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Li C, Yin S, Yan Y, Liang C, Ma Q, Guo R, Zhang Y, Deng J, Sun Z. Efficient benzo(a)pyrene degradation by coal gangue-based catalytic material for peroxymonosulfate activation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119645. [PMID: 38048711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
A low cost and green peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation catalyst (CG-Ca-N) was successfully prepared with coal gangue (CG), calcium chloride, and melamine as activator. Under the optimal conditions, the CG-Ca-N can remove 100 % for benzo(a)pyrene (Bap) in an aqueous solution after 20 min and 72.06 % in soil slurry medium within 60 min, which also display excellent reuse ability toward Bap after three times. The removal of Bap is significantly decreased when the initial pH value was greater than 9 and obviously inhibited in the presence of HCO3- or SO42-. The characterization results indicated that the addition of calcium chloride could stabilize and increase the content of pyridinic N during thermal annealing, resulting in the production of •OH, SO4•- and 1O2. Based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and active radical scavenging experiments, 1O2 could be identified to be the dominant role in Bap degradation. Overall, this work opened a new perspective for the low cost and green PMS catalysts and offered great promise in the practical remediation of organic pollution of groundwater and soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunquan Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Shuaijun Yin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Yutong Yan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Chao Liang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Qingshui Ma
- Inner Mongolia Mengtai Buliangou Coal Industry Co., Ltd, Ordos, 010399, PR China
| | - Rui Guo
- Inner Mongolia Mengtai Buliangou Coal Industry Co., Ltd, Ordos, 010399, PR China
| | - Yubo Zhang
- Huadian Coal Industry Group Digital Intelligence Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 102400, PR China
| | - Jiushuai Deng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Zhiming Sun
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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Böhme T, Egeland M, Lorentzen M, Mady MF, Solbakk MF, Sæbø KS, Jørgensen KB. Regiospecific Photochemical Synthesis of Methylchrysenes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010237. [PMID: 36615430 PMCID: PMC9822284 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are suspected to be some of the toxic compounds in crude oil towards marine life and are needed as single compounds for environmental studies. 1-, 3- and 6-methylchrysene (3a,b,c) were prepared as single isomers by photochemical cyclization of the corresponding stilbenoids in the Mallory reaction using stoichiometric amounts of iodine in 82-88% yield. 2-methylchrysene (3d) was prepared by photochemical cyclization where the regioselectivity was controlled by elimination of an ortho-methoxy group under acidic oxygen free conditions in 72% yield. These conditions failed to form 4-methylchrysene from the corresponding stilbenoid. All stilbenoids were made from a common naphthyl Wittig salt and suitably substituted benzaldehydes. We have also demonstrated that methylchrysenes can be oxidized to the corresponding chrysenecarboxylic acids by KMnO4 in modest yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Böhme
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, P.O. Box 8600, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Mari Egeland
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, P.O. Box 8600, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Marianne Lorentzen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, P.O. Box 8600, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Mohamed F. Mady
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Michelle F. Solbakk
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, P.O. Box 8600, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Krister S. Sæbø
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, P.O. Box 8600, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kåre B. Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, P.O. Box 8600, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-51-83-23-06
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3
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Huang Q, Zhou M, Zhou J, Chu L, Cang L. Roles of oxidant, activator, and surfactant on enhanced electrokinetic remediation of PAHs historically contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:88989-89001. [PMID: 35841503 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21952-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic (EK) remediation technology can enhance the migration of reagents to soil and is especially suitable for in situ remediation of low permeability contaminated soil. Due to the long aging time and strong hydrophobicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from historically polluted soil, some enhanced reagents (oxidant, activator, and surfactant) were used to increase the mobility of PAHs, and remove and degrade PAHs in soil. However, under the electrical field, there are few reports on the roles and combined effect of oxidant, activator, and surfactant for remediation of PAHs historically contaminated soil. In the present study, sodium persulfate (PS, oxidant, 100 g L-1) or/and Tween 80 (TW80, surfactant, 50 g L-1) were added to the anolyte, and citric acid chelated iron(II) (CA-Fe(II), activator, 0.10 mol L-1) was added to catholyte to explore the roles and contribution of enhanced reagents and combined effect on PAHs removal in soil. A constant voltage of 20 V was applied and the total experiment duration was 10 days. The results showed that the removal rate of PAHs in each treatment was PS + CA-Fe(II) (21.3%) > PS + TW80 + CA-Fe(II) (19.9%) > PS (17.4%) > PS + TW80 (11.4%) > TW80 (8.1%) > CK (7.5%). The combination of PS and CA-Fe(II) had the highest removal efficiency of PAHs, and CA-Fe(II) in the catholyte could be transported toward anode via electromigration. The addition of TW80 reduced the electroosmotic flow and inhibited the transport of PS from anolyte to the soil, which decreased the removal of PAHs (from 17.4 to 11.4% with PS, from 21.3 to 19.9% with PS+CA-Fe(II)). The calculation of contribution rates showed that PS was the strongest enhancer (3.3~9.9%), followed by CA-Fe(II) (3.9~8.5%) (with PS), and the contribution of TW80 was small and even negative (-1.4~0.6%). The above results indicated that the combined application of oxidant and activator was conducive to the removal of PAHs, while the addition of surfactant reduced the EOF and the migration of oxidant and further reduced the PAHs removal efficiency. The present study will help to further understand the role of enhanced reagents (especially surfactant) during enhanced EK remediation of PAHs historically contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jinjin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Longgang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Long Cang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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4
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Sun X, Ran Z, Wu Y, Zhong C, Zhu W, Hllah H, Yu J. Optimization of PAHs oxidation from contaminated soil using modified nanoscale zero-valent iron combined with potassium permanganate. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7335-7346. [PMID: 35424712 PMCID: PMC8982271 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09106a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel synergistic oxidation technology based on modified nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) was developed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) remediation in actual contaminated soil. In this study, three surfactants were used as dispersants to modify nZVI, including poly acrylic (PAA), sorbitan monolaurate (SPAN-20) and sugar esters (SE). The following parameters were studied to optimize the coupling oxidation process: dispersants/nZVI ratio, dosage of oxidant based on soil oxidation demand (SOD), amount of modified nanomaterials added in the coupling system. By using zeta potential, XRD, SEM, BET characterization methods, the results show that nZVI successfully coated with 5% PAA, 20% SE and 10% SPAN-20 have the best stability and mobility to effectively reduce the agglomeration effect. The conditions for treating PAH contaminated soil with the three best modified nanocomposites combined with KMnO4 were studied. The optimal conditions were defined as [SE-nZVI] = 10% and [KMnO4] = 40% SODmax for 24 h at 25 °C. The synergistic oxidation process under these optimal conditions and the two unoptimized processes of KMnO4 and nZVI-KMnO4 degraded 85%, 58.9% and 62% of PAHs, respectively. This showed that the treatment effect of the optimized oxidation process was improved by 1.3-1.5 times. Further, by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), adsorption and electrophilic substitution reaction were speculated as the oxidation mechanism of PAHs treated by the coupling system of SE-nZVI-KMnO4. PAHs could finally be decomposed into 9-methylene-9H-fluorene, fluoranthene and 1,5-diphenyl-1,4-pentadiyn-3-one and reached a safer status in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Zongxin Ran
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Yuerong Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Chengwei Zhong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China .,Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin 644000 P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Hameed Hllah
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China .,Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin 644000 P. R. China.,Institute of New Energy and Low Carbon Technology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
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5
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Gutierrez-Urbano I, Villen-Guzman M, Perez-Recuerda R, Rodriguez-Maroto JM. Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in conventional drinking water treatment processes. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2021; 243:103888. [PMID: 34592638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water poses a serious threat to the human health due to their toxic effects. Therefore, the removal of these compounds from drinking water in Potable Water Treatment Plants (PWTPs) should be evaluated and optimized to assure the quality of water intended for human consumption. In this work, changes in PAHs levels during drinking water treatment processes have been monitored to evaluate the effectiveness of conventional processes in the removal of these recalcitrant pollutants. Several chemical treatment methods based on the addition of KMnO4, FeCl3 and NaClO were evaluated through jar tests. The analysis of PAH content of aqueous samples was carried out by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The highest removal efficiency, over 90%, was obtained for benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene. The most recalcitrant compounds to degradation were fluorene, anthracene, phenanthrene and flouranthene with reduction rates between 45 and 57%. The conventional treatment processes assessed have been proved to be effective reducing the PAH below the legal limits of drinking water quality. The definition of a parameter based on chemical properties of PAHs, i.e., sorption capacity and energy required to remove an electron, enabled the prediction of removal rate of pollutants which represents a valuable information for the plant operation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Villen-Guzman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain.
| | | | - Jose M Rodriguez-Maroto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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6
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Han Z, Li S, Yue Y, Tian Y, Wang S, Qin Z, Ji L, Han D, Jiao W. Enhancing remediation of PAH-contaminated soil through coupling electrical resistance heating using Na 2S 2O 8. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:110457. [PMID: 33188760 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination caused by factory relocations is a serious environmental issue across the world. Electrical resistance heating (ERH) and chemical oxidation are two promising in-situ methods for treating volatile and semi-volatile organic pollutants in contaminated soil. Coupling of ERH and chemical oxidation technologies to improve the remediation efficiency for PAH-contaminated soil was estimated in this study. PAH removal ratio in contaminated soils using ERH treatment were significantly negatively correlated with the boiling point of the pollutants (P = 0.002), and 21.63% (DBA high boiling point) to 71.53% (Nap low boiling point) of PAHs in the contaminated soil were removed in 120 min. With oxidant Na2S2O8 coupling, the removal ratio were increased as more oxidant was added. For one Phe, 35.90% was removed by ERH treatment and increased to 52.90% and 79.42% when 0.05 or 2.5 mmol/g oxidant was added, respectively. PAHs with higher boiling points had more obvious removal ratio, such as Bap, which increased from 23.50% to 85.47% when coupling ERH with Na2S2O8, and Phe which increased from 35.90% to 79.42%. Relationships between boiling points and PAH removal ratio changed with coupled oxidants, indicating a change of mechanism from volatilization to coupling effects of volatilization and oxidation with the introduction of Na2S2O8. A dynamic experiment showed that Na2S2O8 can accelerate 45.50% of the treatment process. The results of this research demonstrated a novel, cost-effective coupling approach for remediating soil contaminated by organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Han
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Sinochem Environment Holdings Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yong Yue
- Sinochem Environment Holdings Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yao Tian
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Zhirui Qin
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Longjie Ji
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Denglun Han
- Huarui Agriculture Co. Ltd., Liuba Eco-Industrial Parks, Zhangye City, 734500, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Wentao Jiao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, PR China.
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7
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Fan G, Zhang Z, Ai Y, Gao Y, Zhou D, Cang L. Electrokinetical enhanced delivery of acidic potassium permanganate and removal of copper-pyrene compound pollution in a red soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128085. [PMID: 33297083 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil contaminated by combinations of heavy metals and organic pollutants has become an increasingly prominent environmental issue. Developing efficient technologies to synchronously decontaminate such co-contaminated sites is challenging and imperative. In our previous study for the treatment of Copper (Cu) and pyrene contaminated soil, electrokinetics (EK) coupled acidic permanganate (PM) performed best for degradation of pyrene near the injection spot, but it unfortunately prevented the migration of Cu. In order to further enhance the removal efficiency of these contaminants, in this study, batch experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of delivering PM by EK under regular refreshment of acidoxidant along with amplification of voltage gradient. The results showed that PM can be transported from cathode to anode to S2 section (near the anode) with a slow mass transfer rate via electromigration and reversed electroosmotic flow, and further delivery was achieved when Cu and pyrene were coexisted. The reaction of pyrene with PM produced a lower soil pH condition, which was conductive to the transport of Cu, and the existence of Cu promoted the migration of PM. The coexistence of Cu and pyrene favored the removal efficiency of the pollutants, and 92.8% of Cu and 70.7% of pyrene were removed after 15 d EK treatment. Thus, EK + acidic PM with regularly supplement of oxidant is appropriate to achieve complete mass depletion of heavy metals and PAHs, especially in low buffered soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Fan
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China; School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Yuchun Ai
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Long Cang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Xu H, Cang L, Song Y, Yang J. Influence of electrode configuration on electrokinetic-enhanced persulfate oxidation remediation of PAH-contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44355-44367. [PMID: 32770336 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic (EK) remediation combined with in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) can be applied to low permeability organic contaminated soil. However, the effects of electrode configuration on EK-oxidation remediation remain unclear. In this study, EK-ISCO remediation of real polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soil under different electrode configurations was conducted. The results showed that increasing the number of anodes and electrode pairs in one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) electrode configuration was conducive to migration of oxidants into the system. The change in soil pH after remediation in 2D electrode configuration was not obvious, but the increase of soil electrical conductivity (EC) was higher than that of the 1D electrode configuration. The removal rates of PAHs in 2D electrode configurations (35.9-40.9%) were relatively higher than those of the 1D electrode configurations (0.54-31.6%), and the hexagonal electrode configuration yielded the highest pollutant removal efficiency, reaching 40.9%. The energy consumption under 2D electrode configuration was smaller than that under 1D electrode configuration, and the energy consumption of per gram removed PAHs in the hexagon configuration (66.74 kWh (g PAHs)-1) was lowest in all electrode configurations. Overall, the results of this study suggest that 2D electrode configuration is better than 1D and hexagonal electrode configuration is an optimal electrode configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210018, China
| | - Long Cang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yue Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jiangli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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9
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Bajagain R, Gautam P, Jeong SW. Degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in unsaturated soil and effects on subsequent biodegradation by potassium permanganate. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:1705-1714. [PMID: 31197553 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To date, the oxidation of petroleum hydrocarbons using permanganate has been investigated rarely. Only a few studies on the remediation of unsaturated soil using permanganate can be found in the literature. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study conducted using permanganate pretreatment to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons in unsaturated soil in combination with subsequent bioaugmentation. The pretreatment of diesel-contaminated unsaturated soil with 0.5-pore-volume (5%) potassium permanganate (PP) by solution pouring and foam spraying (with a surfactant) achieved the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal efficiencies of 37% and 72.1%, respectively. The PP foam, when coupled with bioaugmentation foam, further degraded the TPH to a final concentration of 438 mg/kg (92.1% total reduction). The experiment was conducted without soil mixing or disturbance. The relatively high TPH removal efficiency achieved by the PP-bioaugmentation serial foam application may be attributed to an increase in soil pH caused by the PP and effective infiltration of the remediation agent by foaming. The applied PP foam increased the pH of the acidic soil, thus enhancing microbial activity. The first-order biodegradation rate after PP oxidation was calculated to be 0.068 d-1. Furthermore, 94% of the group of relatively persistent hydrocarbons (C18-C22) was removed by PP-bioaugmentation, as verified by chromatogram peaks. Some physicochemical parameters related to contaminant removal efficiency were also evaluated. The results reveal that PP can degrade soil TPH and significantly enhance the biodegradation rate in unsaturated diesel-contaminated soil when combined with bioaugmentation foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh Bajagain
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, 54150, South Korea
| | - Prakash Gautam
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, 54150, South Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Jeong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, 54150, South Korea.
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10
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Li YT, Li D, Lai LJ, Li YH. Remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil by using activated persulfate with ultrasound and ultrasound/Fe. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124657. [PMID: 31473526 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon in contaminated soil using activated persulfate (PS) with ultrasound (US) and US/Fe. Various controlling factors including different PS dosage, ultrasonic power, pH, soil water ratio and soil particle size were considered. It was found that petroleum hydrocarbon degradation efficiency achieved up to 56.41% and 82.23% in US/PS and US/Fe/PS system, respectively. Based on the experimental results, the reaction rate of US/Fe/PS system was faster than US/PS system and the degradation efficiency enhanced significantly with the increasing ultrasonic power. Changing initial solution pH influenced the petroleum hydrocarbon reaction rate and the best performance would be achieved at pH of 5. The present work identified the main components of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants in shale gas sites. The mechanism of petroleum hydrocarbon degradation on US/Fe/PS system were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing, 102206, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, PR China.
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, PR China
| | - Lian-Jue Lai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, PR China
| | - Yu-Hang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, PR China
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11
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Boulangé M, Lorgeoux C, Biache C, Saada A, Faure P. Fenton-like and potassium permanganate oxidations of PAH-contaminated soils: Impact of oxidant doses on PAH and polar PAC (polycyclic aromatic compound) behavior. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:437-444. [PMID: 30831494 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Potassium permanganate and Fenton-like oxidations were applied on two PAH-contaminated soils collected on former coking plant and gas plant sites. The impact of oxidant dose on the polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) evolution, including 16 US-EPA PAHs, 11 oxygenated- and 4 nitrogen heterocyclic-PACs (O- and N-PACs) was studied for both treatments. The content of extractable organic matter and PACs was determined prior and after oxidation. Overall, permanganate treatment was more efficient than Fenton-like to decrease the PAH content, this latter being limited by the contamination availability. However, permanganate treatment resulted in incomplete PAH degradation, leading to the formation of O-PACs, that was limited with the application of higher dose. It underlines the importance of the dose and the oxidant type in the selection of oxidation parameters for remediation purpose, as improper use of oxidant can lead to the accumulation of oxidation by-products that could be as toxic as the parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Boulangé
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000, Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CREGU, GeoRessources, F-54000, Nancy, France; BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin - BP 36 009, Orléans Cedex 2, 45060, France
| | - Catherine Lorgeoux
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CREGU, GeoRessources, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Coralie Biache
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000, Nancy, France.
| | - Alain Saada
- BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin - BP 36 009, Orléans Cedex 2, 45060, France
| | - Pierre Faure
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000, Nancy, France
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12
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Liao X, Liu Q, Li Y, Gong X, Cao H. Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from different soil fractions by persulfate oxidation. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 78:239-246. [PMID: 30665642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from different soil fractions of contaminated soil was investigated by using activated persulfate oxidation remediation in our research. The results showed that the light fraction, which accounted for only 10% of the soil, contained 30% of the PAHs at a concentration of 4352 mg/kg. The heavy fraction contained more high-molecular-weight PAHs, and the total PAH concentration was 625 mg/kg. After being oxidized, the removal rate of PAHs was 39% in the light fraction and nearly 90% in the heavy fraction. Among the different fractions of the heavy fraction, humic acid contained the highest concentration of PAHs, and consequently, the highest removal efficiency of PAHs was also in humic acid. Compared with the light fraction, the heavy fraction has more aromatic compounds and those compounds were broken down during the oxidation process, which may be the removal mechanism involved in the oxidation of high-ring PAHs. Similarly, the enhancement of C=C bonds after oxidation can also explain the poor removal of high-ring PAHs in the light fraction. These results imply that different fractions of soil vary in composition and structure, leading to differences in the distribution and oxidation efficiencies of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Qiongzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - You Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuegang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
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13
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Titaley IA, Walden DM, Dorn SE, Ogba OM, Massey Simonich SL, Cheong PHY. Evaluating Computational and Structural Approaches to Predict Transformation Products of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1595-1607. [PMID: 30571095 PMCID: PMC7112720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) undergo transformation reactions with atmospheric photochemical oxidants, such as hydroxyl radicals (OH•), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ozone (O3). The most common PAH-transformation products (PAH-TPs) are nitrated, oxygenated, and hydroxylated PAHs (NPAHs, OPAHs, and OHPAHs, respectively), some of which are known to pose potential human health concerns. We sampled four theoretical approaches for predicting the location of reactive sites on PAHs (i.e., the carbon where atmospheric oxidants attack), and hence the chemoselectivity of the PAHs. All computed results are based on density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G(d) optimized structures and energies). The four approaches are (1) Clar's prediction of aromatic resonance structures, (2) thermodynamic stability of all OHPAH adduct intermediates, (3) computed atomic charges (Natural Bond order, ChelpG, and Mulliken) at each carbon on the PAH, and (4) average local ionization energy (ALIE) at atom or bond sites. To evaluate the accuracy of these approaches, the predicted PAH-TPs were compared to published laboratory observations of major NPAH, OPAH, and OHPAH products in both gas and particle phases. We found that the Clar's resonance structures were able to predict the least stable rings on the PAHs but did not offer insights in terms of which individual carbon is most reactive. The OHPAH adduct thermodynamics and the ALIE approaches were the most accurate when compared to laboratory data, showing great potential for predicting the formation of previously unstudied PAH-TPs that are likely to form in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Titaley
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Daniel M. Walden
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Shelby E. Dorn
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - O. Maduka Ogba
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331 USA
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14
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Jia H, Zhao S, Shi Y, Zhu K, Gao P, Zhu L. Mechanisms for light-driven evolution of environmentally persistent free radicals and photolytic degradation of PAHs on Fe(III)-montmorillonite surface. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 362:92-98. [PMID: 30236946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have been widely detected in superfund sites and atmospheric particles contaminated with organic contaminants, but the impacts of environmental factors such as light irradiation on the formation and evolution of EPFRs remain unclear. In the present study, in-situ irradiated Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and electron paramagnetic resonance were applied to probe the formation mechanisms of EPFRs during photo-transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on montmorillonite surface. EPFRs were only detected on Fe(III)-montmorillonite containing PAHs with relatively high electron-donating ability, such as anthracene (ANT), but not in the systems of Fe(III)-montmorillonite spiked with phenanthrene or Na(I)-montmorillonite. The 1/e lifetime of the EPFRs was much shorter under light irradiation (5.49 h) than in dark (30.3 h), suggesting that light irradiation facilitated the transformation of EPFRs. On the one hand, light irradiation promoted direct electron transfer from ANT to the mineral surface, accelerating the formation of PAHs-type radical cations. On the other hand, light irradiation induced the generation of reactive oxygen species, which facilitated the transformation from radical cations to oxygenic EPFRs, which finally led to ANT degradation. This work clarified the underlying mechanisms for EPFRs generation and evolution on clay minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhong Jia
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Song Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yafang Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Pin Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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15
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Liao X, Wu Z, Li Y, Luo J, Su C. Enhanced degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by indigenous microbes combined with chemical oxidation. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 213:551-558. [PMID: 30265983 PMCID: PMC6775777 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the removal efficiency PAHs by chemical oxidation combined with microbe remediation was evaluated in two contaminated soils. The number of indigenous soil microbes decreased after the addition of chemical oxidants and then increased by nutrients addition. The total removal efficiencies of PAHs by chemical oxidation and nutrient addition followed the order: activated persulfate > potassium permanganate > modified Fenton reagent > Fenton reagent. There are 24.29-27.97%, 22.00-23.67%, 10.24-13.74% and 1.9-2.5% contributions separately due to nutrient treatment in Fenton, modified Fenton, activated persulfate and potassium permanganate treatment, which show significantly difference. The different chemical oxidants exhibited 78-90% removal efficiency for 5-6 rings PAHs, while 52-85% removal efficiency for 2-4 rings PAHs. With the addition of nutrients, the growth of indigenous microbes was enhanced significantly, and the contents of 2-4 rings PAHs in the soil were further decreased. Furthermore, the removal efficiencies of NAP and ANY were increased by more than 45%, while the removal efficiencies of ANE, FLE and PHE were about 30% at Fenton system. There was a complementary enhancing effect of microbial remediation for PAHs degradation after chemical oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zeying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - You Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junpeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chunming Su
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Ground Water and Ecosystems Restoration Division, Ada, OK, United States
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16
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Shafieiyoun S, Thomson NR, Brey AP, Gasinski CM, Pence W, Marley M. Realistic expectations for the treatment of FMGP residuals by chemical oxidants. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2018; 219:1-17. [PMID: 30314848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Methods to remediate soil and groundwater contamination at former manufactured gas plant (FMGP) sites are scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of two chemical oxidants (persulfate and permanganate) to degrade FMGP residuals in a dynamic system representative of in situ conditions. A series of physical model trials supported by aqueous and slurry batch experiments using impacted sediments collected from a FMGP site were conducted. To explore treatment expectations a screening model constrained by the experimental data was employed. The results from the aqueous experiments showed that dissolved components (except for benzene) were readily degraded by persulfate or permanganate. In the well-mixed slurry systems, when contact with the oxidant was achieved, 95%, 45% and 30% of the initial mass quantified was degraded by permanganate, unactivated persulfate, and alkaline activated persulfate, respectively. In stark contrast, the total mass removed in the physical model trials was negligible for both permanganate and persulfate irrespective of the bleb or lense architecture used. Hence the net benefit of flushing 6 pore volumes of permanganate or persulfate at a concentration of 30 g/L under the physical model operating conditions was minimal. To achieve a substantial degradation of mass within the treatment system (>40%), results from the screening model indicated that the hydraulic resident time would need to be >10 days and the average lumped mass transfer coefficient increased by two orders-of-magnitude. Results from long-term (5 years) simulations showed that the dissolved concentrations of organic compounds are reduced temporarily as a result of the presence of permanganate but then rebound to a profile that is essentially coincident with a no-treatment scenario following exposure to permanganate. Neither a lower velocity nor higher permanganate dosing affected the long-term behavior of the dissolved phase concentrations; however, increasing the mass transfer rate coefficient had an impact. The findings from this investigation indicate that the efficiency of permanganate or persulfate to treat for FMGP residuals is mass transfer limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Shafieiyoun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Neil R Thomson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Andrew P Brey
- Geosyntec Consultants, 12802 Tampa Oaks Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33637, USA
| | - Chris M Gasinski
- TECO Peoples Gas, 702 Franklin Street North, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - William Pence
- Baker & Hostetler LLP, 200 South Orange Avenue, Suite 2300, Orlando, FL 32801-3432, USA
| | - Mike Marley
- XDD Environmental LLC, 22 Marin Way, Unit #3, Stratham, NH 03885, USA
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17
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Lominchar MA, Santos A, de Miguel E, Romero A. Remediation of aged diesel contaminated soil by alkaline activated persulfate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:41-48. [PMID: 29202367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work studies the efficiency of alkaline activated persulfate (PS) to remediate an aged diesel fuel contaminated soil from a train maintenance facility. The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration in soil was approximately 5000mgkg-1 with a ratio of aliphatic:aromatic compounds of 70:30. Aromatic compounds were mainly naphtalenes and phenanthrenes. The experiments were performed in batch mode where different initial concentrations of persulfate (105mM, 210mM and 420mM) and activator:persulfate ratios (2 and 4) were evaluated, with NaOH used as activator. Runs were carried out during 56days. Complete TPH conversion was obtained with the highest concentration of PS and activator, whereas in the other runs the elimination of fuel ranged between 60 and 77%. Besides, the abatement of napthalenes and phenantrenes was faster than aliphatic reduction (i. e. after 4days of treatment, the conversions of the aromatic compounds were around 0.8 meanwhile the aliphatic abatements were 0.55) and no aromatic oxidation intermediates from naphtalenes or phenantrenes were detected. These results show that this technology is effective for the remediation of aged diesel in soil with alkaline pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lominchar
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
| | - A Santos
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - E de Miguel
- Environmental Geochemistry Research and Engineering Laboratory, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
| | - A Romero
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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18
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Gkorezis P, Daghio M, Franzetti A, Van Hamme JD, Sillen W, Vangronsveld J. The Interaction between Plants and Bacteria in the Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: An Environmental Perspective. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1836. [PMID: 27917161 PMCID: PMC5116465 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread pollution of terrestrial ecosystems with petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) has generated a need for remediation and, given that many PHCs are biodegradable, bio- and phyto-remediation are often viable approaches for active and passive remediation. This review focuses on phytoremediation with particular interest on the interactions between and use of plant-associated bacteria to restore PHC polluted sites. Plant-associated bacteria include endophytic, phyllospheric, and rhizospheric bacteria, and cooperation between these bacteria and their host plants allows for greater plant survivability and treatment outcomes in contaminated sites. Bacterially driven PHC bioremediation is attributed to the presence of diverse suites of metabolic genes for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, along with a broader suite of physiological properties including biosurfactant production, biofilm formation, chemotaxis to hydrocarbons, and flexibility in cell-surface hydrophobicity. In soils impacted by PHC contamination, microbial bioremediation generally relies on the addition of high-energy electron acceptors (e.g., oxygen) and fertilization to supply limiting nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium) in the face of excess PHC carbon. As an alternative, the addition of plants can greatly improve bioremediation rates and outcomes as plants provide microbial habitats, improve soil porosity (thereby increasing mass transfer of substrates and electron acceptors), and exchange limiting nutrients with their microbial counterparts. In return, plant-associated microorganisms improve plant growth by reducing soil toxicity through contaminant removal, producing plant growth promoting metabolites, liberating sequestered plant nutrients from soil, fixing nitrogen, and more generally establishing the foundations of soil nutrient cycling. In a practical and applied sense, the collective action of plants and their associated microorganisms is advantageous for remediation of PHC contaminated soil in terms of overall cost and success rates for in situ implementation in a diversity of environments. Mechanistically, there remain biological unknowns that present challenges for applying bio- and phyto-remediation technologies without having a deep prior understanding of individual target sites. In this review, evidence from traditional and modern omics technologies is discussed to provide a framework for plant-microbe interactions during PHC remediation. The potential for integrating multiple molecular and computational techniques to evaluate linkages between microbial communities, plant communities and ecosystem processes is explored with an eye on improving phytoremediation of PHC contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Gkorezis
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt UniversityDiepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Matteo Daghio
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-BicoccaMilano, Italy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, KamloopsBC, Canada
| | - Andrea Franzetti
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-BicoccaMilano, Italy
| | | | - Wouter Sillen
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt UniversityDiepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jaco Vangronsveld
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt UniversityDiepenbeek, Belgium
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19
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Smol M, Włodarczyk-Makuła M. The Effectiveness in the Removal of PAHs from Aqueous Solutions in Physical and Chemical Processes: A Review. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2015.1105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Smol
- The Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Włodarczyk-Makuła
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
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20
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Pardo F, Santos A, Romero A. Fate of iron and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the remediation of a contaminated soil using iron-activated persulfate: A column study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:480-488. [PMID: 27235898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Remediation of contaminated soils under flow-through conditions is an issue of great interest since it provides a better approach to real case applications than batch experiments. In this work, a column filled with soil, artificially spiked and aged for three months with Phenanthrene (PHE), Anthracene (ANT), Pyrene (PYR) and Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), was treated for 25days with persulfate (PS) activated by Fe(3+) and nanoparticles of zerovalent iron (nZVI). Effects of type of iron fed into the column (Fe(3+) or nZVI) and nZVI concentration were studied. PS inlet concentration was 0.2mmolcm(-3) and residence time in the column was close to 1.72days. Iron, PS and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentration, as well as pH, were monitored during treatment. Concentration profiles of iron and PAHs were observed along the column, with higher iron concentrations and higher PAHs removal efficiencies in the closest sections to the column entrance. BaP and ANT were completely depleted regardless the conditions used, but PHE and PYR showed higher resistance to oxidation, achieving near a 90% removal in the closest sections to the injection source in all runs, but decreasing significantly with column length. Besides, natural degradation of ANT resulted in the formation 9.10-anthraquinone (ATQ), an oxy-PAH which showed higher resistance than PHE and PYR. Although higher PAHs removal efficiencies were achieved when nZVI was used as activator, only a moderate improvement was noticed when the highest concentration of nZVI was used as a consequence of radical scavenging by an excess of Fe(2+). Finally, a kinetic model based on runs performed in batch, from a previous work, was able to predict the experimental average concentrations of PAHs in the column when Fe(3+) was used as activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pardo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - A Romero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Ranc B, Faure P, Croze V, Simonnot MO. Selection of oxidant doses for in situ chemical oxidation of soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 312:280-297. [PMID: 27043880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a promising alternative to thermal desorption for the remediation of soils contaminated with organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). For field application, one major issue is the selection of the optimal doses of the oxidizing solution, i.e. the oxidant and appropriate catalysts and/or additives. Despite an extensive scientific literature on ISCO, this choice is very difficult because many parameters differ from one study to another. The present review identifies the critical factors that must be taken into account to enable comparison of these various contributions. For example, spiked soils and aged, polluted soils cannot be compared; PAHs freshly spiked into a soil are fully available for degradation unlike a complex mixture of pollutants trapped in a soil for many years. Another notable example is the high diversity of oxidation conditions employed during batch experiments, although these affect the representativeness of the system. Finally, in this review a methodology is also proposed based on a combination of the stoichiometric oxidant demand of the organic pollutants and the design of experiments (DOE) in order to allow a better comparison of the various studies so far reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ranc
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Site Aiguillette, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France; CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Site Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France; ICF Environnement, 14 à 30 rue Alexandre, 92635 Gennevilliers, France; Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy cedex, France; CNRS, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy cedex, France
| | - P Faure
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Site Aiguillette, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France; CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Site Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - V Croze
- ICF Environnement, 14 à 30 rue Alexandre, 92635 Gennevilliers, France
| | - M O Simonnot
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy cedex, France; CNRS, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy cedex, France.
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22
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Shih YJ, Binh NT, Chen CW, Chen CF, Dong CD. Treatability assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contaminated marine sediments using permanganate, persulfate and Fenton oxidation processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:294-303. [PMID: 26915591 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Various chemical oxidation techniques, such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4), sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), Fenton (H2O2/Fe(2+)), and the modified persulfate and Fenton reagents (activated by ferrous complexes), were carried out to treat marine sediments that were contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dredged from Kaohsiung Harbor in Taiwan. Experimental results revealed that KMnO4 was the most effective of the tested oxidants in PAH degradation. Owing to the high organic matter content in the sediment that reduced the efficiencies of Na2S2O8 and regular Fenton reactions, a large excess of oxidant was required. Nevertheless, KH2PO4, Na4P2O7 and four chelating agents (EDTA, sodium citrate, oxalic acid, and sodium oxalate) were utilized to stabilize Fe(II) in activating the Na2S2O8 and Fenton oxidations, while Fe(II)-citrate remarkably promoted the PAH degradation. Increasing the molecular weight and number of rings of PAH did not affect the overall removal efficiencies. The correlation between the effectiveness of the oxidation processes and the physicochemical properties of individual PAH was statistically analyzed. The data implied that the reactivity of PAH (electron affinity and ionization potential) affected its treatability more than did its hydrophobicity (Kow, Koc and Sw), particularly using experimental conditions under which PAHs could be effectively oxidized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Shih
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Nguyen Thanh Binh
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
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Sakulthaew C, Comfort SD, Chokejaroenrat C, Li X, Harris CE. Removing PAHs from urban runoff water by combining ozonation and carbon nano-onions. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 141:265-273. [PMID: 26291912 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a chemical oxidant capable of transforming polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban runoff within minutes but complete oxidation to CO2 can take days to weeks. We developed and tested a flow-through system that used ozone to quickly transform PAHs in a runoff stream and then removed the ozone-transformed PAHs via adsorption to carbon nano-onions (CNOs). To quantify the efficacy of this approach, (14)C-labeled phenanthrene and benzo(a)pyrene, as well as a mixture of 16 unlabeled PAHs were used as test compounds. These PAHs were pumped from a reservoir into a flow-through reactor that continuously ozonated the solution. Outflow from the reactor then went to a chamber that contained CNOs to adsorb the ozone-transformed PAHs and allowed clean water to pass. By adding a microbial consortium to the CNOs following adsorption, we observed that bacteria were able to degrade the adsorbed products and release more soluble, biodegradable products back into solution. Control treatments confirmed that parent PAH structures (i.e., non-ozonated) were not biologically degraded following CNO adsorption and that O3-transformed PAHs were not released from the CNOs in the absence of bacteria. These results support the combined use of ozone, carbon nano-onions with subsequent biological degradation as a means of removing PAHs from urban runoff or a commercial waste stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chainarong Sakulthaew
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915, USA; Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Steve D Comfort
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915, USA.
| | - Chanat Chokejaroenrat
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-6105, USA; School of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-6105, USA.
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Biache C, Lorgeoux C, Andriatsihoarana S, Colombano S, Faure P. Effect of pre-heating on the chemical oxidation efficiency: implications for the PAH availability measurement in contaminated soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 286:55-63. [PMID: 25557939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three chemical oxidation treatments (KMnO4, H2O2 and Fenton-like) were applied on three PAH-contaminated soils presenting different properties to determine the potential use of these treatments to evaluate the available PAH fraction. In order to increase the available fraction, a pre-heating (100 °C under N2 for one week) was also applied on the samples prior oxidant addition. PAH and extractable organic matter contents were determined before and after treatment applications. KMnO4 was efficient to degrade PAHs in all the soil samples and the pre-heating slightly improved its efficiency. H2O2 and Fenton-like treatments presented low efficiency to degrade PAH in the soil presenting poor PAH availability, however, the PAH degradation rates were improved with the pre-heating. Consequently H2O2-based treatments (including Fenton-like) are highly sensitive to contaminant availability and seem to be valid methods to estimate the available PAH fraction in contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Biache
- Université de Lorraine, LIEC, UMR7360, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54506, France; CNRS, LIEC, UMR7360, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54506, France.
| | - Catherine Lorgeoux
- Université de Lorraine, GeoRessources, UMR7359, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54506, France; CNRS, GeoRessources, UMR7359, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54506, France
| | - Sitraka Andriatsihoarana
- Université de Lorraine, LIEC, UMR7360, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54506, France; CNRS, LIEC, UMR7360, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54506, France; Université de Lorraine, GeoRessources, UMR7359, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54506, France; CNRS, GeoRessources, UMR7359, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54506, France; BRGM, Orléans 45060, France
| | | | - Pierre Faure
- Université de Lorraine, LIEC, UMR7360, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54506, France; CNRS, LIEC, UMR7360, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54506, France
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Sakulthaew C, Comfort S, Chokejaroenrat C, Harris C, Li X. A combined chemical and biological approach to transforming and mineralizing PAHs in runoff water. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:1-9. [PMID: 25433987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The water quality of lakes, rivers and streams associated with metropolitan areas is declining from increased inputs of urban runoff that contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Our objective was to transform and mineralize PAHs in runoff using a combined chemical and biological approach. Using (14)C-labeled phenanthrene, (14)C-benzo(a)pyrene and a mixture of 16 PAHs, we found that ozone transformed all PAHs in a H2O matrix within minutes but complete mineralization to CO2 took several weeks. When urban runoff water (7.6 mg CL(-1)) replaced H2O as the background matrix, some delays in degradation rates were observed but transforming a mixture of PAHs was still complete within 10 min. Comparing the biodegradability of the ozonated products to the parent structures in unsaturated soil microcosms showed that the 3-ring phenanthrene was more biodegradable (as evidence by (14)CO2 released) than its ozonated products but for the 5-ring benzo(a)pyrene, the products produced by ozone were much more biodegradable (22% vs. 3% mineralized). For phenanthrene, we identified diphenaldehyde as the initial degradation product produced from ozonation. By continuing to pump the ozonated products ((14)C-labeled diphenaldehyde or ozone-treated benzo(a)pyrene) onto glass beads coated with microorganisms, we verified that biological mineralization could be achieved in a flow-through system and mineralization rates improved with acclimation of the microbial population (i.e., time and exposure to the substrate). These results support a combined ozone and biological approach to treating PAHs in urban runoff water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chainarong Sakulthaew
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915, USA; Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Steve Comfort
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915, USA.
| | - Chanat Chokejaroenrat
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-6105, USA; School of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
| | - Clifford Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Albion College, Albion, MI 49224, USA.
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-6105, USA.
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Rubio-Clemente A, Torres-Palma RA, Peñuela GA. Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous environment by chemical treatments: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 478:201-225. [PMID: 24552655 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic potential, the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from aqueous environment using physical, biological and chemical processes has been studied by several researchers. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge concerning PAHs including their physico-chemical properties, input sources, occurrence, adverse effects and conventional and alternative chemical processes applied for their removal from water. The mechanisms and reactions involved in each treatment method are reported, and the effects of various variables on the PAH degradation rate as well as the extent of degradation are also discussed. Extensive literature analysis has shown that an effective way to perform the conversion and mineralization of this type of substances is the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Furthermore, combined processes, particularly AOPs coupled with biological treatments, seem to be one of the best solutions for the treatment of effluents containing PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Rubio-Clemente
- Grupo de Diagnóstico y Control de la Contaminación - GDCON, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigaciones Universitarias (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ricardo A Torres-Palma
- Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Gustavo A Peñuela
- Grupo de Diagnóstico y Control de la Contaminación - GDCON, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigaciones Universitarias (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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Barathi P, Kumar AS. Electrochemical conversion of unreactive pyrene to highly redox-active 1,2-quinone derivatives on a carbon nanotube-modified gold electrode surface and its selective hydrogen peroxide sensing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:10617-10623. [PMID: 23930943 DOI: 10.1021/la402092r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pyrene (PYR) is a rigid, carcinogenic, unreactive, and nonelectrooxidizable compound. A multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-modified gold electrode surface-bound electrochemical oxidation of PYR to a highly redox-active surface-confined quinone derivative (PYRO) at an applied potential of 1 V versus Ag/AgCl in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution has been demonstrated in this work. Among various carbon nanomaterials examined, the pristine MWCNT-modified gold electrode showed effective electrochemical oxidation of the PYR. The MWCNT's graphite impurity promotes the electrochemical oxidation reaction. Physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations of MWCNT@PYRO by Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and GC-MS reveal the presence of PYRO as pyrene-tetrone within the modified electrode. The quinone position of PYRO was identified as ortho-directing by an elegantly designed ortho-isomer-selective complexation reaction with copper ion as an MWCNT@PYRO-Cu(2+/1+)-modified electrode. Finally, a cytochrome c enzyme-modified Au/MWCNT@PYRO (i.e., Au/MWCNT@PYRO-Cyt c) was also developed and further demonstrated for the selective biosensing of hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palani Barathi
- Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore-632 014, India
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Pakpahan EN, Isa MH, Kutty SRM, Chantara S, Wiriya W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon removal from petroleum sludge cake using thermal treatment with additives. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2013; 34:407-416. [PMID: 23530354 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2012.698648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum sludge is a hazardous waste that contains various organic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which have carcinogenic-mutagenic and toxic characteristics. This study focuses on the thermal treatment (indirect heating) of petroleum sludge cake for PAH degradation at 250, 450, and 650 degrees C using Ca(OH)2 + NaHCO3 as an additive. The treatment was conducted in a rotary drum electric heater. All experiments were carried out in triplicate. Concentrations of the 16 priority PAHs in gas (absorbed on Amberlite XAD-4 adsorbent), particulate (on quartz filter) and residue phases were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The samples were extracted with acetonitrile by ultra-sonication prior to GC-MS analysis. The use of additive was beneficial and a temperature of 450 degrees C was suitable for PAH degradation. Low levels of PAH emissions, particularly carcinogenic PAH and toxic equivalent concentration (sigma TEC), were observed in gas, particulate and residue phases after treatment.
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Rauscher L, Sakulthaew C, Comfort S. Using slow-release permanganate candles to remediate PAH-contaminated water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 241-242:441-449. [PMID: 23089061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Surface waters impacted by urban runoff in metropolitan areas are becoming increasingly contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Slow-release oxidant candles (paraffin-KMnO(4)) are a relatively new technology being used to treat contaminated groundwater and could potentially be used to treat urban runoff. Given that these candles only release permanganate when submerged, the ephemeral nature of runoff events would influence when the permanganate is released for treating PAHs. Our objective was to determine if slow-release permanganate candles could be used to degrade and mineralize PAHs. Batch experiments quantified PAH degradation rates in the presence of the oxidant candles. Results showed most of the 16 PAHs tested were degraded within 2-4 h. Using (14)C-labled phenanthrene and benzo(a)pyrene, we demonstrated that the wax matrix of the candle initially adsorbs the PAH, but then releases the PAH back into solution as transformed, more water soluble products. While permanganate was unable to mineralize the PAHs (i.e., convert to CO(2)), we found that the permanganate-treated PAHs were much more biodegradable in soil microcosms. To test the concept of using candles to treat PAHs in multiple runoff events, we used a flow-through system where urban runoff water was pumped over a miniature candle in repetitive wet-dry, 24-h cycles. Results showed that the candle was robust in removing PAHs by repeatedly releasing permanganate and degrading the PAHs. These results provide proof-of-concept that permanganate candles could potentially provide a low-cost, low-maintenance approach to remediating PAH-contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy Rauscher
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915, USA.
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Liao X, Zhao D, Yan X. Determination of potassium permanganate demand variation with depth for oxidation-remediation of soils from a PAHs-contaminated coking plant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 193:164-70. [PMID: 21820801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bench-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the potassium permanganate demand, a key parameter for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) system design, and its variation with depth in PAHs-contaminated site of a coking plant. The concentrations of permanganate decreased rapidly during the first 8 d of the reaction process. The reaction follows first order kinetics, with rate constant ranging from 0.01 to 0.3/h. The total oxidant demand (TOD) is significantly higher for clayey silt fill than for soils of other lithology. The typical TOD is about 50 g MnO(4)(-)/kg soil for clayey silt fill, 20-40 g MnO(4)(-)/kg soil for silt, silty clay and 1-7 g MnO(4)(-)/kg soil for fine sand. Statistical analysis revealed that TOD was positively correlated with total organic carbon (TOC) content, clay content and PAHs concentrations, besides sand content, meanwhile TOC was the parameter with the strongest influence on oxidant demand. After 32 d duration of oxidation, PAHs in all tested soils were effectively removed, with total removal percent ranging from 78% to 99%, and small molecular weight PAHs were removed to a greater extent than high molecular weight PAHs. Parameters obtained in this study, combined with soil bulk density, soil porosity and soil moisture, can be used for full-scale ISCO system design and application in coking contaminated site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Liao
- Beijing Key Lab of Industrial Land Contamination and Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China.
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Zawierucha I, Malina G. Effects of oxygen supply on the biodegradation rate in oil hydrocarbons contaminated soil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/289/1/012035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Yen CH, Chen KF, Kao CM, Liang SH, Chen TY. Application of persulfate to remediate petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil: feasibility and comparison with common oxidants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:2097-102. [PMID: 21255917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated soil remediation using persulfate oxidation. Various controlling factors including different persulfate and ferrous ion concentrations, different oxidants (persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, and permanganate), and different contaminants (diesel and fuel oil) were considered. Results show that persulfate oxidation is capable of treating diesel and fuel oil contaminated soil. Higher persulfate and ferrous ion concentrations resulted in higher diesel degrading rates within the applied persulfate/ferrous ion molar ratios. A two-stage diesel degradation was observed in the batch experiments. In addition, treatment of diesel-contaminated soil using in situ metal mineral activation under ambient temperature (e.g., 25°C) may be a feasible option for site remediation. Results also reveal that persulfate anions could persist in the system for more than five months. Thus, sequential injections of ferrous ion to generate sulfate free radicals might be a feasible way to enhance contaminant oxidation. Diesel oxidation efficiency and rates by the three oxidants followed the sequence of hydrogen peroxide>permanganate>persulfate in the limited timeframes. Results of this study indicate that the application of persulfate oxidation is a feasible method to treat soil contaminated by diesel and fuel oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsien Yen
- Environmental Protection Bureau, Nantou County Government, No. 660, Zhongxing Rd., Nantou City, Nantou 54001, Taiwan
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Włodarczyk-Makuła M. Application of UV-rays in removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from treated wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:248-257. [PMID: 21279895 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.535413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the removal of PAHs by UV-rays from treated wastewater. Samples of wastewater originating from a municipal treatment plant were taken twofold (series I and series II). The initial concentration of PAHs ranged: 0.8 μg/L (in series I) and 1.2 μg/L (in series II), respectively. A standard mixture of 16 compounds was added to the wastewater samples. The amount of individual hydrocarbons in the added mixture was equal to 40 μg/L, (in series I) and 50 μg/L, (in series II), respectively. The samples of wastewater without the added standard mixture were treated as a control samples. All samples of wastewater were exposed to UV-rays during 10, 20, 30 and 60 seconds, respectively. Afterwards, the PAHs concentration in both the wastewater samples containing the standard mixture and in the control samples was determined. Determinations of PAHs concentration in wastewater samples in each series were made in triplicates. A quantitative analysis of PAHs was provided by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was found that exposition to ultraviolet rays resulted in the decrease in the concentration of PAHs in the wastewater samples without added standard mixture up to 65%. The efficiency of the removal of hydrocarbons grouped according to a number of rings was in the range of 0 (for 5- ring and 6-ring of PAHs) to 71% (for naphthalene). It was also found that exposure of wastewater samples to UV-rays resulted in a decrease of PAHs concentration in wastewater samples with the added standard mixture up to 84%. The efficiency of the removal of hydrocarbons grouped according to a number of rings differed significantly (to 94% for naphthalene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Włodarczyk-Makuła
- Department of Chemistry, Water and Wastewater Technology, Częstochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland.
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Yap CL, Gan S, Ng HK. Application of vegetable oils in the treatment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-contaminated soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 177:28-41. [PMID: 20006435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A brief review is conducted on the application of vegetable oils in the treatment of PAH-contaminated soils. Three main scopes of treatment strategies are discussed in this work including soil washing by oil, integrated oil-biological treatment and integrated oil-non-biological treatment. For each of these, the arguments supporting vegetable oil application, the applied treatment techniques and their efficiencies, associated factors, as well as the feasibility of the techniques are detailed. Additionally, oil regeneration, the environmental impacts of oil residues in soil and comparison with other commonly employed techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Yap
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Electro ultrasonic remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soil. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-010-0117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gan S, Lau EV, Ng HK. Remediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 172:532-549. [PMID: 19700241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic micropollutants which are resistant to environmental degradation due to their highly hydrophobic nature. Concerns over their adverse health effects have resulted in extensive studies on the remediation of soils contaminated with PAHs. This paper aims to provide a review of the remediation technologies specifically for PAH-contaminated soils. The technologies discussed here include solvent extraction, bioremediation, phytoremediation, chemical oxidation, photocatalytic degradation, electrokinetic remediation, thermal treatment and integrated remediation technologies. For each of these, the theories are discussed in conjunction with comparative evaluation of studies reported in the specialised literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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de Souza e Silva PT, da Silva VL, Neto BDB, Simonnot MO. Potassium permanganate oxidation of phenanthrene and pyrene in contaminated soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 168:1269-73. [PMID: 19345005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Potassium permanganate, widely used in water treatment, has shown its applicability to reduce PAH contamination in groundwater and soils. The first stage to design a treatment at the site scale is the feasibility study at the bench scale, generally performed by means of batch experiments. The aim of the present contribution was to investigate the influence of two factors on PAH degradation in spiked soils, following the method of factorial designs. These factors were the weight ratio KMnO(4)/PAH and the reaction time. Three factorial designs were performed and batch experiments were run to study the degradation of phenanthrene and pyrene on soils spiked at different concentrations, between 700 and 2100 mg kg(-1). We showed that treatment with potassium permanganate significantly reduced PAH concentration, but pyrene was more recalcitrant than phenanthrene. Both variables had negative main effects and a positive two-factor interaction effect: increasing the weight ratio or the reaction time enhanced PAH degradation but the reduction produced by the two factors was lower than the sum of the individual contributions. The comparison of these results with results that we published previously under comparable conditions showed that Fenton's reagent was more efficient than potassium permanganate.
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Alderman NS, Nyman MC. Oxidation of PAHs in a simplified system using peroxy-acid and glass beads: Identification of oxidizing species. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2009; 44:1077-1087. [PMID: 19847697 DOI: 10.1080/10934520903005053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic contaminants of concern due to their ubiquity, persistence in the natural environment and adverse health effects. Numerous studies have looked into the removal and treatment of these contaminants, with mixed results. High molecular weight PAHs have been particularly problematic due to their hydrophobicity and high affinity for organics, resulting in mass transfer limitations for even the fastest advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The peroxy-acid process has been used to successfully treat PAH contaminated matrices. Experiments were conducted on benzo[a]pyrene contaminated glass beads in order to elucidate the reaction mechanisms responsible for the effectiveness of this process. For the first time peracetic acid (PAA) was identified as the important oxidant in this reaction. Different v/v/v ratios of hydrogen peroxide/acetic acid/DI water were studied which illustrated the importance of reaction ratio on oxidant concentration and rate of formation. Approximately 60% degradation of benzo[a]pyrene was achieved in 24 hours with 1.7% PAA. Observations of the reaction kinetics suggest that the slow desorption/dissolution of benzo[a]pyrene limits the efficiency of the peroxy-acid process. Modifications of the reaction setup supported this observation as treatment efficiencies increased with reactive surface area, and an increase in system agitation. These limitations were also overcome by increasing the concentration of PAA delivered to the contaminated matrix. Greater than 80% degradation of benzo[a]pyrene was achieved in 24 hours with approximately 9.2% PAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman S Alderman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
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Aleboyeh A, Olya ME, Aleboyeh H. Oxidative treatment of azo dyes in aqueous solution by potassium permanganate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 162:1530-1535. [PMID: 18692314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This work was conducted to study the ability of permanganate (KMnO(4)) oxidative treatment as a method to decolourise the solutions containing azo dye C.I. Acid Orange 7, C.I. Acid Orange 8, C.I. Acid Red 14, or C.I. Acid Red 73, in a batch system. The results of the study demonstrated the complete removal of the colour and partial mineralization for each dye solution. The effect of the key operating variables such as initial dye concentration, permanganate amount, pH and temperature were studied. Decolourisation reactions were influenced by the acidity and temperature of the treated solutions. To avoid the overdose of KMnO(4), the stoichiometric amount of permanganate required for 1 mol of dye complete colour removal was determined. The reactions between permanganate and C.I. Acid Orange 7, C.I. Acid Orange 8, C.I. Acid Red 14 and C.I. Acid Red 73 dyes in acidic medium exhibit (2.05, 2.20, 2.42 and 2.79):1 stoichiometry (MnO(4)(-):dye). Dye degradation efficiency by potassium permanganate was studied, monitoring total organic carbon (TOC). The results indicated that the degradation efficiency of azo dyes increased with the increase of the potassium permanganate amount. Meanwhile, even in large excess of the oxidant, the dye mineralization was incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aleboyeh
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés de Traitement des Effluents, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, Université de Haute Alsace, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France.
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Thomson NR, Fraser MJ, Lamarche C, Barker JF, Forsey SP. Rebound of a coal tar creosote plume following partial source zone treatment with permanganate. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2008; 102:154-171. [PMID: 18757111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The long-term management of dissolved plumes originating from a coal tar creosote source is a technical challenge. For some sites stabilization of the source may be the best practical solution to decrease the contaminant mass loading to the plume and associated off-site migration. At the bench-scale, the deposition of manganese oxides, a permanganate reaction byproduct, has been shown to cause pore plugging and the formation of a manganese oxide layer adjacent to the non-aqueous phase liquid creosote which reduces post-treatment mass transfer and hence mass loading from the source. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of partial permanganate treatment to reduce the ability of a coal tar creosote source zone to generate a multi-component plume at the pilot-scale over both the short-term (weeks to months) and the long-term (years) at a site where there is >10 years of comprehensive synoptic plume baseline data available. A series of preliminary bench-scale experiments were conducted to support this pilot-scale investigation. The results from the bench-scale experiments indicated that if sufficient mass removal of the reactive compounds is achieved then the effective solubility, aqueous concentration and rate of mass removal of the more abundant non-reactive coal tar creosote compounds such as biphenyl and dibenzofuran can be increased. Manganese oxide formation and deposition caused an order-of-magnitude decrease in hydraulic conductivity. Approximately 125 kg of permanganate were delivered into the pilot-scale source zone over 35 days, and based on mass balance estimates <10% of the initial reactive coal tar creosote mass in the source zone was oxidized. Mass discharge estimated at a down-gradient fence line indicated >35% reduction for all monitored compounds except for biphenyl, dibenzofuran and fluoranthene 150 days after treatment, which is consistent with the bench-scale experimental results. Pre- and post-treatment soil core data indicated a highly variable and random spatial distribution of mass within the source zone and provided no insight into the mass removed of any of the monitored species. The down-gradient plume was monitored approximately 1, 2 and 4 years following treatment. The data collected at 1 and 2 years post-treatment showed a decrease in mass discharge (10 to 60%) and/or total plume mass (0 to 55%); however, by 4 years post-treatment there was a rebound in both mass discharge and total plume mass for all monitored compounds to pre-treatment values or higher. The variability of the data collected was too large to resolve subtle changes in plume morphology, particularly near the source zone, that would provide insight into the impact of the formation and deposition of manganese oxides that occurred during treatment on mass transfer and/or flow by-passing. Overall, the results from this pilot-scale investigation indicate that there was a significant but short-term (months) reduction of mass emanating from the source zone as a result of permanganate treatment but there was no long-term (years) impact on the ability of this coal tar creosote source zone to generate a multi-component plume.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Thomson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo ON, Canada N2L 3G1.
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Andreottola G, Dallago L, Ferrarese E. Feasibility study for the remediation of groundwater contaminated by organolead compounds. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 156:488-498. [PMID: 18242831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to assess the effectiveness of chemical oxidation, Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) and adsorption on granular activated carbon (GAC) for the ex situ remediation of a groundwater contaminated by organolead compounds, including tetraethyl lead (TEL), triethyl lead (TREL) and diethyl lead (DEL). The groundwater of concern was collected from the site of a former tetraalkyllead producing company in Trento (Italy), and showed an average total organic lead (TOL) content about 95.1 microg/L (TEL 0.5 microg/L, TREL 86.4 microg/L, DEL 8.3 microg/L). The main target of the study was to find out which method was more effective in reducing the pollutant content. For this purpose, several laboratory tests were performed, including chemical oxidation tests with different reactants (hydrogen peroxide, modified Fenton's reagent, potassium permanganate, activated potassium persulfate, oxygen and combinations of potassium permanganate and modified Fenton's reagent), AOPs with ozone, UV radiation and hydrogen peroxide and filtration on granular activated carbon. A combination of chemical and physical treatments was also tested, with GAC filtration followed by chemical oxidation. According to the results achieved, the treatments which showed the best remediation performances were: chemical oxidation with modified Fenton's reagent, AOPs with hydrogen peroxide and ozone (perozone), AOPs with hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation, and the combined treatment with activated carbon filtration followed by chemical oxidation with perozone. All these treatments showed a 90% TOL removal, with excellent removals of both TEL and TREL, and final DEL concentrations below 5 microg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Andreottola
- Università degli Studi di Trento, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, Trento (TN), Italy
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Sirguey C, de Souza e Silva PT, Schwartz C, Simonnot MO. Impact of chemical oxidation on soil quality. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:282-9. [PMID: 18299143 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation treatment helps to reduce the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) load in contaminated soils but it may also have an effect on the soil quality. The impact of permanganate and Fenton oxidation on soil quality is investigated. Soil quality is restricted here to the potential for plant growth. Soil samples were collected from an agricultural field (S1) and a former coking plant (S4). Agricultural soil was spiked with phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PYR) at two concentrations (S2: 700 mg PHE kg(-1), S3: 700 mg PHE kg(-1) and 2100 mg PYR kg(-1)). Soils were treated with both oxidation processes, and analyzed for PAHs and a set of agronomic parameters. A plant germination and growth test was run with rye-grass on treated soils. Results showed that both treatments produced the expected reduction of PAH concentration (from 64% to 97%). Besides, a significant loss of organic C and N, and strong changes in available nutrients were observed. Permanganate treatment increased the specific surface area and the cation exchange capacity in relation to manganese dioxide precipitation, and produced a rise in pH. Fenton oxidation decreased soil pH and increased the water retention capacity. Plant growth was negatively affected by permanganate, related to lower soil permeability and aeration. Both treatments had an effect on soil properties but Fenton oxidation appeared to be more compatible with revegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Sirguey
- Laboratoire Sols et Environnement UMR 1120, Nancy Université INPL/INRA, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 172, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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Tsai TT, Kao CM, Yeh TY, Lee MS. Chemical Oxidation of Chlorinated Solvents in Contaminated Groundwater: Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1061/(asce)1090-025x(2008)12:2(116)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Poerschmann J, Trommler U, Nyplova P, Morgenstern P, Górecki T. Complexation-flocculation of organic contaminants by the application of oxyhumolite-based humic organic matter. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 70:1228-37. [PMID: 17868769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Control of hazardous organic micropollutants is a challenging water quality issue. Dissolved humic organic matter (DOM) isolated from oxyhumolite coal mined in Bohemia was investigated as a complexation agent to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and functionalized phenols from water by a two-stage process involving complexation and flocculation. After the formation of humic-contaminant complexes, ferric salts were added resulting in the precipitation and flocculation of the DOM and the associated pollutants. Flocculation experiments with ferric ion coagulants indicated that precipitation of oxyhumolite DOM together with the complexed contaminants occurred at lower ferric ion concentrations than with the reference DOM in acidic environments (pH approximately 3.5). The complexation-flocculation removal rates for non-reactive PAHs characterized by small localization energies of pi-electrons correlated well with the complexation constants. On the other hand, the combined complexation-flocculation removal rates for activated PAHs including trans-stilbene, anthracene and 9-methyl anthracene, as well as functionalized polar phenols, were higher than predicted from the complexation coefficients. Methodological studies revealed for the first time that the ferric ion coagulant contributed to enhanced removal rates, most probably due to ferric ion-catalyzed pollutant degradation resulting in oxidized products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Poerschmann
- Department of Environmental Technology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle Ltd., Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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