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Papanikolaou NA, Nikolaidis M, Amoutzias GD, Fouza A, Papaioannou M, Pandey A, Papavassiliou AG. The Dynamic and Crucial Role of the Arginine Methylproteome in Myoblast Cell Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2124. [PMID: 36768448 PMCID: PMC9916730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methylation is an extensive and functionally significant post-translational modification. However, little is known about its role in differentiation at the systems level. Using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) proteomics of whole proteome analysis in proliferating or five-day differentiated mouse C2C12 myoblasts, followed by high-resolution mass spectrometry, biochemical assays, and specific immunoprecipitation of mono- or dimethylated arginine peptides, we identified several protein families that were differentially methylated on arginine. Our study is the first to reveal global changes in the arginine mono- or dimethylation of proteins in proliferating myoblasts and differentiated myocytes and to identify enriched protein domains and novel short linear motifs (SLiMs). Our data may be crucial for dissecting the links between differentiation and cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos A. Papanikolaou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Marios Nikolaidis
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Grigorios D. Amoutzias
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Ariadni Fouza
- Fifth Surgical Department, Ippokrateio General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54643 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Maria Papaioannou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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2
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Genome-Wide Identification of the SAMS Gene Family in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and Expression Analysis in Drought Stress Treatments. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050860. [PMID: 35627245 PMCID: PMC9141922 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton is an important commercial crop whose growth and yield are severely affected by drought. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is widely involved in the plant stress response and growth regulation; however, the role of the S-adenosylmethionine synthase (SAMS) gene family in this process is poorly understood. Here, we systematically analyzed the expression of SAMS genes in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). A total of 16 SAMS genes were identified, each with a similar predicted structure. A large number of cis-acting elements involved in the response to abiotic stress were predicted based on promoter analysis, indicating a likely important role in abiotic stress responses. The results of qRT-PCR validation showed that GhSAMS genes had different expression patterns after drought stress and in response to drought stress. Analysis of a selected subset of GhSAMS genes showed increased expression in cultivar Xinluzhong 39 (drought resistant) when compared to cultivar Xinluzao 26 (drought-sensitive) upland cotton. This study provides important relevant information for further study of SAMS genes in drought resistance research of upland cotton, which is helpful for drought-resistance improvement of upland cotton.
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3
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Wu C, Guo X, Li M, Shen J, Fu X, Xie Q, Hou Z, Zhai M, Qiu X, Cui Z, Xie H, Qin P, Weng X, Hu Z, Liang J. DeepHBV: a deep learning model to predict hepatitis B virus (HBV) integration sites. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:138. [PMID: 34233610 PMCID: PMC8261932 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the main causes of viral hepatitis and liver cancer. HBV integration is one of the key steps in the virus-promoted malignant transformation. Results An attention-based deep learning model, DeepHBV, was developed to predict HBV integration sites. By learning local genomic features automatically, DeepHBV was trained and tested using HBV integration site data from the dsVIS database. Initially, DeepHBV showed an AUROC of 0.6363 and an AUPR of 0.5471 for the dataset. The integration of genomic features of repeat peaks and TCGA Pan-Cancer peaks significantly improved model performance, with AUROCs of 0.8378 and 0.9430 and AUPRs of 0.7535 and 0.9310, respectively. The transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) were significantly enriched near the genomic positions that were considered. The binding sites of the AR-halfsite, Arnt, Atf1, bHLHE40, bHLHE41, BMAL1, CLOCK, c-Myc, COUP-TFII, E2A, EBF1, Erra, and Foxo3 were highlighted by DeepHBV in both the dsVIS and VISDB datasets, revealing a novel integration preference for HBV. Conclusions DeepHBV is a useful tool for predicting HBV integration sites, revealing novel insights into HBV integration-related carcinogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01869-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canbiao Wu
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology of the Eastern Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 510700, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxian Shen
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiayu Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyu Xie
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China.,School of Computer Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Zeliang Hou
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Manman Zhai
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofan Qiu
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Zifeng Cui
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxian Xie
- Generulor Company Bio-X Lab, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengmin Qin
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuchu Weng
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 510080, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Jiuxing Liang
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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4
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The Chalcone Isomerase Family in Cotton: Whole-Genome Bioinformatic and Expression Analyses of the Gossypium barbadense L. Response to Fusarium Wilt Infection. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121006. [PMID: 31817162 PMCID: PMC6947653 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chalcone isomerase (CHI) is a key component of phenylalanine metabolism that can produce a variety of flavonoids. However, little information and no systematic analysis of CHI genes is available for cotton. Here, we identified 33 CHI genes in the complete genome sequences of four cotton species (Gossypium arboretum L., Gossypium raimondii L., Gossypium hirsutum L., and Gossypium barbadense L.). Cotton CHI proteins were classified into two main groups, and whole-genome/segmental and dispersed duplication events were important in CHI gene family expansion. qRT-PCR and semiquantitative RT-PCR results suggest that CHI genes exhibit temporal and spatial variation and respond to infection with Fusarium wilt race 7. A preliminary model of CHI gene involvement in cotton evolution was established. Pairwise comparison revealed that seven CHI genes showed higher expression in cultivar 06-146 than in cultivar Xinhai 14. Overall, this whole-genome identification unlocks a new approach to the comprehensive functional analysis of the CHI gene family, which may be involved in adaptation to plant pathogen stress.
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Magwanga RO, Kirungu JN, Lu P, Yang X, Dong Q, Cai X, Xu Y, Wang X, Zhou Z, Hou Y, Nyunja R, Agong SG, Hua J, Zhang B, Wang K, Liu F. Genome wide identification of the trihelix transcription factors and overexpression of Gh_A05G2067 (GT-2), a novel gene contributing to increased drought and salt stresses tolerance in cotton. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:447-464. [PMID: 30629305 PMCID: PMC6850275 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We identified 102, 51 and 51 proteins encoded by the trihelix genes in Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium raimondii, respectively. RNA sequence data and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that Gh_A05G2067 (GT-2) was highly upregulated under drought and salt stress conditions. Transient expression of GT-2-green fluorescent protein fusion protein in protoplast showed that GT-2 was localized in the nucleus. The overexpression of GT-2 conferred an enhanced drought tolerance to cotton, with lower malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide contents and higher reactive oxygen scavenging enzyme activities. Moreover, chlorophyll content, relative leaf water content (RLWC), excised leaf water loss (ELWL) and cell membrane stability (CMS) were relatively stable in the GT-2-overexpressed lines compared to wild-type (WT). Similarly, stress-responsive genes RD29A, SOS1, ABF4 and CBL1 were highly upregulated in the GT-2-overexpressed lines but were significantly downregulated in WT. In addition, the GT-2-silenced cotton plants exhibited a high level of oxidation injury, due to high levels of oxidant enzymes, in addition to negative effects on CMS, ELWL, RLWC and chlorophyll content. These results mark the foundation for future exploration of the trihelix genes in cotton, with an aim of developing more resilient, versatile and highly tolerant cotton genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard O. Magwanga
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyAnyang 455000China
- Jaramogi Oginga OdingaUniversity of Science and TechnologySchool of Biological and Physical Sciences (SBPS), P.O Box 210‐40601, BondoKenya
| | - Joy N. Kirungu
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyAnyang 455000China
| | - Pu Lu
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyAnyang 455000China
| | - Xiu Yang
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyAnyang 455000China
| | - Qi Dong
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyAnyang 455000China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyAnyang 455000China
| | - Yanchao Xu
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyAnyang 455000China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyAnyang 455000China
| | - Zhongli Zhou
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyAnyang 455000China
| | - Yuqing Hou
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyAnyang 455000China
| | - Regina Nyunja
- Jaramogi Oginga OdingaUniversity of Science and TechnologySchool of Biological and Physical Sciences (SBPS), P.O Box 210‐40601, BondoKenya
| | - Stephen G. Agong
- Jaramogi Oginga OdingaUniversity of Science and TechnologySchool of Biological and Physical Sciences (SBPS), P.O Box 210‐40601, BondoKenya
| | | | - Baohong Zhang
- North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Kunbo Wang
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyAnyang 455000China
| | - Fang Liu
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyAnyang 455000China
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6
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Mihaljevic I, Popovic M, Zaja R, Smital T. Phylogenetic, syntenic, and tissue expression analysis of slc22 genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio). BMC Genomics 2016; 17:626. [PMID: 27519738 PMCID: PMC4982206 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SLC22 protein family is a member of the SLC (Solute carriers) superfamily of polyspecific membrane transporters responsible for uptake of a wide range of organic anions and cations, including numerous endo- and xenobiotics. Due to the lack of knowledge on zebrafish Slc22 family, we performed initial characterization of these transporters using a detailed phylogenetic and conserved synteny analysis followed by the tissue specific expression profiling of slc22 transcripts. RESULTS We identified 20 zebrafish slc22 genes which are organized in the same functional subgroups as human SLC22 members. Orthologies and syntenic relations between zebrafish and other vertebrates revealed consequences of the teleost-specific whole genome duplication as shown through one-to-many orthologies for certain zebrafish slc22 genes. Tissue expression profiles of slc22 transcripts were analyzed using qRT-PCR determinations in nine zebrafish tissues: liver, kidney, intestine, gills, brain, skeletal muscle, eye, heart, and gonads. Our analysis revealed high expression of oct1 in kidney, especially in females, followed by oat3 and oat2c in females, oat2e in males and orctl4 in females. oct1 was also dominant in male liver. oat2d showed the highest expression in intestine with less noticeable gender differences. All slc22 genes showed low expression in gills, and moderate expression in heart and skeletal muscle. Dominant genes in brain were oat1 in females and oct1 in males, while the highest gender differences were determined in gonads, with dominant expression of almost all slc22 genes in testes and the highest expression of oat2a. CONCLUSIONS Our study offers the first insight into the orthology relationships, gene expression and potential role of Slc22 membrane transporters in zebrafish. Clear orthological relationships of zebrafish slc22 and other vertebrate slc22 genes were established. slc22 members are mostly highly conserved, suggesting their physiological and toxicological importance. One-to-many orthologies and differences in tissue expression patterns of zebrafish slc22 genes in comparison to human orthologs were observed. Our expression data point to partial similarity of zebrafish versus human Slc22 members, with possible compensatory roles of certain zebrafish transporters, whereas higher number of some orthologs implies potentially more diverse and specific roles of these proteins in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mihaljevic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Popovic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Roko Zaja
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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7
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Zhu C, Nigam KB, Date RC, Bush KT, Springer SA, Saier MH, Wu W, Nigam SK. Evolutionary Analysis and Classification of OATs, OCTs, OCTNs, and Other SLC22 Transporters: Structure-Function Implications and Analysis of Sequence Motifs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140569. [PMID: 26536134 PMCID: PMC4633038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SLC22 family includes organic anion transporters (OATs), organic cation transporters (OCTs) and organic carnitine and zwitterion transporters (OCTNs). These are often referred to as drug transporters even though they interact with many endogenous metabolites and signaling molecules (Nigam, S.K., Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 14:29-44, 2015). Phylogenetic analysis of SLC22 supports the view that these transporters may have evolved over 450 million years ago. Many OAT members were found to appear after a major expansion of the SLC22 family in mammals, suggesting a physiological and/or toxicological role during the mammalian radiation. Putative SLC22 orthologs exist in worms, sea urchins, flies, and ciona. At least six groups of SLC22 exist. OATs and OCTs form two Major clades of SLC22, within which (apart from Oat and Oct subclades), there are also clear Oat-like, Octn, and Oct-related subclades, as well as a distantly related group we term "Oat-related" (which may have different functions). Based on available data, it is arguable whether SLC22A18, which is related to bacterial drug-proton antiporters, should be assigned to SLC22. Disease-causing mutations, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other functionally analyzed mutations in OAT1, OAT3, URAT1, OCT1, OCT2, OCTN1, and OCTN2 map to the first extracellular domain, the large central intracellular domain, and transmembrane domains 9 and 10. These regions are highly conserved within subclades, but not between subclades, and may be necessary for SLC22 transporter function and functional diversification. Our results not only link function to evolutionarily conserved motifs but indicate the need for a revised sub-classification of SLC22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Zhu
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kabir B. Nigam
- Departments of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rishabh C. Date
- Departments of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin T. Bush
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stevan A. Springer
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Milton H. Saier
- Departments of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wei Wu
- Departments of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SKN); (WW)
| | - Sanjay K. Nigam
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SKN); (WW)
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8
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Daniel B, Nagy G, Nagy L. The intriguing complexities of mammalian gene regulation: how to link enhancers to regulated genes. Are we there yet? FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2379-91. [PMID: 24945732 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The information encoded in genomes supports the differentiation and function of the more than 200 unique cell types, which exist in various mammalian species. The major mechanism driving cellular differentiation and specification is differential gene expression regulation. Cis-acting enhancers and silencers appear to have key roles in regulating the expression of mammalian genes. However, these cis-acting elements are often located very far away from the regulated gene. Therefore, it is hard to find all of them and link them to the regulated gene. An intriguing and unresolved issue of the field is to identify all of the enhancers of a particular gene and link these short regulatory sequences to the genes they regulate and thus, reliably identify gene regulatory enhancer networks. Recent advances in molecular biological methods coupled with Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies have opened up new possibilities in this area of genomics. In this review we summarize the technological advances, bioinformatics challenges and the potential molecular mechanisms allowing the construction of enhancer networks operating in specific cell types and/or activated by various signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Daniel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen H-4010, Hungary; MTA-DE "Lendület" Immunogenomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, Hungary; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
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9
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Wen F, Zhu H, Li P, Jiang M, Mao W, Ong C, Chu Z. Genome-wide evolutionary characterization and expression analyses of WRKY family genes in Brachypodium distachyon. DNA Res 2014; 21:327-39. [PMID: 24453041 PMCID: PMC4060952 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dst060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of plant WRKY gene family are ancient transcription factors that function in plant growth and development and respond to biotic and abiotic stresses. In our present study, we have investigated WRKY family genes in Brachypodium distachyon, a new model plant of family Poaceae. We identified a total of 86 WRKY genes from B. distachyon and explored their chromosomal distribution and evolution, domain alignment, promoter cis-elements, and expression profiles. Combining the analysis of phylogenetic tree of BdWRKY genes and the result of expression profiling, results showed that most of clustered gene pairs had higher similarities in the WRKY domain, suggesting that they might be functionally redundant. Neighbour-joining analysis of 301 WRKY domains from Oryza sativa, Arabidopsis thaliana, and B. distachyon suggested that BdWRKY domains are evolutionarily more closely related to O. sativa WRKY domains than those of A. thaliana. Moreover, tissue-specific expression profile of BdWRKY genes and their responses to phytohormones and several biotic or abiotic stresses were analysed by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that the expression of BdWRKY genes was rapidly regulated by stresses and phytohormones, and there was a strong correlation between promoter cis-elements and the phytohormones-induced BdWRKY gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden, 3888 Chenhua Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden, 3888 Chenhua Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Peng Li
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden, 3888 Chenhua Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden, 3888 Chenhua Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Wenqing Mao
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden, 3888 Chenhua Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Chermaine Ong
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden, 3888 Chenhua Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Zhaoqing Chu
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden, 3888 Chenhua Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201602, China
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10
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Cotter KA, Yershov A, Novillo A, Callard GV. Multiple structurally distinct ERα mRNA variants in zebrafish are differentially expressed by tissue type, stage of development and estrogen exposure. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 194:217-29. [PMID: 24090614 PMCID: PMC3862120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that estrogen-like environmental chemicals interact with the ligand-binding site of estrogen receptors (ERs) to disrupt transcriptional control of estrogen responsive targets. Here we investigate the possibility that estrogens also impact splicing decisions on estrogen responsive genes, such as that encoding ERα itself. Targeted PCR cloning was applied to identify six ERα mRNA variants in zebrafish. Sequencing revealed alternate use of transcription and translation start sites, multiple exon deletions, intron retention and alternate polyadenylation. As determined by quantitative (q)PCR, N-terminal mRNA variants predicting long (ERαA(L)) and short (ERα(S)) isoforms were differentially expressed by tissue-type, sex, stage of development and estrogen exposure. Whereas ERα(L) mRNA was diffusely distributed in liver, brain, heart, eye, and gonads, ERα(S) mRNA was preferentially expressed in liver (female>male) and ovary. Neither ERα(L) nor ERα(S) transcripts varied significantly during development, but 17β-estradiol selectively increased accumulation of ERα(S) mRNA (∼170-fold by 120 hpf), an effect mimicked by bisphenol-A and diethylstilbestrol. Significantly, a C-truncated variant (ERα(S)-Cx) lacking most of the ligand binding and AF-2 domains was transcribed exclusively from the short isoform promoter and was similar to ERα(S) in its tissue-, stage- and estrogen inducible expression. These results support the idea that promoter choice and alternative splicing of the esr1 gene of zebrafish are part of the autoregulatory mechanism by which estrogen modulates subsequent ERα expression, and further suggest that environmental estrogens could exert some of their toxic effects by altering the relative abundance of structurally and functionally distinct ERα isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A. Cotter
- Boston University Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anya Yershov
- Boston University Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Apolonia Novillo
- Boston University Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gloria V. Callard
- Boston University Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Corresponding author: (617-353-8980)
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11
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Cloning, characterization, sequence analysis and expression patterns in vivo of testicular 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase cDNA in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 159:171-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Wu W, Baker ME, Eraly SA, Bush KT, Nigam SK. Analysis of a large cluster of SLC22 transporter genes, including novel USTs, reveals species-specific amplification of subsets of family members. Physiol Genomics 2009; 38:116-24. [PMID: 19417012 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90309.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
When the organic anion transporter Oat1 was first identified as NKT (Lopez-Nieto CE, You G, Bush KT, Barros EJ, Beier DR, Nigam SK. J Biol Chem 272: 6471-6478, 1997), it was argued that it, together with Oct1, may be part of a larger subfamily (now known as SLC22) involved in organic ion and xenobiotic transport. The least studied among SLC22 transporters are the so-called unknown substrate transporters (USTs). Here, five novel genes located in a cluster on mouse chromosome 19, immediately between Slc22a8 (Oat3)/Slc22a6 (Oat1) and Slc22a19 (Oat5), were identified as homologs of human USTs. These genes display preferential expression in liver and kidney, and one gene, AB056422, has several splicing variants with differential tissue expression and embryonic expression. Along with Slc22a6, Slc22a8, and Slc22a19, these Usts define the largest known cluster of mammalian Slc22 genes. Given the established functions of Oats, these genes may also be involved in organic anion transport. Usts have characteristic motifs and share a signature residue in the possible active site of transmembrane domain 7, a conserved, positively charged, amino acid, Arg356, possibly a site for interaction with organic anions. In certain species, Oat1 and Oat3 appeared to be highly conserved, whereas the Ust part of this cluster appeared to undergo repeated species-specific amplification, suggesting strong environmental selection pressure, and perhaps providing an explanation for copy number variation in the human locus. One Ust amplification in mouse appears to be recent. This cluster may be coordinately regulated and under selective pressure in a species-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0693, USA
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13
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Baker ME, Chandsawangbhuwana C. Motif analysis of amphioxus, lamprey and invertebrate estrogen receptors: Toward a better understanding of estrogen receptor evolution. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 371:724-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Oelkers K, Goffard N, Weiller GF, Gresshoff PM, Mathesius U, Frickey T. Bioinformatic analysis of the CLE signaling peptide family. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 8:1. [PMID: 18171480 PMCID: PMC2254619 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants encode a large number of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases. Legumes encode several LRR-RLK linked to the process of root nodule formation, the ligands of which are unknown. To identify ligands for these receptors, we used a combination of profile hidden Markov models and position-specific iterative BLAST, allowing us to detect new members of the CLV3/ESR (CLE) protein family from publicly available sequence databases. RESULTS We identified 114 new members of the CLE protein family from various plant species, as well as five protein sequences containing multiple CLE domains. We were able to cluster the CLE domain proteins into 13 distinct groups based on their pairwise similarities in the primary CLE motif. In addition, we identified secondary motifs that coincide with our sequence clusters. The groupings based on the CLE motifs correlate with known biological functions of CLE signaling peptides and are analogous to groupings based on phylogenetic analysis and ectopic overexpression studies. We tested the biological function of two of the predicted CLE signaling peptides in the legume Medicago truncatula. These peptides inhibit the activity of the root apical and lateral root meristems in a manner consistent with our functional predictions based on other CLE signaling peptides clustering in the same groups. CONCLUSION Our analysis provides an identification and classification of a large number of novel potential CLE signaling peptides. The additional motifs we found could lead to future discovery of recognition sites for processing peptidases as well as predictions for receptor binding specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Oelkers
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research
| | - Nicolas Goffard
- Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research
| | - Georg F Weiller
- Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research
| | - Tancred Frickey
- Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research
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15
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Jabado OJ, Liu Y, Conlan S, Quan PL, Hegyi H, Lussier Y, Briese T, Palacios G, Lipkin WI. Comprehensive viral oligonucleotide probe design using conserved protein regions. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:e3. [PMID: 18079152 PMCID: PMC2248741 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide microarrays have been applied to microbial surveillance and discovery where highly multiplexed assays are required to address a wide range of genetic targets. Although printing density continues to increase, the design of comprehensive microbial probe sets remains a daunting challenge, particularly in virology where rapid sequence evolution and database expansion confound static solutions. Here, we present a strategy for probe design based on protein sequences that is responsive to the unique problems posed in virus detection and discovery. The method uses the Protein Families database (Pfam) and motif finding algorithms to identify oligonucleotide probes in conserved amino acid regions and untranslated sequences. In silico testing using an experimentally derived thermodynamic model indicated near complete coverage of the viral sequence database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar J. Jabado
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Room 1801, New York, NY 10032, Sigma-Aldrich, Research Biotech, 2909 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA, Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1518 Budapest, PO Box 7, Hungary and Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, AMB N660B, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Room 1801, New York, NY 10032, Sigma-Aldrich, Research Biotech, 2909 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA, Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1518 Budapest, PO Box 7, Hungary and Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, AMB N660B, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sean Conlan
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Room 1801, New York, NY 10032, Sigma-Aldrich, Research Biotech, 2909 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA, Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1518 Budapest, PO Box 7, Hungary and Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, AMB N660B, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - P. Lan Quan
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Room 1801, New York, NY 10032, Sigma-Aldrich, Research Biotech, 2909 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA, Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1518 Budapest, PO Box 7, Hungary and Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, AMB N660B, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hédi Hegyi
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Room 1801, New York, NY 10032, Sigma-Aldrich, Research Biotech, 2909 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA, Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1518 Budapest, PO Box 7, Hungary and Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, AMB N660B, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yves Lussier
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Room 1801, New York, NY 10032, Sigma-Aldrich, Research Biotech, 2909 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA, Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1518 Budapest, PO Box 7, Hungary and Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, AMB N660B, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Room 1801, New York, NY 10032, Sigma-Aldrich, Research Biotech, 2909 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA, Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1518 Budapest, PO Box 7, Hungary and Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, AMB N660B, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Room 1801, New York, NY 10032, Sigma-Aldrich, Research Biotech, 2909 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA, Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1518 Budapest, PO Box 7, Hungary and Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, AMB N660B, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - W. I. Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Room 1801, New York, NY 10032, Sigma-Aldrich, Research Biotech, 2909 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA, Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1518 Budapest, PO Box 7, Hungary and Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, AMB N660B, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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16
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Bastas G, Sompuram SR, Pierce B, Vani K, Bogen SA. Bioinformatic requirements for protein database searching using predicted epitopes from disease-associated antibodies. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 7:247-56. [PMID: 17897933 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700107-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a new approach to identify proteins involved in disease pathogenesis. The technology, Epitope-Mediated Antigen Prediction (E-MAP), leverages the specificity of patients' immune responses to disease-relevant targets and requires no prior knowledge about the protein. E-MAP links pathologic antibodies of unknown specificity, isolated from patient sera, to their cognate antigens in the protein database. The E-MAP process first involves reconstruction of a predicted epitope using a peptide combinatorial library. We then search the protein database for closely matching amino acid sequences. Previously published attempts to identify unknown antibody targets in this manner have largely been unsuccessful for two reasons: 1) short predicted epitopes yield too many irrelevant matches from a database search and 2) the epitopes may not accurately represent the native antigen with sufficient fidelity. Using an in silico model, we demonstrate the critical threshold requirements for epitope length and epitope fidelity. We find that epitopes generally need to have at least seven amino acids, with an overall accuracy of >70% to the native protein, in order to correctly identify the protein in a nonredundant protein database search. We then confirmed these findings experimentally, using the predicted epitopes for four monoclonal antibodies. Since many predicted epitopes often fail to achieve the seven amino acid threshold, we demonstrate the efficacy of paired epitope searches. This is the first systematic analysis of the computational framework to make this approach viable, coupled with experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerassimos Bastas
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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17
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Sompuram SR, Bastas G, Vani K, Bogen SA. Accurate identification of paraprotein antigen targets by epitope reconstruction. Blood 2007; 111:302-8. [PMID: 17878398 PMCID: PMC2200814 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-05-090654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the first successful clinical application of a new discovery technology, epitope-mediated antigen prediction (E-MAP), to the investigation of multiple myeloma. Until now, there has been no reliable, systematic method to identify the cognate antigens of paraproteins. E-MAP is a variation of previous efforts to reconstruct the epitopes of paraproteins, with the significant difference that it provides enough epitope sequence data so as to enable successful protein database searches. We first reconstruct the paraprotein's epitope by analyzing the peptides that strongly bind. Then, we compile the data and interrogate the nonredundant protein database, searching for a close match. As a clinical proof-of-concept, we apply this technology to uncovering the protein targets of para-proteins in multiple myeloma (MM). E-MAP analysis of 2 MM paraproteins identified human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) as a target in both. E-MAP sequence analysis determined that one para-protein binds to the AD-2S1 epitope of HCMV glycoprotein B. The other binds to the amino terminus of the HCMV UL-48 gene product. We confirmed these predictions using immunoassays and immunoblot analyses. E-MAP represents a new investigative tool for analyzing the role of chronic antigenic stimulation in B-lymphoproliferative disorders.
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18
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Xi H, Yu Y, Fu Y, Foley J, Halees A, Weng Z. Analysis of overrepresented motifs in human core promoters reveals dual regulatory roles of YY1. Genome Res 2007; 17:798-806. [PMID: 17567998 PMCID: PMC1891339 DOI: 10.1101/gr.5754707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A set of 723 high-quality human core promoter sequences were compiled and analyzed for overrepresented motifs. Beside the two well-characterized core promoter motifs (TATA and Inr), several known motifs (YY1, Sp1, NRF-1, NRF-2, CAAT, and CREB) and one potentially new motif (motif8) were found. Interestingly, YY1 and motif8 mostly reside immediately downstream from the TSS. In particular, the YY1 motif occurs primarily in genes with 5'-UTRs shorter than 40 base pairs (bp) and its locations coincide with the translation start site. We verified that the YY1 motif is bound by YY1 in vitro. We then performed detailed analysis on YY1 chromatin immunoprecipitation data with a whole-genome human promoter microarray (ChIP-chip) and revealed that the thus identified promoters in HeLa cells were highly enriched with the YY1 motif. Moreover, the motif overlapped with the translation start sites on the plus strand of a group of genes, many with short 5'-UTRs, and with the transcription start sites on the minus strand of another distinct group of genes; together, the two groups of genes accounted for the majority of the YY1-bound promoters in the ChIP-chip data. Furthermore, the first group of genes was highly enriched in the functional categories of ribosomal proteins and nuclear-encoded mitochondria proteins. We suggest that the YY1 motif plays a dual role in both transcription and translation initiation of these genes. We also discuss the evolutionary advantages of housing a transcriptional element inside the transcript in terms of the migration of these genes in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Xi
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Yong Yu
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Yutao Fu
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan Foley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Anason Halees
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Corresponding author.E-mail ; fax (617) 353-6766
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19
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Guda P, Bourne PE, Guda C. Conserved motifs in voltage-sensing and pore-forming modules of voltage-gated ion channel proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 352:292-8. [PMID: 17126810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated ion channels (VGCs) mediate selective diffusion of ions across cell membranes to enable many vital cellular processes. Three-dimensional structure data are lacking for VGC proteins; hence, to better understand their function, there is a need to identify the conserved motifs using sequence analysis methods. In this study, we have used a profile-to-profile alignment method to identify several new conserved motifs specific to each transmembrane segment (TMS) of the voltage-sensing and the pore-forming modules of Ca2+, Na+, and K+ channel subfamilies. For Ca2+ and Na+, the functional theme of motif conservation is similar in all segments while they differ with those of the K+ channel proteins. Nevertheless, the conservation is strikingly similar in the S4 segment of the voltage-sensing module across all subfamilies. In each subfamily and for each TMS, we have identified conserved motifs/residues and correlated their functional significance and disease associations in human, using mutational data from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Guda
- GenNYsis Center for Excellence in Cancer Genomics and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State University of New York at Albany, One Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY 12144-3456, USA.
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20
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Roepcke S, Zhi D, Vingron M, Arndt PF. Identification of highly specific localized sequence motifs in human ribosomal protein gene promoters. Gene 2006; 365:48-56. [PMID: 16343812 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For ribosomal protein (RP) genes the start of transcription is rigidly controlled to maintain the 5'-TOP signal on the messenger RNA. The responsible regulatory mechanism is not yet fully understood. Careful comparative analysis of their proximal promoter sequences reveals common characteristics and thus provides clues to the underlying mechanism. We have extracted the proximal promoters of the 80 human cytosolic ribosomal protein genes together with the orthologous mouse sequences. After annotating the set with transcription factor binding sites based on the available literature, we searched for over-represented sequence motifs. We uncovered a novel motif that is localized at a fixed distance downstream to the transcription start. 31 out of the 80 promoters contain the motif in the same orientation around position +62 (standard deviation 6). A second evolutionary conserved and palindromic motif is found 13 times in the RP promoter set, 9 instances of which are located upstream around position -40. In addition, we see a characteristic profile of the GC-content and of the CpG dinucleotide frequencies. Our results support a model for the transcription of ribosomal protein genes in which the maintenance of the accurate start of transcription is provided by specific transcription factors. Such a factor binds the target DNA at a fixed location relative to the TSS, and possibly interacts directly with the basal transcription machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Roepcke
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Nelander S, Larsson E, Kristiansson E, Månsson R, Nerman O, Sigvardsson M, Mostad P, Lindahl P. Predictive screening for regulators of conserved functional gene modules (gene batteries) in mammals. BMC Genomics 2005; 6:68. [PMID: 15882449 PMCID: PMC1134656 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-6-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of gene batteries, genomic units of functionally linked genes which are activated by similar sets of cis- and trans-acting regulators, has been proposed as a major determinant of cell specialization in metazoans. We developed a predictive procedure to screen the mouse and human genomes and transcriptomes for cases of gene-battery-like regulation. Results In a screen that covered ~40 per cent of all annotated protein-coding genes, we identified 21 co-expressed gene clusters with statistically supported sharing of cis-regulatory sequence elements. 66 predicted cases of over-represented transcription factor binding motifs were validated against the literature and fell into three categories: (i) previously described cases of gene battery-like regulation, (ii) previously unreported cases of gene battery-like regulation with some support in a limited number of genes, and (iii) predicted cases that currently lack experimental support. The novel predictions include for example Sox 17 and RFX transcription factor binding sites that were detected in ~10% of all testis specific genes, and HNF-1 and 4 binding sites that were detected in ~30% of all kidney specific genes respectively. The results are publicly available at . Conclusion 21 co-expressed gene clusters were enriched for a total of 66 shared cis-regulatory sequence elements. A majority of these predictions represent novel cases of potential co-regulation of functionally coupled proteins. Critical technical parameters were evaluated, and the results and the methods provide a valuable resource for future experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Nelander
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of medical and physiological biochemistry Box 440, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erik Larsson
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of medical and physiological biochemistry Box 440, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erik Kristiansson
- Chalmers Technical University, Department of mathematical statistics, Eklandagatan 76, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Robert Månsson
- Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, BMC B10, Klinikgatan 26, SE-221 48 Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Nerman
- Chalmers Technical University, Department of mathematical statistics, Eklandagatan 76, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Sigvardsson
- Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, BMC B10, Klinikgatan 26, SE-221 48 Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Mostad
- Chalmers Technical University, Department of mathematical statistics, Eklandagatan 76, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Per Lindahl
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of medical and physiological biochemistry Box 440, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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22
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Schug J, Schuller WP, Kappen C, Salbaum JM, Bucan M, Stoeckert CJ. Promoter features related to tissue specificity as measured by Shannon entropy. Genome Biol 2005; 6:R33. [PMID: 15833120 PMCID: PMC1088961 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2005-6-4-r33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Revised: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulatory mechanisms underlying tissue specificity are a crucial part of the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. A genome-wide analysis of promoters in the context of gene-expression patterns in tissue surveys provides a means of identifying the general principles for these mechanisms. RESULTS We introduce a definition of tissue specificity based on Shannon entropy to rank human genes according to their overall tissue specificity and by their specificity to particular tissues. We apply our definition to microarray-based and expressed sequence tag (EST)-based expression data for human genes and use similar data for mouse genes to validate our results. We show that most genes show statistically significant tissue-dependent variations in expression level. We find that the most tissue-specific genes typically have a TATA box, no CpG island, and often code for extracellular proteins. As expected, CpG islands are found in most of the least tissue-specific genes, which often code for proteins located in the nucleus or mitochondrion. The class of genes with no CpG island or TATA box are the most common mid-specificity genes and commonly code for proteins located in a membrane. Sp1 was found to be a weak indicator of less-specific expression. YY1 binding sites, either as initiators or as downstream sites, were strongly associated with the least-specific genes. CONCLUSIONS We have begun to understand the components of promoters that distinguish tissue-specific from ubiquitous genes, to identify associations that can predict the broad class of gene expression from sequence data alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Schug
- Center for Bioinformatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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23
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Novatchkova M, Bachmair A, Eisenhaber B, Eisenhaber F. Proteins with two SUMO-like domains in chromatin-associated complexes: the RENi (Rad60-Esc2-NIP45) family. BMC Bioinformatics 2005; 6:22. [PMID: 15698469 PMCID: PMC549199 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-6-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-translational modification by Small Ubiquitin-like Modifiers (SUMO) has been implicated in protein targeting, in the maintenance of genomic integrity and in transcriptional control. But the specific molecular effects of SUMO modification on many target proteins remain to be elucidated. Recent findings point at the importance of SUMO-mediated histone NAD-dependent deacetylase (HDAC) recruitment in transcriptional regulation. RESULTS We describe the RENi family of SUMO-like domain proteins (SDP) with the unique feature of typically containing two carboxy-terminal SUMO-like domains. Using sequence analytic evidence, we collect family members from animals, fungi and plants, most prominent being yeast Rad60, Esc2 and mouse NIP45 http://mendel.imp.univie.ac.at/SEQUENCES/reni/. Different proteins of the novel family are known to interact directly with histone NAD-dependent deacetylases (HDACs), structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins, and transcription factors. In particular, the highly non-trivial designation of the first of the two successive SUMO-domains in non-plant RENi provides a rationale for previously published functionally impaired mutant variants. CONCLUSIONS Till now, SUMO-like proteins have been studied exclusively in the context of their covalent conjugation to target proteins. Here, we present the exciting possibility that SUMO domain proteins, similarly to ubiquitin modifiers, have also evolved in a second line - namely as multi-domain proteins that are non-covalently attached to their target proteins. We suggest that the SUMO stable fusion proteins of the RENi family, which we introduce in this work, might mimic SUMO and share its interaction motifs (in analogy to the way that ubiquitin-like domains mimic ubiquitin). This presumption is supported by parallels in the spectrum of modified or bound proteins e.g. transcription factors and chromatin-associated proteins and in the recruitment of HDAC-activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Novatchkova
- Gregor Mendel-Institut GMI, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bachmair
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Eisenhaber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Eisenhaber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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Lapadat R, Debiasi RL, Johnson GL, Tyler KL, Shah I. Genes Induced by Reovirus Infection Have a Distinct Modular Cis-Regulatory Architecture. Curr Genomics 2005; 6:501-513. [PMID: 23335855 DOI: 10.2174/138920205775067675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of complete genomes and global gene expression profiling has greatly facilitated analysis of complex genetic regulatory systems. We describe the use of a bioinformatics strategy for analyzing the cis-regulatory design of genes diferentially regulated during viral infection of a target cell. The large-scale transcriptional activity of human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells to reovirus (serotype 3 Abney) infection was measured using the Affymetrix HU-95Av2 gene array. Comparing the 2000 base pairs of 5' upstream sequence for the most differentially expressed genes revealed highly preserved sequence regions, which we call "modules". Higher-order patterns of modules, called "super-modules", were significantly over-represented in the 5' upstream regions of transcriptionally responsive genes. These supermodules contain binding sites for multiple transcription factors and tend to define the role of genes in processes associated with reovirus infection. The supermodular design encodes a cis-regulatory logic for transducing upstream signaling for the control of expression of genes involved in similar biological processes. In the case of reovirus infection, these processes recapitulate the integrated response of cells including signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. The computational strategies described for analyzing gene expression data to discover cis-regulatory features and associating them with pathological processes represents a novel approach to studying the interaction of a pathogen with its target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lapadat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado
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25
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Janssen CS, Phillips RS, Turner CMR, Barrett MP. Plasmodium interspersed repeats: the major multigene superfamily of malaria parasites. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:5712-20. [PMID: 15507685 PMCID: PMC528792 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionally related homologues of known genes can be difficult to identify in divergent species. In this paper, we show how multi-character analysis can be used to elucidate the relationships among divergent members of gene superfamilies. We used probabilistic modelling in conjunction with protein structural predictions and gene-structure analyses on a whole-genome scale to find gene homologies that are missed by conventional similarity-search strategies and identified a variant gene superfamily in six species of malaria (Plasmodium interspersed repeats, pir). The superfamily includes rif in P.falciparum, vir in P.vivax, a novel family kir in P.knowlesi and the cir/bir/yir family in three rodent malarias. Our data indicate that this is the major multi-gene family in malaria parasites. Protein localization of products from pir members to the infected erythrocyte membrane in the rodent malaria parasite P.chabaudi, demonstrates phenotypic similarity to the products of pir in other malaria species. The results give critical insight into the evolutionary adaptation of malaria parasites to their host and provide important data for comparative immunology between malaria parasites obtained from laboratory models and their human counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph S Janssen
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Infection and Immunity, IBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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26
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27
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Bron PA, Hoffer SM, Van Swam II, De Vos WM, Kleerebezem M. Selection and characterization of conditionally active promoters in Lactobacillus plantarum, using alanine racemase as a promoter probe. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:310-7. [PMID: 14711657 PMCID: PMC321294 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.1.310-317.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the use of the alr gene, encoding alanine racemase, as a promoter-screening tool for the identification of conditional promoters in Lactobacillus plantarum. Random fragments of the L. plantarum WCFS1 genome were cloned upstream of the promoterless alr gene of Lactococcus lactis in a low-copy-number plasmid vector. The resulting plasmid library was introduced into an L. plantarum Deltaalr strain (MD007), and 40,000 clones were selected. The genome coverage of the library was estimated to be 98%, based on nucleotide insert sequence and restriction analyses of the inserts of randomly selected clones. The library was screened for clones that were capable of complementing the D-alanine auxotroph phenotype of MD007 in media containing up to 10, 100, or 300 micro g of the competitive Alr inhibitor D-cycloserine per ml. Western blot analysis with polyclonal antibodies raised against lactococcal Alr revealed that the Alr production level required for growth increased in the presence of increasing concentrations of D-cycloserine, adding a quantitative factor to the primarily qualitative nature of the alr complementation screen. Screening of the alr complementation library for clones that could grow only in the presence of 0.8 M NaCl resulted in the identification of eight clones that upon Western blot analysis showed significantly higher Alr production under high-salt conditions than under low-salt conditions. These results established the effectiveness of the alanine racemase complementation screening method for the identification of promoters on their conditional or constitutive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Bron
- Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences. NIZO food research, 6710 BA Ede, The Netherlands
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28
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Kindermann B, Döring F, Pfaffl M, Daniel H. Identification of genes responsive to intracellular zinc depletion in the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29. J Nutr 2004; 134:57-62. [PMID: 14704293 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is essential for the structural and functional integrity of cells and plays a pivotal role in the control of gene expression. To identify genes with altered mRNA expression level after zinc depletion, we employed oligonucleotide arrays with approximately 10,000 targets and used the human colon adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line HT-29 as a model. A low intracellular zinc concentration caused alterations in the steady-state mRNA levels of 309 genes at a threshold factor of 2.0. Northern blot analysis and/or real-time RT-PCR confirmed the array results for 12 of 14 selected targets. Genes identified as regulated based on microarray data encode mainly proteins involved in central pathways of intermediary metabolism (79 genes) including protein metabolism (21). We also identified five groups of genes important for basic cellular functions such as signaling (30), cell cycle control and growth (15), vesicular trafficking (15), cell-cell interaction (13), cytoskeleton (10) and transcription control (19). The latter group comprises several zinc finger-containing transcription factors of which the Kruppel-like factor 4 showed the most pronounced changes. Western blot analysis confirmed the increased expression level of this protein in cells grown under low zinc conditions. Our findings in a homogeneous cell population demonstrate that the molecular mechanisms by which cellular functions are altered at a low zinc status, occur via pleiotropic effects on gene expression. In conclusion, the pattern of zinc-affected genes may represent a reference for further studies to define the zinc regulon in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Kindermann
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Technical University of Munich, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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29
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Song MS, Chen W, Zhang M, Napoli JL. Identification of a mouse short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase gene, retinol dehydrogenase-similar. Function of non-catalytic amino acid residues in enzyme activity. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:40079-87. [PMID: 12855677 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304910200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a mouse short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR), retinol dehydrogenase-similar (RDH-S), with intense mRNA expression in liver and kidney. The RDH-S gene localizes to chromosome 10D3 with the SDR subfamily that catalyzes metabolism of retinoids and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroids. RDH-S has no activity with prototypical retinoid/steroid substrates, despite 92% amino acid similarity to mouse RDH1. This afforded the opportunity to analyze for functions of non-catalytic SDR residues. We produced RDH-S Delta 3 by mutating RDH-S to remove an "additional" Asn residue relative to RDH1 in its center, to convert three residues into RDH1 residues (L121P, S122N, and Q123E), and to substitute RDH1 sequence G208FKTCVTSSD for RDH-S sequence F208-FLTGMASSA. RDH-S Delta 3 catalyzed all-trans-retinol and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 alpha-diol (3 alpha-adiol) metabolism 60-70% as efficiently (Vm/Km) as RDH1. Conversely, substituting RDH-S sequence F208FLTGMASSA into RDH1 produced a chimera (viz. C3) that was inactive with all-trans-retinol, but was 4-fold more efficient with 3 alpha-adiol. A single RDH1 mutation in the C3 region (K210L) reduced efficiency for all-trans-retinol by >1250-fold. In contrast, the C3 area mutation C212G enhanced efficiency with all-trans-retinol by approximately 2.4-fold. This represents a >6000-fold difference in catalytic efficiency for two enzymes that differ by a single non-catalytic amino acid residue. Another chimera (viz. C5) retained efficiency with all-trans-retinol, but was not saturated and was weakly active with 3 alpha-adiol, stemming from three residue differences (K224Q, K229Q, and A230T). The residues studied contribute to the substrate-binding pocket: molecular modeling indicated that they would affect orientation of substrates with the catalytic residues. These data report a new member of the SDR gene family, provide insight into the function of non-catalytic SDR residues, and illustrate that limited changes in the multifunctional SDR yield major alterations in substrate specificity and/or catalytic efficiency.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/chemistry
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Fatty Acid Synthases/chemistry
- Fatty Acid Synthases/genetics
- Fatty Acid Synthases/metabolism
- Kidney/enzymology
- Kinetics
- Liver/enzymology
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/chemistry
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/genetics
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Protein Conformation
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Substrate Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sun Song
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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30
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Haapalainen AM, Koski MK, Qin YM, Hiltunen JK, Glumoff T. Binary structure of the two-domain (3R)-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase from rat peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 at 2.38 A resolution. Structure 2003; 11:87-97. [PMID: 12517343 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(02)00931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of (3R)-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase of rat peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 (MFE-2) was solved at 2.38 A resolution. The catalytic entity reveals an alpha/beta short chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) fold and the conformation of the bound nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) found in other SDR enzymes. Of great interest is the separate COOH-terminal domain, which is not seen in other SDR structures. This domain completes the active site cavity of the neighboring monomer and extends dimeric interactions. Peroxisomal diseases that arise because of point mutations in the dehydrogenase-coding region of the MFE-2 gene can be mapped to changes in amino acids involved in NAD(+) binding and protein dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti M Haapalainen
- Biocenter Oulu and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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31
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Chen W, Song MS, Napoli JL. SDR-O: an orphan short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase localized at mouse chromosome 10/human chromosome 12. Gene 2002; 294:141-6. [PMID: 12234675 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report cloning a cDNA that encodes a novel short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase, SDR-O, conserved in mouse, human and rat. Human and mouse liver express SDR-O (short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase-orphan) mRNA intensely. The mouse embryo expresses SDR-O mRNA as early as day seven. Human SDR-O localizes on chromosome 12; mouse SDR-O localizes on chromosome 10 with CRAD1, CRAD2 and RDH4. SDR-O shares highest amino acid similarity with rat RoDH1 and mouse RDH1 (69-70%), but does not have the retinol and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity of either, nor is it active as a 17beta- or 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductases catalyse the metabolism of ligands that bind with nuclear receptors: the occurrence of 'orphan' nuclear receptors may imply existence of 'orphan' SDR, suggesting that SDR-O may catalyse the metabolism of another class of nuclear receptor ligand. Alternatively, SDR-O may not have a catalytic function, but may regulate metabolism by binding substrates/products and/or by serving as a regulatory factor.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cricetinae
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Synteny
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, 119 Morgan Hall, MC#3104, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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32
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Zhuang R, Lin M, Napoli JL. cis-Retinol/androgen dehydrogenase, isozyme 3 (CRAD3): a short-chain dehydrogenase active in a reconstituted path of 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthesis in intact cells. Biochemistry 2002; 41:3477-83. [PMID: 11876656 DOI: 10.1021/bi0119316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
9-cis-Retinoic acid activates retinoid X receptors, which serve as heterodimeric partners with other nuclear hormone receptors, yet the enzymology of its physiological generation remains unclear. Here, we report the identification and molecular/enzymatic characterization of a previously unknown member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family, CRAD3 (cis-retinoid/androgen dehydrogenase, type 3), which catalyzes the first step in 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthesis, the conversion of 9-cis-retinol into 9-cis-retinal. CRAD3 shares amino acid similarity with other retinoid/steroid short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases: CRAD1, CRAD2, and RDH4. Relative to CRAD1, CRAD3 has greater 9-cis-retinol/all-trans-retinol discrimination and lower efficiency as an androgen dehydrogenase. CRAD3 has apparent efficiency (V/K(m)) for 9-cis-retinol about equivalent to that for CRAD1 and 3 orders of magnitude greater than that for RDH4. (CRAD2 does not recognize 9-cis-retinol as a substrate). CRAD3 contributes to 9-cis-retinoic acid production in intact cells, in conjunction with each of three retinal dehydrogenases that recognize 9-cis-retinal (RALDH1/AHD2, RALDH2, and ALDH12). Liver and kidney, two tissues reportedly with the highest concentrations of 9-cis-retinoids, show the most intense mRNA expression of CRAD3, but expression also occurs in testis, lung, small intestine, heart, and brain. These data are consistent with the participation of CRAD3 in the biogeneration of 9-cis-retinoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Zhuang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
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33
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Abstract
The advent of whole-genome data resources--not only sequence but also other genome-scale data collections such as gene expression, protein interaction, and genetic variation--is having two marked, complementary effects on the relatively new discipline of bioinformatics. First, the veritable flood of data is creating a need and demand for new tools for dealing adequately with the deluge, and, second, the unprecedented extent, diversity, and impending completeness of the data sets are creating opportunities for new approaches to discovery based on computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Searls
- Bioinformatics Department, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA.
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34
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Breitling R, Laubner D, Adamski J. Structure-based phylogenetic analysis of short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases and reclassification of the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase family. Mol Biol Evol 2001; 18:2154-61. [PMID: 11719564 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases (SCAD) constitute a large and diverse family of ancient origin. Several of its members play an important role in human physiology and disease, especially in the metabolism of steroid substrates (e.g., prostaglandins, estrogens, androgens, and corticosteroids). Their involvement in common human disorders such as endocrine-related cancer, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer disease makes them an important candidate for drug targets. Recent phylogenetic analysis of SCAD is incomplete and does not allow any conclusions on very ancient divergences or on a functional characterization of novel proteins within this complex family. We have developed a 3D structure-based approach to establish the deep-branching pattern within the SCAD family. In this approach, pairwise superpositions of X-ray structures were used to calculate similarity scores as an input for a tree-building algorithm. The resulting phylogeny was validated by comparison with the results of sequence-based algorithms and biochemical data. It was possible to use the 3D data as a template for the reliable determination of the phylogenetic position of novel proteins as a first step toward functional predictions. We were able to discern new patterns in the phylogenetic relationships of the SCAD family, including a basal dichotomy of the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs). These data provide an important contribution toward the development of type-specific inhibitors for 17beta-HSDs for the treatment and prevention of disease. Our structure-based phylogenetic approach can also be applied to increase the reliability of evolutionary reconstructions in other large protein families.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Breitling
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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35
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Zhang M, Chen W, Smith SM, Napoli JL. Molecular characterization of a mouse short chain dehydrogenase/reductase active with all-trans-retinol in intact cells, mRDH1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:44083-90. [PMID: 11562362 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105748200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic activation of retinol (vitamin A) via sequential actions of retinol and retinal dehydrogenases produces the active metabolite all-trans-retinoic acid. This work reports cDNA cloning, enzymatic characterization, function in a reconstituted path of all-trans-retinoic acid biosynthesis in cell culture, and mRNA expression patterns in adult tissues and embryos of a mouse retinol dehydrogenase, RDH1. RDH1 represents a new member of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily that differs from other mouse RDH in relative activity with all-trans and cis-retinols. RDH1 has a multifunctional catalytic nature, as do other short chain dehydrogenase/reductases. In addition to retinol dehydrogenase activity, RDH1 has strong 3alpha-hydroxy and weak 17beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activities. RDH1 has widespread and intense mRNA expression in tissues of embryonic and adult mice. The mouse embryo expresses RDH1 as early as 7.0 days post-coitus, and expression is especially intense within the neural tube, gut, and neural crest at embryo day 10.5. Cells cotransfected with RDH1 and any one of three retinal dehydrogenase isozymes synthesize all-trans-retinoic acid from retinol, demonstrating that RDH1contributes to a path of all-trans-retinoic acid biosynthesis in intact cells. These characteristics are consistent with RDH1 functioning in a path of all-trans-retinoic acid biosynthesis starting early during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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36
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37
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Wang J, Bongianni JK, Napoli JL. The N-terminus of retinol dehydrogenase type 1 signals cytosolic orientation in the microsomal membrane. Biochemistry 2001; 40:12533-40. [PMID: 11601977 DOI: 10.1021/bi011396+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We determined the orientation of the SDR (short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase) rat RoDH1 (retinol dehydrogenase type 1) in the endoplasmic reticulum to provide insight into its function in retinol metabolism, and to resolve whether retinoid-metabolizing SDRs differ from several other SDRs by requiring a C-terminal segment for the membrane orientation. In contrast to several soluble SDRs, the membrane-associated RoDH1 has hydrophobic extensions N- and C-terminal to the SDR core. Confocal microscopy and/or proteinase K protection assays of RoDH1, RoDH1 mutants, and RoDH1-green fluorescent protein fusion proteins showed that the N-terminal segment anchors RoDH1 to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane facing the cytosol. The C-terminal hydrophobic segment increases the relative proportion of RoDH1 associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, but has no affect on orientation. Deletion of either or both extensions causes nearly total loss of enzyme activity, possibly through altering the nature of RoDH1 association with membranes, or destabilizing the enzyme, but does not alter the expression of RoDH1 or convert it into a soluble protein. The latter suggests that the SDR core of RoDH1 has marked external hydrophobicity that causes nonspecific membrane association.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 97420-3104, USA
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38
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Baker ME. Evolution of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and their role in androgen, estrogen and retinoid action. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 171:211-5. [PMID: 11165032 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) regulate androgen and estrogen concentrations in mammals. By 1995, four distinct enzymes with 17beta-HSD activity had been identified--17beta-HSD-types 1 and 3, which, in vivo, are NADPH-dependent reductases; and 17beta-HSD-types 2 and 4, which, in vivo, are NAD(+)-dependent oxidases. Since then, six additional enzymes with 17beta-HSD activity have been isolated from mammals. With the exception of 17beta-HSD-type 5, which belongs to the aldoketo-reductase (AKR) family, these 17beta-HSDs belong to the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family. Several 17beta-HSDs appear to be examples of convergent evolution. That is, 17beta-HSD activity arose several times from different ancestors. Some 17beta-HSDs share a common ancestor with retinoid oxido-reductases and have retinol dehydrogenase activity. 17beta-HSD-types 2, 6 and 9 appear to have diverged from ancestral retinoid dehydrogenases early in the evolution of deuterostomes during the Cambrian, about 540 million years ago. This coincided with the origin of nuclear receptors for androgens and estrogens suggesting that expression of 17beta-HSDs had an important role in the early evolution of the physiological response to androgens and estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Baker
- Department of Medicine, 0823 University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0823, USA.
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39
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Malik HS, Burke WD, Eickbush TH. Putative telomerase catalytic subunits from Giardia lamblia and Caenorhabditis elegans. Gene 2000; 251:101-8. [PMID: 10876087 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromosomes end in short nucleotide repeats that are added by the enzyme telomerase. The catalytic subunit of telomerase has been shown to be most closely related in sequence to reverse transcriptases encoded by eukaryotic retrotransposable elements. This raises the question as to whether the telomerase subunit was present in the first eukaryotes or was derived during early eukaryote evolution from the replication machinery of a retrotransposable element. We present the sequence of a putative telomerase catalytic subunit from the diplomonad parasite, Giardia lamblia. The G. lamblia subunit appears to have most of the characteristics of other sequenced telomerases, except that it lacks the conserved telomerase-specific 'T' motif previously identified in other eukaryotic genes. Searching genomic databases with the G. lamblia sequence, we also identified a potential telomerase catalytic subunit from Caenorhabditis elegans. The C. elegans subunit is uncharacteristically short, and lacks several motifs found in all other telomerases. The identification of a G. lamblia telomerase similar to that of most other eukaryotes suggests that telomerase dates back to the earliest extant marker of eukaryotic evolution. The atypical C. elegans telomerase, on the other hand, raises intriguing biochemical questions concerning sub-domains of the telomerase catalytic subunit previously considered indispensable. The enzymatic machinery for telomere formation in C. elegans is likely to differ substantially from that of other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Malik
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0211, USA
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40
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Baker ME. TIP30, a cofactor for HIV-1 Tat-activated transcription, is homologous to short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases. Curr Biol 1999; 9:R471. [PMID: 10395547 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(99)80297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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41
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Abstract
New technologies for enzyme discovery are changing the rules of the game for industrial biocatalysis. More kinds of enzymes are available, their hardiness is increasing, and their costs are coming down. These changes are the key drivers for a rebirth of interest in industrial applications of enzymes. The major enabling discovery approaches include screening of biodiversity, genomic sequencing, directed evolution and phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Marrs
- Hercules Incorporated, Hercules Research Center, 500 Hercules Road, Wilmington, DE 19808, USA
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42
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Nakajin S, Takase N, Ohno S, Toyoshima S, Baker ME. Mutation of tyrosine-194 and lysine-198 in the catalytic site of pig 3alpha/beta,20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Biochem J 1998; 334 ( Pt 3):553-7. [PMID: 9729461 PMCID: PMC1219722 DOI: 10.1042/bj3340553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pig 3alpha/beta,20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is an NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyses the reduction of ketones on steroids and aldehydes and ketones on various xenobiotics, like its homologue carbonyl reductase. 3alpha/beta,20beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and carbonyl reductase are members of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductase family, in which a tyrosine residue and a lysine residue have been identified as catalytically important. In pig 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase these residues are tyrosine-194 and lysine-198. Here we report the effect on the reduction of two ketone and two aldehyde substrates by pig 3alpha/beta,20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in which tyrosine-194 has been mutated to phenylalanine and cysteine, and lysine-198 has been mutated to isoleucine and arginine. Mutants with phenylalanine-194 or isoleucine-198 are inactive. Depending on the substrate, the mutant with cysteine-194 has a catalytic efficiency of 0.4-1% and the mutant with arginine-198 has a catalytic efficiency of 4-23% of the wild-type enzyme. We also mutated tyrosine-81 and tyrosine-253 to phenylalanine. Although both tyrosines are conserved in 3alpha/beta,20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and carbonyl reductase, depending on the substrate, the mutant enzymes are as active as, or more active than, wild-type enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakajin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Baker ME. Evolution of mammalian 11beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases-type 2 and retinol dehydrogenases from ancestors in Caenorhabditis elegans and evidence for horizontal transfer of a eukaryote dehydrogenase to E. coli. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 66:355-63. [PMID: 9749841 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(98)00064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiological responses due to steroid hormones and retinoids are regulated by their cognate receptors and dehydrogenases. The origins of either regulatory mechanism are not fully understood. Here we examine the origins of the human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 2, which regulates access of glucocorticoids to cells, and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 2, which regulates access of androgens and estrogens to cells. Sequence comparisons trace their ancestry to homologs in Caenorhabditis elegans. These C. elegans proteins most closely resemble mammalian all-trans and 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenases. The similarity is sufficient -37% to 43% identity to suggest that one or more of the C. elegans homologs metabolizes a retinoid. Receptors for retinoids, but not for androgens, estrogens or glucocorticoids have been identified in C. elegans, suggesting that retinoid-mediated gene transcription is more ancient than that for adrenal and sex steroids. We propose that the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 2 mechanism for regulating the androgen, estrogen and glucocorticoid concentrations in mammals descended from that for regulating retinoid concentrations. Interestingly, E. coli contains a protein with strong sequence similarity to mammalian retinol dehydrogenases. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis indicate that the E. coli protein may be an example of horizontal transfer from a eukaryote ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Baker
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0623, USA.
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Baker ME, Grundy WN, Elkan CP. Spinach CSP41, an mRNA-binding protein and ribonuclease, is homologous to nucleotide-sugar epimerases and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 248:250-4. [PMID: 9675122 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinach CSP41 is part of a protein complex that binds to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of petD precursor-mRNA, a chloroplast gene encoding subunit IV of the cytochrome b6/f complex. CSP41 cleaves the 3'-UTR of petD mRNA within the stem-loop structure, suggesting a key role in the control of chloroplast mRNA stability. We discovered that CSP41 is homologous to nucleotide-sugar epimerases and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases while seeking distant homologs of these enzymes with a hidden Markov model-based search of Genpept. This analysis identified Synechocystis ORF, Accession 1652543 as a homolog. Subsequent analyses show that spinach CSP41 and Arabidopsis thaliana 2765081 are homologous to the Synechocystis ORF. Information from the solved 3D structures of epimerases and dehydrogenases and our motif analysis of these enzymes is used to predict domains on CSP41 that are important in binding and metabolism of mRNA. Cyanobacteria are among the earliest life forms, indicating that the divergence from a common ancestor of nucleotide-sugar epimerases and an mRNA binding protein with ribonuclease activity was ancient.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Baker
- 0623B, 0114, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093-0623, USA
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