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Mostkowska A, Rousseau G, Raynal NJM. Repurposing of rituximab biosimilars to treat B cell mediated autoimmune diseases. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23536. [PMID: 38470360 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302259rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Rituximab, the first monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of lymphoma, eventually became one of the most popular and versatile drugs ever in terms of clinical application and revenue. Since its patent expiration, and consequently, the loss of exclusivity of the original biologic, its repurposing as an off-label drug has increased dramatically, propelled by the development and commercialization of its many biosimilars. Currently, rituximab is prescribed worldwide to treat a vast range of autoimmune diseases mediated by B cells. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of rituximab repurposing in 115 autoimmune diseases across 17 medical specialties, sourced from over 1530 publications. Our work highlights the extent of its off-label use and clinical benefits, underlining the success of rituximab repurposing for both common and orphan immune-related diseases. We discuss the scientific mechanism associated with its clinical efficacy and provide additional indications for which rituximab could be investigated. Our study presents rituximab as a flagship example of drug repurposing owing to its central role in targeting cluster of differentiate 20 positive (CD20) B cells in 115 autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Mostkowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Rousseau
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Noël J-M Raynal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Nguyen VB, Nguyen VVH, Van Le C, Linh PNT, Thi XN, Vo TT. Pretibial myxedema in Grave's disease: A case report and treatment review of the literature. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e8478. [PMID: 38389965 PMCID: PMC10883341 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message Pretibial myxedema is a rare skin lesion in Grave's disease, which required topical glucocorticoid administration in long-term treatment. The patient's lesion has shrunk and become flatter than before treatment. Abstract We present a case of biopsy-verified pretibial myxedema in a 70-year-old male patient with diagnosed hyperthyroidism and no prior history of Graves' disease. Topical corticosteroid and antithyroid drug administration led to successful resolution of the skin lesions. This case emphasizes the importance of considering pretibial myxedema even in atypical presentations of Graves' disease and underscores the value of prompt treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Bang Nguyen
- Center of Endocrinology and DiabetesFamily HospitalDa NangVietnam
| | | | - Chi Van Le
- Internal Medicine Department, Hue University of Medicine and PharmacyHue UniversityHue CityVietnam
| | | | - Xuan Nguyen Thi
- Center of Endocrinology and DiabetesFamily HospitalDa NangVietnam
| | - Thanh Trang Vo
- Center of Endocrinology and DiabetesFamily HospitalDa NangVietnam
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Lai R, Yin B, Feng Z, Deng X, Lv X, Zhong Y, Peng D. The causal relationship between 41 inflammatory cytokines and hypothyroidism: bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1332383. [PMID: 38317717 PMCID: PMC10840409 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1332383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Investigating the association between inflammatory cytokines and hypothyroidism remains challenging due to limitations in traditional observational studies. In this study, we employed Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the causal relationship between 41 inflammatory cytokines and hypothyroidism. Method Inflammatory cytokines in 30,155 individuals of European ancestry with hypothyroidism and in a GWAS summary containing 8,293 healthy participants were included in the study for bidirectional two-sample MR analysis. We utilized inverse variance weighting (IVW), weighted median (WM), and Mendelian randomization-Egger (MR-Egger) methods. Multiple sensitivity analyses, including MR-Egger intercept test, leave-one-out analysis, funnel plot, scatterplot, and MR-PRESSO, were applied to evaluate assumptions. Results We found evidence of a causal effect of IL-7 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β) on the risk of hypothyroidism, and a causal effect of hypothyroidism on several cytokines, including granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), IL-13, IL-16, IL-2rα, IL-6, IL-7, IL-9, interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP10), monokine induced by interferon (IFN)-γ (MIG), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β), stem cell growth factors-β (SCGF-β), stromal cell derived factor-1α (SDF-1α), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Conclusion Our study suggests that IL-7 and MIP-1β may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypothyroidism, and that hypothyroidism may induce a systemic inflammatory response involving multiple cytokines. These findings may have implications for the prevention and treatment of hypothyroidism and its complications. However, further experimental studies are needed to validate the causal relationships and the potential of these cytokines as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lai
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingzun Yin
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziyang Feng
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinmin Deng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lv
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumei Zhong
- Chengdu Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital/Chengdu First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhong Peng
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Yuan Y, Zhuang Y, Cui Y, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Xiao Q, Meng Q, Jiang J, Hao W, Wei X. IL-10-TG/TPO-T4 axis, the target of bis (2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate on thyroid function imbalance. Toxicology 2024; 501:153713. [PMID: 38135142 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) is a new type of brominated flame retardant. Some studies suggest that TBPH exposure may be associated with thyroid damage. However, there is a paucity of research on the authentic exposure-related effects and molecular mechanisms in animals or cells. In this study, we used male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and the Nthy ori3-1 cell line (the human thyroid follicular epithelial cell) to explore the potential effects of TBPH (5, 50, 500 mg/kg and 1, 10, 100 nM) on the thyroid. The genes and their proteins of cytokines and thyroid-specific proteins, thyroglobulin (TG), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), and sodium iodide cotransporter (NIS) were examined to investigate the possible mechanisms. At the end of the experiment, it was found that 50 and 500 mg/kg TBPH could increase the levels of total thyroxine (TT4) and free thyroxine (FT4) significantly. The messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of Tg, Tpo, Interleukin-6 (Il6), and Interleukin-10 (Il10) in the thyroid tissues from the rats treated with 500 mg/kg were enhanced clearly. Meanwhile, the mRNAs of TG, TPO, IL6, and IL10 were elevated in Nthy ori3-1 cells treated with 100 nM TBPH as well. The mRNAs of TG and TPO were elevated after the knockdown of IL6. To our surprise, after the knockdown of IL10 or the treatment of anti-IL-10-receptor (anti-IL-10-R) antibody, the mRNAs of TG and TPO were significantly reduced, and the effects of TBPH were diminished. In conclusion, our results suggested that the IL-10-IL-10R-TG/TPO-T4 axis is one important target of TBPH in the thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuese Yuan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yimeng Zhuang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yuan Cui
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yuetong Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Qianqian Xiao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Qinghe Meng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jianjun Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Weidong Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xuetao Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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Li L, Xia Y, Chen J, Han X, Hao L, Li D, Liu Y. DBP exposure induces thyroid inflammatory impairment through activating AKT/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115385. [PMID: 37625334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies exhibited reproductive and neurodevelopmental toxicity in rats exposed to Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). However, the effects of DBP exposure on the other endocrine organ are still unclear. This study aimed to assess the impact of DBP exposure on the thyroid of male rats and the associated mechanisms. Here, rats were respectively treated with DBP at 0 (control), 50 (low dose), 250 (medium dose), or 500 (high dose) mg/kg/day dissolved in 1 ml quantity of corn oil by intragastrical administration for two weeks. The results demonstrated that the proliferation and inflammatory response changes were significantly different compared to the control. In vivo DBP is mainly converted to mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), an active form producing untoward reactions of DBP exposure. Therefore, for in vitro experiments, we treated the thyroid follicular epithelial cell line (Nthy-ori 3-1) in a temporal gradient using 1 mM MBP. Further in vitro studies showed that MBP exposure upregulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by activating AKT/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling. Meanwhile, we detected that Pellino2 (Peli2) played an essential role in promoting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Briefly speaking, this study confirmed that DBP exposure caused impaired thyroid structure and thyroid inflammation in male rats, which offered new views into the harm of DBP exposure on the endocrine organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Endocrinology Department, Yancheng No.1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, China
| | - Yunhui Xia
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Junhan Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Lanxiang Hao
- Endocrinology Department, Yancheng No.1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, China.
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Yanmei Liu
- Endocrinology Department, Yancheng No.1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, China.
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Acibucu F, Öztürk DD, Kizildag C, Aslan MZ, Gulumsek E, Sumbul MS, Neselioglu S, Erel O, Sen S, Bankir M, Sumbul HE. Proptosis is associated with thiol-disulfide in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2022; 66:191-197. [PMID: 35315985 PMCID: PMC9832892 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is a vision-threatening finding observed in approximately half of Graves' disease patients. The pathophysiology of GO is unclear, and one of the suspected factors is oxidative stress. In our study, we compared the relationship between proptosis and SH-SS in patients diagnosed with GO. Methods In this prospective study, 40 recently diagnosed Graves' disease patients with proptosis, 40 recently diagnosed Graves' disease patients without GO and 30 healthy individuals with similar demographic characteristics were included. Serum thiol-disulfide (SH-SS) measurements were performed. Eye examinations were performed by a single ophthalmologist to check for the presence of GO, and proptosis values were recorded with a Hertel exophthalmometer. Results Total SH values were lower in the group with proptosis than in the other groups (p < 0.05). Total and native SH values were lower in patients without proptosis than in the control group (p < 0.05). Total SH, native SH and SS levels were independently associated with proptosis (p < 0.05). According to this analysis, it was found that increasing SS and decreasing total and native SH levels increased the probability of proptosis by 24.4%, 32.7% and 32.4%, respectively. Conclusion A decrease in SH, which is a natural antioxidant that protects the body against oxidative stress, and an increase in SS are important signs of oxidative damage. Proptosis and SH-SS are closely related in GO. This may help us detect GO and proptosis in Graves' patients. It can also assist in developing new options for preventing and treating GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fettah Acibucu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Division, University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey,
| | - Dilan Damla Öztürk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Cisem Kizildag
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Zubeyir Aslan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Erdinc Gulumsek
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | | | - Salim Neselioglu
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suat Sen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bankir
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Erdem Sumbul
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
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Salazar-Viedma M, Vergaño-Salazar JG, Pastenes L, D’Afonseca V. Simulation Model for Hashimoto Autoimmune Thyroiditis Disease. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqab190. [PMID: 34496027 PMCID: PMC8477452 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is a pathology that often causes a gradual thyroid insufficiency in affected patients due to the autoimmune destruction of this gland. The cellular immune response mediated by T helper lymphocytes TH1 and TH17 can induce the HT disease. In this pathologic condition, there is an imbalance between the TH17 and Treg lymphocytes as well as a gut microbiota dysfunction. The objective of this work was to describe the interactions of the cell subpopulations that participate in HT. To achieve this goal, we generated a mathematical model that allowed the simulation of different scenarios for the dynamic interaction between thyroid cells, the immune system, and the gut microbiota. We used a hypothetical-deductive design of mathematical modeling based on a system of ordinary differential equations, where the state variables are the TH1, TH17, and Treg lymphocytes, the thyrocytes, and the bacteria from gut microbiota. This work generated a compartmental model of the cellular immune response occurring in the thyroid gland. It was observed that TH1 and TH17 lymphocytes could increase the immune cells' activity, as well as activate effector cells directly and trigger the apoptosis and inflammation processes of healthy thyrocytes indirectly. Likewise, the model showed that a reduction in Treg lymphocytes could increase the activity of TH17 lymphocytes when an imbalance of the gut microbiota composition occurred. The numerical results highlight the TH1, TH17, and bacterial balance of the gut microbiota activities as important factors for the development of HT disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Salazar-Viedma
- Laboratorio de Genética y Microevolución, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Juan Gabriel Vergaño-Salazar
- Doctorado en Modelamiento Matemático Aplicado, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Luis Pastenes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Microevolución, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
- Departamento de Biología y Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Vivian D’Afonseca
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
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Cheng CW, Fang WF, Tang KT, Lin JD. Serum interferon levels associated with the disease activity in women with overt Graves' disease. Cytokine 2021; 138:155353. [PMID: 33121876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory cytokines participate in immune reactions and the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Herein, we quantified four groups of inflammatory cytokines, including interferons (IFNs), the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (TNFSF), interleukin (IL)-related cytokines, and bone and extracellular matrix remodeling-related cytokines to determine their contributions in women with overt Graves' disease (GD). METHODS Forty-three women with GD were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Thirty-seven cytokines, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine, and TSH receptor antibody (TSHRAb) were quantified. GD patients with a low TSH level at the time of sample collection were defined as having active GD. RESULTS Patients with active GD had higher IFN-α2, IFN-γ, IFN-λ1, and IFN-λ2 levels than those with inactive GD. In addition, certain TNFSF cytokines, including soluble cluster of differentiation 30 (sCD30), TNFSF member 14 (TNFSF14), pentraxin (PTX)-3, soluble TNF receptor 2 (sTNF-R2), and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) were higher in active GD than in inactive GD. Moreover, active GD patients had higher IL-2, IL-12(p40), osteocalcin (OCN), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 than inactive GD patients. All IFNs except IFN-λ1 were correlated with TSHRAb titers. Moreover, TNFSF cytokines, consisting of B-cell-activating factor, sCD30, TNFSF14, PTX-3, sTNF-R2, and TSLP, were associated with TSHRAb levels. CONCLUSIONS Serum IFNs could be the most remarkable cytokines in modulating the disease severity and TSHRAb titers in women with full-blown GD. Further molecular-based research to clarify the actual role of IFNs in the disease progression of GD is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Traditional Herb Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fang Fang
- Department of Family Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kam-Tsun Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Diann Lin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Nakagawa J, Fujikawa K, Akagi M, Nakaji K, Yasui J, Hanatani Y, Hara T, Mizokami A, Kawakami A. Subacute thyroiditis in a patient with psoriatic arthritis switched from secukinumab to adalimumab: a case report and literature review. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep 2020; 5:36-39. [PMID: 32731788 DOI: 10.1080/24725625.2020.1741116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A 71-year-old Japanese female with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) was admitted for fever and neck pain. Her medication had been switched from secukinumab, an interleukin (IL)-17A inhibitor, to adalimumab, a tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitor, due to secondary failure for PsA. She was diagnosed with subacute thyroiditis (SAT) on the basis of thyroid hormone levels and thyroid ultrasound findings. Her SAT symptoms improved with prednisolone administration (15 mg/day). Following the administration of ixekizumab, an IL-17A inhibitor, her PsA improved without SAT relapse. SAT mechanism associated with TNF inhibitors remains unknown, but cytokine imbalance may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakagawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Isahaya General Hospital, Isahaya, Japan
| | - Keita Fujikawa
- Department of Rheumatology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Isahaya General Hospital, Isahaya, Japan
| | - Midori Akagi
- Department of Rheumatology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Isahaya General Hospital, Isahaya, Japan
| | - Keita Nakaji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Isahaya General Hospital, Isahaya, Japan
| | - Junichi Yasui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Isahaya General Hospital, Isahaya, Japan
| | - Yumi Hanatani
- Department of Dermatology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Isahaya General Hospital, Isahaya, Japan
| | - Toshihide Hara
- Department of Dermatology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Isahaya General Hospital, Isahaya, Japan
| | - Akinari Mizokami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Isahaya General Hospital, Isahaya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Zhu Q, Su J, Wang X, Tang M, Gao Y, Zhang D. Serum concentrations of TNF-α and its soluble receptors in Graves' disease. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:736-746. [PMID: 32621585 PMCID: PMC7424358 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD), an organ-specific autoimmune disease, is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) exhibits immunological and metabolic activities involved in the induction and maintenance of immune responses. We attempted to evaluate the relationship between GD and serum TNF-α and its soluble receptors (sTNFRs), soluble TNF receptor 1 and 2 (sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2). A total of 72 GD patients and 72 matched healthy individuals were recruited for this study. Serum TNF-α and sTNFRs were measured by sandwich ELISA. In our study, no significant difference was observed in TNF-α, but sTNFRs were found to be significantly elevated in GD patients compared to healthy individuals. Serum sTNFR levels were positively correlated with free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4), and TNF-α was negatively correlated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the GD group. It was also shown that thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) was positively correlated with TNF-α and sTNFRs. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that only sTNF-R1 was positively correlated with complement C3. Multiple linear regression analysis suggests that serum levels of sTNF-R1 and FT4 may play an important role in the serum level of FT3. According to the median value of FT3 level, GD patients were further divided into a high FT3 group and a low FT3 group. The serum levels of sTNF-R1 in the high FT3 GD group were significantly higher than those in the low FT3 GD group. In conclusion, sTNFRs may play an important role in anti-inflammatory and immune response in GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nantong City No 1 People’s Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianbin Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Nantong City No 1 People’s Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueqin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nantong City No 1 People’s Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengjie Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nantong City No 1 People’s Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingying Gao
- Department of Rheumatology, Nantong City No 1 People’s Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Nantong City No 1 People’s Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
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Cheng CW, Wu CZ, Tang KT, Fang WF, Lin JD. Simultaneous measurement of twenty-nine circulating cytokines and growth factors in female patients with overt autoimmune thyroid diseases. Autoimmunity 2020; 53:261-269. [PMID: 32338082 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2020.1755965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and growth factors participate in immune responses, and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Herein, we simultaneously examined differential levels of 29 circulating factors to determine their associations in female patients with overt autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). We enrolled 40 patients with Graves' disease (GD), 20 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), and 14 healthy controls. Twenty-nine circulating factors were simultaneously measured. GD patients with low thyroid-stimulating hormone at the time of sample collection were defined as having active GD. B-cell activating factor (BAFF) levels were associated with GD and HT (p = .001 and .001, respectively) and interferon (IFN)-α levels were higher in the HT group than in the control group (p = .021). Significant associations of serum BAFF and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels with free thyroxin (FT4) were present in HT (r = -0.498, p = .026, and r = 0.544, p = .013, respectively). Meanwhile, there were significant associations of FT4 with interleukin (IL)-4 and eotaxin levels in GD (r = 0.354, p = .025 and r = 0.384, p = .014, respectively). In active GD, serum BAFF and eotaxin level were correlated with FT4 levels (r = 0.465, p = .034, and r = 0.463, p = .035, respectively). In conclusion, BAFF is the best circulating indicator to identify GD and HT among all chosen 29 biomarkers, and it could be used to predict the disease severity in HT and active GD. Meanwhile, IFN-α could be another reliable parameter for recognising HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Traditional Herb Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ze Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kam-Tsun Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fang Fang
- Department of Family Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Diann Lin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Liu B, Zheng T, Dong L, Mao C, Xu C, Mou X, Luo X, Lu Q, Dong X, Liu J, Kang P, Ding C, Xiao Y, Jiang P. Caveolin-1 Regulates CCL5 and PPARγ Expression in Nthy-ori 3-1 Cells: Possible Involvement of Caveolin-1 and CCL5 in the Pathogenesis of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 20:609-618. [PMID: 31789139 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191202115149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid parenchyma, which ultimately leads to tissue destruction and loss of function. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is an essential structural constituent of lipid rafts in the plasma membrane of cells and is reported to be significantly reduced in thyrocytes from HT patients. However, the mechanism of Cav-1 involvement in HT pathogenesis is still largely unclear. METHODS Cav-1 expression in thyroid tissues from HT patients and euthyroid nodular goiter tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry staining. Cav-1 knockdown and overexpression were constructed by lentiviral transfection in the human thyroid follicular epithelial cell (TFC) line of Nthy-ori 3-1. The mRNA expression levels of chemokines in TFCs were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Cav-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) levels were analysed by qPCR and Western blot analysis. The migration ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was detected by the Transwell assay. RESULTS In this study, Cav-1 and PPARγ expression was reduced in the thyroid tissues from HT patients. In vitro experiments showed that the expressions of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) and migration of PBMCs were markedly increased, while the level of PPARγ was significantly decreased after the lentivirus-mediated knockdown of Cav-1 in Nthy-ori 3-1 cells. Interestingly, pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, not only upregulated PPARγ and Cav-1 proteins significantly, but also effectively reversed the Cav-1-knockdown-induced upregulation of CCL5 in Nthy-ori 3-1 cells and reduced the infiltration of lymphocytes. CONCLUSION The inhibition of Cav-1 upregulated the CCL5 expression and downregulated the PPARγ expression in TFC while pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, reversed the detrimental consequence. This outcome might be a potential target for the treatment of lymphocyte infiltration into the thyroid gland and HT development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocui Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liyang Dong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chaoming Mao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao Mou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qingyan Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiameng Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ping Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chao Ding
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Agan V, Celik H, Eren MA, Agan FZ, Erel O, Neselioglu S, Koyuncu I, Gonel A. An Investigation of Oxidative Stress and Thiol/Disulphide Homeostasis in Graves' Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55060275. [PMID: 31207925 PMCID: PMC6630526 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The aim of this study was to research oxidative stress and thiol/disulphide homeostasis in Graves’ patients. Materials and Methods: The study included 33 Graves’ patients (research group) and 35 healthy subjects (control group). Serum oxidative stress and thiol/disulphide homeostasis (a new and automated spectrophotometric method developed by Erel and Neselioglu) parameters were studied and compared between the groups. Results: The native and total thiol levels and the native thiol/total thiol ratio were lower in patients with Graves’ disease compared to the control group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.006, respectively). TOS (total antioxidant status), PC (protein carbonyl), OSI (Oxidative stress index), and disulphide/native thiol and disulphide/total thiol ratios were determined to be higher in the Graves’ disease group than in the control group (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.004, and p = 0.006, respectively). In the Graves’ disease group, the free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were significantly positively correlated with impaired thiol/disulphide homeostasis and oxidative stress parameters (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the current study demonstrated that oxidative stress and thiol/disulphide homeostasis increased towards disulphide formation due to thiol oxidation in Graves’ disease. In addition, a positive correlation of FT3 and FT4 was observed with oxidative stress parameters and impaired thiol/disulphide homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veysel Agan
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Harran University, 63000 Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | - Hakim Celik
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Harran University, 63000 Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Ali Eren
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Harran University, 63000 Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Zehra Agan
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Harran University, 63000 Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, 06010 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Salim Neselioglu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, 06010 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Harran University, 63000 Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | - Ataman Gonel
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Harran University, 63000 Sanliurfa, Turkey.
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14
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Lu Q, Luo X, Mao C, Zheng T, Liu B, Dong X, Zhou Y, Xu C, Mou X, Wu F, Bu L, Yuan G. Caveolin-1 regulates autophagy activity in thyroid follicular cells and is involved in Hashimoto's thyroiditis disease. Endocr J 2018; 65:893-901. [PMID: 29877208 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is considered a T helper-type 1 (Th1) cytokine-dominant autoimmune thyroid disease. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a part of the thyroxisome multiprotein complex, is localized at the apical pole of thyrocytes and is indispensable for synthesis of thyroid hormones and modulation of oxidative stress in order to avoid cell damage and apoptosis. Reduced autophagy induces thyroid follicular cells (TFC) apoptosis by activating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HT patients. Nevertheless, whether Cav-1 has roles in the regulation of autophagy remains largely unclear. In this study, we examined Th1 cytokines and Cav-1 expression in HT thyroid tissues, determined the effects of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) on Cav-1 and autophagy activity in TFC, and investigated the association between Cav-1 and autophagy activity in vitro. Our results indicate that higher levels of IL-1β and IFN-γ and lower levels of Cav-1 were expressed in thyroid tissues of HT patients than in those of normal controls. Cav-1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly decreased in TFC exposed to IL-1β and IFN-γ, accompanied by decreased expression of autophagy-related protein LC3B-II. Interestingly, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated Cav-1 knockdown in TFC reduced LC3B-II protein expression. Taken together, these results suggest that lack of Cav-1 expression inhibited autophagy activity in TFC exposed to Th1 cytokines (IL-1β and IFN-γ), which might be a novel pathogenetic mechanism of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Chaoming Mao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Baocui Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhou
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Xiao Mou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Ling Bu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
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15
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Wei YA, Chuang WC, Hong CH. Subacute thyroiditis in a patient with psoriasis treated with a tumor necrosis factor-α
inhibitor. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:869-871. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Wei
- Department of Dermatology; Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chi Chuang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Department of Internal Medicine; Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Hong
- Department of Dermatology; Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
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16
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Rydzewska M, Jaromin M, Pasierowska IE, Stożek K, Bossowski A. Role of the T and B lymphocytes in pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Thyroid Res 2018; 11:2. [PMID: 29449887 PMCID: PMC5812228 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-018-0046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITD) broadly include Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis which are the most common causes of thyroid gland dysfunctions. These disorders develop due to complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors and are characterized by reactivity to self-thyroid antigens due to autoreactive lymphocytes escaping tolerance. Both cell-mediated and humoral responses lead to tissue injury in autoimmune thyroid disease. The differentiation of CD4+ cells in the specific setting of immune mediators (for example cytokines, chemokines) results in differentiation of various T cell subsets. T cell identification has shown a mixed pattern of cytokine production indicating that both subtypes of T helper, Th1 and Th2, responses are involved in all types of AITD. Furthermore, recent studies described T cell subtypes Th17 and Treg which also play an essential role in pathogenesis of AITD. This review will focus on the role of the T regulatory (Treg) and T helper (Th) (especially Th17) lymphocytes, and also of B lymphocytes in AITD pathogenesis. However, we have much more to learn about cellular mechanisms and interactions in AITD before we can develop complete understanding of AITD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rydzewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes with a Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
| | - Michał Jaromin
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes with a Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
| | - Izabela Elżbieta Pasierowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes with a Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
| | - Karlina Stożek
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes with a Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
| | - Artur Bossowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes with a Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
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17
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Alfadda AA, Benabdelkamel H, Masood A, Jammah AA, Ekhzaimy AA. Differences in the Plasma Proteome of Patients with Hypothyroidism before and after Thyroid Hormone Replacement: A Proteomic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010088. [PMID: 29301248 PMCID: PMC5796038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is a potent stimulator of metabolism, playing a critical role in regulating energy expenditure and in key physiological mechanisms, such as growth and development. Although administration of thyroid hormone in the form of levo thyroxine (l-thyroxine) has been used to treat hypothyroidism for many years, the precise molecular basis of its physiological actions remains uncertain. Our objective was to define the changes in circulating protein levels that characterize alterations in thyroid hormone status. To do this, an integrated untargeted proteomic approach with network analysis was used. This study included 10 age-matched subjects with newly diagnosed overt hypothyroidism. Blood was collected from subjects at baseline and at intervals post-treatment with l-thyroxine until they reached to euthyroid levels. Plasma protein levels were compared by two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) pre- and post-treatment. Twenty differentially expressed protein spots were detected. Thirteen were identified, and were found to be unique protein sequences by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Ten proteins were more abundant in the hypothyroid vs. euthyroid state: complement C2, serotransferrin, complement C3, Ig κ chain C region, α-1-antichymotrypsin, complement C4-A, haptoglobin, fibrinogen α chain, apolipoprotein A-I, and Ig α-1 chain C region. Three proteins were decreased in abundance in the hypothyroid vs. euthyroid state: complement factor H, paraneoplastic antigen-like protein 6A, and α-2-macroglobulin. The differentially abundant proteins were investigated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to reveal their associations with known biological functions. Their connectivity map included interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) as central nodes and the pathway identified with the highest score was involved in neurological disease, psychological disorders, and cellular movement. The comparison of the plasma proteome between the hypothyroid vs euthyroid states revealed differences in the abundance of proteins involved in regulating the acute phase response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assim A Alfadda
- Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925 (98), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925 (38), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hicham Benabdelkamel
- Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925 (98), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Afshan Masood
- Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925 (98), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Anwar A Jammah
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925 (38), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Aishah A Ekhzaimy
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925 (38), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
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18
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Martins MB, Marcello MA, Batista FDA, Peres KC, Meneghetti M, Ward MAL, Etchebehere ECSDC, da Assumpção LVM, Ward LS. Serum interleukin measurement may help identify thyroid cancer patients with active disease. Clin Biochem 2017; 52:1-7. [PMID: 28987791 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigate the clinical utility of serum interleukin dosages of IL-2, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-6, IL-6R, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 in the diagnosis and characterization of patients with DTC. In particular, verify ILs utility in the identification of individuals who are evolving disease-free or with the active disease. METHODS We evaluated 200 patients with malignant nodules (100 patients disease-free and 100 patients with recurrence/active disease); 60 benign nodules and 100 healthy controls, serum levels were assessed by ELISA. RESULTS All ILs, but not IL-4, differentiated these three groups. We observed that IL-2, 2R and 10 serum concentrations were associated with thyroglobulin levels. Serum IL-2 was able to differentiate patients with active disease from the disease-free with a sensitivity of 98%, specificity of 58%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 70% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 97% (p=0.0007). IL-6R levels differentiated patients with active disease from the disease-free patients with 56% sensitivity, 63% specificity, PPV of 60% and NPV of 59% (p<0.0001). IL-8 values also distinguished patients with active disease from the disease-free ones with sensitivity of 50%, specificity of 76%, PPV of 68% and NPV of 60% (p=0.0025); using IL-12, we obtained a sensitivity value of 73%, specificity of 66%, PPV of 68% and NPV of 71% (p<0.0001). Furthermore, interleukin levels showed association with some tumor characteristics of aggressiveness. CONCLUSION We suggest that the serum concentration of ILs may assist in the diagnosis and characterization of tumor malignancy helping identify patients with active disease who deserve closer medical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bonjiorno Martins
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marjory Alana Marcello
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Assis Batista
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Colombera Peres
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Murilo Meneghetti
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirela Andrea Latham Ward
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Elba Cristina Sá de Camargo Etchebehere
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 251, Vital Brazil St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ligia Vera Montali da Assumpção
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 251, Vital Brazil St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura Sterian Ward
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
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19
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Liu Y, You R, Yu N, Gong Y, Qu C, Zhang Y, Lu G, Huang Y, Zhang H, Gao Y, Gao Y, Guo X. Increased proportions of Tc17 cells and NK cells may be risk factors for disease progression in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 40:332-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Arpaci D, Karakas Celik S, Can M, Cakmak Genc G, Kuzu F, Unal M, Bayraktaroglu T. Increased Serum Levels of IL-28 and IL-29 and the Protective Effect of IL28B rs8099917 Polymorphism in Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:668-78. [PMID: 27617784 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2016.1208215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is thought to result from decreased T helper type 2 (Th2) responses, leading to the progressive destruction of thyrocytes. IFN-λ1, -λ2, and -λ3 (also known as IL-29, IL-28A, and IL-28B, respectively) are recently described members of the IFN-λ family and have been shown to decrease the production of Th2 cytokines in vitro. However, the role and mechanism of IFN-λ1 in HT remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine whether IL29 and IL28B gene polymorphisms are susceptibility genes for the development of HT. Also, we investigated the effects of IL-29 and IL-28 serum levels in the pathogenesis of HT. Using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL28B rs8099917 (IL28 G/T) and IL29 rs30461 (IL29 T/C) were studied in 99 patients with HT and 100 healthy controls. Considering the allelic distribution of the IL28 G/T polymorphism, a higher frequency of the G allele was observed in the control group versus the HT group. Thus, it was suggested that the G allele may be protective against HT pathogenesis (OR = 0.388, 95% CI = 0.217-0.693; p = 0.001). Our findings also demonstrated that there was a statistically significant difference in serum IL-28 and IL-29 levels between case and control groups (p < 0.001). Increased serum levels of IL-28 and IL-29 were found in patients with HT. However, we did not find a relationship between the IL29 gene polymorphism and HT. In conclusion, the IL28B gene polymorphism and serum IL-28 and IL-29 levels seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Arpaci
- a Bulent Ecevit University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Zonguldak , Turkey
| | - Sevim Karakas Celik
- b Bulent Ecevit University , Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Zonguldak Turkey
| | - Murat Can
- c Bulent Ecevit University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry , Zonguldak , Turkey
| | - Gunes Cakmak Genc
- d Bulent Ecevit University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics , Zonguldak , Turkey
| | - Fatih Kuzu
- a Bulent Ecevit University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Zonguldak , Turkey
| | - Mustafa Unal
- a Bulent Ecevit University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Zonguldak , Turkey
| | - Taner Bayraktaroglu
- a Bulent Ecevit University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Zonguldak , Turkey
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Yaghjyan L, Ghita GL, Dumont-Driscoll M, Yost RA, Chang SH. Maternal exposure to di-2-ethylhexylphthalate and adverse delivery outcomes: A systematic review. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:76-86. [PMID: 27412369 PMCID: PMC5067201 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm delivery, short gestational age, and abnormal birth weight, remain a public health concern. The evidence on the association of the most common phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) with adverse pregnancy outcomes remains equivocal. This systematic review summarizes published studies that investigated the association of DEHP with preterm delivery, gestational age, and birthweight. A comprehensive literature search found 15 relevant studies, most of which evaluated more than one outcome (four studies for preterm delivery, nine studies for gestational age, and ten studies for birthweight). Studies varied greatly with respect to study design, exposure assessment, analytical methods, and direction of the associations. We identified important methodological concerns which could have resulted in selection bias and exposure misclassification and contributed to null findings and biased associations. Given limitations of the previous studies discussed in this review, more thorough investigation of these associations is warranted to advance our scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Yaghjyan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Gabriela L Ghita
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Marilyn Dumont-Driscoll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, 1699 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Richard A Yost
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, 125 Buckman Dr., Gainesville FL 32611, USA.
| | - Su-Hsin Chang
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Chen J, Feng X, Huang Q. Modulation of T-Bet and GATA-3 expression in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis rats through ginsenoside treatment. Endocr Res 2016; 41:28-33. [PMID: 26523790 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2015.1066800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is one of the most common organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that HT may be characterized by an imbalance in the helper T cell subsets Th1 and Th2. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) considers HT as a chronic exhaustion disease, leading to deficiency of qi. In TCM, qi indicates the functional power of the organs of the human body; hence TCM recommends focusing the treatment of HT so as to increase qi production. Ginseng is a well-known herbal medicine exhibiting a variety of efficacies, its main function-being to generate qi. Ginseng's principal active component is ginsenoside, and modern pharmacology has shown that ginsenoside demonstrates biphasic immunomodulatory effects that can be utilized for the treatment of immune disorders. Previous work demonstrated that ginsenoside has a therapeutic effect on HT, but its mechanism is unknown. Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis rats were produced in order to investigate whether ginsenoside can modulate Th1/Th2 imbalance, the direct objective being to examine modulation of IFN-γ and IL-4 by ELISA, and the gene and protein expression of T-bet and GATA-3 by real-time PCR and Western blot. IFN-γ levels were increased while IL-4 levels decreased in EAT rats; treatment with ginsenoside led to decreased peripheral blood IFN-γ levels, with low doses statistically significant. Ginsenoside produced a biphasic effect on IL-4, with low and moderate doses promoting and high doses inhibiting secretion. Both protein and mRNA levels of T-bet were markedly reduced, while GATA-3 was significantly increased by ginsenoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- a Department of Endocrinology , First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xiaohong Feng
- a Department of Endocrinology , First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Qi Huang
- a Department of Endocrinology , First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , China
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Xu B, Yang H, Sun M, Chen H, Jiang L, Zheng X, Ding G, Liu Y, Sheng Y, Cui D, Duan Y. 2,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl Induces Inflammatory Responses in the Thyroid Through JNK and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Pathway. Toxicol Sci 2015; 149:300-11. [PMID: 26519956 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are durable and widely distributed environmental contaminants that can compromise the normal functions of multiple organs and systems; one important mechanism is the induction of inflammatory disorders. In this study, we explored the influences of 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB118) on inflammatory responses and its underlying mechanisms in the thyroid. Wistar rats were administered PCB118 intraperitoneally at 0, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/kg/d, 5 days a week for 13 weeks; rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells were treated with PCB118 (0, 0.25, 2.5, and 25 nM) for indicated time. Results revealed that PCB118 promoted the generation of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in a time- and dose-related manner and decreased sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) protein expression. Moreover, stimulation with PCB118 resulted in the upregulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-responsive gene cytochrome P450 1A1 in FRTL-5 cells; whereas pretreatment with the AhR inhibitor α-naphthoflavone or AhR small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppressed AhR, CYP1A1, IL-6, and ICAM-1 and restored NIS expression. In vivo and in vitro studies also suggested that the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway was activated on PCB118 exposure, and the experiments using siRNA for JNK partially blocked PCB118-induced upregulation of IL-6 and ICAM-1 and downregulation of NIS. Altogether, PCB118 stimulates production of IL-6, TNF-α, and ICAM-1 in the thyroid through AhR and JNK activations and subsequently interferes with NIS expression, resulting in the disruption of thyroid structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojin Xu
- *Department of Endocrinology and
| | - Hui Yang
- *Department of Endocrinology and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yun Liu
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yunlu Sheng
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Dai Cui
- *Department of Endocrinology and
| | - Yu Duan
- *Department of Endocrinology and
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Zivancevic-Simonovic S, Mihaljevic O, Majstorovic I, Popovic S, Markovic S, Milosevic-Djordjevic O, Jovanovic Z, Mijatovic-Teodorovic L, Mihajlovic D, Colic M. Cytokine production in patients with papillary thyroid cancer and associated autoimmune Hashimoto thyroiditis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1011-9. [PMID: 25971541 PMCID: PMC11029755 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is the most frequent thyroid autoimmune disease, while papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is one of the most common endocrine malignancies. A few patients with HT also develop PTC. The aim of this study was to analyze cytokine profiles in patients with PTC accompanied with autoimmune HT in comparison with those in patients with PTC alone or HT alone and healthy subjects. Cytokine levels were determined in supernatants obtained from phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated whole blood cultures in vitro. The concentrations of selected cytokines: Th1-interferon gamma (IFN-γ); Th2-interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 5 (IL-5), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interleukin 13 (IL-13); Th9-interleukin 9 (IL-9); and Th17-interleukin 17 (IL-17A) were measured using multiplex cytokine detection systems for human Th1/Th2/Th9/Th17/Th22. We found that PTC patients with HT produced significantly higher concentrations of IL-4, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13 and IFN-γ than PTC patients without HT. In conclusion, autoimmune HT affects the cytokine profile of patients with PTC by stimulating secretion of Th1/Th2/Th9 types of cytokines. Th1/Th2 cytokine ratios in PTC patients with associated autoimmune HT indicate a marked shift toward Th2 immunity.
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Both interleukin-23A polymorphism and serum interlukin-23 expression are associated with Graves’ disease risk. Cell Immunol 2015; 294:39-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Association of three SNPs in the PARP-1 gene with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Hum Genome Var 2014; 1:14016. [PMID: 27081507 PMCID: PMC4785522 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2014.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) has a vital role in the progression of the inflammatory response, and its inhibition confers protection in various models of inflammatory disorders. Therefore, we investigated the effect of promoter and exon variations of the PARP-1 gene on the risk for the inflammatory disease Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). This case-control association study was comprised of 141 HT patients and 150 controls from a group of women in a Turkish population. Two polymorphisms in the promoter region of the PARP-1 gene, rs2793378 and rs7527192, were analyzed using the PCR-RFLP method. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1136410, which is located at codon 762, was analyzed using bidirectional sequencing. The combined genotype and haplotype analyses of these polymorphisms were performed using SPSS 18 and Haploview 4.2. The results were statistically analyzed by calculating the odds ratios and 95% confidence interval using Pearson's χ (2)-test and Fisher's exact test (two-sided). Although we had a number of significant results, the associations became nonsignificant following a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Nonetheless, a protective factor against HT was still observed for the heterozygous genotype (TC) of SNP rs1136410 (P=0.001), even following Bonferroni correction, and according to the rs2793378-rs7527192 combined analysis, the occurrence of the TT/GA combined genotype was significantly higher in the controls (P=0.007). These results prove that the heterozygosity of SNP rs1136410 provides a protective effect against HT disease in a group of women in a Turkish population.
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Mazaheri T, Sharifi F, Kamali K. Insulin resistance in hypothyroid patients under Levothyroxine therapy: a comparison between those with and without thyroid autoimmunity. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2014; 13:103. [PMID: 25364704 PMCID: PMC4216656 DOI: 10.1186/s40200-014-0103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background A chronic inflammation resulting from an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) might be responsible for IR in hypothyroidism. This study was performed to investigate a probable association between autoimmune background of hypothyroidism and IR. Methods In this clinical study, 63 subjects with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and 49 subjects with post-ablation hypothyroidism were enrolled. All the participants were euthyroid for more than one year through Levothyroxine therapy. Serum concentrations of Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH), Free Thyroxin (FT4, FT3), Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (Anti-TPO Abs), Total Cholesterol (TC), HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C), Triglyceride (TG), Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), and insulin levels were measured and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was performed for all of the subjects. Participants with anti TPO levels more than 1000 IU /ml were classified as having highly positive antibodies. Results No significant differences regarding to plasma insulin, glucose and lipid concentration, were detected between subjects with and without Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. However, subjects with highly positive Anti TPO Abs had higher prevalence of elevated fasting insulin level than those with lower titers of Anti TPO Abs and subjects without autoimmune background (94.1% vs. 62.8% and 71.4% respectively, P = 0.05). Subjects with highly positive titers of Abs also had a lower serum HDL-c levels than the rest of the subjects (40.6 ± 2.1 vs. 47.2 ± 1.7 and 47.4 ± 1.4, P = 0.04). Conclusions There is no obvious association between thyroid autoimmunity and metabolic indexes of hypothyroid patients. Only patients with Ani TPO antibody levels more than 1000 IU/ml may experience higher insulin level and less HDL-c with the same BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faranak Sharifi
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Koorosh Kamali
- Department of public health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Colin IM, Poncin S, Levêque P, Gallez B, Gérard AC. Differential regulation of the production of reactive oxygen species in Th1 cytokine-treated thyroid cells. Thyroid 2014; 24:441-52. [PMID: 24073824 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Th1 cytokines exert pleiotropic effects in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Previous studies reported a downregulation of thyroperoxidase and dual oxidase (DUOX) protein and mRNA expression in thyroid cells treated with Th1 cytokines. Although this effect is partially mediated by intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species, the nature and the source of the ROS involved are currently unknown. The aim of this study was to examine further the nature and source of the ROS produced in response to Th1 cytokines. METHODS Two rat thyroid cell lines (PCCL3 and FRTL-5) and human thyrocytes were incubated with Th1 cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1α and interferon-γ) in the presence or absence of the Th2 cytokine IL-4, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-nitroso-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), or the synthetic antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. The nature and source of the intracellular and extracellular ROS produced were determined. RESULTS A rapid increase in intracellular ROS was observed in cells incubated with Th1 cytokines. This increase was not caused by extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced by DUOX because both DUOX expression and extracellular H2O2 synthesis were decreased by Th1 cytokines. Confocal colocalization experiments showed that the Th1 cytokine-triggered ROS were not produced from mitochondria. Electron paramagnetic resonance investigations of PCCL3 cells indicated that the highly reactive hydroxyl radical was not involved in the response to Th1 cytokines. NOX2 mRNA expression was significantly increased in PCCL3 cells incubated with Th1 cytokines, as was the expression of the protein in the thyroid of Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients. NOX4 expression was by contrast unaffected. These results suggest that at least superoxide could be produced after exposure of thyroid cells to Th1 cytokines. The effects of L-NAME and IL-4, both of which partially or totally reverse Th1 cytokine-induced effects, on ROS release were also analyzed. L-NAME and IL-4 significantly reduced the Th1 cytokine-induced surge of intracellular ROS in PCCL3 and human thyroid cells. CONCLUSION The data presented here reinforce the idea that ROS, other than extracellular H2O2 produced by DUOX, are released from NOX2 after exposure of thyroid cells to Th1 cytokines. ROS/reactive nitrogen species act as important, but as further explained, not exclusive intracellular mediators of Th1 cytokine-induced effects in thyroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ides M Colin
- 1 Morphology Research Group, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical Sector, Catholic University of Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
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Çil E, Kumral A, Kanmaz-Özer M, Vural P, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, Altuntaş Y, Uysal M. Interleukin-10-1082 gene polymorphism is associated with papillary thyroid cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:3091-7. [PMID: 24464184 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of thyroid cancer has not been clearly elucidated although the role of chronical inflammation and the imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines may play a role in the etiology. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether cytokine gene polymorphisms are associated with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), and to evaluate the relationship between genotypes and clinical/laboratory manifestation of PTC. Tumor necrosis factorα (TNFα) G-308A (rs 1800629), interleukin-6 (IL-6) G-174C (rs 1800795) and IL-10 A-1082G (rs 1800896) single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes of 190 patients with thyroid cancer and 216 healthy controls were investigated by real-time PCR combined with melting curve analysis. There was no notable risk for PTC afflicted by TNFα-308 and IL-6-174 alone. However, IL-10-1082 G allele frequency were higher among PTC patients than healthy controls (p=0.009). The patients with IL-10-1082 GG geotype have twofold increased risk of developing thyroid cancer according to AA genotype (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.21-3.55). In addition, the concomitant presence of IL-10-1082 G allele (GG+AG genotypes) together with IL-6 -174 GG genotype has a nearly twofold increased risk for thyroid cancer (OR 1.75 with 95% CI 1.00-3.05, p=0.049). We suggest that IL-10-1082 G allele is associated with an increased risk of PTC. The polymorphism of IL-10 gene can improve our knowledge about the pathogenesis of PTC, and could provide to estimate people at the increased risk for PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Çil
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Şişli Etfal Research and Training Hospital, Şişli, Istanbul, Turkey
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Özçınar B, Aksakal N, Yanar F, Ağcaoğlu O, Peker KD, Türkoğlu Ü, Mercan S, Özarmağan S, Erbil Y. Increased interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels after thyroid surgery. ULUSAL CERRAHI DERGISI 2014; 30:80-4. [PMID: 25931900 DOI: 10.5152/ucd.2014.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to consider levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNFα after thyroid surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 200 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy enrolled in this study. Drain fluid samples were taken. IL-1 and TNFα results and their relationship with other factors were analyzed. RESULTS There was a positive correlation between IL-1 and hyperthyroidism (rs=0.614, p<0.001), operative time (rs=0.770, p<0.001), and excised thyroid volume (rs=0.829, p<0.001). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between TNFα and hyperthyroidism (rs=0.430, p<0.001), operative time (rs=0.392, p<0.001), and excised thyroid volume (rs=0.398, p<0.001). CONCLUSION The results of this study showed us that the parameters related to increased proinflammatory cytokine levels after thyroid surgery were hyperthyroidism, operative time, and excised thyroid volume, but this increase did not show us any clinical outcomes related to these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Özçınar
- Department of General Surgery, İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nihat Aksakal
- Department of General Surgery, İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Yanar
- Department of General Surgery, İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Orhan Ağcaoğlu
- Department of General Surgery, İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Kıvanç Derya Peker
- Department of General Surgery, İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ümit Türkoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Mercan
- Department of General Surgery, İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Özarmağan
- Department of General Surgery, İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Erbil
- Department of General Surgery, İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Vizzini A, Parrinello D, Sanfratello MA, Mangano V, Parrinello N, Cammarata M. Ciona intestinalis peroxinectin is a novel component of the peroxidase-cyclooxygenase gene superfamily upregulated by LPS. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:59-67. [PMID: 23562573 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxinectins function as hemoperoxidase and cell adhesion factor involved in invertebrate immune reaction. In this study, the ascidian (Ciona intestinalis) peroxinectin gene (CiPxt) and its expression during the inflammatory response have been examined. CiPxt is a new member of the peroxidase-cyclooxygenase gene superfamily that contains both the peroxidase domain and the integrin KGD (Lys-Gly-Asp) binding motif. A phylogenetic tree showed that CiPxt is very close to the chordate group and appears to be the outgroup of mammalian MPO, EPO and TPO clades. The CiPxt molecular structure model resulted superimposable to the human myeloperoxidase. The CiPxt mRNA expression is upregulated by LPS inoculation suggesting it is involved in C. intestinalis inflammatory response. The CiPxt was expressed in hemocytes (compartment/morula cells), vessel epithelium, and unilocular refractile granulocytes populating the inflamed tunic matrix and in the zones 7, 8 and 9 of the endostyle, a special pharynx organs homolog to the vertebrate thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiti Vizzini
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
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The combination of ınterleukin-10 −1082 and tumor necrosis factor α −308 or ınterleukin-6 −174 genes polymorphisms suggests an association with susceptibility to Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 12:543-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kawashima A, Tanigawa K, Akama T, Yoshihara A, Ishii N, Suzuki K. Innate immune activation and thyroid autoimmunity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:3661-71. [PMID: 21956420 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the archetypal organ-specific autoimmune disorder and is characterized by the production of thyroid autoantibodies. However, the underlying mechanisms by which specific antibodies against thyroid proteins are produced are largely unknown. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Published peer-reviewed basic and clinical literatures on immunology and autoimmune diseases were identified through searches of PubMed for articles published from January 1971 to May 2011. Articles resulting from these searches and relevant references cited in those articles were reviewed. All the relevant articles were written in English. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Recent studies have indicated that innate immune responses induced by both exogenous and endogenous factors affect the phenotype and severity of autoimmune reactions. One of the recent topics is the effect of self-genomic DNA fragments on immune activation. Expression of major histocompatibility complex class II on the autoimmune target cells seems to play an important role in the presentation of endogenous antigens. Accumulated evidence from animal models has generated new insights into the pathogenesis of AITD. CONCLUSION AITD develops by a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Innate immune responses are associated with thyroid dysfunction, tissue destruction, and the likely development and perpetuation of AITD. In addition to the other factors, cell injury may contribute to the activation of innate immune response and the development of AITD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kawashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan
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Zaletel K, Gaberšček S. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: From Genes to the Disease. Curr Genomics 2011; 12:576-88. [PMID: 22654557 PMCID: PMC3271310 DOI: 10.2174/138920211798120763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is the most prevalent autoimmune thyroid disorder. Intrathyroidal lymphocytic infiltration is followed by a gradual destruction of the thyroid gland which may lead to subclinical or overt hypothyroidism. Biochemical markers of the disease are thyroid peroxidase and/or thyroglobulin autoantibodies in the serum which are present with a higher prevalence in females than in males and increase with age. Although exact mechanisms of aetiology and pathogenesis of the disorder are not completely understood, a strong genetic susceptibility to the disease has been confirmed predominantly by family and twin studies. Several genes were shown to be associated with the disease occurrence, progression, and severity. Genes for human leukocyte antigen, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4, protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor-type 22, thyroglobulin, vitamin D receptor, and cytokines are considered to be of utmost importance. Amongst endogenous factors for the disease development, the attention is focused predominantly on female sex, pregnancy with postpartum period and fetal microchimerism. Environmental factors influencing HT development are iodine intake, drugs, infections and different chemicals. Disturbed self-tolerance accompanied by the increased antigen presentation is a prerequisite for the HT occurrence, whereas proper interaction of thyroid cells, antigen presenting cells, and T cells are necessary for the initiation of thyroid autoimmunity. Secreted cytokines lead predominantly to T-helper type 1 (Th1) response as well as to Th 17 response which has only recently been implicated. Final outcome of HT is thyroid destruction which is mostly a consequence of the apoptotic processes combined with T-cell mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Gaberšček
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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35
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Xu L, Ma X, Wang Y, Li X, Qi Y, Cui B, Li X, Ning G, Wang S. The expression and pathophysiological role of osteopontin in Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E1866-70. [PMID: 21900386 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Graves' disease (GD) is a common autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland. Its pathogenesis is tightly involved with aberrant proinflammatory cytokine production. Osteopontin (OPN), an extracellular matrix protein of pleiotropic properties, has recently been recognized as a potent inflammatory cytokine in several autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVE This study sought to explore the pathophysiological role of OPN in GD by comparing OPN levels in initial GD patients and healthy controls. METHODS Seventy-six patients who met criteria for initial GD and sixty-five healthy controls were recruited. OPN and other clinical GD diagnosis parameters were measured. In addition, the coexpression of several OPN receptors as well as various nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) downstream target genes were examined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human subjects. The effect of OPN on NF-κB activation was determined by in vitro assays. RESULTS We demonstrated for the first time that the OPN levels are enhanced in serum from GD patients. OPN levels are strongly associated with clinical serum parameters for GD diagnosis. The coexpression of selective OPN receptors and inflammatory response genes was enhanced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from GD patients. Furthermore, serum from GD patients activated NF-κB activity in vitro, which was significantly suppressed by OPN monoclonal antibody abrogation. CONCLUSION These data indicated a clinical correlation between serum OPN levels and GD. OPN could affect GD development through NF-κB activation and the subsequent changes in inflammatory milieu. OPN could serve as a novel biomarker for GD as well as a potential target for GD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Xu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China
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Anvari M, Khalilzadeh O, Esteghamati A, Momen-Heravi F, Mahmoudi M, Esfahani SA, Rashidi A, Amirzargar A. Graves' disease and gene polymorphism of TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, and IFN-γ. Endocrine 2010; 37:344-8. [PMID: 20960273 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-010-9311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD) is not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and GD in Iranian patients. A case-control hospital-based study was carried out on 107 GD patients and 140 healthy controls. Cytokine typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) assay. The allele and genotype frequencies of the following cytokine genes were determined: TNF-α (-308A/G, -238A/G), IL-2 (-330T/G, +166G/T), IL-6 (-174C/G, A/G nt565), IL-12 (-1188A/C), and IFN-γ (UTR 5644A/T). The following alleles and genotypes were significantly overrepresented in patients: TNF-α -308A allele (P < 0.01) and AA genotype (P < 0.05), IL-2 -330G allele (P < 0.01) and GG genotype (P < 0.01), IL-6 -174C allele (P < 0.01) and CC genotype (P < 0.01), IL-12 -1188C allele (P < 0.01) and CC genotype (P < 0.01), IFN-γ UTR5644T allele (P < 0.01) and TT genotype (P < 0.01). In conclusion, this is the first study to show a significant association between GD and IL-2 -330G, IL-12 -1188C, and IFN-γ UTR 5644T alleles. Our results support the hypothesis that polymorphism in pro-inflammatory cytokines might be involved in predisposition to GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Anvari
- Molecular Immunology and Immunogenetics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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37
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Khalilzadeh O, Anvari M, Momen-Heravi F, Esteghamati A, Rashidi A, Mahmoudi M, Nikbin B, Amirzargar A. Gene polymorphisms of interleukin-4, interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta in Graves' disease. Clin Exp Med 2009; 10:123-8. [PMID: 19882211 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-009-0078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Among genetic factors that may contribute to the development and progression of Graves' disease (GD) and its complications are polymorphisms in the genes encoding cytokines. The association between GD and the following polymorphisms in anti-inflammatory cytokines was studied in 107 patients with GD and 140 healthy controls: IL-4 (-1098T/G, -590T/C, -33C/T), IL-10 (-1082A/G, -819C/T, -592C/A) and TGF-beta (+869T/C, +915G/C). The following alleles and genotypes were significantly (P < 0.01 after correction for multiple testing) more frequent among patients: the IL-4 -1098G allele and GG genotype (OR = 3.12 and 105.00, respectively), IL-4 -33T allele and TT genotype (OR = 2.52 and 118.83, respectively), IL-10 -1082G allele and GG genotype (OR = 2.16 and 6.40, respectively), IL-10 -819T allele, TC and TT genotype (OR = 2.60, 3.68 and 6.76, respectively), IL-10 -592A allele, AC and AA genotype (OR = 2.41, 2.89 and 5.68, respectively), TGF-beta +869C allele and CC genotype (OR = 2.24 and 6.21, respectively), and TGF-beta +915C allele, CG and CC genotype (OR = 7.81, 11.80 and 20.40, respectively). The only allele and genotype with a lower frequency in patients were IL-4 -590T allele and TC genotype (OR = 0.47 and 0.08, respectively; P < 0.01). In conclusion, this study highlighted the importance of anti-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Khalilzadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) has been extensively investigated over the past years. In patients with ATD, these molecules can be found in both the thyroid and sites of extrathyroidal complications of the disease. Cytokines can affect the autoimmune process through a number of mechanisms including recruitment of inflammatory cells and upregulation of molecules essential for perpetuation of the inflammatory response in the affected site. In addition, cytokines can interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis, implicating them directly in thyroid dysfunction found in ATD patients. Also, these molecules can modulate the function of cells in orbital tissue, which results in localised oedema, indicating a central role for cytokines in the development of proptosis, the cardinal feature of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ajjan
- Academic Unit of Molecular Vascular Medicine, University of Leeds, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK.
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Varghese S, Montufar-Solis D, Vincent BH, Klein JR. Virus infection activates thyroid stimulating hormone synthesis in intestinal epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 105:271-6. [PMID: 18523983 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine has been shown to be an extra-pituitary site of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) production, and previous in vivo studies have shown that TSH synthesis localizes within areas of enteric virus infection within the small intestine; however, the cellular source of intestinal TSH has not been adequately determined. In the present study, we have used the murine MODE-K small intestinal epithelial cell line to demonstrate both at the transcriptional level and as a secreted hormone, as measured in a TSHbeta-specific enzyme-linked assay, that epithelial cells in fact respond to infection with reovirus serotype 3 Dearing strain by upregulating TSH synthesis. Moreover, sequence analysis of a PCR-amplified TSHbeta product from MODE-K cells revealed homology to mouse pituitary TSHbeta. These findings have direct functional implications for understanding a TSH immune-endocrine circuit in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Varghese
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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40
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Abstract
Graves' disease, an autoimmune process associated with thyroid dysfunction, can also manifest as remodeling of orbital connective tissue. Affected tissues exhibit immune responses that appear to be orchestrated by resident cells and those recruited from the bone marrow through their expression and release of cytokines and surface display of cytokine receptors. Cytokines are small molecules produced by many types of cells, including those of the "professional" immune system. Aberrant cytokine expression appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, including thyroid autoimmunity. The skewed pattern of cytokine expression in the thyroid, including the T helper cell bias, may condition the response to apoptotic signals and determine the characteristics of an autoimmune reaction. Furthermore, chemoattractant cytokines, including IL16, RANTES, and CXCL10, elaborated by resident cells in the thyroid and orbit may provoke mononuclear cell infiltration. Other cytokines may drive cell activation and tissue remodeling. Thus cytokines and the signaling pathways they activate represent attractive therapeutic targets. Interruption of these might alter the natural course of Graves' disease and its orbital manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Gianoukakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA.
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Shiau MY, Huang CN, Yang TP, Hwang YC, Tsai KJ, Chi CJ, Chang YH. Cytokine promoter polymorphisms in Taiwanese patients with Graves' disease. Clin Biochem 2007; 40:213-7. [PMID: 17208210 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the association between promoter polymorphisms of Th1 and Th2 cytokine genes [interleukin-4 (IL-4 T-34C, A-81G, C-285T and T-589C), IL-6 (G-174C), IL-10 (A-592C and T-819C) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha G-238A and G-308A)] and Graves' disease (GD) in Taiwanese population. DESIGN AND METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood cells of 137 GD patients and 189 control subjects. Cytokine gene polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS Genotype frequencies of TNF-alpha G-238A or G-308A between control and GD subjects were significantly different. Frequencies of the high TNF-alpha secreting alleles (-238*A and -308*A) and IL-10 -819*C allele were significantly increased in GD patients. No significant differences regarding IL-4 or IL-6 gene polymorphisms between GD patients and control subjects were found. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that TNF-alpha G-238A and G-308A genotypes were strongly associated with GD incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yuh Shiau
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Rekha PL, Ishaq M, Valluri V. A differential association of interferon-gamma high-producing allele T and low-producing allele A (+874 A/T) with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Scand J Immunol 2006; 64:438-43. [PMID: 16970687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of the single base change polymorphic variants identified in the first intron of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) (+874 T/A) with susceptibility to thyroid dysfunctions. A total of 340 subjects were included in the study comprising of 190 patients (104 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 26 with non-Hashimoto's hypothyroidism and 60 Graves' disease) and 150 controls. Genotyping was done by amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction using a set of sequence-specific primers. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between high IFN-gamma-producing genotype TT and Hashimoto's thyroiditis compared to controls (P value < 0.001). On the other hand, the frequency of genotype TT was decreased in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism with a significant increase in low IFN-gamma-producing genotype AA among this group (P = 0.03). To conclude the results of the study suggest a differential association of high- and low-producing alleles of IFN-gamma gene with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. The high IFN-gamma-producing allele T was observed to be associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in the present study where as in Graves' hyperthyroidism the association was observed to be stronger with the low producing allele A.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Rekha
- Immunogenetics Lab, Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Erem C, Deger O, Ovali E, Barlak Y. The effects of royal jelly on autoimmunity in Graves' disease. Endocrine 2006; 30:175-83. [PMID: 17322576 DOI: 10.1385/endo:30:2:175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Graves' disease is an organ-specific autoimmune disease with unknown etiology. TSHR Ab plays the most important role for the pathogenesis of Graves' disease. Recently, the role of cytokines for the pathogenesis of Graves' disease has been studied extensively. Royal jelly (RJ) is a creamy product secreted by young nurse worker bees (Apis mellifera), and it is synthesized in the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands. RJ has been reported to have such pharmacological characteristics as antitumor, antibacterial, antihypercholesterolemic, antiallergic, antiinflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. The major aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of RJ on autoimmunity in peripheral lymphocyte culture and to establish the therapeutic doses. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In the first phase, lymphocyte cell isolation from four voluntary healthy subjects was performed to find the effective concentration of RJ on immunity. Serial dilutions of the RJ were prepared (0-5 mg/mL). All isolated lymphocyte cells were treated with the above diluted samples. MTT test was carried out after incubation of 72 h. In the second phase, six patients with Graves' disease, newly diagnosed by clinical and laboratory methods and admitted to my hospital and untreated were identified. RJ samples of 0 and 4 mg/mL were incubated in a culture medium for 72 h with isolated lymphocytes obtained from the patients. After incubation, MTT test in lymphocyte cell culture, Th1 cytokines IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-12, and Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 levels by the enzyme amplified sensitivity immunoassay (EASIA) method and TSHR Ab by the radioreceptor method were determined. RESULTS The concentration causing lymphocytes to proliferate was found to be 4 mg/mL by MTT test after incubation of 72 h in cell culture medium. Of the cytokines produced and secreted from lymphocytes, IFN-gamma increased, whereas, other cytokines decreased in RJ concentration of 4 mg/mL. Significant differences were found only for IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. IL-4 concentrations were kept near the level of significancy. Of Th1/Th2 ratios, IFN-gamma/IL-4 and IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratios also exhibited significant differences between 0 and 4 mg/mL. RJ treatment in lymphocytes from patients with Graves' disease shifted the Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio to the side of Th1 cytokine. Therefore, RJ using the treatment and establishing a remission of Graves' disease may be effective as an antithyroid drug treatment. TSHR Ab levels of lymphocyte cell culture supernatants treated with RJ showed significant decreases. Also, the result may suggest that RJ may exert an effect similar to an antithyroid drug for decreasing TSHR Ab levels. CONCLUSIONS RJ may be effective as an immunomodulatory agent in Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihangir Erem
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey.
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Drexhage HA. Are there more than antibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor that meet the eye in Graves' disease? Endocrinology 2006; 147:9-12. [PMID: 16365140 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H A Drexhage
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wang SH, Cao Z, Wolf JM, Van Antwerp M, Baker JR. Death ligand tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand inhibits experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Endocrinology 2005; 146:4721-6. [PMID: 16123163 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The role of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in autoimmune thyroiditis is unclear. We used experimental autoimmune thyroiditis to clarify the contribution of TRAIL to the development of autoimmune thyroiditis. CBA/J mice were immunized with murine thyroglobulin, and spleen cells from these mice were subsequently injected into irradiated recipient CBA/J mice. One week later, the recipient mice were treated with recombinant TRAIL or a control protein. Compared with control animals, TRAIL-treated mice developed a milder form of the disease with a significant decrease in mononuclear cell infiltration in the thyroid and less thyroid follicular destruction. Furthermore, the number of apoptotic thyrocytes and also thyroglobulin-specific T helper-1 cell responses in TRAIL-treated mice was lower than that in the control animals. This study suggests that exogenous TRAIL suppresses the development of autoimmune thyroiditis via altering the function of cells involved in the immune response. These findings may contribute toward a novel treatment autoimmune thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su He Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 9220 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0648, USA
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Chistiakov DA. Immunogenetics of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES 2005; 2:1. [PMID: 15762980 PMCID: PMC555850 DOI: 10.1186/1740-2557-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an organ-specific T-cell mediated disease. It is a complex disease, with a strong genetic component. To date, significant progress has been made towards the identification and functional characterization of HT susceptibility genes. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the genetic input to the pathogenesis of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch, De Beriotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
Recent research in autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) has largely focused on delineation of the autoantigens and their epitopes, but there is now renewed interest in the immunoregulatory properties of T cells, an understanding of which may explain the emergence of AITD in experimental settings. T cell recognition of autoantigens has shown considerable intra- and interindividual heterogeneity, and a mixed pattern of cytokine production indicates that both the Th1 and Th2 limbs of the helper T cell response are involved in all types of AITD. It is now clear that secretion of chemokines and cytokines within the thyroid accounts for the accumulation and expansion of the intrathyroidal lymphocyte pool, and that the thyroid cells themselves contribute to this secretion. The thyroid cells also produce a number of proinflammatory molecules which will tend to exacerbate the autoimmune process. Thyroid cell destruction in autoimmune hypothyroidism is dependent on T cell-mediated cytotoxicity with the likely additional effect of death receptor-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Weetman
- Clinical Sciences Centre, University of Sheffield, Northern General Hospital, UK.
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Ajjan RA, Weetman AP. New understanding of the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Endocrinol Invest 2004; 27:237-45. [PMID: 15164999 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play a key role in the development of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). These molecules are produced in the orbit of GO patients by infiltrating inflammatory cells as well as orbital fibroblasts. Locally produced cytokines stimulate fibroblast proliferation and their production of glycosaminoglycans, which result in accumulation of extracellular matrix and oedema with consequent proptosis. In addition to these direct effects, cytokines can modulate the immune reaction in GO by increasing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, adhesion molecules, CD40, prostaglandin and heat shock protein expression in the orbit, thereby having a role in localising and augmenting the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ajjan
- Academic Unit of Molecular and Vascular Medicine, University of Leeds, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Yu S, Sharp GC, Braley-Mullen H. Dual roles for IFN-gamma, but not for IL-4, in spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD.H-2h4 mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 169:3999-4007. [PMID: 12244202 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the thyroid by T and B lymphocytes. To investigate the roles of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the pathogenesis of SAT, IFN-gamma(-/-) and IL-4(-/-) NOD.H-2h4 mice were generated. IL-4(-/-) mice developed lymphocytic SAT (L-SAT) comparable to that of wild-type (WT) mice. They produced little anti-mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) IgG1, but had levels of anti-MTg IgG2b comparable to WT mice. Compared with WT mice, IFN-gamma(-/-) mice produced significantly less anti-MTg IgG1 and IgG2b. Absence of IFN-gamma resulted in abnormal proliferation of thyroid epithelial cells with minimal lymphocyte infiltration. Thyroids of IFN-gamma(-/-) mice had markedly reduced B lymphocyte chemoattractant expression, B cell and plasma cell infiltration, and decreased MHC class II expression on thyrocytes compared with WT mice. Adoptive transfer of WT splenocytes to IFN-gamma(-/-) mice restored the capacity to develop typical L-SAT, enhanced anti-MTg IgG1 and IgG2b production, up-regulated MHC class II expression on thyrocytes and decreased thyrocyte proliferation. These results suggest that IFN-gamma plays a dual role in the development of SAT. IFN-gamma is required for development of L-SAT, and it also functions to inhibit thyroid epithelial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiguang Yu
- Department of. Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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50
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Díez JJ, Hernanz A, Medina S, Bayón C, Iglesias P. Serum concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and soluble TNF-alpha receptor p55 in patients with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism before and after normalization of thyroid function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002; 57:515-21. [PMID: 12354134 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine with numerous immunological and metabolic activities. Receptors for TNF-alpha have been demonstrated in thyroid follicular cells and TNF-alpha and its receptors have been implicated in the cytotoxic mechanisms that characterize the thyroid destruction in autoimmune thyroid disease. In patients with Graves' disease, serum levels of TNF-alpha have been reported to be elevated and administration of TNF-alpha to humans has been shown to induce hormonal alterations resembling those seen in the nonthyroidal illness syndrome. OBJECTIVE To evaluate serum concentrations of TNF-alpha and the soluble receptor for TNF-alpha (sTNFR-I) in a group of patients with thyroid dysfunction before and after normalization of thyroid function with appropriate therapy. DESIGN We studied 20 patients with hypothyroidism (18 women and 2 men, mean age +/- SD, 48.8 +/- 16.1 years) and 20 patients with hyperthyroidism (14 women and 6 men, age 44.6 +/- 15.9 years). Patients were assessed at the time of diagnosis and again after normalization of thyroid function tests with appropriate therapy. A group of 20 healthy subjects (15 women and 5 men, age 44.9 +/- 15.1 years) were also studied as a control group. SETTING All subjects were ambulatory and were studied as outpatients during visits to the endocrinology clinic. MEASUREMENTS Serum concentrations of free T4 (FT4), total T3, TSH, TNF-alpha and sTNFR-I were measured in all subjects. TNF-alpha and sTNFR-I were measured using a quantitative enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS In patients with hypothyroidism serum concentrations of TNF-alpha (3.17 +/- 1.18 pg/ml) and sTNFR-I (1273 +/- 364 pg/ml) were significantly higher than those found in controls (2.42 +/- 0.76 pg/ml, P < 0.05, and 971 +/- 235 pg/ml, P < 0.01, respectively). Normalization of thyroid function with l-thyroxine therapy did not significantly modify TNF-alpha or sTNFR-I levels. There were no differences in pre- and post-therapy values of TNF-alpha and sTNFR-I in patients with autoimmune (n = 14) or nonautoimmune (n = 6) hypothyroidism. Before therapy, patients with hyperthyroidism showed elevated serum concentrations of TNF-alpha (3.36 +/- 1.21 pg/ml; P < 0.01) and sTNFR-I (2274 +/- 579 pg/ml; P < 0.001) in relation to the control group. Treatment of hyperthyroidism was accompanied by a normalization of TNF-alpha levels (2.46 +/- 0.89 pg/ml; P < 0.001) and by a significant decrease in sTNFR-I concentrations (1369 +/- 475 pg/ml; P < 0.001). Post-therapy levels of TNF-alpha and sTNFR-I showed a significant correlation with loss of weight (r = 0.674, P < 0.01, and r = 0.629, P < 0.01, respectively) in hypothyroid patients. No correlation between these parameters was found in the group of patients with hyperthyroidism. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these results confirm the relevance of activation of the TNF-alpha system in patients with thyroid dysfunction, as high plasma concentrations of TNF-alpha and sTNFR-I have been demonstrated in patients with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Treatment of hyperthyroidism is accompanied by a significant reduction in the previously elevated concentrations of both TNF-alpha and sTNFR-I. However, these changes are not seen when normalizing thyroid function in patients with hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Díez
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital La Paz, Travesía Téllez 8, 4R, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
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