in schizophrenia. However, few studies have investigated the neuroanatomical underpinnings of the subcomponents of empathy in schizophrenia. This study investigated the hemodynamic responses to three subcomponents of empathy in patients with schizophrenia (N=15) and healthy volunteers (N=18), performing an empathy cartoon task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. The experiment used a block design with four conditions: cognitive, emotional, and inhibitory empathy, and physical causality control. Data were analyzed by comparing the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal activation between the two groups. The cognitive empathy condition activated the right temporal pole to a lesser extent in the patient group than in comparison subjects. In the emotional and inhibitory conditions, the patients showed greater activation in the left insula and in the right middle/inferior frontal cortex, respectively. These findings add to our understanding of the impaired empathy in patients with schizophrenia by identifying a multi-level cortical dysfunction that underlies a deficit in each subcomponent of empathy and highlighting the importance of the fronto-temporal cortical network in ability to empathize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jae Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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44
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Abe O, Yamasue H, Kasai K, Yamada H, Aoki S, Inoue H, Takei K, Suga M, Matsuo K, Kato T, Masutani Y, Ohtomo K. Voxel-based analyses of gray/white matter volume and diffusion tensor data in major depression. Psychiatry Res 2010; 181:64-70. [PMID: 19959342 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to use voxel-based analysis to simultaneously elucidate regional changes in gray/white matter volume, mean diffusivity (MD), and fractional anisotropy (FA) in patients with unipolar major depressive disorder. We studied 21 right-handed patients and 42 age- and gender-matched right-handed normal subjects. Local areas showing significant gray matter volume reduction in depressive patients compared with controls were observed in the right parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, bilateral middle frontal gyri, bilateral anterior cingulate cortices, left parietal and occipital lobes, and right superior temporal gyrus. Local areas showing an increase of MD in depressive patients were observed in the bilateral parahippocampal gyri, hippocampus, pons, cerebellum, left frontal and temporal lobes, and right frontal lobe. There was no significant difference between the two groups for FA and white matter volume in the entire brain. Although there was no local area where brain volume and MD were significantly correlated with disease severity, FA tended to correlate negatively with total days depressed in the right anterior cingulate and the left frontal white matter. These results suggest that the frontolimbic neural circuit might play an important role in the neuropathology of patients with major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Abe
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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45
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Blaizot X, Mansilla F, Insausti AM, Constans JM, Salinas-Alamán A, Pró-Sistiaga P, Mohedano-Moriano A, Insausti R. The human parahippocampal region: I. Temporal pole cytoarchitectonic and MRI correlation. Cereb Cortex 2010; 20:2198-212. [PMID: 20064939 PMCID: PMC2923216 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The temporal pole (TP) is the rostralmost portion of the human temporal lobe. Characteristically, it is only present in human and nonhuman primates. TP has been implicated in different cognitive functions such as emotion, attention, behavior, and memory, based on functional studies performed in healthy controls and patients with neurodegenerative diseases through its anatomical connections (amygdala, pulvinar, orbitofrontal cortex). TP was originally described as a single uniform area by Brodmann area 38, and von Economo (area TG of von Economo and Koskinas), and little information on its cytoarchitectonics is known in humans. We hypothesize that 1) TP is not a homogenous area and we aim first at fixating the precise extent and limits of temporopolar cortex (TPC) with adjacent fields and 2) its structure can be correlated with structural magnetic resonance images. We describe here the macroscopic characteristics and cytoarchitecture as two subfields, a medial and a lateral area, that constitute TPC also noticeable in 2D and 3D reconstructions. Our findings suggest that the human TP is a heterogeneous region formed exclusively by TPC for about 7 mm of the temporal tip, and that becomes progressively restricted to the medial and ventral sides of the TP. This cortical area presents topographical and structural features in common with nonhuman primates, which suggests an evolutionary development in human species.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Blaizot
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
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46
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Rogers MA, Yamasue H, Abe O, Yamada H, Ohtani T, Iwanami A, Aoki S, Kato N, Kasai K. Smaller amygdala volume and reduced anterior cingulate gray matter density associated with history of post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res 2009; 174:210-6. [PMID: 19914045 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be seen to represent a failure to extinguish learned fear, significant aspects of the pathophysiology relevant to this hypothesis remain unknown. Both the amygdala and hippocampus are necessary for fear extinction occur, and thus both regions may be abnormal in PTSD. Twenty-five people who experienced the Tokyo subway sarin attack in 1995, nine who later developed PTSD and 16 who did not, underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with manual tracing to determine bilateral amygdala and hippocampus volumes. At the time of scanning, one had PTSD and eight had a history of PTSD. Results indicated that the group with a history of PTSD had significantly smaller mean bilateral amygdala volume than did the group that did not develop PTSD. Furthermore, left amygdala volume showed a significant negative correlation with severity of PTSD symptomatology as well as reduced gray matter density in the left anterior cingulate cortex. To our knowledge, this is the first observation of an association between PTSD and amygdala volume. Furthermore the apparent interplay between amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex represents support at the level of gross brain morphology for the theory of PTSD as a failure of fear extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Rogers
- Department of Psychology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.
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47
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Gray matter abnormalities in subjects at ultra-high risk for schizophrenia and first-episode schizophrenic patients compared to healthy controls. Psychiatry Res 2009; 173:163-9. [PMID: 19616415 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have revealed gray matter abnormalities in schizophrenia in various regions of the brain. It is, however, still unclear whether such abnormalities are already present in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for transition into psychosis. We investigated this issue using voxel-based morphometry of structural magnetic resonance images (MRI) and compared UHR patients with first-episode patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Gray matter volume maps from high-resolution MR T1-weighted whole brain images were analyzed in a cross-sectional study in 30 UHR patients, 23 first-episode schizophrenic patients and 29 controls. UHR patients showed significantly lower gray matter volume in the cingulate gyrus bilaterally, in the right inferior frontal and right superior temporal gyrus, as well as in the left and right hippocampus in comparison to healthy subjects. First-episode patients with schizophrenia showed smaller gray matter volume in the cingulate cortex bilaterally, in the left orbitofrontal gyrus, in the right inferior frontal and superior temporal gyrus, in the right temporal pole, in the left and right hippocampus, in the left parahippocampus, left amygdala, and in the left fusiform gyrus compared to the UHR patients. This study provides further evidence that gray matter brain volume, especially in the anterior cingulate cortex, is already reduced in the prodromal state of schizophrenia.
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48
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Fornito A, Yücel M, Dean B, Wood SJ, Pantelis C. Anatomical abnormalities of the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia: bridging the gap between neuroimaging and neuropathology. Schizophr Bull 2009; 35:973-93. [PMID: 18436528 PMCID: PMC2728810 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a functionally heterogeneous region involved in diverse cognitive and emotional processes that support goal-directed behaviour. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropathological findings over the past two decades have converged to suggest abnormalities in the region may represent a neurobiological basis for many of the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia. However, while each approach offers complimentary information that can provide clues regarding underlying patholophysiological processes, the findings from these 2 fields are seldom integrated. In this article, we review structural neuroimaging and neuropathological studies of the ACC, focusing on the unique information they provide. The available imaging data suggest grey matter reductions in the ACC precede psychosis onset in some categories of high-risk individuals, show sub-regional specificity, and may progress with illness duration. The available post-mortem findings indicate these imaging-related changes are accompanied by reductions in neuronal, synaptic, and dendritic density, as well as increased afferent input, suggesting the grey matter differences observed with MRI arise from alterations in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissue compartments. We discuss the potential mechanisms that might facilitate integration of these findings and consider strategies for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Fornito
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Murat Yücel
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,ORYGEN Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian Dean
- The Rebecca L Cooper Research Laboratories, The Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Departments of Pathology and Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Wood
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Howard Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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49
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The effect of ageing on grey and white matter reductions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2009; 112:7-13. [PMID: 19450953 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 04/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Total brain volume and, in particular gray matter (GM) volume is reduced in patients with schizophrenia and recent studies suggest there is greater progressive loss of brain volume in the patients with schizophrenia than in normal controls. However, as the longitudinal studies do not include life-long follow-up, it is not clear if this occurs across the lifespan or only in the early phase of the illness. In this study we investigated this by studying the effects of age on brain tissue volumes in schizophrenia (n=34, age range=27-65 years)to test the prediction that there is a progressive loss in grey matter volume with increasing age in patients compared to healthy controls (n=33, age range=18-73 years). The results showed there was diminished relative GM volume loss with age in patients with schizophrenia compared to controls--in contrast to our prediction. However, there was increased relative white matter (WM) loss with age in schizophrenia. The results also replicated previous findings that patients with schizophrenia have significantly lower total (1509 versus 1596 mm(3)) and regional GM volume (755 versus 822 mm(3)) and increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume when compared to matched healthy volunteers. Overall these findings indicate that the proportion of grey matter in schizophrenia is reduced compared to controls early in the illness, and this difference diminishes with age; the corresponding effect in the proportion of WM is an increase with age compared to controls. This suggests that illness related factors may differentially affect grey and white matter, with implications for understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.
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50
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Ding SL, Van Hoesen GW, Cassell MD, Poremba A. Parcellation of human temporal polar cortex: a combined analysis of multiple cytoarchitectonic, chemoarchitectonic, and pathological markers. J Comp Neurol 2009; 514:595-623. [PMID: 19363802 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although the human temporal polar cortex (TPC), anterior to the limen insulae, is heavily involved in high-order brain functions and many neurological diseases, few studies on the parcellation and extent of the human TPC are available that have used modern neuroanatomical techniques. The present study investigated the TPC with combined analysis of several different cellular, neurochemical, and pathological markers and found that this area is not homogenous, as at least six different areas extend into the TPC, with another area being unique to the polar region. Specifically, perirhinal area 35 extends into the posterior TPC, whereas areas 36 and TE extend more anteriorly. Dorsolaterally, an area located anterior to the typical area TA or parabelt auditory cortex is distinguishable from area TA and is defined as area TAr (rostral). The polysensory cortical area located primarily in the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus, separate from area TA, extends for some distance into the TPC and is defined as the TAp (polysensory). Anterior to the limen insulae and the temporal pyriform cortex, a cortical area, characterized by its olfactory fibers in layer Ia and lack of layer IV, was defined as the temporal insular cortex and named as area TI after Beck (J. Psychol. Neurol. 1934;41:129-264). Finally, a dysgranular TPC region that capped the tip with some extension into the dorsal aspect of the TPC is defined as temporopolar area TG. Therefore, the human TPC actually includes areas TAr and TI, anterior parts of areas 35, 36, TE, and TAp, and the unique temporopolar area TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Lin Ding
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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