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Dai H, Xu L, Jiang M, Zhang W, Han Q. Comparative proteomic analysis of the protein profile in the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis associated with skin ulceration syndrome. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109265. [PMID: 38040138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Skin ulceration syndrome (SUS) is becoming a severe problem in the breeding and culturing process of the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis. However, limited knowledge is available about the occurrence of this devastating disease. In this study, proteomic analysis was used to identify the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and the biological pathways enriched in SUS-diseased S. pharaonis. Both the healthy group and diseased group were analyzed in triplicate, with 4 cuttlefish in each replicate. The results showed that 85 DEPs were identified between the two groups, including 36 upregulated proteins and 49 downregulated proteins in the diseased group compared to the healthy group. GO enrichment analysis revealed that the DEPs were mainly enriched in cellular component organization or biogenesis, nucleus and ion binding processes. The results of the KEGG pathway analysis indicated that extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction was the most enriched upregulated pathway. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR was used to identify the expression of two differentially expressed matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and the results showed that the mRNA expression of MMP14 and MMP19 was significantly upregulated in the skin tissue of the diseased group. Furthermore, the protease activity of the diseased group was higher than that of the healthy group. Our results offer basic knowledge on the changes in protein profiles during the occurrence of SUS in the cuttlefish S. pharaonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Dai
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Liting Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Maowang Jiang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Qingxi Han
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China.
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Junprung W, Supungul P, Tassanakajon A. Structure, gene expression, and putative functions of crustacean heat shock proteins in innate immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:103875. [PMID: 32987013 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones with critical roles in the maintenance of cellular proteostasis. HSPs, which regulate protein folding and refolding, assembly, translocation, and degradation, are induced in response to physiological and environmental stressors. In recent years, HSPs have been recognized for their potential role in immunity; in particular, these proteins elicit a variety of immune responses to infection and modulate inflammation. This review focuses on delineating the structural and functional roles of crustacean HSPs in the innate immune response. Members of crustacean HSPs include high molecular weight HSPs (HSP90, HSP70, and HSP60) and small molecular weight HSPs (HSP21 and HSP10). The sequences and structures of these HSPs are highly conserved across various crustacean species, indicating strong evolutionary links among this group of organisms. The expression of HSP-encoding genes across different crustacean species is significantly upregulated upon exposure to a wide range of pathogens, emphasizing the important role of HSPs in the immune response. Functional studies of crustacean HSPs, particularly HSP70s, have demonstrated their involvement in the activation of several immune pathways, including those mediating anti-bacterial resistance and combating viral infections, upon heat exposure. The immunomodulatory role of HSPs indicates their potential use as an immunostimulant to enhance shrimp health for control of disease in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisarut Junprung
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Premruethai Supungul
- Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Rd, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Chen J, Liu Y, Luo W. Dendritic-tumor fusion cells derived heat shock protein70-peptide complex has enhanced immunogenicity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126075. [PMID: 25961716 PMCID: PMC4427282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived heat shock protein70-peptide complexes (HSP70.PC-Tu) have shown great promise in tumor immunotherapy due to numerous advantages. However, large-scale phase III clinical trials showed that the limited immunogenicity remained to be enhanced. In previous research, we demonstrated that heat shock protein 70-peptide complexes (HSP70.PC-Fc) derived from dendritic cell (DC)-tumor fusions exhibit enhanced immunogenicity compared with HSP70.PCs from tumor cells. However, the DCs used in our previous research were obtained from healthy donors and not from the patient population. In order to promote the clinical application of these complexes, HSP70.PC-Fc was prepared from patient-derived DC fused directly with patient-derived tumor cells in the current study. Our results showed that compared with HSP70.PC-Tu, HSP70.PC-Fc elicited much more powerful immune responses against the tumor from which the HSP70 was derived, including enhanced T cell activation, and CTL responses that were shown to be antigen specific and HLA restricted. Our results further indicated that the enhanced immunogenicity is related to the activation of CD4+ T cells and increased association with other heat shock proteins, such as HSP90. Therefore, the current study confirms the enhanced immunogenicity of HSP70.PC derived from DC-tumor fusions and may provide direct evidence promoting their future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Orthopaedic Oncology Institute of PLA, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Orthopaedic Oncology Institute of PLA, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic, Orthopaedic Oncology Institute of PLA, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yunyan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic, Orthopaedic Oncology Institute of PLA, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Tosti G, Cocorocchio E, Pennacchioli E, Ferrucci PF, Testori A, Martinoli C. Heat-shock proteins-based immunotherapy for advanced melanoma in the era of target therapies and immunomodulating agents. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:955-67. [PMID: 24670226 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.902928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved, stress-induced proteins that function as chaperones, stabilizing proteins and delivering peptides. Tumor-derived HSP peptide complexes (HSPPCs) induced immunity against several malignancies in preclinical models, exhibiting activity across tumor types. AREAS COVERED HSPPC-based vaccination showed clinical activity in subsets of patients with different malignancies (e.g., gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, ovarian cancer, and glioblastoma). In Phase III clinical trials for advanced melanoma and renal cell carcinoma patients, HSPPC-based vaccine demonstrated an excellent safety profile, thus emerging as a flexible tumor- and patient-specific therapeutic approach. EXPERT OPINION Melanoma, renal clear cell carcinoma, and glioblastoma are among suitable targets for HSP-based treatment as demonstrated by immune responses and clinical activity observed in subsets of patients, mainly those with early stage of disease and limited tumor burden. In order to further improve clinical activity, combinations of HSPPC-based vaccines with mutation-driven therapies, antiangiogenic agents, or immunomodulating monoclonal antibodies should be tested in controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Tosti
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Melanoma and Sarcoma Division , Via Ripamonti 435, 2014i Milano , Italy +39 02 57489459 ; +39 02 94379230 ;
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Zhang Y, Zheng L. Tumor immunotherapy based on tumor-derived heat shock proteins (Review). Oncol Lett 2013; 6:1543-1549. [PMID: 24260044 PMCID: PMC3834116 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs), the most important type of molecular chaperone, are expressed in all eukaryotic cells and have multiple functions, including the folding and unfolding of other proteins and peptides, the transport of proteins and peptides and the support of antigen presentation processes. Due to these important properties, the use of HSPs has been explored as a promising tumor immunotherapy strategy. It has been previously demonstrated that HSP peptide complex (HSP.PC) derived from tumors is the immunogenic entity that elicits powerful antitumor immune responses. Previous animal studies and phase III clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy, safety and feasibility of HSP-based tumor vaccines. However, the limitations are also apparent and specific alternatives have been developed. The present review focused on the history of HSP-based immunotherapy, the mechanism of its immunogenicity and the previous efforts to promote the efficacy. The current review may be useful for antitumor studies based on the tumor-derived HSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
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6
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Protein-protein interactions and multi-component complexes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 344:119-44. [PMID: 24072587 DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction occurs transiently or stably when two or more proteins bind together to mediate a wide range of cellular processes such as protein modification, signal transduction, protein trafficking, and structural folding. The macromolecules involved in protein biosynthesis such as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (ARS) have a number of protein-protein interactions. The mammalian multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC) consists of eight different enzymes: EPRS, IRS, LRS, QRS, MRS, KRS, RRS, and DRS, and three auxiliary proteins: AIMP1/p43, AIMP2/p38, and AIMP/p18. The distinct ARS proteins are also connected to diverse protein networks to carry out biological functions. In this chapter we first show the protein networks of the entire MSC and explain how MSC components interact with or can regulate other proteins. Finally, it is pointed out that the understanding of protein-protein interaction mechanism will provide insight to potential therapeutic application for diseases related to the MSC network.
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Murshid A, Gong J, Stevenson MA, Calderwood SK. Heat shock proteins and cancer vaccines: developments in the past decade and chaperoning in the decade to come. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1553-68. [PMID: 22043955 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperone-peptide complexes extracted from tumors (heat shock protein [HSP] vaccines) have been intensively studied in the preceding two decades, proving to be safe and effective in treating a number of malignant diseases. They offer personalized therapy and target a cross-section of antigens expressed in patients' tumors. Future advances may rely on understanding the molecular underpinnings of this approach to immunotherapy. One property common to HSP vaccines is the ability to stimulate antigen uptake by scavenger receptors on the antigen-presenting cell surface and trigger T-lymphocyte activation. HSPs can also induce signaling through Toll-Like receptors in a range of immune cells and this may mediate the effectiveness of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Murshid
- Molecular and Cellular Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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8
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The dendritic cell-regulatory T lymphocyte crosstalk contributes to tumor-induced tolerance. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:430394. [PMID: 22110524 PMCID: PMC3216392 DOI: 10.1155/2011/430394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells commonly escape from elimination by innate and adaptive immune responses using multiple strategies among which is the active suppression of effector immune cells. Regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) and tolerogenic dendritic cells play essential roles in the establishment and persistence of cancer-induced immunosuppression. Differentiating dendritic cells (DCs) exposed to tumor-derived factors may be arrested at an immature stage becoming inept at initiating immune responses and may induce effector T-cell anergy or deletion. These tolerogenic DCs, which accumulate in patients with different types of cancers, are also involved in the generation of Treg. In turn, Treg that expand during tumor progression contribute to the immune tolerance of cancer by impeding DCs' ability to orchestrate immune responses and by directly inhibiting antitumoral T lymphocytes. Herein we review these bidirectional communications between DCs and Treg as they relate to the promotion of cancer-induced tolerance.
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Antigny F, Norez C, Becq F, Vandebrouck C. CFTR and Ca Signaling in Cystic Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:67. [PMID: 22046162 PMCID: PMC3200540 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the diverse physiological functions exerted by calcium signaling in living cells, its role in the regulation of protein biogenesis and trafficking remains incompletely understood. In cystic fibrosis (CF) disease the most common CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutation, F508del-CFTR generates a misprocessed protein that is abnormally retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) compartment, rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway and hence absent at the plasma membrane of CF epithelial cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that intracellular calcium signals consequent to activation of apical G-protein-coupled receptors by different agonists are increased in CF airway epithelia. Moreover, the regulation of various intracellular calcium storage compartments, such as ER is also abnormal in CF cells. Although the molecular mechanism at the origin of this increase remains puzzling in epithelial cells, the F508del-CFTR mutation is proposed to be the onset of abnormal Ca2+ influx linking the calcium signaling to CFTR pathobiology. This article reviews the relationships between CFTR and calcium signaling in the context of the genetic disease CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Antigny
- Institut de Physiologie et de Biologie Cellulaires, Université de Poitiers, CNRS Poitiers, France
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10
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Lin CY, Lin TY, Wang HM, Huang SF, Fan KH, Liao CT, Chen IH, Lee LY, Li YL, Chen YJ, Cheng AJ, Chang JT. GP96 is over-expressed in oral cavity cancer and is a poor prognostic indicator for patients receiving radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol 2011; 6:136. [PMID: 21992474 PMCID: PMC3214142 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-6-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral cavity cancers (ORC) are the most common cancers, and standard treatment is radical surgery with postoperative radiotherapy. However, locoregional failure remains a major problem, indicating radioresistance an important issue. Our previous work has shown that GP96 contributed to radioresistance in nasopharyngeal and oral cancer cell lines. In this study, we determined clinical significance of GP96 in ORC by evaluation of GP96 expression and its association with disease prognosis in patients receiving radiotherapy Methods Total of 79 ORC patients (77 males, median age: 48 years old) receiving radical surgery and postoperative radiotherapy between Oct 1999 and Dec 2004 were enrolled. Patients in pathological stages II, III and IV were 16.5%, 16.5% and 67%, respectively. For each patient, a pair of carcinoma tissue and grossly adjacent normal mucosa was obtained. GP96-expression was examined by western blot analysis, and the association with clinicopathological status was determined. Results Three-year locoregional control (LRC), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 69%, 79%, 63% and 57%, respectively. We found that 55 patients (70%) displayed GP96-overexpression in the tumor tissue, which correlated with a higher pN stage (p = 0.020) and tumor depth (> 10 mm) (p = 0.045). Nodal extracapsular spreading (ECS) and GP96-overexpression predicted adverse LRC (p = 0.049 and p = 0.008). When stratified by nodal ECS, the adverse impact of GP96 remained significant in three-year LRC (p = 0.004). In multivariate analysis, GP96-overexpression was also an independent predictor of LRC, DSS and OS (p = 0.018, p = 0.011 and p = 0.012). Conclusion GP96 may play roles in radioresistance which attributes to tumor invasiveness in oral cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. GP96 may serve as a novel prognostic marker of radiotherapy. However, further independent studies are required to validate our findings in a larger series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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11
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Xu D, Cui S, Sun Y, Bao G, Li W, Liu W, Zhu X, Fan J, Wang Y, Cui Z. Overexpression of glucose-regulated protein 94 after spinal cord injury in rats. J Neurol Sci 2011; 309:141-7. [PMID: 21807380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 94 is a member of the stress protein family, which is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Spinal cord injury (SCI) induced ER stress that results in apoptosis. However, the role of GRP94 in injury of the central nervous system remains unknown. In this study, we performed SCI in adult rats and investigated acutely the protein expression and cellular localization of GRP94 in the spinal cord. Western blot analysis revealed that GRP94 was low in normal spinal cord. It rose at 6h after SCI, peaked at 1 day, remained for another 3 days, then declined to basal levels at 5 days after injury. Immunohistochemistry further confirmed that GRP94 immunoactivity was expressed at low levels in gray matter and white matter in normal condition and increased after SCI. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that GRP94 was co-expressed with NeuN (neuronal marker), and GFAP (astroglial marker). In addition, caspase-12, caspase-3 and phospho-c-Jun NH2-kinase (p-JNK) levels increased at 6h, peaked at 1day, and then gradually reduced to normal levels for 2 weeks after SCI by western blot analysis. Co-localization of GRP94/caspase-12 and GRP94/p-JNK was detected in neurons and glial cells. Taken together, these data suggest GRP94 involvement in the injury response of the adult spinal cord of the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Mo A, Musselli C, Chen H, Pappas J, Leclair K, Liu A, Chicz RM, Truneh A, Monks S, Levey DL, Srivastava PK. A heat shock protein based polyvalent vaccine targeting HSV-2: CD4(+) and CD8(+) cellular immunity and protective efficacy. Vaccine 2011; 29:8530-41. [PMID: 21767588 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to develop a subunit vaccine against genital herpes have been hampered by lack of knowledge of the protective antigens of HSV-2, the causative agent of the disease. Vaccines based either on selected antigens or attenuated live virus approaches have not demonstrated meaningful clinical activity. We present here results of a therapeutic vaccine candidate, HerpV (formerly called AG-707), consisting of 32 HSV-2 peptides derived from 22 HSV-2 proteins, complexed non-covalently to the HSP70 chaperone and formulated with QS-21 saponin adjuvant. HerpV is observed to be immunogenic, generating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in three mouse strains including HLA-A2 transgenic mice. Optimal T cell stimulation was dependent on the synergistic adjuvant properties of QS-21 with hsp70. The vaccine provided significant protection from viral challenge in a mouse prophylaxis model and showed signals of activity in a guinea pig therapeutic model of existing infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human HSV-2(+) subjects also showed reactivity in vitro to a subset of individual peptides and to the pool of all 32 peptides. Recombinant human Hsc70 complexed with the 32 peptides also stimulated the expansion of CD8(+) T cells from HSV-2(+) subjects in vitro. These studies demonstrate that HerpV is a promising immunotherapy candidate for genital herpes, and provide a foundation for evaluating HerpV in human HSV-2(+) subjects with the intent of eliciting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses to a broad array of viral antigens.
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Ulianich L, Terrazzano G, Annunziatella M, Ruggiero G, Beguinot F, Di Jeso B. ER stress impairs MHC Class I surface expression and increases susceptibility of thyroid cells to NK-mediated cytotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:431-8. [PMID: 21199669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that, in thyroid cells, ER stress triggered by thapsigargin or tunicamycin, two well known ER stressing agents, induced dedifferentiation and loss of the epithelial phenotype in rat thyroid cells. In this study, we sought to evaluate if, in thyroid cells, ER stress could affect MHC class I expression and the possible implications of this effect in the alteration of function of natural killer cells, suggesting a role in thyroid pathology. In both, a human line of fetal thyroid cells (TAD-2 cells) and primary cultures of human thyroid cells, thapsigargin and tunicamicin triggered ER stress evaluated by BiP mRNA levels and XBP-1 splicing. In both cell types, TAD-2 cell line and primary cultures, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) plasmamembrane expression was significantly reduced by ER stress. This effect was accompanied by signs of natural killer activation. Thus, natural killer cells dramatically increased IFN-γ production and markedly increased their cytotoxicity against thyroid cells. Together, these data indicate that ER stress induces a decrease of MHC class I surface expression in thyroid cells, resulting in reduced natural killer-cell self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ulianich
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Murshid A, Gong J, Calderwood SK. Heat shock protein 90 mediates efficient antigen cross presentation through the scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells-I. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2903-17. [PMID: 20686127 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ag cross presentation is an important mechanism for CD8(+) T cell activation by APCs. We have investigated mechanisms involved in heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) chaperone-mediated cross presentation of OVA-derived Ags. Hsp90-OVA peptide complexes bound to scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells (SREC-I) on the surface of APCs. SREC-I then mediated internalization of Hsp90-OVA polypeptide complexes through a Cdc42-regulated, dynamin-independent endocytic pathway known as the GPI-anchored protein-enriched early endosomal compartment to recycling endosomes. Peptides that did not require processing could then be loaded directly onto MHC class I in endosomes, whereas longer peptides underwent endosomal and cytosomal processing by aminopeptidases and proteases. Cross presentation of Hsp90-chaperoned peptides through this pathway to CD8(+) T cells was highly efficient compared with processing of free polypeptides. In addition, Hsp90 also activated c-Src kinase associated with SREC-I, an activity that we determined to be required for effective cross presentation. Extracellular Hsp90 can thus convey antigenic peptides through an efficient endocytosis pathway in APCs and facilitate cross presentation in a highly regulated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Murshid
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Abstract
Ca2+ is a universal signalling molecule that affects a variety of cellular processes including cardiac development. The majority of intracellular Ca2+ is stored in the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle and non-muscle cells. Calreticulin is a well studied Ca2+-buffering protein in the endoplasmic reticulum, and calreticulin deficiency is embryonic lethal due to impaired cardiac development. Despite calsequestrin being the most abundant Ca2+-buffering protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, viability is maintained in embryos without calsequestrin and normal Ca2+ release and contractile function is observed. The Ca2+ homeostasis regulated by the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum is critical for the development and proper function of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dukgyu Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Systems Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G2H7
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Di Pasquale G, Kaludov N, Agbandje-McKenna M, Chiorini JA. BAAV transcytosis requires an interaction with beta-1-4 linked- glucosamine and gp96. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9336. [PMID: 20231878 PMCID: PMC2834734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface carbohydrates play an important role in virus entry and intracellular trafficking. Bovine Adeno-Associated Virus (BAAV) uses plasma membrane gangliosides for transduction and infection. In addition, independent of the infectious pathway, BAAV also has the ability to pass through barrier epithelia and endothelia using a transcytosis pathway dependent upon the presence of cell surface carbohydrates. Thus, in order to better define the carbohydrate interactions that are necessary for BAAV infection or transcytosis, a glycan microarray composed of both natural and synthetic carbohydrates was probed with HA-tagged BAAV particles. This identified chitotriose, a trimer of β-1-4-linked N-acetyl glucosamine, as having an interaction with BAAV. Competition experiments showed that the BAAV interaction with this carbohydrate is not necessary for infection but is instead important in the transcytosis pathway. The β-1-4-linked N-acetyl glucosamine modification has been reported on gp96, a glycoprotein involved in the transcytosis of bacteria and toxins. Significantly, immunoprecipitation and competition experiments with an anti-gp96 antibody and a soluble form of gp96, respectively, showed this glycoprotein can also interact with BAAV to serve as a receptor for its transcytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Pasquale
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nikola Kaludov
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - John A. Chiorini
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: .
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Prins D, Michalak M. Endoplasmic reticulum proteins in cardiac development and dysfunction. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 87:419-25. [PMID: 19526035 DOI: 10.1139/y09-032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of cardiac pathologies and the molecular mechanisms thereof is essential for the development of therapies for cardiovascular disease, a common cause of death in Western societies. Investigations into heart diseases have shown that the endoplasmic reticulum and its diverse functions may lie at the center of many cardiac pathologies. Animal models have demonstrated that in numerous cases, faulty endoplasmic reticulum activity is manifested in defective cardiogenesis or impaired heart function. These findings suggest that the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes may represent functionally independent organelles responsible for specialized functions in the heart. This review addresses the molecular pathways linking endoplasmic reticulum function and malfunction with impaired cardiac phenotypes. The endoplasmic reticulum affects cardiac development and function through Ca2+-dependent pathways, its catalytic role in the proper folding and targeting of membrane-bound and secretory proteins, and its response to cellular stress events, particularly hypoxic conditions. These pathways present potential novel targets for treatment of cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Prins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S7, Canada
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18
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Cha JY, Jung MH, Ermawati N, Su'udi M, Rho GJ, Han CD, Lee KH, Son D. Functional characterization of orchardgrass endoplasmic reticulum-resident Hsp90 (DgHsp90) as a chaperone and an ATPase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:859-866. [PMID: 19625192 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hsp90 proteins are essential molecular chaperones regulating multiple cellular processes in distinct subcellular organelles. In this study, we report the functional characterization of a cDNA encoding endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident Hsp90 from orchardgrass (DgHsp90). DgHsp90 is a 2742bp cDNA with an open reading frame predicted to encode an 808 amino acid protein. DgHsp90 has a well conserved N-terminal ATPase domain and a C-terminal Hsp90 domain and ER-retention motif. Expression of DgHsp90 increased during heat stress at 35 degrees C or H(2)O(2) treatment. DgHsp90 also functions as a chaperone protein by preventing thermal aggregation of malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) and citrate synthase (EC 2.3.3.1). The intrinsic ATPase activity of DgHsp90 was inhibited by geldanamycin, an Hsp90 inhibitor, and the inhibition reduced the chaperone activity of DgHsp90. Yeast cells overexpressing DgHsp90 exhibited enhanced thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Yung Cha
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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19
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di Pietro A, Tosti G, Ferrucci PF, Testori A. Oncophage: step to the future for vaccine therapy in melanoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 8:1973-84. [PMID: 18990084 DOI: 10.1517/14712590802517970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of proteins whose expression is increased when the cells are exposed to elevated temperatures or other stressful conditions. This increase in expression is transcriptionally regulated. The function of HSPs is similar in virtually all living organisms, from bacteria to humans. Their expression also occur under non-stressful conditions, simply 'monitoring' the cell's proteins, i.e., they carry old proteins to the cell's 'recycling bin' and they help newly synthesized proteins fold properly. These activities are part of a cell's own repair system. HSPs are molecular chaperones for protein molecules. They are usually cytoplasmic proteins and they perform functions in various intracellular processes. Tumour-derived HSP-peptide complexes (HSPPCs) can be used for vaccination against malignancies. In particular, HSPPC-96 complex, called Vitespen (formerly Oncophage) is a HSPs-based vaccine made from individual patients' tumours with a promising role in cancer management. This vaccine has been extensively studied in Phase I and II clinical trials, showing activity on different malignancies, including gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic myelogenous leukaemia. The vaccine has also been studied in Phase III clinical trials in melanoma and kidney cancer, showing an excellent safety profile with essentially no toxicity. Thus, HSP-based vaccines are a novel therapeutic approach with a promising role in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra di Pietro
- Division of Melanoma and Musculo-Cutaneous Sarcomas, IEO-European Institute of Oncology, 435, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti, 20141 Milan, Italy
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20
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Tang YJ, Li HM, Hamel JFP. Effects of dissolved oxygen tension and agitation rate on the production of heat-shock protein glycoprotein 96 by MethA tumor cell suspension culture in stirred-tank bioreactors. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2008; 32:475-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-008-0267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Dollins DE, Warren JJ, Immormino RM, Gewirth DT. Structures of GRP94-nucleotide complexes reveal mechanistic differences between the hsp90 chaperones. Mol Cell 2008; 28:41-56. [PMID: 17936703 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
GRP94, an essential endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, is required for the conformational maturation of proteins destined for cell-surface display or export. The extent to which GRP94 and its cytosolic paralog, Hsp90, share a common mechanism remains controversial. GRP94 has not been shown conclusively to hydrolyze ATP or bind cochaperones, and both activities, by contrast, result in conformational changes and N-terminal dimerization in Hsp90 that are critical for its function. Here, we report the 2.4 A crystal structure of mammalian GRP94 in complex with AMPPNP and ADP. The chaperone is conformationally insensitive to the identity of the bound nucleotide, adopting a "twisted V" conformation that precludes N-terminal domain dimerization. We also present conclusive evidence that GRP94 possesses ATPase activity. Our observations provide a structural explanation for GRP94's observed rate of ATP hydrolysis and suggest a model for the role of ATP binding and hydrolysis in the GRP94 chaperone cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Eric Dollins
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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22
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Esseghir S, Kennedy A, Seedhar P, Nerurkar A, Poulsom R, Reis-Filho JS, Isacke CM. Identification of NTN4, TRA1, and STC2 as prognostic markers in breast cancer in a screen for signal sequence encoding proteins. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3164-73. [PMID: 17545519 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In a previous screen using a signal-trap library, we identified a number of secreted proteins up-regulated in primary tumor cells isolated from invasive breast cancers. The purpose of this study was to assess the expression of these genes in human invasive breast tumors and to determine the significance of their expression for prognosis in breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A tissue microarray containing 245 invasive breast tumors from women treated with curative surgery followed by anthracycline-based chemotherapy and hormone therapy for the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors was screened by in situ hybridization with probes against thrombospondin 3 (TSP3), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), tumor rejection antigen 1 (TRA1), stanniocalcin 2 (STC2), and netrin 4 (NTN4). Correlations between categorical variables were done using the chi(2) test and Fisher's exact test. Cumulative survival probabilities were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate survival analysis was done with Cox hazard model. A series of breast cancers were also stained with NTN4 antibodies. RESULTS All five genes examined were expressed in invasive breast tumor cells. NTN4 protein expression was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Together, these data validate the design and screening of the signal-trap library. Univariate survival analysis revealed that expressions of TRA1, STC2, and NTN4 are correlated with longer disease-free survival and that TRA1 and NTN4 are associated with longer overall survival. Multivariate analysis showed that NTN4 is an independent prognostic factor of overall survival. CONCLUSIONS This article describes the identification of three secreted proteins, NTN4, TRA1, and STC2, as potential novel prognostic markers in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Esseghir
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Yang BF, Zhao HL, Xue C, Xiong XH, Zhang W, Yao XQ, Liu ZM. Recombinant heat shock protein 65 carrying hepatitis B core antigen induces HBcAg-specific CTL response. Vaccine 2007; 25:4478-86. [PMID: 17467856 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have provided evidence that heat shock protein 65 (Hsp65) can elicit potent specific cellular adaptive immune responses (e.g. CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell effectors or classic CTLs) based on their ability to chaperone antigenic peptides. Hsp65 is thus an effective carrier for heterologous peptide epitopes for therapeutic vaccines against cancer or chronic infectious diseases. The core antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBcAg) is extremely immunogenic, and functions as both a T-cell-dependent and a T-cell-independent antigen. Therefore, HBcAg may be a promising candidate target for therapeutic vaccine control of chronic HBV infection. Here, a chimeric protein, Hsp65Bc, was created by fusing the HBcAg sequence to the carboxyl terminus of the Hsp65 sequence in E. coli. Analysis of its antigenicity and immunogenicity revealed that HBc epitopes are surface accessible. Hsp65Bc induced moderate anti-HBc immune responses as well as a strong specific T-cell response in BALB/c mice. These results indicate that Hsp65Bc may have potential as a vaccine for treatment of HBV chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-fen Yang
- Department of Microbiological Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdaije Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
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24
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Lu Q, Harrington EO, Newton J, Jankowich M, Rounds S. Inhibition of ICMT induces endothelial cell apoptosis through GRP94. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:20-30. [PMID: 17347446 PMCID: PMC1899353 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0301sm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprenylcysteine-O-carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT) catalyzes methylation of proteins containing a C-terminal CAAX motif. We have previously shown that chemical inhibition of ICMT caused endothelial cell apoptosis, an effect correlated with decreased Ras and RhoA carboxyl methylation and GTPase activities. In the current study, proteomic analysis of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) exposed to the ICMT inhibitor, N-acetyl-geranylgeranyl-cysteine (AGGC), demonstrated a shift in the isoelectric points (pI) of the glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 94. Two-dimensional PAGE and immunoblot analysis further documented that ICMT inhibition caused multiple changes in the pI of GRP94. GRP94 is an endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperone, a component of the unfolded protein response (UPR), and is involved in apoptosis. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed redistribution and aggregation of GRP94 after 3 h exposure to AGGC. A similar finding was noted with calnexin. In addition, GRP94 protein levels were significantly diminished upon 18 h AGGC exposure or ICMT suppression. The effects of ICMT inhibition on changes in GRP94 subcellular localization and protein content were blunted by overexpression of constitutively active RhoA or a caspase inhibitor. Furthermore, GRP94 depletion augmented endothelial cell apoptosis induced by ICMT inhibition. These results indicate that ICMT inhibition leads to GRP94 relocalization, aggregation, and degradation; effects were dependent upon the activities of RhoA and caspases. We speculate that changes in the pI, subcellular localization, and protein level of GRP94 cause endothelial cell apoptosis, possibly through UPR dysfunction. These studies suggest a novel link between RhoA GTPases and the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lu
- Providence VA Medical Center, Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Section, 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908, USA
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25
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Enomoto Y, Bharti A, Khaleque AA, Song B, Liu C, Apostolopoulos V, Xing PX, Calderwood SK, Gong J. Enhanced immunogenicity of heat shock protein 70 peptide complexes from dendritic cell-tumor fusion cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:5946-55. [PMID: 17056519 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.5946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a molecular chaperone-based tumor vaccine that reverses the immune tolerance of cancer cells. Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 extracted from fusions of dendritic (DC) and tumor cells (HSP70.PC-F) possess superior properties such as stimulation of DC maturation and T cell proliferation over its counterpart from tumor cells. More importantly, immunization of mice with HSP70.PC-F resulted in a T cell-mediated immune response including significant increase of CD8 T cells and induction of the effector and memory T cells that was able to break T cell unresponsiveness to a nonmutated tumor Ag and provide protection of mice against challenge with tumor cells. By contrast, the immune response to vaccination with HSP70-PC derived from tumor cells is muted against such nonmutated tumor Ag. HSP70.PC-F complexes differed from those derived from tumor cells in a number of key manners, most notably, enhanced association with immunologic peptides. In addition, the molecular chaperone HSP90 was found to be associated with HSP70.PC-F as indicated by coimmunoprecipitation, suggesting ability to carry an increased repertoire of antigenic peptides by the two chaperones. Significantly, activation of DC by HSP70.PC-F was dependent on the presence of an intact MyD88 gene, suggesting a role for TLR signaling in DC activation and T cell stimulation. These experiments indicate that HSP70-peptide complexes (PC) derived from DC-tumor fusion cells have increased their immunogenicity and therefore constitute an improved formulation of chaperone protein-based tumor vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Enomoto
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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26
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Aalamian M, Fuchs E, Gupta R, Levey DL. Autologous renal cell cancer vaccines using heat shock protein-peptide complexes. Urol Oncol 2006; 24:425-33. [PMID: 16962495 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Investigations into the role of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in immune response have progressed well into a third decade, and indications of their use for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the adjuvant setting will be revealed in the near future when a randomized phase III clinical trial is completed. Additional ongoing and planned randomized clinical trials will test the efficacy of HSP-based vaccines in more advanced stages of RCC. This review describes the compelling scientific rationale behind testing HSPs in RCC against the backdrop of other immunotherapeutic approaches in this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aalamian
- Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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27
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Chen B, Zhong D, Monteiro A. Comparative genomics and evolution of the HSP90 family of genes across all kingdoms of organisms. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:156. [PMID: 16780600 PMCID: PMC1525184 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HSP90 proteins are essential molecular chaperones involved in signal transduction, cell cycle control, stress management, and folding, degradation, and transport of proteins. HSP90 proteins have been found in a variety of organisms suggesting that they are ancient and conserved. In this study we investigate the nuclear genomes of 32 species across all kingdoms of organisms, and all sequences available in GenBank, and address the diversity, evolution, gene structure, conservation and nomenclature of the HSP90 family of genes across all organisms. RESULTS Twelve new genes and a new type HSP90C2 were identified. The chromosomal location, exon splicing, and prediction of whether they are functional copies were documented, as well as the amino acid length and molecular mass of their polypeptides. The conserved regions across all protein sequences, and signature sequences in each subfamily were determined, and a standardized nomenclature system for this gene family is presented. The proeukaryote HSP90 homologue, HTPG, exists in most Bacteria species but not in Archaea, and it evolved into three lineages (Groups A, B and C) via two gene duplication events. None of the organellar-localized HSP90s were derived from endosymbionts of early eukaryotes. Mitochondrial TRAP and endoplasmic reticulum HSP90B separately originated from the ancestors of HTPG Group A in Firmicutes-like organisms very early in the formation of the eukaryotic cell. TRAP is monophyletic and present in all Animalia and some Protista species, while HSP90B is paraphyletic and present in all eukaryotes with the exception of some Fungi species, which appear to have lost it. Both HSP90C (chloroplast HSP90C1 and location-undetermined SP90C2) and cytosolic HSP90A are monophyletic, and originated from HSP90B by independent gene duplications. HSP90C exists only in Plantae, and was duplicated into HSP90C1 and HSP90C2 isoforms in higher plants. HSP90A occurs across all eukaryotes, and duplicated into HSP90AA and HSP90AB in vertebrates. Diplomonadida was identified as the most basal organism in the eukaryote lineage. CONCLUSION The present study presents the first comparative genomic study and evolutionary analysis of the HSP90 family of genes across all kingdoms of organisms. HSP90 family members underwent multiple duplications and also subsequent losses during their evolution. This study established an overall framework of information for the family of genes, which may facilitate and stimulate the study of this gene family across all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Fan H, Kashi RS, Middaugh CR. Conformational lability of two molecular chaperones Hsc70 and gp96: effects of pH and temperature. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 447:34-45. [PMID: 16487475 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hsc70 and gp96 are two heat shock proteins with molecular chaperone and immune-related activities. The dynamic conformational properties of heat shock proteins appear to play a critical role in their biological activities. In this study, we investigated the effects of pH and temperature on the conformational states of Hsc70 and gp96. The quaternary, tertiary, and secondary structures of both proteins are evaluated by a variety of spectroscopic techniques, including far-UV circular dichroism, Trp fluorescence, ANS fluorescence, and derivative UV absorption spectroscopy. The results are summarized and compared employing an empirical phase diagram approach. Very similar behaviors are seen for both proteins despite their differences in sequence and tertiary structure. Both proteins show substantial conformational lability in responses to the pH and temperature changes of their environment. This study suggests a natural selection for related functional properties through common conformational dynamics rather than immediate structural homology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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29
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Abstract
This chapter focuses on immunological effects of eukaryotic and microbial heat shock proteins (HSPs), with molecular weights of about 60, 70, and 90 kDa. The search for tumor-specific antigens resulted in the identification of HSPs. They have been found to elicit a potent anti-cancer immune response mediated by the adoptive and innate immune system. Following receptor-mediated uptake of HSP (HSP70 and gp96) peptide complexes by antigen-presenting cells and representation of HSP-chaperoned peptides by MHC class I molecules, a CD8-specific T cell response is induced. Apart from chaperoning immunogenic peptides derived from tumors, bacterial and virally infected cells, they by themselves provide activatory signals for antigen-presenting cells and natural killer (NK) cells. After binding of peptide-free HSP70 to Toll-like receptors, the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines is initiated by antigen-presenting cells and thus results in a nonspecific stimulation of the immune system. Moreover, soluble as well as cell membrane-bound HSP70 on tumor cells can directly activate the cytolytic and migratory capacity of NK cells. Apart form cancer, HSPs of different origins, with a molecular weight of about 60, 70, and 90 kDa, also play a pivotal role in viral infections, including human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV, SIV), measles, and choriomeningitis. Moreover, HSPs have been found to induce tolerance against autoimmune diseases. In summary, depending on their mode of induction, intracellular/extracellular location, cellular origin (eukaryote/prokaryote), peptide loading status, intracellular ADP/ATP content, concentration, and route of application, HSPs either exert immune activation as danger signals in cancer immunity and mediate protection against infectious diseases or exhibit regulatory activities in controlling and preventing autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Multhoff
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany.
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30
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Chen B, Piel WH, Gui L, Bruford E, Monteiro A. The HSP90 family of genes in the human genome: insights into their divergence and evolution. Genomics 2005; 86:627-37. [PMID: 16269234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
HSP90 proteins are important molecular chaperones. Transcriptome and genome analyses revealed that the human HSP90 family includes 17 genes that fall into four classes. A standardized nomenclature for each of these genes is presented here. Classes HSP90AA, HSP90AB, HSP90B, and TRAP contain 7, 6, 3, and 1 genes, respectively. HSP90AA genes mapped onto chromosomes 1, 3, 4, and 11; HSP90AB genes mapped onto 3, 4, 6, 13 and 15; HSP90B genes mapped onto 1, 12, and 15; and the TRAP1 gene mapped onto 16. Six genes, HSP90AA1, HSP90AA2, HSP90N, HSP90AB1, HSP90B1 and TRAP1, were recognized as functional, and the remaining 11 genes were considered putative pseudogenes. Amino acid polymorphic variants were detected for genes HSP90AA1, HSP90AA2, HSP90AB1, HSP90B1, and TRAP1. The structures of these genes and the functional motifs and polymorphic variants of their proteins were documented and the features and functions of their proteins were discussed. Phylogenetic analyses based on both nucleotide and protein data demonstrated that HSP90(AA+AB+B) formed a monophyletic clade, whereas TRAP is a relatively distant paralogue of this clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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31
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Graner MW, Bigner DD. Chaperone proteins and brain tumors: potential targets and possible therapeutics. Neuro Oncol 2005; 7:260-78. [PMID: 16053701 PMCID: PMC1871914 DOI: 10.1215/s1152851704001188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaperone proteins are most notable for the proteo- and cyotoprotective capacities they afford during cellular stress. Under conditions of cellular normalcy, chaperones still play integral roles in the folding of nascent polypeptides into functional entities, in assisting in intracellular/intraorganellar transport, in assembly and maintenance of multi-subunit protein complexes, and in aiding and abetting the degradation of senescent proteins. Tumors frequently have relatively enhanced needs for chaperone number and activity because of the stresses of rapid proliferation, increased metabolism, and overall genetic instability. Thus, it may be possible to take advantage of this reliance that tumor cells have on chaperones by pharmacologic and biologic means. Certain chaperones are abundant in the brain, which implies important roles for them. While it is presumed that the requirements of brain tumors for chaperone proteins are similar to those of any other cell type, tumor or otherwise, very little inquiry has been directed at the possibility of using chaperone proteins as therapeutic targets or even as therapeutic agents against central nervous system malignancies. This review highlights some of the research on the functions of chaperone proteins, on what can be done to modify those functions, and on the physiological responses that tumors and organisms can have to chaperone-targeted or chaperone-based therapies. In particular, this review will also underscore areas of research where brain tumors have been part of the field, although in general those instances are few and far between. This relative dearth of research devoted to chaperone protein targets and therapeutics in brain tumors reveals much untrodden turf to explore for potential treatments of these dreadfully refractive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Graner
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Michalak M. Endoplasmic reticulum quality control and congenital pathology. J Appl Biomed 2005. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2005.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Panicot-Dubois L, Aubert M, Franceschi C, Mas E, Silvy F, Crotte C, Bernard JP, Lombardo D, Sadoulet MO. Monoclonal antibody 16D10 to the C-terminal domain of the feto-acinar pancreatic protein binds to membrane of human pancreatic tumoral SOJ-6 cells and inhibits the growth of tumor xenografts. Neoplasia 2005; 6:713-24. [PMID: 15720797 PMCID: PMC1531675 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Feto-acinar pancreatic protein (FAPP) characterized by mAbJ28 reactivity is a specific component associated with ontogenesis and behaves as an oncodevelopment-associated antigen. We attempted to determine whether pancreatic tumoral SOJ-6 cells are expressed at their surface FAPP antigens and to examine if specific antibodies directed against these FAPP epitopes could decrease the growth of pancreatic tumors in a mice model. For this purpose, we used specific antibodies against either the whole FAPP, the O-glycosylated C-terminal domain, or the N-terminal domain of the protein. Our results indicate that SOJ-6 cells expressed at their surface a 32-kDa peptide corresponding to the C-terminal domain of the FAPP. Furthermore, we show, by using endoproteinase Lys-C or geldanamycin, a drug able to impair the FAPP secretion, that this 32-kDa peptide expressed on the SOJ-6 cell surface comes from the degradation of the FAPP. Finally, an in vivo prospective study using a preventative tumor model in nude mice indicates that targeting this peptide by the use of mAb16D10 inhibits the growth of SOJ-6 xenografts. The specificity of mAb16D10 for pancreatic tumors and the possibility to obtain recombinant structures of mucin-like peptides recognized by mAb16D10 and mAbJ28 are promising tools in immunologic approaches to cure pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Panicot-Dubois
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 559 and EA 3289, Faculté de Médecine-Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseilles, France
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Scarlett DJG, Herst PM, Berridge MV. Multiple proteins with single activities or a single protein with multiple activities: the conundrum of cell surface NADH oxidoreductases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1708:108-19. [PMID: 15882838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2004] [Revised: 03/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of the cell-impermeable tetrazolium salt WST-1 has been used to characterise two plasma membrane NADH oxidoreductase activities in human cells. The trans activity, measured with WST-1 and the intermediate electron acceptor mPMS, utilises reducing equivalents from intracellular sources, while the surface activity, measured with WST-1 and extracellular NADH, is independent of intracellular metabolism. Whether these two activities involve distinct proteins or are inherent to a single protein is unclear. In this work, we have attempted to address this question by examining the relationship between the trans and surface WST-1-reducing activities and a third well-characterised family of cell surface oxidases, the ECTO-NOX proteins. Using blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we have identified a complex in the plasma membranes of human 143B osteosarcoma cells responsible for the NADH-dependent reduction of WST-1. The dye-reducing activity of the 300 kDa complex was attributed to a 70 kDa NADH oxidoreductase activity that cross-reacted with antisera against the ECTO-NOX protein CNOX. Differences in enzyme activities and inhibitor profiles between the WST-1-reducing NADH oxidoreductase enzyme in the presence of NADH or mPMS and the ECTO-NOX family are reconciled in terms of the different purification methods and assay systems used to study these proteins.
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Wang XP, Liu GZ, Song AL, Chen RF, Li HY, Liu Y. Expression and significance of heat shock protein 70 and glucose-regulated protein 94 in human esophageal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:429-32. [PMID: 15637761 PMCID: PMC4205355 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i3.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression and significance of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and glucose-regulated protein 94 (grp94) in human esophageal carcinoma and adjacent normal tissues.
METHODS: The expression of HSP70 and grp94 in 78 human esophageal cancer and adjacent normal tissues was studied by immunohistochemistry and pathology photograph analysis.
RESULTS: Both esophageal cancer and adjacent normal tissues could express HSP70 and grp94. Of the 78 cases of esophageal carcinoma, 95.0%(72/78) showed positive HSP70, mainly stained in nuclei, while grp94 was mainly stained in cell plasma, and the positive rate was 71.8%(56/78).There was a significant difference in the expression of HSP70 and grp94 between esophageal cancer and adjacent normal tissues (P<0.01). Compared with adjacent normal tissues, there was a significant difference between differential types and HSP70 expression (P<0.01).
CONCLUSION: HSP70 and grp94 express differently in cell plasma and nuclei. The expression intensity of HSP70 is related to the differentiation of esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100054, China.
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Myung JK, Afjehi-Sadat L, Felizardo-Cabatic M, Slavc I, Lubec G. Expressional patterns of chaperones in ten human tumor cell lines. Proteome Sci 2004; 2:8. [PMID: 15598346 PMCID: PMC543454 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chaperones (CH) play an important role in tumor biology but no systematic work on expressional patterns has been reported so far. The aim of the study was therefore to present an analytical method for the concomitant determination of several CH in human tumor cell lines, to generate expressional patterns in the individual cell lines and to search for tumor and non-tumor cell line specific CH expression. Human tumor cell lines of neuroblastoma, colorectal and adenocarcinoma of the ovary, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, malignant melanoma, lung, cervical and breast cancer, promyelocytic leukaemia were homogenised, proteins were separated on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with in-gel digestion of proteins and MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis was carried out for the identification of CH. Results A series of CH was identified including the main CH groups as HSP90/HATPas_C, HSP70, Cpn60_TCP1, DnaJ, Thioredoxin, TPR, Pro_isomerase, HSP20, ERP29_C, KE2, Prefoldin, DUF704, BAG, GrpE and DcpS. Conclusions The ten individual tumor cell lines showed different expression patterns, which are important for the design of CH studies in tumor cell lines. The results can serve as a reference map and form the basis of a concomitant determination of CH by a protein chemical rather than an immunochemical method, independent of antibody availability or specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kyung Myung
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Irene Slavc
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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37
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Gullo CA, Teoh G. Heat shock proteins: to present or not, that is the question. Immunol Lett 2004; 94:1-10. [PMID: 15234529 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Revised: 03/31/2004] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and II to the adaptive immune response has been well documented. In 1996, Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel were awarded the Nobel Prize, for their fundamental observations concerning the genetic elements involved in specific antigen (Ag) recognition. These elements encode molecules that present self and non-self peptide fragments to both CD4+ and CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). The recognition by Srivastava and coworkers that heat shock proteins (HSPs) might also present Ag in chemically induced sarcomas brought about many new questions concerning the central dogma of Ag processing and presentation. HSPs, in particular glucose-regulated peptide 94 (GRP94), HSP70 and to a lesser extent HSP90, bind peptides that are immunogenic in vitro and in vivo. There is mounting evidence that these HSP-peptide complexes provide alternative Ag-specific recognition in many systems. Whether a separate genetic program evolved in addition to MHC that increases the antigenic repertoire of the cell or if this newly observed function of HSP is predominantly a laboratory-based phenomena and/or a normal chaperone function of this family of proteins remains to be answered. Nevertheless, there are clinical therapeutic strategies that involve HSP-derived peptides isolated from various tumors that look extremely promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Gullo
- The Multiple Myeloma Research Laboratory, Singapore Health Services (SingHealth), 7 Hospital Drive, Block A #02-05, Singapore 169611, Singapore.
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38
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Abstract
Molecular chaperones are a functionally defined set of proteins which assist the structure formation of proteins in vivo. Without certain protective mechanisms, such as binding nascent polypeptide chains by molecular chaperones, cellular protein concentrations would lead to misfolding and aggregation. In the mammalian system, the molecular chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90 are involved in the folding and maturation of key regulatory proteins, like steroid hormone receptors, transcription factors, and kinases, some of which are involved in cancer progression. Hsp70 and Hsp90 form a multichaperone complex, in which both are connected by a third protein called Hop. The connection of and the interplay between the two chaperone machineries is of crucial importance for cell viability. This review provides a detailed view of the Hsp70 and Hsp90 machineries, their cofactors and their mode of regulation. It summarizes the current knowledge in the field, including the ATP-dependent regulation of the Hsp70/Hsp90 multichaperone cycle and elucidates the complex interplay and their synergistic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wegele
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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39
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Shvarts O, Lam J, Figlin R, Belldegrun AS. Heat shock-peptide complex vaccine as adjuvant therapy for high-risk patients with resected renal cell carcinoma. Curr Urol Rep 2004; 5:11-2. [PMID: 14733830 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-004-0004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Liu C, Ewing N, DeFilippo M. Analytical challenges and strategies for the characterization of gp96-associated peptides. Methods 2004; 32:32-7. [PMID: 14624875 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-2023(03)00185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the methods that were used for the preparation of gp96-associated peptides and the analysis of these peptides using mass spectrometry. A general approach for stripping, enriching, and separating peptides associated with gp96 is presented. Protocols for the demonstration of the diversity of gp96-associated peptides using mass spectrometry and the identification of these peptides using a combination of tandem mass spectrometry and protein database searching are described. Important parameters and factors that affect the outcome of the experiments are discussed.
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Wang HC, Wu HC, Chen CF, Fausto N, Lei HY, Su IJ. Different types of ground glass hepatocytes in chronic hepatitis B virus infection contain specific pre-S mutants that may induce endoplasmic reticulum stress. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:2441-9. [PMID: 14633616 PMCID: PMC1892360 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ground glass hepatocyte (GGH) represents a histological hallmark of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and contains surface antigens in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Several types of GGHs are recognized at different hepatitis B virus replicative stages. The recent identification of pre-S mutants from GGHs encourages us to investigate whether different GGHs may harbor specific mutants and exhibit differential biological activities. In this study, we applied laser capture microdissection to isolate specific GGHs from a total of 50 samples on eight resected liver specimens. The surface genes in two major types of GGHs were analyzed. Type I GGHs expressed an inclusion-like pattern of hepatitis B surface antigens and harbored mutants with deletions over pre-S1 region, whereas type II GGHs, distributed in clusters and emerged at late replicative phase, contained mutants with deletions over pre-S2 region that defines a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune epitope, and may represent an immune escape mutant. Transfection of pre-S mutants in Huh7 revealed decreased syntheses of middle and small S proteins with accumulation of large surface antigen in ER, which in turn led to the activation of ER stress response with differential activities for different mutants. This study therefore demonstrates that different GGHs may contain specific mutants and exhibit differential biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ching Wang
- Graduate Institutes of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine, and Immunology and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
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42
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Hornef MW, Normark BH, Vandewalle A, Normark S. Intracellular recognition of lipopolysaccharide by toll-like receptor 4 in intestinal epithelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 198:1225-35. [PMID: 14568981 PMCID: PMC2194240 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20022194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 has recently been shown to reside in the Golgi apparatus of intestinal crypt epithelial m-ICcl2 cells, colocalizing with internalized lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here we demonstrate that disruption of the integrity of the Golgi apparatus significantly reduced LPS-mediated nuclear factor κB activation. Also, the TLR4 adaptor protein MyD88 and the serine/threonine kinase IRAK-1 were rapidly recruited to the Golgi apparatus upon stimulation. LPS-mediated activation required lipid raft formation and intact clathrin-dependent internalization. In contrast to macrophages, prevention of ligand internalization by use of LPS-coated beads significantly impaired recognition by epithelial cells. The localization of TLR4 to the Golgi apparatus was abrogated by expression of a genetically modified form of the TLR4 binding chaperone gp96. Thus, our data provide evidence that in contrast to the situation in macrophages, LPS recognition in intestinal epithelial cells may occur in the Golgi apparatus and require LPS internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias W Hornef
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control SMI, 17182 Solna, Sweden.
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43
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Pagetta A, Folda A, Brunati AM, Finotti P. Identification and purification from the plasma of Type 1 diabetic subjects of a proteolytically active Grp94Evidence that Grp94 is entirely responsible for plasma proteolytic activity. Diabetologia 2003; 46:996-1006. [PMID: 12827241 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-003-1133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2002] [Revised: 02/06/2003] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The overall increase in proteolytic activity in diabetes is known to be associated with the development and progression of vascular complications. Our aim was to investigate in detail the molecular nature of this activity in the plasma of Type 1 diabetic subjects. METHODS Plasma of both diabetic and control subjects was subjected to various purification procedures (ion exchange and affinity chromatography, HPLC, immunoprecipitation, electrophoresis, immunoblot and mass analyses) to identify the proteins of interest. Biological activities were measured on specific substrates. RESULTS In diabetic but not normal plasma we identified the presence of two heat shock proteins, Grp94 (Glucose-regulated protein94) and HSP70. The higher-than-normal proteolytic activity of Grp94 was: (i) directed against casein, but not against endogenous plasma proteins; (ii) fully and specifically inhibited only by anti-Grp94 polyclonal antibodies; and (iii) coupled with low-level ATPase activity. In addition, ATP binding to Grp94 was able to modulate proteolytic activity. We found that Grp94 in plasma circulates only as high molecular mass homo- and hetero-complexes, the latter mostly formed with IgG to which Grp94 is also linked by tenacious binding. Proteolytically-active Grp94 was purified by immunoprecipitation, which co-immunoprecipitated alpha(1)antitrypsin. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION Our results show the unexpected extracellular location and characteristic biological function of Grp94 even at a late stage of disease. These findings have physiopathological relevance for predicting activation of both autoimmune and inflammatory processes potentially associated with vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pagetta
- Department of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology, University of Padova, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padua, Italy
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44
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Abstract
Heat shock proteins (hsps) are among the most abundant intracellular proteins. Their synthesis is rapidly up-regulated by various 'stressors' including temperature, glucose deprivation, infection and cancer. Certain hsps are able to: (i). associate and chaperone a large variety of cellular peptides; (ii). be efficiently internalized by antigen presenting cells (APC) through receptor-mediated endocytosis; (iii). channel antigenic peptides they chaperone in the APC's MHC class I presentation pathway; (iv). and stimulate inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and co-stimulatory molecules through the NFkappab signaling pathway. Extracellular release of hsps upon necrotic cell death and their modulated access at the surface of some cells, can be considered as a putative 'danger' signal. Based on the ancient origins and structural conservation of hsps, it has been proposed that, the role of hsps in immunity emerged early in evolution and to be widespread in extant organisms. Data from studies with the frog Xenopus support this proposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 672 601, Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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45
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Pratt WB, Toft DO. Regulation of signaling protein function and trafficking by the hsp90/hsp70-based chaperone machinery. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228:111-33. [PMID: 12563018 DOI: 10.1177/153537020322800201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1060] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 100 proteins are known to be regulated by hsp90. Most of these substrates or "client proteins" are involved in signal transduction, and they are brought into complex with hsp90 by a multiprotein hsp90/hsp70-based chaperone machinery. In addition to binding substrate proteins at the chaperone site(s), hsp90 binds cofactors at other sites that are part of the heterocomplex assembly machinery as well as immunophilins that connect assembled substrate*hsp90 complexes to protein-trafficking systems. In the 5 years since we last reviewed this subject, much has been learned about hsp90 structure, nucleotide-binding, and cochaperone interactions; the most important concept is that ATP hydrolysis by an intrinsic ATPase activity results in a conformational change in hsp90 that is required to induce conformational change in a substrate protein. The conformational change induced in steroid receptors is an opening of the steroid-binding cleft so that it can be accessed by steroid. We have now developed a minimal system of five purified proteins-hsp90, hsp70, Hop, hsp40, and p23- that assembles stable receptor*hsp90 heterocomplexes. An hsp90*Hop*hsp70*hsp40 complex opens the cleft in an ATP-dependent process to produce a receptor*hsp90 heterocomplex with hsp90 in its ATP-bound conformation, and p23 then interacts with the hsp90 to stabilize the complex. Stepwise assembly experiments have shown that hsp70 and hsp40 first interact with the receptor in an ATP-dependent reaction to produce a receptor*hsp70*hsp40 complex that is "primed" to be activated to the steroid-binding state in a second ATP-dependent step with hsp90, Hop, and p23. Successful use of the five-protein system with other substrates indicates that it can assemble signal protein*hsp90 heterocomplexes whether the substrate is a receptor, a protein kinase, or a transcription factor. This purified system should facilitate understanding of how eukaryotic hsp70 and hsp90 work together as essential components of a process that alters the conformations of substrate proteins to states that respond in signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Pratt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0632, USA
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46
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Vega VL, De Maio A. Geldanamycin treatment ameliorates the response to LPS in murine macrophages by decreasing CD14 surface expression. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 14:764-73. [PMID: 12589068 PMCID: PMC150006 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e02-08-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Geldanamycin (GA) is an antibiotic produced by Actinomyces, which specifically inhibits the function of the heat shock protein 90 family. Treatment of a murine macrophage cell line (J774) with GA resulted in a reduced response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as visualized by a decrease of NF-kappaB translocation into the nucleus and secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). To elucidate the mechanism of this effect, the expression of CD14, the formal LPS receptor, was analyzed. Cells treated with GA showed a reduced level of surface CD14 detected by immunostaining, whereas the expression of other surface receptors, such as FC-gamma receptor and tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNF-R1 and TNF-R2), was unaffected. The reduced surface level of CD14 was not due to a reduction in its expression because CD14 steady state mRNA levels or the total cellular pool of CD14 was not altered by GA treatment. Surface CD14 was more rapidly internalized after GA treatment (2-3 h) than after incubation with cycloheximide. Immunostaining of permeabilized cells after GA treatment revealed a higher intracellular content of CD14 colocalizing with calnexin, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein. These results suggest that the decrease in CD14 surface expression after GA treatment is due to rapid internalization without new replacement. These effects may be due to the inhibition of Hsp90 and Grp94 by GA in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia L Vega
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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47
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Morales H, Muharemagic A, Gantress J, Cohen N, Robert J. Bacterial stimulation upregulates the surface expression of the stress protein gp96 on B cells in the frog Xenopus. Cell Stress Chaperones 2003; 8:265-71. [PMID: 14984060 PMCID: PMC514880 DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2003)008<0265:bsutse>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2003] [Revised: 05/20/2003] [Accepted: 05/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of the soluble intracellular heat shock protein gp96 (an endoplasmic reticulum resident protein) at the surface of certain cell types is an intriguing phenomenon whose physiological significance has been unclear. We have shown that the active surface expression of gp96 by some immune cells is found throughout the vertebrate phylum including the Agnatha, the only vertebrate taxon whose members (lamprey, hagfish) lack an adaptive immune system. To determine whether gp96 surface expression can be modulated by pathogens, we investigated the effects of in vitro stimulation by purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the heat-killed gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophilia. Purified Xenopus B cells are readily activated and markedly proliferate in vitro in response to the heat-killed bacteria but not to purified LPS. Furthermore, messenger ribonucleic acid, and intracellular and surface protein expressions of both gp96 and immunoglobulin were upregulated only after activation of B cells by heat-killed bacteria. These data are consistent with an ancestral immunological role of gp96 as an antigen-presenting or danger-signaling molecule, or both, interacting directly with antigen-presenting cells, T cells, or natural killer cells, (or all), to trigger or amplify immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Morales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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48
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Gavrilovich Zgoda V, Arison B, Mkrtchian S, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Correia MA. Hemin-mediated restoration of allylisopropylacetamide-inactivated CYP2B1: a role for glutathione and GRP94 in the heme-protein assembly. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 408:58-68. [PMID: 12485603 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Administration of the cytochrome P450 (P450) suicide inactivator allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) to phenobarbital (PB)-pretreated rats results in rapid and marked inactivation of several liver endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-bound P450s. A few of these such as CYP2B1, inactivated due to AIA-mediated prosthetic heme N-alkylation, can be structurally and functionally restored nearly completely by exogenous hemin in vivo or in vitro. Such in vitro hemin-mediated reassembly is unsuccessful with purified AIA-inactivated CYP2B1 and, as shown herein, is not very effective even when heme is incubated with just the corresponding liver microsomes that contain the reconstitutable CYP2B1 protein, thereby implicating a requirement for additional factors provided by the intact liver cell homogenates, ER, and/or cytosol. Using various approaches that include high-performance liquid chromatographic fractionation of the liver cytosolic subfraction as well as chemical and immunological probes such as the Hsp90/GRP94-specific inhibitor geldanamycin (GA) and polyclonal anti-GRP94 antibodies, respectively, we now demonstrate that the in vitro hemin-mediated reassembly of heme-stripped microsomal CYP2B1 requires GSH as well as the ER chaperone GRP94, but not the cytosolic chaperone heat shock protein 90. It remains to be determined whether GSH acts directly or indirectly, via a putative ER thiol reductase, to maintain the conserved active site cysteine-thiol (Cys436 in CYP2B1) in a reduced state, competent for heme binding and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Gavrilovich Zgoda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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49
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Michalak M, Robert Parker JM, Opas M. Ca2+ signaling and calcium binding chaperones of the endoplasmic reticulum. Cell Calcium 2002; 32:269-78. [PMID: 12543089 DOI: 10.1016/s0143416002001884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is a centrally located organelle which affects virtually every cellular function. Its unique luminal environment consists of Ca(2+) binding chaperones, which are involved in protein folding, post-translational modification, Ca(2+) storage and release, and lipid synthesis and metabolism. The environment within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum has profound effects on endoplasmic reticulum function and signaling, including apoptosis, stress responses, organogenesis, and transcriptional activity. Calreticulin, a major Ca(2+) binding (storage) chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum, is a key component of the calreticulin/calnexin cycle which is responsible for the folding of newly synthesized proteins and glycoproteins and for quality control pathways in the endoplasmic reticulum. The function of calreticulin, calnexin and other endoplasmic reticulum proteins is affected by continuous fluctuations in the concentration of Ca(2+) in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, changes in Ca(2+) concentration may play a signaling role in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum as well as in the cytosol. Recent studies on calreticulin-deficient and transgenic mice have revealed that calreticulin and the endoplasmic reticulum may be upstream regulators in the Ca(2+)-dependent pathways that control cellular differentiation and/or organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, Canadian Institutes of Health Research Membrane Protein Research Group, University of Alberta, Alta., T6G 2H7, Edmonton, Canada.
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50
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Descoteaux A, Avila HA, Zhang K, Turco SJ, Beverley SM. Leishmania LPG3 encodes a GRP94 homolog required for phosphoglycan synthesis implicated in parasite virulence but not viability. EMBO J 2002; 21:4458-69. [PMID: 12198148 PMCID: PMC126187 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania promastigotes express an abundant cell surface glycoconjugate, lipophosphoglycan (LPG). LPG contains a polymer of the disaccharide-phosphate repeat unit Galbeta1,4Manalpha1-PO4, shared by other developmentally regulated molecules implicated in parasite virulence. Functional complementation of a Leishmania donovani LPG-defective mutant (OB1) accumulating a truncated LPG containing only the Manalpha1-PO4 residue of the first repeat unit identified LPG3, the Leishmania homolog of the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone GRP94. LPG3 resembles GRP94, as it localizes to the parasite ER, and lpg3(-) mutants show defects including down-regulation of surface GPI-anchored proteins and mild effects on other glycoconjugates. LPG3 binds cellular proteins and its Leishmania infantum GRP94 ortholog is highly immunogenic, suggesting a potential role in directing the immune response. However, null lpg3(-) mutants grow normally, are completely defective in the synthesis of phosphoglycans, and the LPG3 mRNA is regulated developmentally but not by stress or heat. Thus the role of LPG3/GRP94 in Leishmania metabolism differs significantly from other eukaryotes. Like the other glycoconjugate synthetic pathways in this parasite, its activity is focused on molecules implicated in virulence rather than viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Descoteaux
- INRS–Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536 and Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA Corresponding author at: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Campus Box 8230, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA e-mail:
| | - Herbert A. Avila
- INRS–Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536 and Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA Corresponding author at: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Campus Box 8230, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA e-mail:
| | - Kai Zhang
- INRS–Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536 and Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA Corresponding author at: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Campus Box 8230, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA e-mail:
| | - Salvatore J. Turco
- INRS–Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536 and Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA Corresponding author at: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Campus Box 8230, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA e-mail:
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- INRS–Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536 and Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA Corresponding author at: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Campus Box 8230, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA e-mail:
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