1
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Ceron RH, Báez-Cruz FA, Palmer NJ, Carman PJ, Boczkowska M, Heuckeroth RO, Ostap EM, Dominguez R. Molecular mechanisms linking missense ACTG2 mutations to visceral myopathy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn6615. [PMID: 38820162 PMCID: PMC11141634 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn6615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Visceral myopathy is a life-threatening disease characterized by muscle weakness in the bowel, bladder, and uterus. Mutations in smooth muscle γ-actin (ACTG2) are the most common cause of the disease, but the mechanisms by which the mutations alter muscle function are unknown. Here, we examined four prevalent ACTG2 mutations (R40C, R148C, R178C, and R257C) that cause different disease severity and are spread throughout the actin fold. R178C displayed premature degradation, R148C disrupted interactions with actin-binding proteins, R40C inhibited polymerization, and R257C destabilized filaments. Because these mutations are heterozygous, we also analyzed 50/50 mixtures with wild-type (WT) ACTG2. The WT/R40C mixture impaired filament nucleation by leiomodin 1, and WT/R257C produced filaments that were easily fragmented by smooth muscle myosin. Smooth muscle tropomyosin isoform Tpm1.4 partially rescued the defects of R40C and R257C. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of filaments formed by R40C and R257C revealed disrupted intersubunit contacts. The biochemical and structural properties of the mutants correlate with their genotype-specific disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. Ceron
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Faviolla A. Báez-Cruz
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Palmer
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter J. Carman
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Malgorzata Boczkowska
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert O. Heuckeroth
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E. Michael Ostap
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roberto Dominguez
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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2
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Mai N, Wu L, Uruk G, Mocanu E, Swanson RA. Bioenergetic and excitotoxic determinants of cofilactin rod formation. J Neurochem 2024; 168:899-909. [PMID: 38299375 PMCID: PMC11102304 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Cofilactin rods (CARs), which are 1:1 aggregates of cofilin-1 and actin, lead to neurite loss in ischemic stroke and other disorders. The biochemical pathways driving CAR formation are well-established, but how these pathways are engaged under ischemic conditions is less clear. Brain ischemia produces both ATP depletion and glutamate excitotoxicity, both of which have been shown to drive CAR formation in other settings. Here, we show that CARs are formed in cultured neurons exposed to ischemia-like conditions: oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), glutamate, or oxidative stress. Of these conditions, only OGD produced significant ATP depletion, showing that ATP depletion is not required for CAR formation. Moreover, the OGD-induced CAR formation was blocked by the glutamate receptor antagonists MK-801 and kynurenic acid; the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibitors GSK2795039 and apocynin; as well as an ROS scavenger. The findings identify a biochemical pathway leading from OGD to CAR formation in which the glutamate release induced by energy failure leads to activation of neuronal glutamate receptors, which in turn activates NADPH oxidase to generate oxidative stress and CARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Mai
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gökhan Uruk
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ebony Mocanu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Raymond A. Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
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3
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Xu L, Cao L, Li J, Staiger CJ. Cooperative actin filament nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex and formins maintains the homeostatic cortical array in Arabidopsis epidermal cells. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:764-789. [PMID: 38057163 PMCID: PMC10896301 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Precise control over how and where actin filaments are created leads to the construction of unique cytoskeletal arrays within a common cytoplasm. Actin filament nucleators are key players in this activity and include the conserved actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex as well as a large family of formins. In some eukaryotic cells, these nucleators compete for a common pool of actin monomers and loss of one favors the activity of the other. To test whether this mechanism is conserved, we combined the ability to image single filament dynamics in the homeostatic cortical actin array of living Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) epidermal cells with genetic and/or small molecule inhibitor approaches to stably or acutely disrupt nucleator activity. We found that Arp2/3 mutants or acute CK-666 treatment markedly reduced the frequency of side-branched nucleation events as well as overall actin filament abundance. We also confirmed that plant formins contribute to side-branched filament nucleation in vivo. Surprisingly, simultaneous inhibition of both classes of nucleator increased overall actin filament abundance and enhanced the frequency of de novo nucleation events by an unknown mechanism. Collectively, our findings suggest that multiple actin nucleation mechanisms cooperate to generate and maintain the homeostatic cortical array of plant epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lingyan Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- EMBRIO Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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4
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Heinze A, Rust MB. Loss of the actin regulator cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) modestly affects dendritic spine remodeling during synaptic plasticity. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151357. [PMID: 37634312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines form the postsynaptic compartment of most excitatory synapses in the vertebrate brain. Morphological changes of dendritic spines contribute to major forms of synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP) or depression (LTD). Synaptic plasticity underlies learning and memory, and defects in synaptic plasticity contribute to the pathogeneses of human brain disorders. Hence, deciphering the molecules that drive spine remodeling during synaptic plasticity is critical for understanding the neuronal basis of physiological and pathological brain function. Since actin filaments (F-actin) define dendritic spine morphology, actin-binding proteins (ABP) that accelerate dis-/assembly of F-actin moved into the focus as critical regulators of synaptic plasticity. We recently identified cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) as a novel actin regulator in neurons that cooperates with cofilin1, an ABP relevant for synaptic plasticity. We therefore hypothesized a crucial role for CAP1 in structural synaptic plasticity. By exploiting mouse hippocampal neurons, we tested this hypothesis in the present study. We found that induction of both forms of synaptic plasticity oppositely altered concentration of exogenous, myc-tagged CAP1 in dendritic spines, with chemical LTP (cLTP) decreasing and chemical LTD (cLTD) increasing it. cLTP induced spine enlargement in CAP1-deficient neurons. However, it did not increase the density of large spines, different from control neurons. cLTD induced spine retraction and spine size reduction in control neurons, but not in CAP1-KO neurons. Together, we report that postsynaptic myc-CAP1 concentration oppositely changed during cLTP and cTLD and that CAP1 inactivation modestly affected structural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Heinze
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco B Rust
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Dahlstroem C, Paraschiakos T, Sun H, Windhorst S. Cryo-EM structures of actin binding proteins as tool for drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115680. [PMID: 37399949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular actin dynamic is controlled by a plethora of actin binding proteins (ABPs), including actin nucleating, bundling, cross-linking, capping, and severing proteins. In this review, regulation of actin dynamics by ABPs will be introduced, and the role of the F-actin severing protein cofilin-1 and the F-actin bundling protein L-plastin in actin dynamics discussed in more detail. Since up-regulation of these proteins in different kinds of cancers is associated with malignant progression of cancer cells, we suggest the cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) structure of F- actin with the respective ABP as template for in silico drug design to specifically disrupt the interaction of these ABPs with F-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dahlstroem
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg
| | - Themistoklis Paraschiakos
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg
| | - Han Sun
- Structural Chemistry and Computational Biophysics Group, Leipniz-Forschungsinstitut für Moekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13125, Berlin; Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, D-10623, Berlin
| | - Sabine Windhorst
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg.
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6
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Lv S, Chen Z, Mi H, Yu X. Cofilin Acts as a Booster for Progression of Malignant Tumors Represented by Glioma. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:3245-3269. [PMID: 36452435 PMCID: PMC9703913 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s389825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cofilin, as a depolymerization factor of actin filaments, has been widely studied. Evidences show that cofilin has a role in actin structural reorganization and dynamic regulation. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated a regulatory role for cofilin in the migration and invasion mediated by cell dynamics and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)/EMT-like process, apoptosis, radiotherapy resistance, immune escape, and transcriptional dysregulation of malignant tumor cells, particularly glioma cells. On this basis, it is practical to evaluate cofilin as a biomarker for predicting tumor metastasis and prognosis. Targeting cofilin regulating kinases, Lin11, Isl-1 and Mec-3 kinases (LIM kinases/LIMKs) and their major upstream molecules inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion and targeting cofilin-mediated mitochondrial pathway induces apoptosis of tumor cells represent effective options for the development of novel anti-malignant tumor drug, especially anti-glioma drugs. This review explores the structure, general biological function, and regulation of cofilin, with an emphasis on the critical functions and prospects for clinical therapeutic applications of cofilin in malignant tumors represented by glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, 157011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiye Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailong Mi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingjiang Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Abstract
The precise assembly and disassembly of actin filaments is required for several cellular processes, and their regulation has been scrutinized for decades. Twenty years ago, a handful of studies marked the advent of a new type of experiment to study actin dynamics: using optical microscopy to look at individual events, taking place on individual filaments in real time. Here, we summarize the main characteristics of this approach and how it has changed our ability to understand actin assembly dynamics. We also highlight some of its caveats and reflect on what we have learned over the past 20 years, leading us to propose a set of guidelines, which we hope will contribute to a better exploitation of this powerful tool.
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8
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Bourdais A, Dehapiot B, Halet G. Cofilin regulates actin network homeostasis and microvilli length in mouse oocytes. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:273797. [PMID: 34841429 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How multiple actin networks coexist in a common cytoplasm while competing for a shared pool of monomers is still an ongoing question. This is exemplified by meiotic maturation in the mouse oocyte, which relies on the dynamic remodeling of distinct cortical and cytoplasmic F-actin networks. Here, we show that the conserved actin-depolymerizing factor cofilin is activated in a switch-like manner upon meiosis resumption from prophase arrest. Interfering with cofilin activation during maturation resulted in widespread elongation of microvilli, while cytoplasmic F-actin was depleted, leading to defects in spindle migration and polar body extrusion. In contrast, cofilin inactivation in metaphase II-arrested oocytes resulted in a shutdown of F-actin dynamics, along with a dramatic overgrowth of the polarized actin cap. However, inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex to promote actin cap disassembly elicited ectopic microvilli outgrowth in the polarized cortex. These data establish cofilin as a key player in actin network homeostasis in oocytes and reveal that microvilli can act as a sink for monomers upon disassembly of a competing network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bourdais
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes , CNRS IGDR UMR 6290, Université de Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Benoit Dehapiot
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes , CNRS IGDR UMR 6290, Université de Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Guillaume Halet
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes , CNRS IGDR UMR 6290, Université de Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
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9
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Li C, Liman J, Eliaz Y, Cheung MS. Forecasting Avalanches in Branched Actomyosin Networks with Network Science and Machine Learning. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11591-11605. [PMID: 34664964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We explored the dynamic and structural effects of actin-related proteins 2/3 (Arp2/3) on actomyosin networks using mechanochemical simulations of active matter networks. On the nanoscale, the Arp2/3 complex alters the topology of actomyosin by nucleating a daughter filament at an angle with respect to a mother filament. At a subcellular scale, they orchestrate the formation of a branched actomyosin network. Using a coarse-grained approach, we sought to understand how an actomyosin network temporally and spatially reorganizes itself by varying the concentration of the Arp2/3 complexes. Driven by motor dynamics, the network stalls at a high concentration of Arp2/3 and contracts at a low Arp2/3 concentration. At an intermediate Arp2/3 concentration, however, the actomyosin network is formed by loosely connected clusters that may collapse suddenly when driven by motors. This physical phenomenon is called an "avalanche" largely due to the marginal instability inherent to the morphology of a branched actomyosin network when the Arp2/3 complex is present. While embracing the data science approaches, we unveiled the higher-order patterns in the branched actomyosin networks and discovered a sudden change in the "social" network topology of actomyosin, which is a new type of avalanche in addition to the two types of avalanches associated with a sudden change in the size or shape of the whole actomyosin network, as shown in a previous investigation. Our new finding promotes the importance of using network theory and machine learning models to forecast avalanches in actomyosin networks. The mechanisms of the Arp2/3 complexes in shaping the architecture of branched actomyosin networks obtained in this paper will help us better understand the emergent reorganization of the topology in dense actomyosin networks that are difficult to detect in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxuan Li
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States.,Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - James Liman
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yossi Eliaz
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States.,Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Margaret S Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States.,Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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10
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Ortiz MA, Mikhailova T, Li X, Porter BA, Bah A, Kotula L. Src family kinases, adaptor proteins and the actin cytoskeleton in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:67. [PMID: 34193161 PMCID: PMC8247114 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a century of scientific inquiry since the discovery of v-SRC but still no final judgement on SRC function. However, a significant body of work has defined Src family kinases as key players in tumor progression, invasion and metastasis in human cancer. With the ever-growing evidence supporting the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in invasion and metastasis, so does our understanding of the role SFKs play in mediating these processes. Here we describe some key mechanisms through which Src family kinases play critical role in epithelial homeostasis and how their function is essential for the propagation of invasive signals. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Ortiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA.,Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Tatiana Mikhailova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA.,Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Baylee A Porter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA.,Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Alaji Bah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Leszek Kotula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA. .,Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA.
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11
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Qin X, Zhang Y, He Y, Chen K, Zhang Y, Li P, Jiang Y, Li S, Li T, Yang H, Wu C, Zheng C, Zhu J, You F, Liu Y. Shear stress triggered circular dorsal ruffles formation to facilitate cancer cell migration. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 709:108967. [PMID: 34157295 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs) are a kind of special ring-shaped membrane structure rich in F-actin, it is highly involved in the invasion-metastasis of tumor. Shear stress is one of the biophysical elements that affects the fate of tumor cells. However, how shear stress contributes to the CDRs formation is still unclear. In this study, we found that shear stress stimulated the formation of CDRs and promoted the migration of human breast MDA-MB-231 carcinoma cells. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) mediated the recruiting of ADP-ribosylation factors (ARAP1/Arf1) to CDRs. Meanwhile, the transfection of ARAP1 or Arf1 mutant decreased the number of cells with CDRs, the CDRs areas and perimeters, thus blocked the cancer cell migration. This indicated that the ARAP1/Arf1 were necessary for the CDRs formation and cancer cell migration. Further study revealed that shear stress could stimulate the formation of intracellular macropinocytosis (MPS) thus promoted the ARAP1/Arf1 transportation to early endosome to regulate cancer cell migration after the depolymerization of CDRs. Our study elucidates that the CDRs formation is essential in shear stress-induced breast cancer cell migration, which provides a new research target for exploring the cytoskeletal mechanisms of breast cancer malignance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Qin
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yuehui Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yuchen He
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shun Li
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chunhui Wu
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chuan Zheng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jie Zhu
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fengming You
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yiyao Liu
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, PR China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, PR China.
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12
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The multiple roles of actin-binding proteins at invadopodia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33962752 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Invadopodia are actin-rich membrane protrusions that facilitate cancer cell dissemination by focusing on proteolytic activity and clearing paths for migration through physical barriers, such as basement membranes, dense extracellular matrices, and endothelial cell junctions. Invadopodium formation and activity require spatially and temporally regulated changes in actin filament organization and dynamics. About three decades of research have led to a remarkable understanding of how these changes are orchestrated by sequential recruitment and coordinated activity of different sets of actin-binding proteins. In this chapter, we provide an update on the roles of the actin cytoskeleton during the main stages of invadopodium development with a particular focus on actin polymerization machineries and production of pushing forces driving extracellular matrix remodeling.
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13
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Fokin AI, Gautreau AM. Assembly and Activity of the WASH Molecular Machine: Distinctive Features at the Crossroads of the Actin and Microtubule Cytoskeletons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:658865. [PMID: 33869225 PMCID: PMC8047104 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.658865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex generates branched actin networks at different locations of the cell. The WASH and WAVE Nucleation Promoting Factors (NPFs) activate the Arp2/3 complex at the surface of endosomes or at the cell cortex, respectively. In this review, we will discuss how these two NPFs are controlled within distinct, yet related, multiprotein complexes. These complexes are not spontaneously assembled around WASH and WAVE, but require cellular assembly factors. The centrosome, which nucleates microtubules and branched actin, appears to be a privileged site for WASH complex assembly. The actin and microtubule cytoskeletons are both responsible for endosome shape and membrane remodeling. Motors, such as dynein, pull endosomes and extend membrane tubules along microtubule tracks, whereas branched actin pushes onto the endosomal membrane. It was recently uncovered that WASH assembles a super complex with dynactin, the major dynein activator, where the Capping Protein (CP) is exchanged from dynactin to the WASH complex. This CP swap initiates the first actin filament that primes the autocatalytic nucleation of branched actin at the surface of endosomes. Possible coordination between pushing and pulling forces in the remodeling of endosomal membranes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem I. Fokin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Alexis M. Gautreau
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Palaiseau, France
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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14
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Werle SD, Schwab JD, Tatura M, Kirchhoff S, Szekely R, Diels R, Ikonomi N, Sipos B, Sperveslage J, Gress TM, Buchholz M, Kestler HA. Unraveling the Molecular Tumor-Promoting Regulation of Cofilin-1 in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:725. [PMID: 33578795 PMCID: PMC7916621 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cofilin-1 (CFL1) overexpression in pancreatic cancer correlates with high invasiveness and shorter survival. Besides a well-documented role in actin remodeling, additional cellular functions of CFL1 remain poorly understood. Here, we unraveled molecular tumor-promoting functions of CFL1 in pancreatic cancer. For this purpose, we first show that a knockdown of CFL1 results in reduced growth and proliferation rates in vitro and in vivo, while apoptosis is not induced. By mechanistic modeling we were able to predict the underlying regulation. Model simulations indicate that an imbalance in actin remodeling induces overexpression and activation of CFL1 by acting on transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) and aurora kinase A (AURKA). Moreover, we could predict that CFL1 impacts proliferation and apoptosis via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). These initial model-based regulations could be substantiated by studying protein levels in pancreatic cancer cell lines and human datasets. Finally, we identified the surface protein CD44 as a promising therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer patients with high CFL1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke D. Werle
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (S.D.W.); (J.D.S.); (R.S.); (N.I.)
| | - Julian D. Schwab
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (S.D.W.); (J.D.S.); (R.S.); (N.I.)
| | - Marina Tatura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (M.T.); (S.K.); (R.D.); (T.M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Sandra Kirchhoff
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (M.T.); (S.K.); (R.D.); (T.M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Robin Szekely
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (S.D.W.); (J.D.S.); (R.S.); (N.I.)
| | - Ramona Diels
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (M.T.); (S.K.); (R.D.); (T.M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Nensi Ikonomi
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (S.D.W.); (J.D.S.); (R.S.); (N.I.)
| | - Bence Sipos
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (B.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Jan Sperveslage
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (B.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Thomas M. Gress
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (M.T.); (S.K.); (R.D.); (T.M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Malte Buchholz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (M.T.); (S.K.); (R.D.); (T.M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Hans A. Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (S.D.W.); (J.D.S.); (R.S.); (N.I.)
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15
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Targeting the cytoskeleton against metastatic dissemination. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:89-140. [PMID: 33471283 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a pathology characterized by a loss or a perturbation of a number of typical features of normal cell behaviour. Indeed, the acquisition of an inappropriate migratory and invasive phenotype has been reported to be one of the hallmarks of cancer. The cytoskeleton is a complex dynamic network of highly ordered interlinking filaments playing a key role in the control of fundamental cellular processes, like cell shape maintenance, motility, division and intracellular transport. Moreover, deregulation of this complex machinery contributes to cancer progression and malignancy, enabling cells to acquire an invasive and metastatic phenotype. Metastasis accounts for 90% of death from patients affected by solid tumours, while an efficient prevention and suppression of metastatic disease still remains elusive. This results in the lack of effective therapeutic options currently available for patients with advanced disease. In this context, the cytoskeleton with its regulatory and structural proteins emerges as a novel and highly effective target to be exploited for a substantial therapeutic effort toward the development of specific anti-metastatic drugs. Here we provide an overview of the role of cytoskeleton components and interacting proteins in cancer metastasis with a special focus on small molecule compounds interfering with the actin cytoskeleton organization and function. The emerging involvement of microtubules and intermediate filaments in cancer metastasis is also reviewed.
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16
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Ben Zablah Y, Merovitch N, Jia Z. The Role of ADF/Cofilin in Synaptic Physiology and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:594998. [PMID: 33282872 PMCID: PMC7688896 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.594998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin-depolymerization factor (ADF)/cofilin, a family of actin-binding proteins, are critical for the regulation of actin reorganization in response to various signals. Accumulating evidence indicates that ADF/cofilin also play important roles in neuronal structure and function, including long-term potentiation and depression. These are the most extensively studied forms of long-lasting synaptic plasticity and are widely regarded as cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory. ADF/cofilin regulate synaptic function through their effects on dendritic spines and the trafficking of glutamate receptors, the principal mediator of excitatory synaptic transmission in vertebrates. Regulation of ADF/cofilin involves various signaling pathways converging on LIM domain kinases and slingshot phosphatases, which phosphorylate/inactivate and dephosphorylate/activate ADF/cofilin, respectively. Actin-depolymerization factor/cofilin activity is also regulated by other actin-binding proteins, activity-dependent subcellular distribution and protein translation. Abnormalities in ADF/cofilin have been associated with several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, investigating the roles of ADF/cofilin in the brain is not only important for understanding the fundamental processes governing neuronal structure and function, but also may provide potential therapeutic strategies to treat brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssif Ben Zablah
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Merovitch
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhengping Jia
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Feuge J, Scharkowski F, Michaelsen-Preusse K, Korte M. FMRP Modulates Activity-Dependent Spine Plasticity by Binding Cofilin1 mRNA and Regulating Localization and Local Translation. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:5204-5216. [PMID: 30953439 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple variants of intellectual disability, e.g., the Fragile X Syndrome are associated with alterations in dendritic spine morphology, thereby pointing to dysregulated actin dynamics during development and processes of synaptic plasticity. Surprisingly, although the necessity of spine actin remodeling was demonstrated repeatedly, the importance and precise role of actin regulators is often undervalued. Here, we provide evidence that structural and functional plasticity are severely impaired after NMDAR-dependent LTP in the hippocampus of Fmr1 KO mice. We can link these defects to an aberrant activity-dependent regulation of Cofilin 1 (cof1) as activity-dependent modulations of local cof1 mRNA availability, local cof1 translation as well as total cof1 expression are impaired in the absence of FMRP. Finally, we can rescue activity-dependent structural plasticity in KO neurons by mimicking the regulation of cof1 observed in WT cells, thereby illustrating the potential of actin modulators to provide novel treatment strategies for the Fragile X Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Feuge
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Korte
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Research group Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Braunschweig, Germany
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18
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Jepsen L, Sept D. Effects of Nucleotide and End-Dependent Actin Conformations on Polymerization. Biophys J 2020; 119:1800-1810. [PMID: 33080221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of actin is key for controlled cellular function. Filaments are regulated by actin-binding proteins, but the nucleotide state of actin is also an important factor. From extended molecular dynamics simulations, we find that both nucleotide states of the actin monomer have significantly less twist than their crystal structures and that the ATP monomer is flatter than the ADP form. We also find that the filament's pointed end is flatter than the remainder of the filament and has a conformation distinct from G-actin, meaning that incoming monomers would need to undergo isomerization that would weaken the affinity and slow polymerization. Conversely, the barbed end of the filament takes on a conformation nearly identical to the ATP monomer, enhancing ATP G-actin's ability to polymerize as compared with ADP G-actin. The thermodynamic penalty imposed by differences in isomerization for the ATP and ADP growth at the barbed end exactly matches experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Jepsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David Sept
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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19
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Muñoz-Lasso DC, Mollá B, Calap-Quintana P, García-Giménez JL, Pallardo FV, Palau F, Gonzalez-Cabo P. Cofilin dysregulation alters actin turnover in frataxin-deficient neurons. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5207. [PMID: 32251310 PMCID: PMC7090085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in actin cytoskeleton have been linked to Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), an inherited peripheral neuropathy characterised by an early loss of neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) among other clinical symptoms. Despite all efforts to date, we still do not fully understand the molecular events that contribute to the lack of sensory neurons in FRDA. We studied the adult neuronal growth cone (GC) at the cellular and molecular level to decipher the connection between frataxin and actin cytoskeleton in DRG neurons of the well-characterised YG8R Friedreich's ataxia mouse model. Immunofluorescence studies in primary cultures of DRG from YG8R mice showed neurons with fewer and smaller GCs than controls, associated with an inhibition of neurite growth. In frataxin-deficient neurons, we also observed an increase in the filamentous (F)-actin/monomeric (G)-actin ratio (F/G-actin ratio) in axons and GCs linked to dysregulation of two crucial modulators of filamentous actin turnover, cofilin-1 and the actin-related protein (ARP) 2/3 complex. We show how the activation of cofilin is due to the increase in chronophin (CIN), a cofilin-activating phosphatase. Thus cofilin emerges, for the first time, as a link between frataxin deficiency and actin cytoskeleton alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Muñoz-Lasso
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Mollá
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV), CSIC, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Pablo Calap-Quintana
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis García-Giménez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesc Palau
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu and Department of Genetic & Molecular Medicine and IPER, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
- Hospital Clínic and Division of Pediatrics, University of Barcelona School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain.
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20
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Kłopocka W, Korczyński J, Pomorski P. Cytoskeleton and Nucleotide Signaling in Glioma C6 Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:109-128. [PMID: 32034711 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes signaling pathways, stimulated by the P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R), that regulate cellular processes dependent on actin cytoskeleton dynamics in glioma C6 cells. P2Y2R coupled with G-proteins, in response to ATP or UTP, regulates the level of iphosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) which modulates a variety of actin binding proteins and is involved in calcium response and activates Rac1 and RhoA proteins. The RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway plays an important role in contractile force generation needed for the assembly of stress fibers, focal adhesions and for tail retraction during cell migration. Blocking of this pathway by a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor induces changes in F-actin organization and cell shape and decreases the level of phosphorylated myosin II and cofilin. In glioma C6 cells these changes are reversed after UTP stimulation of P2Y2R. Signaling pathways responsible for this compensation are calcium signaling which regulates MLC kinase activation via calmodulin, and the Rac1/PAK/LIMK cascade. Stimulation of the Rac1 mediated pathway via Go proteins needs additional interaction between αvβ5 integrins and P2Y2Rs. Calcium free medium, or growing of the cells in suspension, prevents Gαo activation by P2Y2 receptors. Rac1 activation is necessary for cofilin phosphorylation as well as integrin activation needed for focal complexes formation and stabilization of lamellipodium. Inhibition of positive Rac1 regulation prevents glioma C6 cells from recovery of control cell like morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Kłopocka
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Korczyński
- M. Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomorski
- M. Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Dendritic Spines in Alzheimer's Disease: How the Actin Cytoskeleton Contributes to Synaptic Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030908. [PMID: 32019166 PMCID: PMC7036943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by Aβ-driven synaptic dysfunction in the early phases of pathogenesis. In the synaptic context, the actin cytoskeleton is a crucial element to maintain the dendritic spine architecture and to orchestrate the spine’s morphology remodeling driven by synaptic activity. Indeed, spine shape and synaptic strength are strictly correlated and precisely governed during plasticity phenomena in order to convert short-term alterations of synaptic strength into long-lasting changes that are embedded in stable structural modification. These functional and structural modifications are considered the biological basis of learning and memory processes. In this review we discussed the existing evidence regarding the role of the spine actin cytoskeleton in AD synaptic failure. We revised the physiological function of the actin cytoskeleton in the spine shaping and the contribution of actin dynamics in the endocytosis mechanism. The internalization process is implicated in different aspects of AD since it controls both glutamate receptor membrane levels and amyloid generation. The detailed understanding of the mechanisms controlling the actin cytoskeleton in a unique biological context as the dendritic spine could pave the way to the development of innovative synapse-tailored therapeutic interventions and to the identification of novel biomarkers to monitor synaptic loss in AD.
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22
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The Arp2/3 complex and the formin, Diaphanous, are both required to regulate the size of germline ring canals in the developing egg chamber. Dev Biol 2020; 461:75-85. [PMID: 31945342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular bridges are an essential structural feature found in both germline and somatic cells throughout the animal kingdom. Because of their large size, the germline intercellular bridges, or ring canals, in the developing fruit fly egg chamber are an excellent model to study the formation, stabilization, and growth of these structures. Within the egg chamber, the germline ring canals connect 15 supporting nurse cells to the developing oocyte, facilitating the transfer of materials required for successful oogenesis. The ring canals are derived from a stalled actomyosin contractile ring; once formed, additional actin and actin-binding proteins are recruited to the ring to support the 20-fold growth that accompanies oogenesis. These behaviors provide a unique model system to study the actin regulators that control incomplete cytokinesis, intercellular bridge formation, and growth. By temporally controlling their expression in the germline, we have demonstrated that the Arp2/3 complex and the formin, Diaphanous (Dia), coordinately regulate ring canal size and growth throughout oogenesis. Dia is required for successful incomplete cytokinesis and the initial stabilization of the germline ring canals. Once ring canals have formed, the Arp2/3 complex and Dia cooperate to determine ring canal size and maintain stability. Our data suggest that nurse cells must maintain a precise balance between the activity of these two nucleators during oogenesis.
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23
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Raymundo BR, Oh I, Kim M, Kim C. Transgelin Depletion is Critical for the TGFβ1‐mediated Initiation of PLCγ1‐Cofilin‐driven Morphological and Migratory Changes in MDA‐MB‐231 Cells. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo R. Raymundo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyKorea University Seoul 136‐701 South Korea
| | - In‐Rok Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyKorea University Seoul 136‐701 South Korea
| | - MiJung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyKorea University Seoul 136‐701 South Korea
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyKorea University Seoul 136‐701 South Korea
| | - Chan‐Wha Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyKorea University Seoul 136‐701 South Korea
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyKorea University Seoul 136‐701 South Korea
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24
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Arzash S, McCall PM, Feng J, Gardel ML, MacKintosh FC. Stress relaxation in F-actin solutions by severing. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:6300-6307. [PMID: 31342050 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01263j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Networks of filamentous actin (F-actin) are important for the mechanics of most animal cells. These cytoskeletal networks are highly dynamic, with a variety of actin-associated proteins that control cross-linking, polymerization and force generation in the cytoskeleton. Inspired by recent rheological experiments on reconstituted solutions of dynamic actin filaments, we report a theoretical model that describes stress relaxation behavior of these solutions in the presence of severing proteins. We show that depending on the kinetic rates of assembly, disassembly, and severing, one can observe both length-dependent and length-independent relaxation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadjad Arzash
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA. and Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Patrick M McCall
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA and James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA and Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany and Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzerstraße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany and Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jingchen Feng
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA and James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Fred C MacKintosh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA. and Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA and Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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25
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Gruhlke MCH, Antelmann H, Bernhardt J, Kloubert V, Rink L, Slusarenko AJ. The human allicin-proteome: S-thioallylation of proteins by the garlic defence substance allicin and its biological effects. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:144-153. [PMID: 30500420 PMCID: PMC6342545 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A single clove of edible garlic (Allium sativum L.) of about 10 g produces up to 5 mg of allicin (diallylthiosulfinate), a thiol-reactive sulfur-containing defence substance that gives injured garlic tissue its characteristic smell. Allicin induces apoptosis or necrosis in a dose-dependent manner but biocompatible doses influence cellular metabolism and signalling cascades. Oxidation of protein thiols and depletion of the glutathione pool are thought to be responsible for allicin's physiological effects. Here, we studied the effect of allicin on post-translational thiol-modification in human Jurkat T-cells using shotgun LC-MS/MS analyses. We identified 332 proteins that were modified by S-thioallylation in the Jurkat cell proteome which causes a mass shift of 72 Da on cysteines. Many S-thioallylated proteins are highly abundant proteins, including cytoskeletal proteins tubulin, actin, cofilin, filamin and plastin-2, the heat shock chaperones HSP90 and HSPA4, the glycolytic enzymes GAPDH, ALDOA, PKM as well the protein translation factor EEF2. Allicin disrupted the actin cytoskeleton in murine L929 fibroblasts. Allicin stimulated the immune response by causing Zn2+ release from proteins and increasing the Zn2+-dependent IL-1-triggered production of IL-2 in murine EL-4 T-cells. Furthermore, allicin caused inhibition of enolase activity, an enzyme considered a cancer therapy target. In conclusion, our study revealed the widespread extent of S-thioallylation in the human Jurkat cell proteome and showed effects of allicin exposure on essential cellular functions of selected targets, many of which are targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C H Gruhlke
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Str. 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 8, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Veronika Kloubert
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alan J Slusarenko
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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26
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Li J, Yin W, Jing Y, Kang D, Yang L, Cheng J, Yu Z, Peng Z, Li X, Wen Y, Sun X, Ren B, Liu C. The Coordination Between B Cell Receptor Signaling and the Actin Cytoskeleton During B Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3096. [PMID: 30687315 PMCID: PMC6333714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell activation plays a crucial part in the immune system and is initiated via interaction between the B cell receptor (BCR) and specific antigens. In recent years with the help of modern imaging techniques, it was found that the cortical actin cytoskeleton changes dramatically during B-cell activation. In this review, we discuss how actin-cytoskeleton reorganization regulates BCR signaling in different stages of B-cell activation, specifically when stimulated by antigens, and also how this reorganization is mediated by BCR signaling molecules. Abnormal BCR signaling is associated with the progression of lymphoma and immunological diseases including autoimmune disorders, and recent studies have proved that impaired actin cytoskeleton can devastate the normal activation of B cells. Therefore, to figure out the coordination between the actin cytoskeleton and BCR signaling may reveal an underlying mechanism of B-cell activation, which has potential for new treatments for B-cell associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yukai Jing
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Danqing Kang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze Yu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zican Peng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingbo Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Wen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xizi Sun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Boxu Ren
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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27
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Afewerki T, Ahmed S, Warren D. Emerging regulators of vascular smooth muscle cell migration. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 40:185-196. [PMID: 31254136 PMCID: PMC6726670 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09531-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the predominant cell type in the blood vessel wall and normally adopt a quiescent, contractile phenotype. VSMC migration is tightly controlled, however, disease associated changes in the soluble and insoluble environment promote VSMC migration. Classically, studies investigating VSMC migration have described the influence of soluble factors. Emerging data has highlighted the importance of insoluble factors, including extracellular matrix stiffness and porosity. In this review, we will recap on the important signalling pathways that regulate VSMC migration and reflect on the potential importance of emerging regulators of VSMC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- TecLino Afewerki
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Sultan Ahmed
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Derek Warren
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
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28
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Islam SMA, Patel R, Bommareddy RR, Khalid KM, Acevedo-Duncan M. The modulation of actin dynamics via atypical Protein Kinase-C activated Cofilin regulates metastasis of colorectal cancer cells. Cell Adh Migr 2018; 13:106-120. [PMID: 30417717 PMCID: PMC6527392 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1546513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the United States. The exact mechanism of CRC cells metastasis is poorly understood. Actin polymerization is thought to be an initial step in the cancer cell motility cycle which drives the formation of cell protrusions and defines the direction of migration. Cofilin, a significant actin-regulating molecule, regulates the migration of cancer cells by the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia, however, little is known about the upstream regulation of cofilin. In this study, the effect of atypical Protein Kinase C (atypical PKC) on Cofilin activity in CRC was studied. This study demonstrates that the atypical PKC inhibition impedes the metastasis of CRC cells by increasing phospho-Cofilin (S3) and changing actin organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Anisul Islam
- a Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Rekha Patel
- a Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
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29
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Nithianandam V, Chien CT. Actin blobs prefigure dendrite branching sites. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3731-3746. [PMID: 30042190 PMCID: PMC6168249 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nithianandam and Chien show via in vivo imaging that a dynamic population of F-actin termed actin blobs propagates bidirectionally in dendrites and stalls at future branching sites. The F-actin–severing protein Tsr/cofilin is a regulator of actin blob dynamics and dendrite branching. The actin cytoskeleton provides structural stability and adaptability to the cell. Neuronal dendrites frequently undergo morphological changes by emanating, elongating, and withdrawing branches. However, the knowledge about actin dynamics in dendrites during these processes is limited. By performing in vivo imaging of F-actin markers, we found that F-actin was highly dynamic and heterogeneously distributed in dendritic shafts with enrichment at terminal dendrites. A dynamic F-actin population that we named actin blobs propagated bidirectionally at an average velocity of 1 µm/min. Interestingly, these actin blobs stalled at sites where new dendrites would branch out in minutes. Overstabilization of F-actin by the G15S mutant abolished actin blobs and dendrite branching. We identified the F-actin–severing protein Tsr/cofilin as a regulator of dynamic actin blobs and branching activity. Hence, actin blob localization at future branching sites represents a dendrite-branching mechanism to account for highly diversified dendritic morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Nithianandam
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Chien
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan .,Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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30
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Borovac J, Bosch M, Okamoto K. Regulation of actin dynamics during structural plasticity of dendritic spines: Signaling messengers and actin-binding proteins. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:122-130. [PMID: 30004015 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent plasticity of synaptic structure and function plays an essential role in neuronal development and in cognitive functions including learning and memory. The formation, maintenance and modulation of dendritic spines are mainly controlled by the dynamics of actin filaments (F-actin) through interaction with various actin-binding proteins (ABPs) and postsynaptic signaling messengers. Induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) triggers a cascade of events involving Ca2+ signaling, intracellular pathways such as cAMP and cGMP, and regulation of ABPs such as CaMKII, Cofilin, Aip1, Arp2/3, α-actinin, Profilin and Drebrin. We review here how these ABPs modulate the rate of assembly, disassembly, stabilization and bundling of F-actin during LTP induction. We highlight the crucial role that CaMKII exerts in both functional and structural plasticity by directly coupling Ca2+ signaling with F-actin dynamics through the β subunit. Moreover, we show how cAMP and cGMP second messengers regulate postsynaptic structural potentiation. Brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia or autism, are associated with alterations in the regulation of F-actin dynamics by these ABPs and signaling messengers. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling actin cytoskeleton can provide cues for the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Borovac
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Miquel Bosch
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Kenichi Okamoto
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
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31
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Yang Q, Meng D, Gu Z, Li W, Chen Q, Li Y, Yuan H, Yu J, Liu C, Li T. Apple S-RNase interacts with an actin-binding protein, MdMVG, to reduce pollen tube growth by inhibiting its actin-severing activity at the early stage of self-pollination induction. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:41-56. [PMID: 29667261 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In S-RNase-mediated self-incompatibility, S-RNase secreted from the style destroys the actin cytoskeleton of the self-pollen tubes, eventually halting their growth, but the mechanism of this process remains unclear. In vitro biochemical assays revealed that S-RNase does not bind or sever filamentous actin (F-actin). In apple (Malus domestica), we identified an actin-binding protein containing myosin, villin and GRAM (MdMVG), that physically interacts with S-RNase and directly binds and severs F-actin. Immunofluorescence assays and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy indicated that S-RNase inhibits the F-actin-severing activity of MdMVG in vitro. In vivo, the addition of S-RNase to self-pollen tubes increased the fluorescence intensity of actin microfilaments and reduced the severing frequency of microfilaments and the rate of pollen tube growth in self-pollination induction in the presence of MdMVG overexpression. By generating 25 single-, double- and triple-point mutations in the amino acid motif E-E-K-E-K of MdMVG via mutagenesis and testing the resulting mutants with immunofluorescence, we identified a triple-point mutant, MdMVG(E167A/E171A/K185A) , that no longer has F-actin-severing activity or interacts with any of the four S-haplotype S-RNases, indicating that all three amino acids (E167, E171 and K185) are essential for the severing activity of MdMVG and its interaction with S-RNases. We conclude that apple S-RNase interacts with MdMVG to reduce self-pollen tube growth by inhibiting its F-actin-severing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dong Meng
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaoyu Gu
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiuju Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yang Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tianzhong Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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32
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Innocenti M. New insights into the formation and the function of lamellipodia and ruffles in mesenchymal cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2018. [PMID: 29513145 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1448352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamellipodia and ruffles are veil-shaped cell protrusions composed of a highly branched actin filament meshwork assembled by the Arp2/3 complex. These structures not only hallmark the leading edge of cells adopting the adhesion-based mesenchymal mode of migration but are also thought to drive cell movement. Although regarded as textbook knowledge, the mechanism of formation of lamellipodia and ruffles has been revisited in the last years leveraging new technologies. Furthermore, recent observations have also challenged our current view of the function of lamellipodia and ruffles in mesenchymal cell migration. Here, I review this literature and compare it with older studies to highlight the controversies and the outstanding open issues in the field. Moreover, I outline simple and plausible explanations to reconcile conflicting results and conclusions. Finally, I integrate the mechanisms regulating actin-based protrusion in a unifying model that accounts for random and ballistic mesenchymal cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metello Innocenti
- a Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute , Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam , CX , The Netherlands
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33
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Proietti S, Catizone A, Masiello MG, Dinicola S, Fabrizi G, Minini M, Ricci G, Verna R, Reiter RJ, Cucina A, Bizzarri M. Increase in motility and invasiveness of MCF7 cancer cells induced by nicotine is abolished by melatonin through inhibition of ERK phosphorylation. J Pineal Res 2018; 64:e12467. [PMID: 29338098 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Through activation of the ERK pathway, nicotine, in both normal MCF-10A and low-malignant breast cancer cells (MCF7), promotes increased motility and invasiveness. Melatonin antagonizes both these effects by inhibiting almost completely ERK phosphorylation. As melatonin has no effect on nonstimulated cells, it is likely that melatonin can counteract ERK activation only downstream of nicotine-induced activation. This finding suggests that melatonin hampers ERK phosphorylation presumably by targeting a still unknown intermediate factor that connects nicotine stimulation to ERK phosphorylation. Furthermore, downstream of ERK activation, melatonin significantly reduces fascin and calpain activation while restoring normal vinculin levels. Melatonin also counteracts nicotine effects by reshaping the overall cytoskeleton architecture and abolishing invasive membrane protrusion. In addition, melatonin decreases nicotine-dependent ROCK1/ROCK2 activation, thus further inhibiting cell contractility and motility. Melatonin actions are most likely attributable to ERK inhibition, although melatonin could display other ERK-independent effects, namely through a direct modulation of additional molecular and structural factors, including coronin, cofilin, and cytoskeleton components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Proietti
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Catizone
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Masiello
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Dinicola
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Fabrizi
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Minini
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Ricci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Verna
- Systems Biology Group, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alessandra Cucina
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group, Rome, Italy
- Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariano Bizzarri
- Systems Biology Group, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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34
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Wille C, Eiseler T, Langenberger ST, Richter J, Mizuno K, Radermacher P, Knippschild U, Huber-Lang M, Seufferlein T, Paschke S. PKD regulates actin polymerization, neutrophil deformability, and transendothelial migration in response to fMLP and trauma. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:615-630. [PMID: 29656400 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0617-251rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are important mediators of the innate immune defense and of the host response to a physical trauma. Because aberrant infiltration of injured sites by neutrophils was shown to cause adverse effects after trauma, we investigated how neutrophil infiltration could be modulated at the cellular level. Our data indicate that protein kinase D (PKD) is a vital regulator of neutrophil transmigration. PKD phosphorylates the Cofilin-phosphatase Slingshot-2L (SSH-2L). SSH-2L in turn dynamically regulates Cofilin activity and actin polymerization in response to a chemotactic stimulus for neutrophils, for example, fMLP. Here, we show that inhibition of PKD by two specific small molecule inhibitors results in broad, unrestricted activation of Cofilin and strongly increases the F-actin content of neutrophils even under basal conditions. This phenotype correlates with a significantly impaired neutrophil deformability as determined by optical stretcher analysis. Consequently, inhibition of PKD impaired chemotaxis as shown by reduced extravasation of neutrophils. Consequently, we demonstrate that transendothelial passage of both, neutrophil-like NB4 cells and primary PMNs recovered from a hemorrhagic shock trauma model was significantly reduced. Thus, inhibition of PKD may represent a promising modulator of the neutrophil response to trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wille
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tim Eiseler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Julia Richter
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kensaku Mizuno
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Paschke
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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35
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Loh JT, Su IH. Post-translational modification-regulated leukocyte adhesion and migration. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37347-37360. [PMID: 26993608 PMCID: PMC5095081 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes undergo frequent phenotypic changes and rapidly infiltrate peripheral and lymphoid tissues in order to carry out immune responses. The recruitment of circulating leukocytes into inflamed tissues depends on integrin-mediated tethering and rolling of these cells on the vascular endothelium, followed by transmigration into the tissues. This dynamic process of migration requires the coordination of large numbers of cytosolic and transmembrane proteins whose functional activities are typically regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs). Our recent studies have shown that the lysine methyltransferase, Ezh2, critically regulates integrin signalling and governs the adhesion dynamics of leukocytes via direct methylation of talin, a key molecule that controls these processes by linking integrins to the actin cytoskeleton. In this review, we will discuss the various modes of leukocyte migration and examine how PTMs of cytoskeletal/adhesion associated proteins play fundamental roles in the dynamic regulation of leukocyte migration. Furthermore, we will discuss molecular details of the adhesion dynamics controlled by Ezh2-mediated talin methylation and the potential implications of this novel regulatory mechanism for leukocyte migration, immune responses, and pathogenic processes, such as allergic contact dermatitis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tong Loh
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Republic of Singapore
| | - I-Hsin Su
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Republic of Singapore
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36
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Abstract
Actin remodeling plays an essential role in diverse cellular processes such as cell motility, vesicle trafficking or cytokinesis. The scaffold protein and actin nucleation promoting factor Cortactin is present in virtually all actin-based structures, participating in the formation of branched actin networks. It has been involved in the control of endocytosis, and vesicle trafficking, axon guidance and organization, as well as adhesion, migration and invasion. To migrate and invade through three-dimensional environments, cells have developed specialized actin-based structures called invadosomes, a generic term to designate invadopodia and podosomes. Cortactin has emerged as a critical regulator of invadosome formation, function and disassembly. Underscoring this role, Cortactin is frequently overexpressed in several types of invasive cancers. Herein we will review the roles played by Cortactin in these specific invasive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Jeannot
- CRCT INSERM UMR1037, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier , CNRS ERL5294, Toulouse, France.,Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester , Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Arnaud Besson
- CRCT INSERM UMR1037, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier , CNRS ERL5294, Toulouse, France.,LBCMCP , Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse , CNRS, UPS, Toulouse Cedex, France
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37
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Hu W, Zhu L, Yang X, Lin J, Yang Q. The epidermal growth factor receptor regulates cofilin activity and promotes transmissible gastroenteritis virus entry into intestinal epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12206-21. [PMID: 26933809 PMCID: PMC4914279 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a coronavirus, causes severe diarrhea and high mortality in newborn piglets. The porcine intestinal epithelium is the target of TGEV infection, but the mechanisms that TGEV disrupts the actin cytoskeleton and invades the host epithelium remain largely unknown. We not only found that TGEV infection stimulates F-actin to gather at the cell membrane but the disruption of F-actin inhibits TGEV entry as well. Cofilin is involved in F-actin reorganization and TGEV entry. The TGEV spike protein is capable of binding with EGFR, activating the downstream phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), then causing the phosphorylation of cofilin and F-actin polymerization via Rac1/Cdc42 GTPases. Inhibition of EGFR and PI3K decreases the entry of TGEV. EGFR is also the upstream activator of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways that is involved in F-actin reorganization. Additionally, lipid rafts act as signal platforms for the EGFR-associated signaling cascade and correlate with the adhesion of TGEV. In conlusion, these results provide valuable data of the mechanisms which are responsible for the TGEV pathogenesis and may lead to the development of new methods about controlling TGEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Hu
- Veterinary College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Liqi Zhu
- Veterinary College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xing Yang
- Veterinary College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jian Lin
- Life Science College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Veterinary College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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38
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Pontes B, Monzo P, Gole L, Le Roux AL, Kosmalska AJ, Tam ZY, Luo W, Kan S, Viasnoff V, Roca-Cusachs P, Tucker-Kellogg L, Gauthier NC. Membrane tension controls adhesion positioning at the leading edge of cells. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2959-2977. [PMID: 28687667 PMCID: PMC5584154 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201611117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pontes et al. show that plasma membrane mechanics exerts an upstream control during cell motility. Variations in plasma membrane tension orchestrate the behavior of the cell leading edge, with increase–decrease cycles in tension promoting adhesion row positioning. Cell migration is dependent on adhesion dynamics and actin cytoskeleton remodeling at the leading edge. These events may be physically constrained by the plasma membrane. Here, we show that the mechanical signal produced by an increase in plasma membrane tension triggers the positioning of new rows of adhesions at the leading edge. During protrusion, as membrane tension increases, velocity slows, and the lamellipodium buckles upward in a myosin II–independent manner. The buckling occurs between the front of the lamellipodium, where nascent adhesions are positioned in rows, and the base of the lamellipodium, where a vinculin-dependent clutch couples actin to previously positioned adhesions. As membrane tension decreases, protrusion resumes and buckling disappears, until the next cycle. We propose that the mechanical signal of membrane tension exerts upstream control in mechanotransduction by periodically compressing and relaxing the lamellipodium, leading to the positioning of adhesions at the leading edge of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pontes
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Laboratório de Pinças Óticas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pascale Monzo
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute FIRC (Italian Foundation for Cancer Research) of Molecular Oncology (IFOM-FIRC), Milan, Italy
| | - Laurent Gole
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anabel-Lise Le Roux
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anita Joanna Kosmalska
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhi Yang Tam
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiwei Luo
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sophie Kan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Virgile Viasnoff
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paristech, Paris, France
| | - Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisa Tucker-Kellogg
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Nils C Gauthier
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore .,Institute FIRC (Italian Foundation for Cancer Research) of Molecular Oncology (IFOM-FIRC), Milan, Italy
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39
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NKCC1 Regulates Migration Ability of Glioblastoma Cells by Modulation of Actin Dynamics and Interacting with Cofilin. EBioMedicine 2017; 21:94-103. [PMID: 28679472 PMCID: PMC5514434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. The mechanisms that confer GBM cells their invasive behavior are poorly understood. The electroneutral Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transporter 1 (NKCC1) is an important cell volume regulator that participates in cell migration. We have shown that inhibition of NKCC1 in GBM cells leads to decreased cell migration, in vitro and in vivo. We now report on the role of NKCC1 on cytoskeletal dynamics. We show that GBM cells display a significant decrease in F-actin content upon NKCC1 knockdown (NKCC1-KD). To determine the potential actin-regulatory mechanisms affected by NKCC1 inhibition, we studied NKCC1 protein interactions. We found that NKCC1 interacts with the actin-regulating protein Cofilin-1 and can regulate its membrane localization. Finally, we analyzed whether NKCC1 could regulate the activity of the small Rho-GTPases RhoA and Rac1. We observed that the active forms of RhoA and Rac1 were decreased in NKCC1-KD cells. In summary, we report that NKCC1 regulates GBM cell migration by modulating the cytoskeleton through multiple targets including F-actin regulation through Cofilin-1 and RhoGTPase activity. Due to its essential role in cell migration NKCC1 may serve as a specific therapeutic target to decrease cell invasion in patients with primary brain cancer.
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40
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Bagnato P, Castagnino A, Cortese K, Bono M, Grasso S, Bellese G, Daniele T, Lundmark R, Defilippi P, Castagnola P, Tacchetti C. Cooperative but distinct early co-signaling events originate from ERBB2 and ERBB1 receptors upon trastuzumab treatment in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60109-60122. [PMID: 28947957 PMCID: PMC5601125 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ERBB2 receptor belongs to the ERBB tyrosine kinase receptor family. At variance to the other family members, ERBB2 is a constitutively active orphan receptor. Upon ligand binding and activation, ERBB receptors form homo- or hetero-dimers with the other family members, including ERBB2, promoting an intracellular signaling cascade. ERBB2 is the preferred dimerization partner and ERBB2 heterodimers signaling is stronger and longer acting compared to heterodimers between other ERBB members. The specific contribution of ERBB2 in heterodimer signaling is still undefined. Here we report the formation of circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs) upon treatment of the ERBB2-overexpressing breast cancer cell lines SK-BR-3 and ZR751 with Trastuzumab, a therapeutic humanized monoclonal antibody directed against ERBB2. We found that in SK-BR-3 cells Trastuzumab leads to surface redistribution of ERBB2 and ERBB1 in CDRs, and that the ERBB2-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation and ERBB1 expression are both required for CDR formation. In particular, in these cells CDR formation requires activation of both the protein regulator of actin polymerization N-WASP, mediated by ERK1/2, and of the actin depolymerizing protein cofilin, mediated by ERBB1. Furthermore, we suggest that this latter event may be inhibited by the negative cell motility regulator p140Cap, as we found that p140Cap overexpression led to cofilin deactivation and inhibition of CDR formation. In conclusion, here we show for the first time an ERBB2-specific signaling contribution to an ERBB2/ERBB1 heterodimer, in the activation of a complex biological process such as the formation of CDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bagnato
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessia Castagnino
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Katia Cortese
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Bono
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Grasso
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre and Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Torino, Italy
| | - Grazia Bellese
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziana Daniele
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Experimental Imaging Centre, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Lundmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Paola Defilippi
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre and Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizio Castagnola
- Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS AOU - San Martino - IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genova, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.,San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Experimental Imaging Centre, Milan, Italy
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41
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Christensen JR, Hocky GM, Homa KE, Morganthaler AN, Hitchcock-DeGregori SE, Voth GA, Kovar DR. Competition between Tropomyosin, Fimbrin, and ADF/Cofilin drives their sorting to distinct actin filament networks. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28282023 PMCID: PMC5404920 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fission yeast actin cytoskeleton is an ideal, simplified system to investigate fundamental mechanisms behind cellular self-organization. By focusing on the stabilizing protein tropomyosin Cdc8, bundling protein fimbrin Fim1, and severing protein coffin Adf1, we examined how their pairwise and collective interactions with actin filaments regulate their activity and segregation to functionally diverse F-actin networks. Utilizing multi-color TIRF microscopy of in vitro reconstituted F-actin networks, we observed and characterized two distinct Cdc8 cables loading and spreading cooperatively on individual actin filaments. Furthermore, Cdc8, Fim1, and Adf1 all compete for association with F-actin by different mechanisms, and their cooperative association with actin filaments affects their ability to compete. Finally, competition between Fim1 and Adf1 for F-actin synergizes their activities, promoting rapid displacement of Cdc8 from a dense F-actin network. Our findings reveal that competitive and cooperative interactions between actin binding proteins help define their associations with different F-actin networks. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23152.001 Cells use a protein called actin to provide shape, to generate the forces needed for cells to divide, and for many other essential processes. Inside a cell, individual actin proteins join up to form long filaments. These actin filaments are organized in different ways to make networks that have distinct properties, each tailored for a specific process. For instance, bundles of straight actin filaments help a cell to divide, whereas a network of branched actin filaments allows cells to move. The different proteins that bind to actin filaments influence how quickly actin filaments are assembled and organized into networks. Therefore, many of the properties of an actin filament network are due to the actin binding proteins that are associated with it. Two actin binding proteins called fimbrin and cofilin associate with a type of actin filament network known as the actin patch. A third actin binding protein called tropomyosin associates with a different network that forms a ring. It is not known how particular actin binding proteins choose to associate with one actin network instead of another. Christensen et al. used a fluorescence microscopy technique to study how fimbrin, cofilin and tropomyosin associate with different actin networks in a single-celled organism called fission yeast. This technique involved incubating actin and actin binding proteins together in a microscope chamber. The experiments show that some actin binding proteins, like tropomyosin, cooperate to bind to actin. Individual tropomyosin molecules find it difficult to bind actin filaments on their own, but once one tropomyosin molecule is attached to the filament, others rapidly join to coat the filament. On the other hand, some actin-binding proteins compete for binding to filaments. For example, the binding of fimbrin to actin filaments causes tropomyosin to be removed from the actin network. Further experiments revealed that fimbrin and cofilin work with each other to rapidly generate a dense actin network and displace tropomyosin. Together, the findings of Christensen et al. suggest that competitions between actin binding proteins determine which actin binding proteins are associated with an actin network. The next challenge is to understand how the most competitive actin-binding proteins are kept off actin networks where they do not belong. Further studies will shed light on how these interactions cause large changes in how the cell is organized. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23152.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Christensen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Glen M Hocky
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Kaitlin E Homa
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Alisha N Morganthaler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Sarah E Hitchcock-DeGregori
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Gregory A Voth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,Computation Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - David R Kovar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
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42
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Huo Y, Xie X, Jiang B. Identification of functional pathways associated with the conditional ablation of serum response factor in Dstncorn1 mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:139-145. [PMID: 27922676 PMCID: PMC5355747 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the signaling pathways associated with functional alterations in corneal tissues following the conditional ablation of serum response factor (Srf) in Dstncorn1 mice. The gene expression profiling array GSE49688, which includes 3 samples each from the wild-type (WT), Dstncorn1 mutant (corn1) and corn1 mice following the conditional ablation of Srf from the corneal epithelium [namely rescued (res)] mouse groups, was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The limma package was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the three mouse groups. DEGs were subsequently analyzed by dynamic comparison, hierarchical clustering and pathway enrichment analysis. Pathway alteration scores were also calculated in order to study the dynamic metergasis of each identified pathway. A total of 788 DEGs were identified between the corn1 and res groups, 1,365 DEGs were identified between the corn1 and WT groups, and 852 DEGs were identified between the res and WT groups. Among these DEGs, 228 genes were differentially expressed across all three groups, and were mainly enriched in signaling pathways involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, including the cofilin 1 (CFL1), the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and focal adhesion. The dilated cardiomyopathy signaling pathway displayed the highest alteration score, and was enriched with integrin and integrin β-6 (ITGB6). In conclusion, the actin cytoskeleton regulatory pathway, MAPK and dilated cardiomyopathy signaling pathways, as well as CFL1 and ITGB6 genes, may be regulated by Srf to serve important roles in the progression of corneal disease.
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43
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Abstract
Drebrin is a family of actin-binding proteins with two known members called drebrin A and E. Apart from the ability to stabilize F-actin microfilaments via their actin-binding domains near the N-terminus, drebrin also regulates multiple cellular functions due to its unique ability to recruit multiple binding partners to a specific cellular domain, such as the seminiferous epithelium during the epithelial cycle of spermatogenesis. Recent studies have illustrated the role of drebrin E in the testis during spermatogenesis in particular via its ability to recruit branched actin polymerization protein known as actin-related protein 3 (Arp3), illustrating its involvement in modifying the organization of actin microfilaments at the ectoplasmic specialization (ES) which includes the testis-specific anchoring junction at the Sertoli-spermatid (apical ES) interface and at the Sertoli cell-cell (basal ES) interface. These data are carefully evaluated in light of other recent findings herein regarding the role of drebrin in actin filament organization at the ES. We also provide the hypothetical model regarding its involvement in germ cell transport during the epithelial cycle in the seminiferous epithelium to support spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Chen
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Michelle W M Li
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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44
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Veltman DM, Williams TD, Bloomfield G, Chen BC, Betzig E, Insall RH, Kay RR. A plasma membrane template for macropinocytic cups. eLife 2016; 5:e20085. [PMID: 27960076 PMCID: PMC5154761 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a fundamental mechanism that allows cells to take up extracellular liquid into large vesicles. It critically depends on the formation of a ring of protrusive actin beneath the plasma membrane, which develops into the macropinocytic cup. We show that macropinocytic cups in Dictyostelium are organised around coincident intense patches of PIP3, active Ras and active Rac. These signalling patches are invariably associated with a ring of active SCAR/WAVE at their periphery, as are all examined structures based on PIP3 patches, including phagocytic cups and basal waves. Patch formation does not depend on the enclosing F-actin ring, and patches become enlarged when the RasGAP NF1 is mutated, showing that Ras plays an instructive role. New macropinocytic cups predominantly form by splitting from existing ones. We propose that cup-shaped plasma membrane structures form from self-organizing patches of active Ras/PIP3, which recruit a ring of actin nucleators to their periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douwe M Veltman
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Bi-Chang Chen
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Robert H Insall
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert R Kay
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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45
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Ohtake Y, Wong D, Abdul-Muneer PM, Selzer ME, Li S. Two PTP receptors mediate CSPG inhibition by convergent and divergent signaling pathways in neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37152. [PMID: 27849007 PMCID: PMC5111048 DOI: 10.1038/srep37152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase σ (PTPσ) and its subfamily member LAR act as transmembrane receptors that mediate growth inhibition of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). Inhibition of either receptor increases axon growth into and beyond scar tissues after CNS injury. However, it is unclear why neurons express two similar CSPG receptors, nor whether they use the same or different intracellular pathways. We have now studied the signaling pathways of these two receptors using N2A cells and primary neurons derived from knockout mice. We demonstrate that both receptors share certain signaling pathways (RhoA, Akt and Erk), but also use distinct signals to mediate CSPG actions. Activation of PTPσ by CSPGs selectively inactivated CRMP2, APC, S6 kinase and CREB. By contrast LAR activation inactivated PKCζ, cofilin and LKB1. For the first time, we propose a model of the signaling pathways downstream of these two CSPG receptors. We also demonstrate that deleting both receptors exhibits additive enhancement of axon growth in adult neuronal cultures in vitro. Our findings elucidate the novel downstream pathways of CSPGs and suggest potential synergy of blocking their two PTP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Daniella Wong
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - P. M. Abdul-Muneer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michael E. Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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46
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Singer BF, Bubula N, Przybycien-Szymanska MM, Li D, Vezina P. Stimuli associated with the presence or absence of amphetamine regulate cytoskeletal signaling and behavior. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1836-1842. [PMID: 27720500 PMCID: PMC5159205 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.09.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug-paired stimuli rapidly enlarge dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). While increases in spine size and shape are supported by rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and facilitate the synaptic expression of AMPA-type glutamate receptors, it remains unclear whether drug-related stimuli can influence signaling pathways known to regulate these changes in spine morphology. These pathways were studied in rats trained on a discrimination learning paradigm using subcellular fractionation and protein immunoblotting to isolate proteins within dendritic spine compartments in the NAcc shell. An open field chamber was repeatedly associated with amphetamine in one group (Paired) and explicitly unpaired with amphetamine in another (Unpaired). Rats in a third group were exposed to the open field but never administered amphetamine (Control). When administered saline and returned to the open field one week later, Paired rats as expected displayed a conditioned locomotor response relative to rats in the other two groups. NAcc shell tissues were harvested immediately after this 30-minute test. Re-exposing Paired rats to the drug-paired excitatory context significantly decreased p-GluA2(S880), an effect consistent with reduced internalization of this subunit and increased spine proliferation in these rats. In contrast, re-exposing Unpaired rats to the drug-unpaired context, capable of inhibiting conditioned responding in these animals, significantly decreased levels of both actin binding protein Arp2/3 and p-cofilin, consistent with spine volatility, shrinkage, and inhibition of spine proliferation in these rats. These findings show that contextual stimuli previously associated with either the presence or absence of amphetamine differentially regulate cytoskeletal signaling pathways in the NAcc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan F Singer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Nancy Bubula
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Dongdong Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul Vezina
- Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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47
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Abstract
The actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin family comprises small actin-binding proteins with crucial roles in development, tissue homeostasis and disease. They are best known for their roles in regulating actin dynamics by promoting actin treadmilling and thereby driving membrane protrusion and cell motility. However, recent discoveries have increased our understanding of the functions of these proteins beyond their well-characterized roles. This Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster serve as an introduction to the diverse roles of the ADF/cofilin family in cells. The first part of the article summarizes their actions in actin treadmilling and the main mechanisms for their intracellular regulation; the second part aims to provide an outline of the emerging cellular roles attributed to the ADF/cofilin family, besides their actions in actin turnover. The latter part discusses an array of diverse processes, which include regulation of intracellular contractility, maintenance of nuclear integrity, transcriptional regulation, nuclear actin monomer transfer, apoptosis and lipid metabolism. Some of these could, of course, be indirect consequences of actin treadmilling functions, and this is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kanellos
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
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48
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Dugina V, Khromova N, Rybko V, Blizniukov O, Shagieva G, Chaponnier C, Kopnin B, Kopnin P. Tumor promotion by γ and suppression by β non-muscle actin isoforms. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14556-71. [PMID: 26008973 PMCID: PMC4546487 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we have shown that β-cytoplasmic actin acts as a tumor suppressor, inhibiting cell growth and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. In contrast, γ-cytoplasmic actin increases the oncogenic potential via ERK1/2, p34-Arc, WAVE2, cofilin1, PP1 and other regulatory proteins. There is a positive feedback loop between γ-actin expression and ERK1/2 activation. We conclude that non-muscle actin isoforms should not be considered as merely housekeeping proteins and the β/γ-actins ratio can be used as an oncogenic marker at least for lung and colon carcinomas. Agents that increase β- and/or decrease γ-actin expression may be useful for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Dugina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vera Rybko
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Galina Shagieva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Christine Chaponnier
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Boris Kopnin
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Kopnin
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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49
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Ramirez-Munoz R, Castro-Sánchez P, Roda-Navarro P. Ultrasensitivity in the Cofilin Signaling Module: A Mechanism for Tuning T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2016; 7:59. [PMID: 26925064 PMCID: PMC4759566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasensitivity allows filtering weak activating signals and responding emphatically to small changes in stronger stimuli. In the presence of positive feedback loops, ultrasensitivity enables the existence of bistability, which convert graded stimuli into switch-like, sometimes irreversible, responses. In this perspective, we discuss mechanisms that can potentially generate a bistable response in the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation monocycle that regulates the activity of cofilin in dynamic actin networks. We pay particular attention to the phosphatase Slingshot-1 (SSH-1), which is involved in a reciprocal regulation and a positive feedback loop for cofilin activation. Based on these signaling properties and experimental evidences, we propose that bistability in the cofilin signaling module might be instrumental in T cell responses to antigenic stimulation. Initially, a switch-like response in the amount of active cofilin as a function of SSH-1 activation might assist in controlling the naïve T cell specificity and sensitivity. Second, high concentrations of active cofilin might endow antigen-experienced T cells with faster and more efficient responses. We discuss the cofilin function in the context of T cell receptor triggering and spatial regulation of plasma membrane signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Ramirez-Munoz
- Department of Microbiology I (Immunology), School of Medicine, Complutense University and '12 de Octubre' Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - Patricia Castro-Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology I (Immunology), School of Medicine, Complutense University and '12 de Octubre' Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Department of Microbiology I (Immunology), School of Medicine, Complutense University and '12 de Octubre' Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
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50
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Chai X, Zhao S, Fan L, Zhang W, Lu X, Shao H, Wang S, Song L, Failla AV, Zobiak B, Mannherz HG, Frotscher M. Reelin and cofilin cooperate during the migration of cortical neurons: a quantitative morphological analysis. Development 2016; 143:1029-40. [PMID: 26893343 DOI: 10.1242/dev.134163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In reeler mutant mice, which are deficient in reelin (Reln), the lamination of the cerebral cortex is disrupted. Reelin signaling induces phosphorylation of LIM kinase 1, which phosphorylates the actin-depolymerizing protein cofilin in migrating neurons. Conditional cofilin mutants show neuronal migration defects. Thus, both reelin and cofilin are indispensable during cortical development. To analyze the effects of cofilin phosphorylation on neuronal migration we used in utero electroporation to transfect E14.5 wild-type cortical neurons with pCAG-EGFP plasmids encoding either a nonphosphorylatable form of cofilin 1 (cofilin(S3A)), a pseudophosphorylated form (cofilin(S3E)) or wild-type cofilin 1 (cofilin(WT)). Wild-type controls and reeler neurons were transfected with pCAG-EGFP. Real-time microscopy and histological analyses revealed that overexpression of cofilin(WT) and both phosphomutants induced migration defects and morphological abnormalities of cortical neurons. Of note, reeler neurons and cofilin(S3A)- and cofilin(S3E)-transfected neurons showed aberrant backward migration towards the ventricular zone. Overexpression of cofilin(S3E), the pseudophosphorylated form, partially rescued the migration defect of reeler neurons, as did overexpression of Limk1. Collectively, the results indicate that reelin and cofilin cooperate in controlling cytoskeletal dynamics during neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Chai
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shanting Zhao
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Fan
- Institute of Zoology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Shao
- Institute of Zoology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobo Wang
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lingzhen Song
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Virgilio Failla
- UKE Microscopy Imaging Facility (UMIF), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Zobiak
- UKE Microscopy Imaging Facility (UMIF), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans G Mannherz
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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