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Lin Y, Exell J, Lin H, Zhang C, Welsher KD. Hour-Long, Kilohertz Sampling Rate Three-Dimensional Single-Virus Tracking in Live Cells Enabled by StayGold Fluorescent Protein Fusions. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5590-5600. [PMID: 38808440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
A viral infection process covers a large range of spatiotemporal scales. Tracking the viral infection process with fluorescent labels over long durations while maintaining a fast sampling rate requires bright and highly photostable labels. StayGold is a recently identified green fluorescent protein that has a greater photostability and higher signal intensity under identical illumination conditions compared to existing fluorescence protein variants. Here, StayGold protein fusions were used to generate virus-like particles (StayGold-VLPs) to achieve hour-long 3D single-virus tracking (SVT) with 1000 localizations per second (kHz sampling rate) in live cells. The expanded photon budget from StayGold protein fusions prolonged the tracking duration, facilitating a comprehensive study of viral trafficking dynamics with high temporal resolution over long time scales. The development of StayGold-VLPs presents a simple and general VLP labeling strategy for better performance in SVT, enabling exponentially more information to be collected from single trajectories and allowing for the future possibility of observing the entire life cycle of a single virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jack Exell
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Haoting Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Kevin D Welsher
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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2
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Lin Y, Exell J, Lin H, Zhang C, Welsher KD. Hour-long, Kilohertz Sampling Rate 3D Single-virus Tracking in Live Cells Enabled by StayGold Fluorescent Protein Fusions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.14.585070. [PMID: 38559049 PMCID: PMC10979972 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.14.585070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The viral infection process covers a large range of spatiotemporal scales. Tracking the viral infection process with fluorescent labels over long durations while maintaining a fast sampling rate requires bright and highly photostable labels. StayGold is a recently identified green fluorescent protein that has a greater photostability and higher signal intensity under identical illumination conditions as compared to existing fluorescence protein variants. Here, StayGold protein fusions were used to generate virus-like particles (StayGold-VLPs) to achieve hour-long 3D single-virus tracking (SVT) with one thousand localizations per second (kHz sampling rate) in live cells. The expanded photon budget from StayGold protein fusions prolonged the tracking duration, facilitating a comprehensive study of viral trafficking dynamics with high temporal resolution over long timescales. The development of StayGold-VLPs presents a simple and general VLP labeling strategy for better performance in SVT, enabling exponentially more information to be collected from single trajectories and allowing for the future possibility of observing the whole life cycle of a single virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University; Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jack Exell
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University; Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Haoting Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University; Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University; Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Kevin D. Welsher
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University; Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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3
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Bartak M, Bąska P, Chodkowski M, Tymińska B, Bańbura MW, Cymerys J. Neurons cytoskeletal architecture remodeling during the replication cycle of mouse coronavirus MHV-JHM: a morphological in vitro study. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:18. [PMID: 38195523 PMCID: PMC10775625 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the population is still struggling with a post-COVID19 syndrome known as long COVID, including a broad spectrum of neurological problems. There is an urgent need for a better understanding and exploration of the mechanisms of coronavirus neurotropism. For this purpose, the neurotropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-JHM) originating from the beta-coronavirus genus, the same as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been used. The role of the cytoskeleton during virus replication in neurons in vitro was determined to understand the mechanisms of MHV-JHM neuroinfection. We have described for the first time the changes of actin filaments during MHV-JHM infection. We also observed productive replication of MHV-JHM in neurons during 168 h p.i. and syncytial cytopathic effect. We discovered that the MHV-JHM strain modulated neuronal cytoskeleton during infection, which were manifested by: (i) condensation of actin filaments in the cortical layer of the cytoplasm, (ii) formation of microtubule cisternae structures containing viral antigen targeting viral replication site (iii) formation of tunneling nanotubes used by MHV-JHM for intercellular transport. Additionally, we demonstrated that the use of cytoskeletal inhibitors have reduced virus replication in neurons, especially noscapine and nocodazole, the microtubule shortening factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Bartak
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland.
| | - Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland
| | - Marcin Chodkowski
- Laboratory of Nanobiology and Biomaterials, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4 St., Warsaw, 01-063, Poland
| | - Beata Tymińska
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland
| | - Marcin W Bańbura
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland
| | - Joanna Cymerys
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland.
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4
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Qu M, Zhang H, Cheng P, Wubshet AK, Yin X, Wang X, Sun Y. Histone deacetylase 6's function in viral infection, innate immunity, and disease: latest advances. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1216548. [PMID: 37638049 PMCID: PMC10450946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the family of histone-deacetylases, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) stands out. The cytoplasmic class IIb histone deacetylase (HDAC) family is essential for many cellular functions. It plays a crucial and debatable regulatory role in innate antiviral immunity. This review summarises the current state of our understanding of HDAC6's structure and function in light of the three mechanisms by which it controls DNA and RNA virus infection: cytoskeleton regulation, host innate immune response, and autophagy degradation of host or viral proteins. In addition, we summed up how HDAC6 inhibitors are used to treat a wide range of diseases, and how its upstream signaling plays a role in the antiviral mechanism. Together, the findings of this review highlight HDAC6's importance as a new therapeutic target in antiviral immunity, innate immune response, and some diseases, all of which offer promising new avenues for the development of drugs targeting the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Basic and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Lobb B, Shapter A, Doxey AC, Nissimov JI. Functional Profiling and Evolutionary Analysis of a Marine Microalgal Virus Pangenome. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051116. [PMID: 37243202 DOI: 10.3390/v15051116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phycodnaviridae are large double-stranded DNA viruses, which facilitate studies of host-virus interactions and co-evolution due to their prominence in algal infection and their role in the life cycle of algal blooms. However, the genomic interpretation of these viruses is hampered by a lack of functional information, stemming from the surprising number of hypothetical genes of unknown function. It is also unclear how many of these genes are widely shared within the clade. Using one of the most extensively characterized genera, Coccolithovirus, as a case study, we combined pangenome analysis, multiple functional annotation tools, AlphaFold structural modeling, and literature analysis to compare the core and accessory pangenome and assess support for novel functional predictions. We determined that the Coccolithovirus pangenome shares 30% of its genes with all 14 strains, making up the core. Notably, 34% of its genes were found in at most three strains. Core genes were enriched in early expression based on a transcriptomic dataset of Coccolithovirus EhV-201 algal infection, were more likely to be similar to host proteins than the non-core set, and were more likely to be involved in vital functions such as replication, recombination, and repair. In addition, we generated and collated annotations for the EhV representative EhV-86 from 12 different annotation sources, building up information for 142 previously hypothetical and putative membrane proteins. AlphaFold was further able to predict structures for 204 EhV-86 proteins with a modelling accuracy of good-high. These functional clues, combined with generated AlphaFold structures, provide a foundational framework for the future characterization of this model genus (and other giant viruses) and a further look into the evolution of the Coccolithovirus proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briallen Lobb
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Anson Shapter
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Andrew C Doxey
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jozef I Nissimov
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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6
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Liang M, Li Y, Zhang K, Zhu Y, Liang J, Liu M, Zhang S, Chen D, Liang H, Liang L, An S, Zhu X, He Z. Host factor DUSP5 potently inhibits dengue virus infection by modulating cytoskeleton rearrangement. Antiviral Res 2023; 215:105622. [PMID: 37149044 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytoskeleton has been reported to play an essential role in facilitating the viral life cycle. However, whether the host can exert its antiviral effects by modulating the cytoskeleton is not fully understood. In this study, we identified that host factor DUSP5 was upregulated after dengue virus (DENV) infection. In addition, we demonstrated that overexpression of DUSP5 remarkably inhibited DENV replication. Conversely, the depletion of DUSP5 led to an increase in viral replication. Moreover, DUSP5 was found to restrain viral entry into host cells by suppressing F-actin rearrangement via negatively regulating the ERK-MLCK-Myosin IIB signaling axis. Depletion of dephosphorylase activity of DUSP5 abolished its above inhibitory effects. Furthermore, we also revealed that DUSP5 exhibited broad-spectrum antiviral effects against DENV and Zika virus. Taken together, our studies identified DUSP5 as a key host defense factor against viral infection and uncovered an intriguing mechanism by which the host exerts its antiviral effects through targeting cytoskeleton rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqi Liang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yizhe Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yujia Zhu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jingyao Liang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuqing Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Delin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Cancer Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Linyue Liang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shu An
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Central Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519060, China.
| | - Zhenjian He
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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7
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Spirin P, Shyrokova E, Vedernikova V, Lebedev T, Prassolov V. Emetine in Combination with Chloroquine Induces Oncolytic Potential of HIV-1-Based Lentiviral Particles. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182829. [PMID: 36139404 PMCID: PMC9497060 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine and Emetine are drugs used to treat human parasitic infections. In addition, it has been shown that these drugs have an antiviral effect. Both drugs were also found to cause a suppressive effect on the growth of cancer cells of different origins. Here, using the replication-deficient HIV-1-based lentiviral vector particles, we evaluated the ability of the combination of these drugs to reduce viral transduction efficiency. We showed that these drugs act synergistically to decrease cancer cell growth when added in combination with medium containing lentiviral particles. We found that the combination of these drugs with lentiviral particles decreases the viability of treated cells. Taken together, we state the oncolytic potential of the medium containing HIV-1-based particles provoked by the combination of Chloroquine and Emetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Spirin
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena Shyrokova
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, Institutskiy per. 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Valeria Vedernikova
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, Institutskiy per. 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Timofey Lebedev
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Prassolov
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Oliva MÁ, Tosat-Bitrián C, Barrado-Gil L, Bonato F, Galindo I, Garaigorta U, Álvarez-Bernad B, París-Ogáyar R, Lucena-Agell D, Giménez-Abián JF, García-Dorival I, Urquiza J, Gastaminza P, Díaz JF, Palomo V, Alonso C. Effect of Clinically Used Microtubule Targeting Drugs on Viral Infection and Transport Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073448. [PMID: 35408808 PMCID: PMC8998746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) have been exploited mainly as anti-cancer drugs because of their impact on cellular division and angiogenesis. Additionally, microtubules (MTs) are key structures for intracellular transport, which is frequently hijacked during viral infection. We have analyzed the antiviral activity of clinically used MTAs in the infection of DNA and RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, to find that MT destabilizer agents show a higher impact than stabilizers in the viral infections tested, and FDA-approved anti-helminthic benzimidazoles were among the most active compounds. In order to understand the reasons for the observed antiviral activity, we studied the impact of these compounds in motor proteins-mediated intracellular transport. To do so, we used labeled peptide tools, finding that clinically available MTAs impaired the movement linked to MT motors in living cells. However, their effect on viral infection lacked a clear correlation to their effect in motor-mediated transport, denoting the complex use of the cytoskeleton by viruses. Finally, we further delved into the molecular mechanism of action of Mebendazole by combining biochemical and structural studies to obtain crystallographic high-resolution information of the Mebendazole-tubulin complex, which provided insights into the mechanisms of differential toxicity between helminths and mammalians.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángela Oliva
- Unidad BICS, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (C.T.-B.); (L.B.-G.); (F.B.); (B.Á.-B.); (R.P.-O.); (D.L.-A.); (J.F.G.-A.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Carlota Tosat-Bitrián
- Unidad BICS, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (C.T.-B.); (L.B.-G.); (F.B.); (B.Á.-B.); (R.P.-O.); (D.L.-A.); (J.F.G.-A.); (J.F.D.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Barrado-Gil
- Unidad BICS, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (C.T.-B.); (L.B.-G.); (F.B.); (B.Á.-B.); (R.P.-O.); (D.L.-A.); (J.F.G.-A.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Francesca Bonato
- Unidad BICS, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (C.T.-B.); (L.B.-G.); (F.B.); (B.Á.-B.); (R.P.-O.); (D.L.-A.); (J.F.G.-A.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Inmaculada Galindo
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.G.); (I.G.-D.); (J.U.)
| | - Urtzi Garaigorta
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Calle Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (U.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Beatriz Álvarez-Bernad
- Unidad BICS, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (C.T.-B.); (L.B.-G.); (F.B.); (B.Á.-B.); (R.P.-O.); (D.L.-A.); (J.F.G.-A.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Rebeca París-Ogáyar
- Unidad BICS, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (C.T.-B.); (L.B.-G.); (F.B.); (B.Á.-B.); (R.P.-O.); (D.L.-A.); (J.F.G.-A.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Daniel Lucena-Agell
- Unidad BICS, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (C.T.-B.); (L.B.-G.); (F.B.); (B.Á.-B.); (R.P.-O.); (D.L.-A.); (J.F.G.-A.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Juan Francisco Giménez-Abián
- Unidad BICS, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (C.T.-B.); (L.B.-G.); (F.B.); (B.Á.-B.); (R.P.-O.); (D.L.-A.); (J.F.G.-A.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Isabel García-Dorival
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.G.); (I.G.-D.); (J.U.)
| | - Jesús Urquiza
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.G.); (I.G.-D.); (J.U.)
| | - Pablo Gastaminza
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Calle Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (U.G.); (P.G.)
| | - José Fernando Díaz
- Unidad BICS, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (C.T.-B.); (L.B.-G.); (F.B.); (B.Á.-B.); (R.P.-O.); (D.L.-A.); (J.F.G.-A.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Valle Palomo
- Unidad BICS, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (C.T.-B.); (L.B.-G.); (F.B.); (B.Á.-B.); (R.P.-O.); (D.L.-A.); (J.F.G.-A.); (J.F.D.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (C.A.); Tel.: +34-913476896 (C.A.)
| | - Covadonga Alonso
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.G.); (I.G.-D.); (J.U.)
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (C.A.); Tel.: +34-913476896 (C.A.)
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9
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Cross Talk between Viruses and Insect Cells Cytoskeleton. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081658. [PMID: 34452522 PMCID: PMC8402729 DOI: 10.3390/v13081658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are excellent manipulators of host cellular machinery, behavior, and life cycle, with the host cell cytoskeleton being a primordial viral target. Viruses infecting insects generally enter host cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion mechanisms followed by transport of the viral particles to the corresponding replication sites. After viral replication, the viral progeny egresses toward adjacent cells and reaches the different target tissues. Throughout all these steps, actin and tubulin re-arrangements are driven by viruses. The mechanisms used by viruses to manipulate the insect host cytoskeleton are well documented in the case of alphabaculoviruses infecting Lepidoptera hosts and plant viruses infecting Hemiptera vectors, but they are not well studied in case of other insect-virus systems such as arboviruses-mosquito vectors. Here, we summarize the available knowledge on how viruses manipulate the insect host cell cytoskeleton, and we emphasize the primordial role of cytoskeleton components in insect virus motility and the need to expand the study of this interaction.
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10
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Abstract
Since their discovery more than 100 years ago, the viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages) have been widely studied as model systems. Largely overlooked, however, have been "jumbo phages," with genome sizes ranging from 200 to 500 kbp. Jumbo phages generally have large virions with complex structures and a broad host spectrum. While the majority of jumbo phage genes are poorly functionally characterized, recent work has discovered many unique biological features, including a conserved tubulin homolog that coordinates a proteinaceous nucleus-like compartment that houses and segregates phage DNA. The tubulin spindle displays dynamic instability and centers the phage nucleus within the bacterial host during phage infection for optimal reproduction. The shell provides robust physical protection for the enclosed phage genomes against attack from DNA-targeting bacterial immune systems, thereby endowing jumbo phages with broad resistance. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge of the cytoskeletal elements and the specialized nuclear compartment derived from jumbo phages, and we highlight their importance in facilitating spatial and temporal organization over the viral life cycle. Additionally, we discuss the evolutionary relationships between jumbo phages and eukaryotic viruses, as well as the therapeutic potential and drawbacks of jumbo phages as antimicrobial agents in phage therapy.
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11
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Wan Q, Song D, Li H, He ML. Stress proteins: the biological functions in virus infection, present and challenges for target-based antiviral drug development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:125. [PMID: 32661235 PMCID: PMC7356129 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress proteins (SPs) including heat-shock proteins (HSPs), RNA chaperones, and ER associated stress proteins are molecular chaperones essential for cellular homeostasis. The major functions of HSPs include chaperoning misfolded or unfolded polypeptides, protecting cells from toxic stress, and presenting immune and inflammatory cytokines. Regarded as a double-edged sword, HSPs also cooperate with numerous viruses and cancer cells to promote their survival. RNA chaperones are a group of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), which are essential factors for manipulating both the functions and metabolisms of pre-mRNAs/hnRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II. hnRNPs involve in a large number of cellular processes, including chromatin remodelling, transcription regulation, RNP assembly and stabilization, RNA export, virus replication, histone-like nucleoid structuring, and even intracellular immunity. Dysregulation of stress proteins is associated with many human diseases including human cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s diseases, Alzheimer disease), stroke and infectious diseases. In this review, we summarized the biologic function of stress proteins, and current progress on their mechanisms related to virus reproduction and diseases caused by virus infections. As SPs also attract a great interest as potential antiviral targets (e.g., COVID-19), we also discuss the present progress and challenges in this area of HSP-based drug development, as well as with compounds already under clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianya Wan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huangcan Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. .,CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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12
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Zhang Y, Gao W, Li J, Wu W, Jiu Y. The Role of Host Cytoskeleton in Flavivirus Infection. Virol Sin 2019; 34:30-41. [PMID: 30725318 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of flaviviruses is one of the most medically important groups of emerging arthropod-borne viruses. Host cell cytoskeletons have been reported to have close contact with flaviviruses during virus entry, intracellular transport, replication, and egress process, although many detailed mechanisms are still unclear. This article provides a brief overview of the function of the most prominent flaviviruses-induced or -hijacked cytoskeletal structures including actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments, mainly focus on infection by dengue virus, Zika virus and West Nile virus. We suggest that virus interaction with host cytoskeleton to be an interesting area of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Weihua Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yaming Jiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Cuartas-López AM, Hernández-Cuellar CE, Gallego-Gómez JC. Disentangling the role of PI3K/Akt, Rho GTPase and the actin cytoskeleton on dengue virus infection. Virus Res 2018; 256:153-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Kong M, Zuo H, Zhu F, Hu Z, Chen L, Yang Y, Lv P, Yao Q, Chen K. The interaction between baculoviruses and their insect hosts. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:114-123. [PMID: 29408049 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Baculoviruses are double-stranded circular DNA viruses that infect arthropods via the midgut. Because of their superiority as eukaryotic expression systems and their importance as biopesticides, extensive research on the functions of baculovirus genes as well as on the host response to baculovirus infection has been carried out, including transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of the midgut. The morphological and cellular changes caused by baculovirus infection are also important to better understand the infection pathway. Thanks to these previous studies, we now have a clearer picture of the mechanisms of action of the virus and of host immunity. In this paper, we systematically reviewed studies on the interaction between baculoviruses and their insect hosts. By better understanding these interactions, baculoviruses can be developed for use as more efficient biopesticides to improve agricultural development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Kong
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Huan Zuo
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Feifei Zhu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Zhaoyang Hu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yanhua Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Peng Lv
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Qin Yao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Keping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
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15
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Imaging, Tracking and Computational Analyses of Virus Entry and Egress with the Cytoskeleton. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040166. [PMID: 29614729 PMCID: PMC5923460 DOI: 10.3390/v10040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have a dual nature: particles are “passive substances” lacking chemical energy transformation, whereas infected cells are “active substances” turning-over energy. How passive viral substances convert to active substances, comprising viral replication and assembly compartments has been of intense interest to virologists, cell and molecular biologists and immunologists. Infection starts with virus entry into a susceptible cell and delivers the viral genome to the replication site. This is a multi-step process, and involves the cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins. Likewise, the egress of progeny virus particles from the replication site to the extracellular space is enhanced by the cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins. This overcomes the limitation of thermal diffusion, and transports virions and virion components, often in association with cellular organelles. This review explores how the analysis of viral trajectories informs about mechanisms of infection. We discuss the methodology enabling researchers to visualize single virions in cells by fluorescence imaging and tracking. Virus visualization and tracking are increasingly enhanced by computational analyses of virus trajectories as well as in silico modeling. Combined approaches reveal previously unrecognized features of virus-infected cells. Using select examples of complementary methodology, we highlight the role of actin filaments and microtubules, and their associated motors in virus infections. In-depth studies of single virion dynamics at high temporal and spatial resolutions thereby provide deep insight into virus infection processes, and are a basis for uncovering underlying mechanisms of how cells function.
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16
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Pixuna virus modifies host cell cytoskeleton to secure infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5757. [PMID: 28720756 PMCID: PMC5515931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pixuna virus (PIXV) is an enzootic member of the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus complex and belongs to the New World cluster of alphaviruses. Herein we explore the role of the cellular cytoskeleton during PIXV replication. We first identified that PIXV undergoes an eclipse phase consisting of 4 h followed by 20 h of an exponential phase in Vero cells. The infected cells showed morphological changes due to structural modifications in actin microfilaments (MFs) and microtubules (MTs). Cytoskeleton-binding agents, that alter the architecture and dynamics of MFs and MTs, were used to study the role of cytoskeleton on PIXV replication. The virus production was significantly affected (p < 0.05) after treatment with paclitaxel or nocodazole due to changes in the MTs network. Interestingly, disassembly of MFs with cytochalasin D, at early stage of PIXV replication cycle, significantly increased the virus yields in the extracellular medium (p < 0.005). Furthermore, the stabilization of actin network with jasplakinolide had no effect on virus yields. Our results demonstrate that PIXV relies not only on intact MTs for the efficient production of virus, but also on a dynamic actin network during the early steps of viral replication.
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Portilho DM, Persson R, Arhel N. Role of non-motile microtubule-associated proteins in virus trafficking. Biomol Concepts 2017; 7:283-292. [PMID: 27879481 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2016-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are entirely dependent on their ability to infect a host cell in order to replicate. To reach their site of replication as rapidly and efficiently as possible following cell entry, many have evolved elaborate mechanisms to hijack the cellular transport machinery to propel themselves across the cytoplasm. Long-range movements have been shown to involve motor proteins along microtubules (MTs) and direct interactions between viral proteins and dynein and/or kinesin motors have been well described. Although less well-characterized, it is also becoming increasingly clear that non-motile microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), including structural MAPs of the MAP1 and MAP2 families, and microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs), can also promote viral trafficking in infected cells, by mediating interaction of viruses with filaments and/or motor proteins, and modulating filament stability. Here we review our current knowledge on non-motile MAPs, their role in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and in viral trafficking during the early steps of infection.
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18
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Rüdiger AT, Mayrhofer P, Ma-Lauer Y, Pohlentz G, Müthing J, von Brunn A, Schwegmann-Weßels C. Tubulins interact with porcine and human S proteins of the genus Alphacoronavirus and support successful assembly and release of infectious viral particles. Virology 2016; 497:185-197. [PMID: 27479465 PMCID: PMC7111311 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus spike proteins mediate host-cell-attachment and virus entry. Virus replication takes place within the host cell cytosol, whereas assembly and budding occur at the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. In this study we demonstrated that the last 39 amino acid stretches of Alphacoronavirus spike cytoplasmic domains of the human coronavirus 229E, NL63, and the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV interact with tubulin alpha and beta chains. In addition, a partial co-localization of TGEV spike proteins with authentic host cell β-tubulin was observed. Furthermore, drug-induced microtubule depolymerization led to changes in spike protein distribution, a reduction in the release of infectious virus particles and less amount of spike protein incorporated into virions. These data demonstrate that interaction of Alphacoronavirus spike proteins with tubulin supports S protein transport and incorporation into virus particles. The cytoplasmic domain of coronavirus S proteins interacts with tubulin. Microtubule depolymerization influences S protein distribution. Viral titers are reduced after microtubule depolymerization. S protein incorporation into virus particles depends on intact microtubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Theresa Rüdiger
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Mayrhofer
- Virology Department, Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Yue Ma-Lauer
- Virology Department, Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Albrecht von Brunn
- Virology Department, Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany; German Centers for Infection Research (DZIF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
| | - Christel Schwegmann-Weßels
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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19
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Zhang L, Ogden A, Aneja R, Zhou J. Diverse roles of HDAC6 in viral infection: Implications for antiviral therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:120-5. [PMID: 27118337 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a cytoplasmic enzyme important for many biological processes, has recently emerged as a critical regulator of viral infection. HDAC6 exerts this function either directly, via orchestrating various stages of the viral life cycle, or indirectly via modulating cytokine production by host cells. The broad influence of HDAC6 on viral pathogenesis suggests that this protein may represent an antiviral target. However, the feasibility of targeting HDAC6 and the optimal strategy by which this could be accomplished cannot simply be concluded from individual studies. The primary challenge in developing HDAC6-targeted therapies is to understand how its antiviral effect can be selectively harnessed. As a springboard for future investigations, in this review we recapitulate recent findings on the diverse roles of HDAC6 in viral infection and discuss its alluring potential as a novel antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Angela Ogden
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes of the Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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20
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Gasmi L, Jakubowska AK, Herrero S. Gasmin (BV2-5), a polydnaviral-acquired gene in Spodoptera exigua. Trade-off in the defense against bacterial and viral infections. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:37-45. [PMID: 26658027 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of Hymenopteran endoparasitoids have developed a unique symbiotic relationship with viruses named polydnavirus (PDVs). These viruses immunocompromise the lepidopteran host allowing the survival of the wasp eggs. In a previous work, we have shown the horizontal transfer of some polydnaviral genes into the genome of the Lepidoptera, Spodoptera exigua. One of these genes, BV2-5 (named gasmin) interferes with actin polymerization, negatively affecting the multiplication of baculovirus in cell culture. In this work, we have focused in the study of the effect of Gasmin expression on different aspects of the baculovirus production. In addition, and since actin polymerization is crucial for phagocytosis, we have studied the effect of Gasmin expression on the larval interaction with bacterial pathogens. Over-expression of Gasmin on hemocytes significantly reduces their capacity to phagocytize the pathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis. According to these results, gasmin domestication negatively affects baculovirus replication, but increases larvae susceptibility to bacterial infections as pay off. Although the effect of Gasmin on the insect interaction with other pathogens or parasitoids remain unknown, the opposite effects described here could shape the biological history of this species based on the abundance of certain type of pathogens as suggested by the presence of truncated forms of this protein in several regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Gasmi
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI-BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Agata K Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI-BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Salvador Herrero
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI-BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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Transcriptome Analysis of the SL221 Cells at the Early Stage during Spodoptera litura Nucleopolyhedrovirus Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147873. [PMID: 26840182 PMCID: PMC4739724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spodoptera litura (S. litura) is one of the most destructive agricultural pests worldwide. There is urgent need for a nuclear polyhedrosis virus that is specific to S. litura. To date, there have been no reports regarding the responses of S. litura cells to early Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltNPV) infection due to the lack of a reference genome and transcriptome for S. litura. In this study, a cell transcriptome from the host S. litura was assembled and used for Illumina strand-specific RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to generate 99180 unigenes, representing the 18 hour infection cycle. More than 2000 S. litura genes were significant differentially regulated throughout the infection. The levels of viral mRNAs began to increase dramatically at 6 hpi, and this increase continued throughout the remainder of the infection. We focused on the expression of genes related to stress responses, apoptosis, metabolic enzymes and host cell innate immune system. A small subset of genes related to host stress response, especially for 62 ones being able to annotated as enzyme, ligand and receptor genes, were observed to be specifically differentially expressed at 6 hpi. At 18 hpi, 104 unigenes were continuously significantly changing from 0 hpi to 18 hpi, considered to be viral multiplication related genes, including 3 annotated SL221 unigenes and 81 viral genes, such as tetraspanin and iap gene. This information and further studies on the regulation of host gene expression by baculovirus infection at early stage will provide the tools needed to enhance the utility of this virus as an effective insecticide.
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22
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Foo KY, Chee HY. Interaction between Flavivirus and Cytoskeleton during Virus Replication. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:427814. [PMID: 26347881 PMCID: PMC4546964 DOI: 10.1155/2015/427814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are potentially human pathogens that cause major epidemics worldwide. Flavivirus interacts with host cell factors to form a favourable virus replication site. Cell cytoskeletons have been observed to have close contact with flaviviruses, which expands the understanding of cytoskeleton functions during virus replication, although many detailed mechanisms are still unclear. The interactions between the virus and host cytoskeletons such as actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments have provided insight into molecular alterations during the virus infection, such as viral entry, in-cell transport, scaffold assembly, and egress. This review article focuses on the utilization of cytoskeleton by Flavivirus and the respective functions during virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Yue Foo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui-Yee Chee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Lu L, Wu G, Xu X, Luan H, Zhi H, Cui J, Cui X, Chen X. Soybean actin-depolymerizing factor 2 interacts with Soybean mosaic virus-encoded P3 protein. Virus Genes 2015; 50:333-9. [PMID: 25537947 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), a member of the Potyvirus genus, is one of the most prevalent and devastating viral pathogens in soybean-growing regions worldwide. It is generally accepted that symptom development of a viral plant disease results from molecular interactions between the virus and its host plant. P3 protein is the most variable polyprotein in potyviruses, which potentially plays an important role in the process of the evolution of virus type specialization. However, P3 not only plays a major role in virus replication and movement, but it is also responsible for symptom development in SMV-infected plants. This study provides evidence that actin-depolymerizing factor 2 (designated as ADF2) of soybean interacts with SMV P3 via a two-hybrid yeast system by screening a soybean cDNA library. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay further confirmed the interaction, which occurred in both the cytomembrane and cytoskeleton of Nicotiana benthamiana cells. The results support the hypothesis that SMV P3 might have a role in virus movement within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
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24
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The involvement of microtubules and actin during the infection of Japanese encephalitis virus in neuroblastoma cell line, IMR32. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:695283. [PMID: 25705678 PMCID: PMC4331156 DOI: 10.1155/2015/695283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of the cytoskeleton, actin, and microtubules were examined during the process of Japanese encephalitis (JEV) infection in a human neuroblastoma cell line, IMR32. Cytochalasin D and nocodazole were used to depolymerise the cellular actin and microtubules, respectively, in order to study the effect of JEV infection in the cell. This study shows that depolymerisation of the actin cytoskeleton at early process of infection inhibits JEV infection in the cell; however infection was not inhibited when depolymerisation occurred at the later stage of infection. The microtubules, on the other hand, are required at 2 points in infection. The antigen production in the cells was inhibited when the infected cells were treated at time up to 2 hours after inoculation and there was no significant effect at later times, while the viable virus released continued to be affected until 10 hours after inoculation. In conclusion, infection of JEV in IMR32 cells required actin to facilitate early process in infection and the microtubular network is utilised as the transport system to the virus replication site and the release of mature virus.
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Herkommer D, Dreisigacker S, Sergeev G, Sasse F, Gohlke H, Menche D. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Simplified Side Chain Hybrids of the Potent Actin Binding Polyketides Rhizopodin and Bistramide. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:470-89. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Trincone A, Schwegmann-Weßels C. Looking for a needle in a haystack: Cellular proteins that may interact with the tyrosine-based sorting signal of the TGEV S protein. Virus Res 2014; 202:3-11. [PMID: 25481285 PMCID: PMC7114463 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The spike protein S of transmissible gastroenteritis virus, an Alphacoronavirus, contains a tyrosine-based sorting signal that is responsible for ERGIC retention and may be important for a correct viral assembly process. To find out whether the S protein interacts with cellular proteins via this sorting signal, a pulldown assay with GST fusion proteins was performed. Filamin A has been identified as a putative interaction candidate. Immunofluorescence assays confirmed a co-localization between the TGEV S protein and filamin A. Further experiments have to be performed to prove a significant impact of filamin A on TGEV infection. Different approaches of several researchers for the identification of cellular interaction candidates relevant for coronavirus replication are summarized. These results may help in the future to identify the role of cellular proteins during coronavirus assembly at the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Trincone
- Institute for Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christel Schwegmann-Weßels
- Institute for Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Kochneva G, Zonov E, Grazhdantseva A, Yunusova A, Sibolobova G, Popov E, Taranov O, Netesov S, Chumakov P, Ryabchikova E. Apoptin enhances the oncolytic properties of vaccinia virus and modifies mechanisms of tumor regression. Oncotarget 2014; 5:11269-82. [PMID: 25358248 PMCID: PMC4294355 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant vaccinia virus VVdGF-ApoS24/2 expressing apoptin selectively kills human cancer cells in vitro [Kochneva et al., 2013]. We compared the oncolytic activity of this recombinant with that of the parental strain L-IVP using a model of human A431 carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Single intratumoral injections (2×10^7 PFU/mouse) of the viruses produced a dramatic decrease in tumor volumes, which was higher after injection of apoptin-producing virus. The tumor dried out after the injection of recombinant while injection of L-IVP strain resulted in formation of cavities filled with cell debris and liquid. Both viruses rapidly spread in xenografts and replicate exclusively in tumor cells causing their destruction within 8 days. Both viruses induced insignificant level of apoptosis in tumors. Unlike the previously described nuclear localization of apoptin in cancer cells the apoptin produced by recombinant virus was localized to the cytoplasm. The apoptin did not induce a typical apoptosis, but it rather influenced pathway of cell death and thereby caused tumor shrinkage. The replacement of destroyed cells by filamentous material is the main feature of tumor regression caused by the VVdGF-ApoS24/2 virus. The study points the presence of complicated mechanisms of apoptin effects at the background of vaccinia virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Kochneva
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Zonov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Anastasiya Yunusova
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Galina Sibolobova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Popov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Oleg Taranov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Sergei Netesov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Peter Chumakov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow
| | - Elena Ryabchikova
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Zhong M, Zheng K, Chen M, Xiang Y, Jin F, Ma K, Qiu X, Wang Q, Peng T, Kitazato K, Wang Y. Heat-shock protein 90 promotes nuclear transport of herpes simplex virus 1 capsid protein by interacting with acetylated tubulin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99425. [PMID: 24901434 PMCID: PMC4047101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) can inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, the role of Hsp90 in HSV-1 entry and the antiviral mechanisms of Hsp90 inhibitors remain unclear. In this study, we found that Hsp90 inhibitors have potent antiviral activity against standard or drug-resistant HSV-1 strains and viral gene and protein synthesis are inhibited in an early phase. More detailed studies demonstrated that Hsp90 is upregulated by virus entry and it interacts with virus. Hsp90 knockdown by siRNA or treatment with Hsp90 inhibitors significantly inhibited the nuclear transport of viral capsid protein (ICP5) at the early stage of HSV-1 infection. In contrast, overexpression of Hsp90 restored the nuclear transport that was prevented by the Hsp90 inhibitors, suggesting that Hsp90 is required for nuclear transport of viral capsid protein. Furthermore, HSV-1 infection enhanced acetylation of α-tubulin and Hsp90 interacted with the acetylated α-tubulin, which is suppressed by Hsp90 inhibition. These results demonstrate that Hsp90, by interacting with acetylated α-tubulin, plays a crucial role in viral capsid protein nuclear transport and may provide novel insight into the role of Hsp90 in HSV-1 infection and offer a promising strategy to overcome drug-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meigong Zhong
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Maoyun Chen
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yangfei Xiang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Fujun Jin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kaiqi Ma
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xianxiu Qiu
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiaoli Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Clemente MI, Álvarez S, Serramía MJ, Martínez-Bonet M, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Prostaglandin E2 reduces the release and infectivity of new cell-free virions and cell-to-cell HIV-1 transfer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85230. [PMID: 24586238 PMCID: PMC3934822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The course of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection is influenced by a complex interplay between viral and host factors. HIV infection stimulates several proinflammatory genes, such as cyclooxigense-2 (COX-2), which leads to an increase in prostaglandin (PG) levels in the plasma of HIV-1-infected patients. These genes play an indeterminate role in HIV replication and pathogenesis. The effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on HIV infection is quite controversial and even contradictory, so we sought to determine the role of PGE2 and the signal transduction pathways involved in HIV infection to elucidate possible new targets for antiretrovirals. Results Our results suggest that PGE2 post-infection treatment acts in the late stages of the viral cycle to reduce HIV replication. Interestingly, viral protein synthesis was not affected, but a loss of progeny virus production was observed. No modulation of CD4 CXCR4 and CCR5 receptor expression, cell proliferation, or activation after PGE2 treatment was detected. Moreover, PGE2 induced an increase in intracellular cAMP (cyclic AMP) levels through the EP2/EP4 receptors. PGE2 effects were mimicked by dbcAMP and by a specific Epac (exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP) agonist, 8-Cpt-cAMP. Treatment with PGE2 increased Rap1 activity, decreased RhoA activity and subsequently reduced the polymerization of actin by approximately 30% compared with untreated cells. In connection with this finding, polarized viral assembly platforms enriched in Gag were disrupted, altering HIV cell-to-cell transfer and the infectivity of new virions. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that PGE2, through Epac and Rap activation, alters the transport of newly synthesized HIV-1 components to the assembly site, reducing the release and infectivity of new cell-free virions and cell-to-cell HIV-1 transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Clemente
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Susana Álvarez
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Jesús Serramía
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Bonet
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Tamborindeguy C, Bereman MS, DeBlasio S, Igwe D, Smith DM, White F, MacCoss MJ, Gray SM, Cilia M. Genomic and proteomic analysis of Schizaphis graminum reveals cyclophilin proteins are involved in the transmission of cereal yellow dwarf virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71620. [PMID: 23951206 PMCID: PMC3739738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow dwarf viruses cause the most economically important virus diseases of cereal crops worldwide and are transmitted by aphid vectors. The identification of aphid genes and proteins mediating virus transmission is critical to develop agriculturally sustainable virus management practices and to understand viral strategies for circulative movement in all insect vectors. Two cyclophilin B proteins, S28 and S29, were identified previously in populations of Schizaphisgraminum that differed in their ability to transmit the RPV strain of Cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV-RPV). The presence of S29 was correlated with F2 genotypes that were efficient virus transmitters. The present study revealed the two proteins were isoforms, and a single amino acid change distinguished S28 and S29. The distribution of the two alleles was determined in 12 F2 genotypes segregating for CYDV-RPV transmission capacity and in 11 genetically independent, field-collected S. graminum biotypes. Transmission efficiency for CYDV-RPV was determined in all genotypes and biotypes. The S29 isoform was present in all genotypes or biotypes that efficiently transmit CYDV-RPV and more specifically in genotypes that efficiently transport virus across the hindgut. We confirmed a direct interaction between CYDV-RPV and both S28 and S29 using purified virus and bacterially expressed, his-tagged S28 and S29 proteins. Importantly, S29 failed to interact with a closely related virus that is transported across the aphid midgut. We tested for in vivo interactions using an aphid-virus co-immunoprecipitation strategy coupled with a bottom-up LC-MS/MS analysis using a Q Exactive mass spectrometer. This analysis enabled us to identify a third cyclophilin protein, cyclophilin A, interacting directly or in complex with purified CYDV-RPV. Taken together, these data provide evidence that both cyclophilin A and B interact with CYDV-RPV, and these interactions may be important but not sufficient to mediate virus transport from the hindgut lumen into the hemocoel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Tamborindeguy
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MC); (CT)
| | - Michael S. Bereman
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stacy DeBlasio
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - David Igwe
- Virology and Molecular Diagnostics Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Dawn M. Smith
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Frank White
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Michael J. MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stewart M. Gray
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Michelle Cilia
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MC); (CT)
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Zhang M, Zheng X, Wu Y, Gan M, He A, Li Z, Zhang D, Wu X, Zhan X. Differential proteomics of Aedes albopictus salivary gland, midgut and C6/36 cell induced by dengue virus infection. Virology 2013; 444:109-18. [PMID: 23816433 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between dengue virus (DENV) and vector mosquitoes are still poorly understood at present. In this study, 2-D DIGE combined with MS was used to analyze the differential proteomes of Aedes albopictus salivary gland, midgut and C6/36 cells induced by DENV-2. Our results indicated that the virus infection regulated several functional classes of proteins. Among them, 26 were successfully analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. The mRNA levels of 15 were the highest in salivary gland, 2 in midgut and none in C6/36 cells, however, 18 were the least in fat body compared to other organs. Interestingly, the changes of differential proteins mRNA were the most obvious in fat body post-infection. Chaperone, cytoskeleton and energy metabolism enzyme were the most down- or up- regulated proteins after DENV-2 infection. The abundant expression of these proteins in salivary gland may relate to its high susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichun Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
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Lui YLE, Lin Z, Lee JJ, Chow VTK, Poh CL, Tan EL. Beta-actin variant is necessary for Enterovirus 71 replication. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 433:607-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Jia KT, Liu ZY, Guo CJ, Xia Q, Mi S, Li XD, Weng SP, He JG. The potential role of microfilaments in host cells for infection with infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus infection. Virol J 2013; 10:77. [PMID: 23497248 PMCID: PMC3599308 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) belongs to the genus Megalocytivirus from the family Iridoviridae. Megalocytivirus causes severe economic losses to tropical freshwater and marine culture industry in Asian countries and is devastating to the mandarin fish farm industry in China particularly. Methods We investigated the involvement of microfilaments in the early and late stages of ISKNV infection in MFF-1 cells by selectively perturbing their architecture using well-characterized inhibitors of actin dynamics. The effect of disruption of actin cytoskeleton on ISKNV infection was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence analysis or real-time quantitative PCR. Results The depolymerization of the actin filaments with cytochalasin D, cytochalasin B, or latrunculin A reduced ISKNV infection. Furthermore, depolymerization of filamentous actin by inhibitors did not inhibit binding of the virus but affected virus internalization in the early stages of infection. In addition, the depolymerization of actin filaments reduced total ISKNV production in the late stages of ISKNV. Conclusions This study demonstrated that ISKNV required an intact actin network during infection. The findings will help us to better understand how iridoviruses exploit the cytoskeleton to facilitate their infection and subsequent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-tong Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, PR China
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Anand AR, Zhao H, Nagaraja T, Robinson LA, Ganju RK. N-terminal Slit2 inhibits HIV-1 replication by regulating the actin cytoskeleton. Retrovirology 2013; 10:2. [PMID: 23294842 PMCID: PMC3562244 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slit2 is a ~ 200 kDa secreted glycoprotein that has been recently shown to regulate immune functions. However, not much is known about its role in HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-1 pathogenesis. RESULTS In the present study, we have shown that the N-terminal fragment of Slit2 (Slit2N) (~120 kDa) inhibits replication of both CXCR4 and CCR5-tropic HIV-1 viruses in T-cell lines and peripheral blood T-cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated inhibition of HIV-1 infection in resting CD4+ T-cells. In addition, we showed that Slit2N blocks cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1. We have shown that Slit2N inhibits HIV-1 infection by blocking viral entry into T-cells. We also ruled out Slit2N-mediated inhibition of various other steps in the life cycle including binding, integration and viral transcription. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism revealed that Slit2N mediates its functional effects by binding to Robo1 receptor. Furthermore, we found that Slit2N inhibited Gp120-induced Robo1-actin association suggesting that Slit2N may inhibit cytoskeletal rearrangements facilitating HIV-1 entry. Studies into the mechanism of inhibition of HIV-1 revealed that Slit2N abrogated HIV-1 envelope-induced actin cytoskeletal dynamics in both T-cell lines and primary T-cells. We further showed that Slit2N specifically attenuated the HIV-1 envelope-induced signaling pathway consisting of Rac1, LIMK and cofilin that regulates actin polymerization. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results show that Slit2N inhibits HIV-1 replication through novel mechanisms involving modulation of cytoskeletal dynamics. Our study, thus, provides insights into the role of Slit2N in HIV-1 infection and underscores its potential in limiting viral replication in T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appakkudal R Anand
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W 12th Avenue, 810 Biological Research Tower, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Mouse norovirus 1 utilizes the cytoskeleton network to establish localization of the replication complex proximal to the microtubule organizing center. J Virol 2012; 86:4110-22. [PMID: 22301146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05784-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (family Caliciviridae) are the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Although Human noroviruses are significant enteric pathogens, there exists no reliable vaccine or therapy to treat infected individuals. To date, attempts to cultivate Human noroviruses within the laboratory have met with little success; however, the related murine norovirus mouse norovirus 1 (MNV-1) has provided an ideal model system to study norovirus replication due to the ease with which the virus is cultivated and the ability to infect a small animal model with this virus. Previously we have identified the association between MNV-1 and components of the host secretory pathway and proposed a role for the viral open reading frame 1 proteins in the replication cycle. Here we describe for the first time a role for cytoskeletal components in early MNV-1 replication events. We show that the MNV-1 utilizes microtubules to position the replication complex adjacent to the microtubule organizing center. Chemical disruption of the microtubule network disperses the sites of MNV-1 replication throughout the cell and impairs production of viral protein and infectious virus. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of MNV-1 to redistribute acetylated tubulin to the replication complex and that this association is potentially mediated via the MNV-1 major structural protein, VP1. Transient expression of MNV-1 VP1 exhibited extensive colocalization with both α-tubulin and acetylated tubulin and was observed to alter the distribution of acetylated tubulin in transfected cells. This study highlights the role of the cytoskeleton in early virus replication events and demonstrates the importance of this interaction in establishing the intracellular location of MNV-1 replication complexes.
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Mattijssen S, Pruijn GJM. Viperin, a key player in the antiviral response. Microbes Infect 2011; 14:419-26. [PMID: 22182524 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Viperin is an antiviral protein that is induced by different viruses, type I interferon, poly(I:C) and lipopolysaccharide, which is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets. Recently, our knowledge on the mechanism by which viperin inhibits viral replication has strongly increased. Interestingly, it also became clear that viperin can be used by viruses to increase their infectivity. Here, our current knowledge on the induction of viperin and its effect on virus replication will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Mattijssen
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry-271, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Microtubule- and dynein-dependent nuclear trafficking of rhesus rhadinovirus in rhesus fibroblasts. J Virol 2011; 86:599-604. [PMID: 22031929 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06129-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of microtubules in rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV) nuclear trafficking in rhesus fibroblasts. Intact microtubules and microtubule dynamics are required for RRV trafficking to perinuclear regions. RRV trafficking was reduced by an inhibitor of the dynein motor and overexpression of dynamitin. Furthermore, RRV particles are colocalized with microtubules and dynein proteins. These results highlight the important roles of microtubules and dynein-dynactin complexes in the transport of RRV particles to nuclei during primary infection.
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Comparative proteome analyses of host protein expression in response to Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16 infections. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2018-24. [PMID: 21621020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) are the main etiological agents of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD), a common disease among children and had caused several outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific region. Although being genetically close to each other, EV71 infection can cause serious and fatal neurological complications like encephalitis, myocarditis, acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and aseptic meningitis, but not in CA16 infections. In this study, the cellular response of host cells infected with EV71 and CA16 was characterized and compared by 2-dimensional proteome analyses. A total of 16 proteins were identified to be differentially expressed in EV71 and CA16-infected host cells. Desmin and HSP27, both indirectly regulate the contraction of muscle cells, were significantly downregulated as a result of EV71 infection, suggesting a link to acute flaccid paralysis. The ability of EV71 to evade host immune system may be due to the downregulation of MHC-I synthesis proteins like protein disulfide isomerase A3 and calreticulin. Proteins such as nucleophosmin, nuclear ribonucleoprotein C, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 were all downregulated significantly, suggesting the rapid shutting down of host translation machinery by EV71. These findings provide insight into the nature of high virulent EV71 infection as compared to CA16.
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Vorster PJ, Guo J, Yoder A, Wang W, Zheng Y, Xu X, Yu D, Spear M, Wu Y. LIM kinase 1 modulates cortical actin and CXCR4 cycling and is activated by HIV-1 to initiate viral infection. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12554-64. [PMID: 21321123 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.182238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all viral pathogens utilize a cytoskeleton for their entry and intracellular transport. In HIV-1 infection, binding of the virus to blood resting CD4 T cells initiates a temporal course of cortical actin polymerization and depolymerization, a process mimicking the chemotactic response initiated from chemokine receptors. The actin depolymerization has been suggested to promote viral intracellular migration through cofilin-mediated actin treadmilling. However, the role of the virus-mediated actin polymerization in HIV infection is unknown, and the signaling molecules involved remain unidentified. Here we describe a pathogenic mechanism for triggering early actin polymerization through HIV-1 envelope-mediated transient activation of the LIM domain kinase (LIMK), a protein that phosphorylates cofilin. We demonstrate that HIV-mediated LIMK activation is through gp120-triggered transient activation of the Rack-PAK-LIMK pathway, and that knockdown of LIMK through siRNA decreases filamentous actin, increases CXCR4 trafficking, and diminishes viral DNA synthesis. These results suggest that HIV-mediated early actin polymerization may directly regulate the CXCR4 receptor during viral entry and is involved in viral DNA synthesis. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that in resting CD4 T cells, actin polymerization can be triggered through transient treatment with a pharmacological agent, okadaic acid, that activates LIMK and promotes HIV latent infection of resting CD4 T cells. Taken together, our results suggest that HIV hijacks LIMK to control the cortical actin dynamics for the initiation of viral infection of CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Vorster
- Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
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40
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Effects of microtubule modulators on HIV-1 infection of transformed and resting CD4 T cells. J Virol 2011; 85:3020-4. [PMID: 21209111 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02462-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have observed fluorescently labeled HIV particles tracking along microtubule networks for nuclear localization. To provide direct evidence for the involvement of microtubules in early steps of HIV infection of human CD4 T cells, we used multiple microtubule modulators such as paclitaxel (originally called taxol; 1 μM), vinblastine (1 and 10 μM), colchicine (10 and 100 μM), and nocodazole (10 and 100 μM) to disturb microtubule networks in transformed and resting CD4 T cells. Although these drugs disrupted microtubule integrity, almost no inhibition of HIV-1 infection was observed. Our results do not appear to support an essential role for microtubules in the initiation of HIV infection of CD4 T cells.
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Formin INF2 regulates MAL-mediated transport of Lck to the plasma membrane of human T lymphocytes. Blood 2010; 116:5919-29. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-300665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Expression of the src-family kinase lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) at the plasma membrane is essential for it to fulfill its pivotal role in signal transduction in T lymphocytes. MAL, an integral membrane protein expressed in specific types of lymphoma, has been shown to play an important role in targeting Lck to the plasma membrane. Here we report that MAL interacts with Inverted Formin2 (INF2), a formin with the atypical property of promoting not only actin polymerization but also its depolymerization. In Jurkat T cells, INF2 colocalizes with MAL at the cell periphery and pericentriolar endosomes and along microtubules. Videomicroscopic analysis revealed that the MAL+ vesicles transporting Lck to the plasma membrane move along microtubule tracks. Knockdown of INF2 greatly reduced the formation of MAL+ transport vesicles and the levels of Lck at the plasma membrane and impaired formation of a normal immunologic synapse. The actin polymerization and depolymerization activities of INF2 were both required for efficient Lck targeting. Cdc42 and Rac1, which bind to INF2, regulate Lck transport in both Jurkat and primary human T cells. Thus, INF2 collaborates with MAL in the formation of specific carriers for targeting Lck to the plasma membrane in a process regulated by Cdc42 and Rac1.
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42
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Madrid R, Aranda JF, Rodríguez-Fraticelli AE, Ventimiglia L, Andrés-Delgado L, Shehata M, Fanayan S, Shahheydari H, Gómez S, Jiménez A, Martín-Belmonte F, Byrne JA, Alonso MA. The formin INF2 regulates basolateral-to-apical transcytosis and lumen formation in association with Cdc42 and MAL2. Dev Cell 2010; 18:814-27. [PMID: 20493814 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcytosis is a widespread pathway for apical targeting in epithelial cells. MAL2, an essential protein of the machinery for apical transcytosis, functions by shuttling in vesicular carriers between the apical zone and the cell periphery. We have identified INF2, an atypical formin with actin polymerization and depolymerization activities, which is a binding partner of MAL2. MAL2-positive vesicular carriers associate with short actin filaments during transcytosis in a process requiring INF2. INF2 binds Cdc42 in a GTP-loaded-dependent manner. Cdc42 and INF2 regulate MAL2 dynamics and are necessary for apical transcytosis and the formation of lateral lumens in hepatoma HepG2 cells. INF2 and MAL2 are also essential for the formation of the central lumen in organotypic cultures of epithelial MDCK cells. Our results reveal a functional mechanism whereby Cdc42, INF2, and MAL2 are sequentially ordered in a pathway dedicated to the regulation of transcytosis and lumen formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Madrid
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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43
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Ouko MO, Sambade A, Brandner K, Niehl A, Peña E, Ahad A, Heinlein M, Nick P. Tobacco mutants with reduced microtubule dynamics are less susceptible to TMV. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:829-39. [PMID: 20230489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A panel of seven SR1 tobacco mutants (ATER1 to ATER7) derived via T-DNA activation tagging and screening for resistance to a microtubule assembly inhibitor, ethyl phenyl carbamate, were used to study the role of microtubules during infection and spread of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). In one of these lines, ATER2, alpha-tubulin is shifted from the tyrosinylated into the detyrosinated form, and the microtubule plus-end marker GFP-EB1 moves significantly slower when expressed in the background of the ATER2 mutant as compared with the SR1 wild type. The efficiency of cell-to-cell movement of TMV encoding GFP-tagged movement protein (MP-GFP) is reduced in ATER2 accompanied by a reduced association of MP-GFP with plasmodesmata. This mutant is also more tolerant to viral infection as compared with the SR1 wild type, implying that reduced microtubule dynamics confer a comparative advantage in face of TMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice O Ouko
- Botanical Institute 1, University of Karlsruhe, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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44
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Turowska A, Pajak B, Godlewski MM, Dzieciatkowski T, Chmielewska A, Tucholska A, Banbura M. Opposite effects of two different strains of equine herpesvirus 1 infection on cytoskeleton composition in equine dermal ED and African green monkey kidney Vero cell lines: application of scanning cytometry and confocal-microscopy-based image analysis in a quantitative study. Arch Virol 2010; 155:733-43. [PMID: 20349252 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Viruses can reorganize the cytoskeleton and restructure the host cell transport machinery. During infection viruses use different cellular cues and signals to enlist the cytoskeleton for their mission. However, each virus specifically affects the cytoskeleton structure. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the cytoskeletal changes in homologous equine dermal (ED) and heterologous Vero cell lines infected with either equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) strain Rac-H or Jan-E. We found that Rac-H strain disrupted actin fibers and reduced F-actin level in ED cells, whereas the virus did not influence Vero cell cytoskeleton. Conversely, the Jan-E strain induced polymerization of both F-actin and MT in Vero cells, but not in ED cells. Confocal-microscopy analysis revealed that alpha-tubulin colocalized with viral antigen in ED cells infected with either Rac-H or Jan-E viruses. Alterations in F-actin and alpha-tubulin were evaluated by confocal microscopy, Microimage analysis and scanning cytometry. This unique combination allowed precise interpretation of confocal-based images showing the cellular events induced by EHV-1. We conclude that examination of viral-induced pathogenic effects in species specific cell lines is more symptomatic than in heterologous cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Turowska
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-789, Warsaw, Poland.
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Tamborindeguy C, Monsion B, Brault V, Hunnicutt L, Ju HJ, Nakabachi A, Van Fleet E. A genomic analysis of transcytosis in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, a mechanism involved in virus transmission. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 19 Suppl 2:259-72. [PMID: 20482656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are the primary vectors of plant viruses. Transmission can occur via attachment to the cuticle lining of the insect (non-circulative transmission) or after internalization in the insect cells with or without replication (circulative transmission). In this paper, we have focused on the circulative and non-propagative mode during which virions enter the cell following receptor-mediated endocytosis, are transported across the cell in vesicles and released by exocytosis without replicating. The correct uptake, transport and delivery of the vesicles cargo relies on the participation of proteins from different families which have been identified in the Acyrthosiphon pisum genome. Assemblage of this annotated dataset provides a useful basis to improve our understanding of the molecules and mechanisms involved in virus transmission by A. pisum and other aphid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tamborindeguy
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, USA.
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46
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Chen PW, Lin SJ, Tsai SC, Lin JH, Chen MR, Wang JT, Lee CP, Tsai CH. Regulation of microtubule dynamics through phosphorylation on stathmin by Epstein-Barr virus kinase BGLF4. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:10053-10063. [PMID: 20110360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.044420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stathmin is an important microtubule (MT)-destabilizing protein, and its activity is differently attenuated by phosphorylation at one or more of its four phosphorylatable serine residues (Ser-16, Ser-25, Ser-38, and Ser-63). This phosphorylation of stathmin plays important roles in mitotic spindle formation. We observed increasing levels of phosphorylated stathmin in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-harboring lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines during the EBV lytic cycle. These suggest that EBV lytic products may be involved in the regulation of stathmin phosphorylation. BGLF4 is an EBV-encoded kinase and has similar kinase activity to cdc2, an important kinase that phosphorylates serine residues 25 and 38 of stathmin during mitosis. Using an siRNA approach, we demonstrated that BGLF4 contributes to the phosphorylation of stathmin in EBV-harboring NPC. Moreover, we confirmed that BGLF4 interacts with and phosphorylates stathmin using an in vitro kinase assay and an in vivo two-dimensional electrophoresis assay. Interestingly, unlike cdc2, BGLF4 was shown to phosphorylate non-proline directed serine residues of stathmin (Ser-16) and it mediated phosphorylation of stathmin predominantly at serines 16, 25, and 38, indicating that BGLF4 can down-regulate the activity of stathmin. Finally, we demonstrated that the pattern of MT organization was changed in BGLF4-expressing cells, possibly through phosphorylation of stathmin. In conclusion, we have shown that a viral Ser/Thr kinase can directly modulate the activity of stathmin and this contributes to alteration of cellular MT dynamics and then may modulate the associated cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Sue-Jane Lin
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Han Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ru Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Tarng Wang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pei Lee
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hwa Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
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47
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Sequestration of free tubulin molecules by the viral protein NSP2 induces microtubule depolymerization during rotavirus infection. J Virol 2009; 84:2522-32. [PMID: 20032187 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01883-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules, components of the cell cytoskeleton, play a central role in cellular trafficking. Here we show that rotavirus infection leads to a remodeling of the microtubule network together with the formation of tubulin granules. While most microtubules surrounding the nucleus depolymerize, others appear packed at the cell periphery. In microtubule depolymerization areas, tubulin granules are observed; they colocalize with viroplasms, viral compartments formed by interactions between rotavirus proteins NSP2 and NSP5. With purified proteins, we show that tubulin directly interacts in vitro with NSP2 but not with NSP5. The binding of NSP2 to tubulin is independent of its phosphatase activity. The comparison of three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions of NSP2 octamers alone or associated with tubulin reveals electron densities in the positively charged grooves of NSP2 that we attribute to tubulin. Site-directed mutagenesis of NSP2 and competition assays between RNA and tubulin for NSP2 binding confirm that tubulin binds to these charged grooves of NSP2. Although the tubulin position within NSP2 grooves cannot be precisely determined, the tubulin C-terminal H12 alpha-helix could be involved in the interaction. NSP2 overexpression and rotavirus infection produce similar effects on the microtubule network. NSP2 depolymerizes microtubules and leads to tubulin granule formation. Our results demonstrate that tubulin is a viroplasm component and reveal an original mechanism. Tubulin sequestration by NSP2 induces microtubule depolymerization. This depolymerization probably reroutes the cell machinery by inhibiting trafficking and functions potentially involved in defenses to viral infections.
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Zamudio-Meza H, Castillo-Alvarez A, González-Bonilla C, Meza I. Cross-talk between Rac1 and Cdc42 GTPases regulates formation of filopodia required for dengue virus type-2 entry into HMEC-1 cells. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2902-2911. [PMID: 19710257 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.014159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) begins with virus adherence to cell surface receptors. In endothelial cells (HMEC-1), a cell model for DENV-2 infection, alpha 5 beta 3 integrin has been identified as a putative receptor for the virus. Previous work had suggested that the actin cytoskeleton of HMEC-1 cells plays an important role in virus entry and infection. In the present work, fixed and living HMEC-1 cells expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein-actin were monitored for actin reorganization after virus inoculation, utilizing fluorescence and time lapse microscopy. Cell infection and production of infective viruses were quantified using an anti-E protein antibody and by measuring the p.f.u. ml(-1). Specific drugs that antagonize actin organization and regulate actin-signalling pathways were tested in viral adhesion and infection assays, as were the expression of dominant-negative Rac1 and Cdc42 proteins. Disorganization of actin precluded infection, while microtubule depolymerization had no effect. Activation of Rac1 and Cdc42 signalling, which occurs upon virus binding, induced reorganization of actin to form filopodia in the cellular periphery. Formation of filopodia was a requirement for virus entry and further cell infection. Expression of the dominant-negative proteins Rac1 and Cdc42 confirmed the role of these GTPases in the actin reorganization that is required to form filopodia. In addition, inhibition of the ATPase activity of myosin II greatly decreased infection, suggesting its participation in filopodial stability. We show here, for the first time, that internalization of DENV-2 into endothelial cells requires viral induction of dynamic filopodia regulated by Rac1 and Cdc42 cross-talk and myosin II motor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Zamudio-Meza
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Apartado 14-740, México DF 07360, Mexico
| | - Aída Castillo-Alvarez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Apartado 14-740, México DF 07360, Mexico
| | - César González-Bonilla
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza-IMSS, México DF, Mexico
| | - Isaura Meza
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Apartado 14-740, México DF 07360, Mexico
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49
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Hara Y, Hasebe R, Sunden Y, Ochiai K, Honda E, Sakoda Y, Umemura T. Propagation of swine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus and pseudorabies virus in dorsal root ganglia cells. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:595-601. [PMID: 19498285 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV) causes encephalomyelitis or vomiting and wasting disease in suckling piglets. Neurotoropism of the virus has been demonstrated in previous in vivo studies. In the present study, we investigated the infectivity and propagation of HEV in comparison with those of pseudorabies virus (PRV), another neurotropic virus, using dorsal root ganglia cells of newborn mice containing nerve cells and non-neuronal cells. HEV infected nerve cells but did not infect non-neuronal cells, whereas PRV infected both cell types. By using cytoskeletal inhibitors, it was suggested that propagation of HEV and PRV within and among nerve cells depended on microtubules and intermediate filaments of nerve cells, indicating that the viruses may be transported between the cell body and axonal terminals of neurons by fast axonal flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hara
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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50
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Roohvand F, Maillard P, Lavergne JP, Boulant S, Walic M, Andréo U, Goueslain L, Helle F, Mallet A, McLauchlan J, Budkowska A. Initiation of hepatitis C virus infection requires the dynamic microtubule network: role of the viral nucleocapsid protein. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:13778-13791. [PMID: 19269968 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807873200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early events leading to the establishment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are not completely understood. We show that intact and dynamic microtubules play a key role in the initiation of productive HCV infection. Microtubules were required for virus entry into cells, as evidenced using virus pseudotypes presenting HCV envelope proteins on their surface. Studies carried out using the recent infectious HCV model revealed that microtubules also play an essential role in early, postfusion steps of the virus cycle. Moreover, low concentrations of vinblastin and nocodazol, microtubule-affecting drugs, and paclitaxel, which stabilizes microtubules, inhibited infection, suggesting that microtubule dynamic instability and/or treadmilling mechanisms are involved in HCV internalization and early transport. By protein chip and direct core-dependent pull-down assays, followed by mass spectrometry, we identified beta- and alpha-tubulin as cellular partners of the HCV core protein. Surface plasmon resonance analyses confirmed that core directly binds to tubulin with high affinity via amino acids 2-117. The interaction of core with tubulin in vitro promoted its polymerization and enhanced the formation of microtubules. Immune electron microscopy showed that HCV core associates, at least temporarily, with microtubules polymerized in its presence. Studies by confocal microscopy showed a juxtaposition of core with microtubules in HCV-infected cells. In summary, we report that intact and dynamic microtubules are required for virus entry into cells and for early postfusion steps of infection. HCV may exploit a direct interaction of core with tubulin, enhancing microtubule polymerization, to establish efficient infection and promote virus transport and/or assembly in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Roohvand
- Unité des Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée and Institut Pasteur, 25/28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75724, France
| | - Patrick Maillard
- Unité des Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée and Institut Pasteur, 25/28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75724, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavergne
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie de Protéines (IBCP-UMR 5086), CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69367, France
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Medical Research Council Virology Unit, Glasgow G11 5JR, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Marine Walic
- Unité des Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée and Institut Pasteur, 25/28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75724, France
| | - Ursula Andréo
- Unité des Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée and Institut Pasteur, 25/28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75724, France
| | - Lucie Goueslain
- Institut de Biologie de Lille (UMR8161), CNRS, Université de Lille I & II, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille 59021, France
| | - François Helle
- Institut de Biologie de Lille (UMR8161), CNRS, Université de Lille I & II, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille 59021, France
| | - Adeline Mallet
- Plate-Forme de Microscopie Ultrastructurale, Institut Pasteur, 25/28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75724, France
| | - John McLauchlan
- Medical Research Council Virology Unit, Glasgow G11 5JR, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Agata Budkowska
- Unité des Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée and Institut Pasteur, 25/28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75724, France.
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