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Sun R, Huang H, Wang Z, Chen P, Wu D, Zheng P. Computer-driven Evolution of Myrosinase from the Cabbage Aphid for Efficient Production of (R)-Sulforaphane. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:13217-13227. [PMID: 38809571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Myrosinase (Myr) catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosinolates, yielding biologically active metabolites. In this study, glucoraphanin (GRA) extracted from broccoli seeds was effectively hydrolyzed using a Myr-obtained cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) (BbMyr) to produce (R)-sulforaphane (SFN). The gene encoding BbMyr was successfully heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, resulting in the production of 1.6 g/L (R)-SFN, with a remarkable yield of 20.8 mg/gbroccoli seeds, achieved using recombination E. coli whole-cell catalysis under optimal conditions (pH 4.5, 45 °C). Subsequently, BbMyr underwent combinatorial simulation-driven mutagenesis, yielding a mutant, DE9 (N321D/Y426S), showing a remarkable 2.91-fold increase in the catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) compared with the original enzyme. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that the N321D mutation in loopA of mutant DE9 enhanced loopA stability by inducing favorable alterations in hydrogen bonds, while the Y426S mutation in loopB decreased spatial resistance. This research lays a foundation for the environmentally sustainable enzymatic (R)-SFN synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Heou Huang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Pu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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Jafari S, Ryde U, Irani M. QM/MM study of the catalytic reaction of aphid myrosinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130089. [PMID: 38360236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Brevicoryne brassicae, an aphid species, exclusively consumes plants from the Brassicaceae family and employs a sophisticated defense mechanism involving a myrosinase enzyme that breaks down glucosinolates obtained from its host plants. In this work, we employed combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the catalytic reaction of aphid myrosinase. A proper QM region to study the myrosinase reaction should contain the whole substrate, models of Gln-19, His-122, Asp-124, Asn-166, Glu-167, Lys-173, Tyr-180, Val-228, Tyr-309, Tyr-346, Ile-347, Glu-374, Glu-423, Trp-424, and a water molecule. The calculations show that Asp-124 and Glu-423 must be charged, His-122 must be protonated on NE2, and Glu-167 must be protonated on OE2. Our model reproduces the anomeric retaining characteristic of myrosinase and indicates that the deglycosylation reaction is the rate-determining step of the reaction. Based on the calculations, we propose a reaction mechanism for aphid myrosinase-mediated hydrolysis of glucosinolates with an overall barrier of 15.2 kcal/mol. According to the results, removing a proton from Arg-312 or altering it to valine or methionine increases glycosylation barriers but decreases the deglycosylation barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 66175-416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ulf Ryde
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mehdi Irani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 66175-416, Sanandaj, Iran.
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Mirzaei M, Younkin GC, Powell AF, Alani ML, Strickler SR, Jander G. Aphid Resistance Segregates Independently of Cardenolide and Glucosinolate Content in an Erysimum cheiranthoides (Wormseed Wallflower) F2 Population. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:466. [PMID: 38498451 PMCID: PMC10893121 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Plants in the genus Erysimum produce both glucosinolates and cardenolides as a defense mechanism against herbivory. Two natural isolates of Erysimum cheiranthoides (wormseed wallflower) differed in their glucosinolate content, cardenolide content, and their resistance to Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), a broad generalist herbivore. Both classes of defensive metabolites were produced constitutively and were not further induced by aphid feeding. To investigate the relative importance of glucosinolates and cardenolides in E. cheiranthoides defense, we generated an improved genome assembly, genetic map, and segregating F2 population. The genotypic and phenotypic analysis of the F2 plants identified quantitative trait loci, which affected glucosinolates and cardenolides, but not the aphid resistance. The abundance of most glucosinolates and cardenolides was positively correlated in the F2 population, indicating that similar processes regulate their biosynthesis and accumulation. Aphid reproduction was positively correlated with glucosinolate content. Although the overall cardenolide content had little effect on aphid growth and survival, there was a negative correlation between aphid reproduction and helveticoside abundance. However, this variation in defensive metabolites could not explain the differences in aphid growth on the two parental lines, suggesting that processes other than the abundance of glucosinolates and cardenolides have a predominant effect on aphid resistance in E. cheiranthoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Mirzaei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.M.); (G.C.Y.); (A.F.P.); (M.L.A.)
| | - Gordon C. Younkin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.M.); (G.C.Y.); (A.F.P.); (M.L.A.)
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adrian F. Powell
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.M.); (G.C.Y.); (A.F.P.); (M.L.A.)
| | - Martin L. Alani
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.M.); (G.C.Y.); (A.F.P.); (M.L.A.)
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Susan R. Strickler
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA;
- Plant Biology and Conservation Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.M.); (G.C.Y.); (A.F.P.); (M.L.A.)
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Mirzaei M, Younkin GC, Powell AF, Alani ML, Strickler SR, Jander G. Aphid resistance segregates independently of cardiac glycoside and glucosinolate content in an Erysimum cheiranthoides (wormseed wallflower) F2 population. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.11.575310. [PMID: 38293015 PMCID: PMC10827086 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.11.575310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Plants in the genus Erysimum produce both glucosinolates and cardiac glycosides as defense against herbivory. Two natural isolates of Erysimum cheiranthoides (wormseed wallflower) differed in their glucosinolate content, cardiac glycoside content, and resistance to Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), a broad generalist herbivore. Both classes of defensive metabolites were produced constitutively and were not induced further by aphid feeding. To investigate the relative importance of glucosinolates and cardiac glycosides in E. cheiranthoides defense, we generated an improved genome assembly, genetic map, and segregating F2 population. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of the F2 plants identified quantitative trait loci affecting glucosinolates and cardiac glycosides, but not aphid resistance. The abundance of most glucosinolates and cardiac glycosides was positively correlated in the F2 population, indicating that similar processes regulate their biosynthesis and accumulation. Aphid reproduction was positively correlated with glucosinolate content. Although overall cardiac glycoside content had little effect on aphid growth and survival, there was a negative correlation between aphid reproduction and helveticoside abundance. However, this variation in defensive metabolites could not explain the differences in aphid growth on the two parental lines, suggesting that processes other than the abundance of glucosinolates and cardiac glycosides have a predominant effect on aphid resistance in E. cheiranthoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Mirzaei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca NY 14853, USA
| | - Gordon C. Younkin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca NY 14853, USA
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - Martin L. Alani
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca NY 14853, USA
- Present address: Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Susan R. Strickler
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA
- Plant Biology and Conservation Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca NY 14853, USA
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Körnig J, Ortizo K, Sporer T, Yang ZL, Beran F. Different myrosinases activate sequestered glucosinolates in larvae and adults of the horseradish flea beetle. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 163:104040. [PMID: 37995833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases play an important role in the chemical defense of many insects by hydrolyzing and thereby activating glucosylated pro-toxins that are either synthesized de novo or sequestered from the insect's diet. The horseradish flea beetle, Phyllotreta armoraciae, sequesters pro-toxic glucosinolates from its brassicaceous host plants and possesses endogenous β-thioglucosidase enzymes, known as myrosinases, for glucosinolate activation. Here, we identify three myrosinase genes in P. armoraciae (PaMyr) with distinct expression patterns during beetle ontogeny. By using RNA interference, we demonstrate that PaMyr1 is responsible for myrosinase activity in adults, whereas PaMyr2 is responsible for myrosinase activity in larvae. Compared to PaMyr1 and PaMyr2, PaMyr3 was only weakly expressed in our laboratory population, but may contribute to myrosinase activity in larvae. Silencing of PaMyr2 resulted in lower larval survival in a predation experiment and also reduced the breakdown of sequestered glucosinolates in uninjured larvae. This suggests that PaMyr2 is involved in both activated defense and the endogenous turnover of sequestered glucosinolates in P. armoraciae larvae. In activity assays with recombinant enzymes, PaMyr1 and PaMyr2 preferred different glucosinolates as substrates, which was consistent with the enzyme activities in crude protein extracts from adults and larvae, respectively. These differences were unexpected because larvae and adults sequester the same glucosinolates. Possible reasons for different myrosinase activities in Phyllotreta larvae and adults are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Körnig
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany; Department Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Kris Ortizo
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Theresa Sporer
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhi-Ling Yang
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany; Department Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany; Population Ecology Group, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany.
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6
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Nagia M, Morgan I, Gamel MA, Farag MA. Maximizing the value of indole-3-carbinol, from its distribution in dietary sources, health effects, metabolism, extraction, and analysis in food and biofluids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37051943 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2197065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a major dietary component produced in Brassica vegetables from glucosinolates (GLS) upon herbivores' attack. The compound is gaining increasing interest due to its anticancer activity. However, reports about improving its level in plants or other sources are still rare. Unfortunately, I3C is unstable in acidic media and tends to polymerize rendering its extraction and detection challenging. This review presents a multifaceted overview of I3C regarding its natural occurrence, biosynthesis, isolation, and extraction procedure from dietary sources, and optimization for the best recovery yield. Further, an overview is presented on its metabolism and biotransformation inside the body to account for its health benefits and factors to ensure the best metabolic yield. Compile of the different analytical approaches for I3C analysis in dietary sources is presented for the first time, together with approaches for its detection and its metabolism in body fluids for proof of efficacy. Lastly, the chemopreventive effects of I3C and the underlying action mechanisms are summarized. Optimizing the yield and methods for the detection of I3C will assist for its incorporation as a nutraceutical or adjuvant in cancer treatment programs. Highlighting the complete biosynthetic pathway and factors involved in I3C production will aid for its future biotechnological production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Nagia
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Morgan
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mirette A Gamel
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Shih PY, Sugio A, Simon JC. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Host Plant Specificity in Aphids. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:431-450. [PMID: 36228134 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-020526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are serious pests of agricultural and ornamental plants and important model systems for hemipteran-plant interactions. The long evolutionary history of aphids with their host plants has resulted in a variety of systems that provide insight into the different adaptation strategies of aphids to plants and vice versa. In the past, various plant-aphid interactions have been documented, but lack of functional tools has limited molecular studies on the mechanisms of plant-aphid interactions. Recent technological advances have begun to reveal plant-aphid interactions at the molecular level and to increase our knowledge of the mechanisms of aphid adaptation or specialization to different host plants. In this article, we compile and analyze available information on plant-aphid interactions, discuss the limitations of current knowledge, and argue for new research directions. We advocate for more work that takes advantage of natural systems and recently established molecular techniques to obtain a comprehensive view of plant-aphid interaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Shih
- INRAE (National Institute of Agriculture, Food and Environment), UMR IGEPP, Le Rheu, France; , ,
| | - Akiko Sugio
- INRAE (National Institute of Agriculture, Food and Environment), UMR IGEPP, Le Rheu, France; , ,
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- INRAE (National Institute of Agriculture, Food and Environment), UMR IGEPP, Le Rheu, France; , ,
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Jeckel AM, Beran F, Züst T, Younkin G, Petschenka G, Pokharel P, Dreisbach D, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Robert CAM. Metabolization and sequestration of plant specialized metabolites in insect herbivores: Current and emerging approaches. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1001032. [PMID: 36237530 PMCID: PMC9552321 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous insects encounter diverse plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) in their diet, that have deterrent, anti-nutritional, or toxic properties. Understanding how they cope with PSMs is crucial to understand their biology, population dynamics, and evolution. This review summarizes current and emerging cutting-edge methods that can be used to characterize the metabolic fate of PSMs, from ingestion to excretion or sequestration. It further emphasizes a workflow that enables not only to study PSM metabolism at different scales, but also to tackle and validate the genetic and biochemical mechanisms involved in PSM resistance by herbivores. This review thus aims at facilitating research on PSM-mediated plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Moriguchi Jeckel
- Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Beran
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Züst
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gordon Younkin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Prayan Pokharel
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Domenic Dreisbach
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Christine Ganal-Vonarburg
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert
- Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert,
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Youseif SH, Abdel-Fatah HMK, Khalil MS. A new source of bacterial myrosinase isolated from endophytic Bacillus sp. NGB-B10, and its relevance in biological control activity. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:215. [PMID: 36056962 PMCID: PMC9440883 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Plant metabolism interacts strongly with the plant microbiome. Glucosinolates, secondary metabolites synthesized by Brassica plants, are hydrolyzed by myrosinase into bioactive compounds of great importance in human health and plant protection. Compared with myrosinase from plant sources, myrosinase enzymes of microbial origin have not been extensively investigated. Therefore, seven endophytic strains corresponding to Bacillus sp. were isolated from Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa plants that could hydrolyse glucosinolates (sinigrin) in the culture medium and showed myrosinase activity (0.08–19.92 U mL−1). The bglA myrosinase-related gene encoding the 6-phospho-β-glucosidase (GH 1) from Bacillus sp. NGB-B10, the most active myrosinase-producing bacterium, was successfully identified. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to statistically optimize culture conditions for myrosinase production from Bacillus sp. strain NGB-B10. The Plackett–Burman design indicated that nitrogen concentration, incubation period, and agitation speed were the significant parameters in myrosinase production. The application of the Box–Behnken design of RSM resulted in a 10.03-fold increase in enzyme activity as compared to the non-optimized culture conditions. The myrosinase was partially purified by 40% fractionation followed by SDS-PAGE analysis which yielded two subunits that had a molecular weight of 38.6 and 35.0 KDa. The purified enzyme was stable under a broad range of pH (5.5–10) and temperatures (10–65 °C). The hydrolysis products released by bacterial myrosinase from some glucosinolate extracts had higher and/or equivalent in vitro antagonistic activity against several phytopathogenic fungi compared to the nystatin (a broad-spectrum antifungal agent). This study provides original information about a new source of bacterial myrosinase and affords an optimized method to enhance myrosinase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh H Youseif
- Department of Microbial Genetic Resources, National Gene Bank, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12619, Egypt. .,Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th October, Giza, 12451, Egypt.
| | - Hanan M K Abdel-Fatah
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Mary S Khalil
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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He S, Jiang B, Chakraborty A, Yu G. The Evolution of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 1 in Insects Related to Their Adaptation to Plant Utilization. INSECTS 2022; 13:786. [PMID: 36135486 PMCID: PMC9500737 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Insects closely interact with plants with multiple genes involved in their interactions. β-glucosidase, constituted mainly by glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1), is a crucial enzyme in insects to digest plant cell walls and defend against natural enemies with sequestered plant metabolites. To gain more insights into the role of this enzyme in plant-insect interactions, we analyzed the evolutionary history of the GH1 gene family with publicly available insect genomes. We found that GH1 is widely present in insects, while the gene numbers are significantly higher in insect herbivores directly feeding on plant cell walls than in other insects. After reconciling the insect GH1 gene tree with a species tree, we found that the patterns of duplication and loss of GH1 genes differ among insect orders, which may be associated with the evolution of their ecology. Furthermore, the majority of insects' GH1 genes were tandem-duplicated and subsequently went through neofunctionalization. This study shows the evolutionary history of an important gene family GH1 in insects and facilitates our understanding of the evolution of insect-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin He
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Beijing Rd. 1, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Guozhi Yu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Rd. 46, Ya’an 625014, China
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Yasir Ali M, Lu Z, Ali A, Bilal Amir M, Afaq Ahmed M, Shahid S, Liu TX, Pan M. Effects of Plant-Mediated Differences in Aphid Size on Suitability of Its Parasitoid, Aphelinus varipes (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:74-80. [PMID: 34958100 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Host plants indirectly affect parasitoid life-history traits via parasitoid hosts. Here, we evaluated the life-history traits of the parasitoid Aphelinus varipes emerging from the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), feeding on five commercially important vegetables. The results showed that A. varipes fed upon and parasitized maximum number of aphids grown on chili pepper, and least on cabbage. The emergence rate was the highest on chili pepper (100%) and lowest on crown daisy (71.1 ± 2.17%). Aphelinus varipes developed fastest on hosts reared on chili pepper (12.9 ± 0.02 d) and slowest on aphids reared on cabbage (14.1 ± 0.02 d). The body weight and body size of emerging wasp parasitoids and aphids were greatest on chili pepper and lowest on cabbage. Aphid body size positively affect parasitism, development time, and body size of the parasitoid. In conclusion, our results showed that the parasitoid A. varipes had variable life-history parameters, depending on the host plant species and host body size. The effects of host plant species on performance of M. persicae and its parasitoid A. varipes are discussed, along with the potential of using A. varipes to control M. persicae on different plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir Ali
- Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology and Molecular Biology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zhaozhi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology and Molecular Biology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Abid Ali
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal Amir
- Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology and Molecular Biology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Muhammad Afaq Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology and Molecular Biology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Sohaib Shahid
- Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology and Molecular Biology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology and Molecular Biology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Mingzhen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology and Molecular Biology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, Qingdao 266109, China
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12
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Broccoli Myrosinase cDNA Expression in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020233. [PMID: 35204734 PMCID: PMC8961631 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myrosinases (EC 3.2.1.147) are enzymes known for the generation of hydrolysis products that have a potential beneficial effect on human health. Their reaction mechanisms are widely studied, in order to improve and optimize secondary metabolite production processes. In this work, kinetic and biochemical properties of the broccoli myrosinase enzyme produced from its cDNA cloned in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated. The results revealed that the thermal stability of the enzyme produced in S. cerevisiae was slightly higher (30 to 60 °C) than that of myrosinase produced in E. coli (20 to 50 °C). The effect of pH on the enzymatic activity was similar in both enzymes, with pH 3 being the optimum value under the reaction conditions used. The kinetic behavior of both enzymes was adjusted to the Michaelis–Menten model. The catalytic efficiency was up to 4 times higher in myrosinase produced in S. cerevisiae, compared to myrosinase produced in E. coli. The glycosylations present in the enzyme would be related to the formation of a dimeric quaternary structure and would not play an essential role in enzymatic activity, since both enzymes were biologically active. These results will probably allow the development of strategies for the production of bioactive metabolites of medical interest.
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13
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Cebeci F, Mayer MJ, Rossiter JT, Mithen R, Narbad A. Molecular Cloning, Expression and Characterisation of a Bacterial Myrosinase from Citrobacter Wye1. Protein J 2022; 41:131-140. [PMID: 35031980 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-10034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are plant natural products which on degradation by myrosinases give rise to the beneficial bioactive isothiocyanates. Recently, a myrosinase activity was detected in a Citrobacter strain isolated from soil. This enzyme was purified enabling its amino acid sequence and gene sequence (cmyr) to be determined. In order to study this myrosinase it was necessary to establish an expression system that would enable future work such as a structural determination of the protein to be carried out. The myrosinase gene was amplified, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli with a 6XHis-tag. The heterologous expression of cmyr enabled relatively large amounts of myrosinase to be produced (3.4 mg cmyr/100 ml culture). Myrosinase activity was determined by mixing substrate and enzyme and determining glucose release. Optimum pH and temperature were determined to be pH 6.0 and 25 °C for the Ni-NTA purified protein. The kinetic parameters of the purified myrosinase were determined using sinigrin as a substrate. Km and Vmax were estimated as 0.18 mM and 0.033 mmol/min/mg respectively for sinigrin under optimum conditions and compared to other kinetic data for myrosinases. The substrate specificity of myrosinase was determined having the highest affinity for sinigrin followed by glucoiberin, progoitrin, glucoerucin, glucoraphanin and glucotropaeolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Cebeci
- Food Innovation and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK. .,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey.
| | - Melinda J Mayer
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - John T Rossiter
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Mithen
- Food Innovation and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK.,Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Food Innovation and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK.,Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
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14
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Silva-Júnior NR, Cabrera YM, Barbosa SL, Barros RDA, Barros E, Vital CE, Ramos HJO, Oliveira MGA. Intestinal proteases profiling from Anticarsia gemmatalis and their binding to inhibitors. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 107:e21792. [PMID: 33948994 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the importance of intestinal hydrolases is recognized, there is little information on the intestinal proteome of lepidopterans such as Anticarsia gemmatalis. Thus, we carried out the proteomic analysis of the A. gemmatalis intestine to characterize the proteases by LC/MS. We examined the interactions of proteins identified with protease inhibitors (PI) using molecular docking. We found 54 expressed antigens for intestinal protease, suggesting multiple important isoforms. The hydrolytic arsenal featured allows for a more comprehensive understanding of insect feeding. The docking analysis showed that the soybean PI (SKTI) could bind efficiently with the trypsin sequences and, therefore, insect resistance does not seem to involve changing the sequences of the PI binding site. In addition, a SERPIN was identified and the interaction analysis showed the inhibitor binding site is in contact with the catalytic site of trypsin, possibly acting as a regulator. In addition, this SERPIN and the identified PI sequences can be targets for the control of proteolytic activity in the caterpillar intestine and serve as a support for the rational design of a molecule with greater stability, less prone to cleavage by proteases and viable for the control of insect pests such as A. gemmatalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neilier R Silva-Júnior
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yaremis M Cabrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Samuel L Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael de A Barros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo Barros
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas, NuBioMol, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - CCB, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camilo E Vital
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Humberto J O Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas, NuBioMol, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - CCB, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Goreti A Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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15
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Shakour ZT, Shehab NG, Gomaa AS, Wessjohann LA, Farag MA. Metabolic and biotransformation effects on dietary glucosinolates, their bioavailability, catabolism and biological effects in different organisms. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107784. [PMID: 34102260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolate-producing plants have long been recognized for both their distinctive benefits to human nutrition and their resistance traits against pathogens and herbivores. Despite the accumulation of glucosinolates (GLS) in plants is associated with their resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses, the defensive and biological activities of GLS are commonly conveyed by their metabolic products. In view of this, metabolism is considered the driving factor upon the interactions of GLS-producing plants with other organisms, also influenced by plant and plant attacking or digesting organism characteristics. Several microbial pathogens and insects have evolved the capacity to detoxify GLS-hydrolysis products or inhibit their formation via different means, highlighting the relevance of their metabolic abilities for the plants' defense system activation and target organism detoxification. Strikingly, some bacteria, fungi and insects can likewise produce their own myrosinase (MYR)-like enzymes in one of the most important adaptation strategies against the GLS-MYR plant defense system. Knowledge of GLS metabolic pathways in herbivores and pathogens can impact plant protection efforts and may be harnessed upon for genetically modified plants that are more resistant to predators. In humans, the interest in the implementation of GLS in diets for the prevention of chronic diseases has grown substantially. However, the efficiency of such approaches is dependent on GLS bioavailability and metabolism, which largely involves the human gut microbiome. Among GLS-hydrolytic products, isothiocyanates (ITC) have shown exceptional properties as chemical plant defense agents against herbivores and pathogens, along with their health-promoting benefits in humans, at least if consumed in reasonable amounts. Deciphering GLS metabolic pathways provides critical information for catalyzing all types of GLS towards the generation of ITCs as the biologically most active metabolites. This review provides an overview on contrasting metabolic pathways in plants, bacteria, fungi, insects and humans towards GLS activation or detoxification. Further, suggestions for the preparation of GLS containing plants with improved health benefits are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab T Shakour
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naglaa G Shehab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Natural Products, Dubai Pharmacy College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed S Gomaa
- Faculty of Graduate Studies for Statistical Research, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt.
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16
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Basu S, Clark RE, Fu Z, Lee BW, Crowder DW. Insect alarm pheromones in response to predators: Ecological trade-offs and molecular mechanisms. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 128:103514. [PMID: 33359575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insect alarm pheromones are chemical substances that are synthesized and released in response to predators to reduce predation risk. Alarm pheromones can also be perceived by predators, who take advantage of alarm cues to locate prey. While selection favors evolution of alarm pheromone signals that are not easily detectable by predators, predator evolution selects for better prey detection ability. Here, we review the diversity of alarm signals, and consider the behavioral and ecological conditions under which they have evolved. We show that components of alarm pheromones are similar across many insects, although aphids exhibit different behavioral responses to alarm cues compared to social insects. The effects of alarm pheromones on prey behavior depend on factors such as the concentration of pheromones and the density of conspecifics. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms of alarm pheromone perception underlying the evolutionary arms race between predators and prey, and the function of olfactory proteins and receptors in particular. Our review provides a novel synthesis of the diversity and function of insect alarm pheromones, while suggesting avenues that might better allow researchers to exploit population-level responses to alarm signaling for the sustainable management of pests and vector-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumik Basu
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Robert E Clark
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Zhen Fu
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin W Lee
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - David W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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17
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Mandrich L, Caputo E. Brassicaceae-Derived Anticancer Agents: Towards a Green Approach to Beat Cancer. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030868. [PMID: 32213900 PMCID: PMC7146209 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the main cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although a large variety of therapeutic approaches have been developed and translated into clinical protocols, the toxic side effects of cancer treatments negatively impact patients, allowing cancer to grow. Brassica metabolites are emerging as new weapons for anti-cancer therapeutics. The beneficial role of the consumption of brassica vegetables, the most-used vegetables in the Mediterranean diet, particularly broccoli, in the prevention of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity, has been well-documented. In this review, we discuss the anti-tumor effects of the bioactive compounds from Brassica vegetables with regard to the compounds and types of cancer against which they show activity, providing current knowledge on the anti-cancer effects of Brassica metabolites against major types of tumors. In addition, we discuss the impacts of industrial and domestic processing on the compounds’ functional properties before their consumption as well as the main strategies used to increase the content of health-promoting metabolites in Brassica plants through biofortification. Finally, the impacts of microbiota on the compounds’ bioactivity are considered. This information will be helpful for the further development of efficacious anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Mandrich
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems-IRET-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, I-80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Emilia Caputo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (I.G.B.) “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, I-80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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18
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Sun R, Jiang X, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Pandit SS, Giddings Vassão D. Tritrophic metabolism of plant chemical defenses and its effects on herbivore and predator performance. eLife 2019; 8:e51029. [PMID: 31841109 PMCID: PMC6934381 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect herbivores are frequently reported to metabolize plant defense compounds, but the physiological and ecological consequences are not fully understood. It has rarely been studied whether such metabolism is genuinely beneficial to the insect, and whether there are any effects on higher trophic levels. Here, we manipulated the detoxification of plant defenses in the herbivorous pest diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) to evaluate changes in fitness, and additionally examined the effects on a predatory lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea). Silencing glucosinolate sulfatase genes resulted in the systemic accumulation of toxic isothiocyanates in P. xylostella larvae, impairing larval development and adult reproduction. The predatory lacewing C. carnea, however, efficiently degraded ingested isothiocyanates via a general conjugation pathway, with no negative effects on survival, reproduction, or even prey preference. These results illustrate how plant defenses and their detoxification strongly influence herbivore fitness but might only subtly affect a third trophic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Sun
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Xingcong Jiang
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Sagar Subhash Pandit
- Molecular and Chemical Ecology LabIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchPuneIndia
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19
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Monticelli LS, Nguyen LTH, Amiens‐Desneux E, Luo C, Lavoir A, Gatti J, Desneux N. The preference-performance relationship as a means of classifying parasitoids according to their specialization degree. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1626-1640. [PMID: 31462919 PMCID: PMC6708433 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Host range in parasitoids could be described by the preference-performance hypothesis (PPH) where preference is defined as host acceptance and performance is defined as the sum of all species on which parasitoid offspring can complete their life cycle. The PPH predicts that highly suitable hosts will be preferred by ovipositing females. However, generalist parasitoids may not conform to this hypothesis if they attack a large range of hosts of varying suitability. Under laboratory conditions, we tested the PPH relationship of three aphid parasitoids currently considered as generalist species (Aphelinus abdominalis, Aphidius ervi, Diaeretiella rapae). As expected, the three parasitoids species showed low selectivity, i.e., females stung all aphid species encountered (at least in some extent). However, depending on the parasitoid species, only 42%-58% of aphid species enabled producing parasitoid offspring. We did not find a correlation between the extent of preference and the performance of three generalist aphid parasitoids. For A. ervi, host phylogeny is also important as females showed higher attack and developmental rates on hosts closely related to the most suitable one. In addition, traits such as (a) the presence of protective secondary endosymbionts, for example, Hamiltonella defensa detected in Aphis fabae and Metopolophium dirhodum and (b) the sequestration of plant toxins as defense mechanism against parasitism, for example, in Aphis nerii and Brevicoryne brassicae, were likely at play to some extent in narrowing parasitoid host range. The lack of PPH relationship involved a low selectivity leading to a high adaptability, as well as selection pressure; the combination of which enabled the production of offspring in a new host species or a new environment. Testing for PPH relationships in parasitoids may provide useful cues to classify parasitoids in terms of specialization degree.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chen Luo
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRSUMR ISANiceFrance
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20
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Beran F, Köllner TG, Gershenzon J, Tholl D. Chemical convergence between plants and insects: biosynthetic origins and functions of common secondary metabolites. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:52-67. [PMID: 30707438 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the phylogenetic distance between plants and insects, these two groups of organisms produce some secondary metabolites in common. Identical structures belonging to chemical classes such as the simple monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, iridoid monoterpenes, cyanogenic glycosides, benzoic acid derivatives, benzoquinones and naphthoquinones are sometimes found in both plants and insects. In addition, very similar glucohydrolases involved in activating two-component defenses, such as glucosinolates and cyanogenic glycosides, occur in both plants and insects. Although this trend was first noted many years ago, researchers have long struggled to find convincing explanations for such co-occurrence. In some cases, identical compounds may be produced by plants to interfere with their function in insects. In others, plant and insect compounds may simply have parallel functions, probably in defense or attraction, and their co-occurrence is a coincidence. The biosynthetic origin of such co-occurring metabolites may be very different in insects as compared to plants. Plants and insects may have different pathways to the same metabolite, or similar sequences of intermediates, but different enzymes. Further knowledge of the ecological roles and biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites may shed more light on why plants and insects produce identical substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 409 Latham Hall, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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21
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Glindemann CP, Backenköhler A, Strieker M, Wittstock U, Klahn P. Synthesis and Biochemical Evaluation of an Artificial, Fluorescent Glucosinolate (GSL). Chembiochem 2019; 20:2341-2345. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Patrizia Glindemann
- Institute of Organic ChemistryTechnische Universität Carolo Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Anita Backenköhler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical BiologyTechnische Universität Carolo Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig Mendelssohnstrasse 1 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Matthias Strieker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical BiologyTechnische Universität Carolo Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig Mendelssohnstrasse 1 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Ute Wittstock
- Institute of Pharmaceutical BiologyTechnische Universität Carolo Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig Mendelssohnstrasse 1 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Philipp Klahn
- Institute of Organic ChemistryTechnische Universität Carolo Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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22
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Bhat R, Vyas D. Myrosinase: insights on structural, catalytic, regulatory, and environmental interactions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:508-523. [PMID: 30939944 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1576024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolate-myrosinase is a substrate-enzyme defense mechanism present in Brassica crops. This binary system provides the plant with an efficient system against herbivores and pathogens. For humans, it is well known for its anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-bacterial, cardio-protective, and central nervous system protective activities. Glucosinolate and myrosinase are spatially present in different cells that upon tissue disruption come together and result in the formation of a variety of hydrolysis products with diverse physicochemical and biological properties. The myrosinase-catalyzed reaction starts with cleavage of the thioglucosidic linkage resulting in release of a D-glucose and an unstable thiohydroximate-O-sulfate. The outcome of this thiohydroximate-O-sulfate has been shown to depend on the structure of the glucosinolate side chain, the presence of supplementary proteins known as specifier proteins and/or on the physiochemical condition. Myrosinase was first reported in mustard seed during 1939 as a protein responsible for release of essential oil. Until this date, myrosinases have been characterized from more than 20 species of Brassica, cabbage aphid, and many bacteria residing in the human intestine. All the plant myrosinases are reported to be activated by ascorbic acid while aphid and bacterial myrosinases are found to be either neutral or inhibited. Myrosinase catalyzes hydrolysis of the S-glycosyl bond, O-β glycosyl bond, and O-glycosyl bond. This review summarizes information on myrosinase, an essential component of this binary system, including its structural and molecular properties, mechanism of action, and its regulation and will be beneficial for the research going on the understanding and betterment of the glucosinolate-myrosinase system from an ecological and nutraceutical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Bhat
- a Biodiversity and Applied Botany Division , Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR) , Jammu , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR) , Jammu , India
| | - Dhiraj Vyas
- a Biodiversity and Applied Botany Division , Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR) , Jammu , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR) , Jammu , India
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23
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Narbad A, Rossiter JT. Gut Glucosinolate Metabolism and Isothiocyanate Production. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700991. [PMID: 29806736 PMCID: PMC6767122 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The glucosinolate-myrosinase system in plants has been well studied over the years while relatively little research has been undertaken on the bacterial metabolism of glucosinolates. The products of myrosinase-based glucosinolate hydrolysis in the human gut are important to health, particularly the isothiocyanates, as they are shown to have anticancer properties as well as other beneficial roles in human health. This review is concerned with the bacterial metabolism of glucosinolates but is not restricted to the human gut. Isothiocyanate production and nitrile formation are discussed together with the mechanisms of the formation of these compounds. Side chain modification of the methylsulfinylalkyl glucosinolates is reviewed and the implications for bioactivity of the resultant products are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Narbad
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Food Innovation and Health ISPNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkNR4 7UAUK
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24
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A Simple Method for On-Gel Detection of Myrosinase Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092204. [PMID: 30200303 PMCID: PMC6225493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myrosinase is an enzyme present in many functional foods and spices, particularly in Cruciferous vegetables. It hydrolyses glucosinolates which thereafter rearrange into bioactive volatile constituents (isothiocyanates, nitriles). We aimed to develop a simple reversible method for on-gel detection of myrosinase. Reagent composition and application parameters for native PAGE and SDS-PAGE gels were optimized. The proposed method was successfully applied to detect myrosinase (or sulfatase) on-gel: the detection solution contains methyl red which gives intensive red bands where the HSO₄- is enzymatically released from the glucosinolates. Subsequently, myrosinase was successfully distinguished from sulfatase by incubating gel bands in a derivatization solution and examination by LC-ESI-MS: myrosinase produced allyl isothiocyanate (detected in conjugate form) while desulfo-sinigrin was released by sulfatase, as expected. After separation of 80 µg protein of crude extracts of Cruciferous vegetables, intensive color develops within 10 min. On-gel detection was found to be linear between 0.031⁻0.25 U (pure Sinapis alba myrosinase, R² = 0.997). The method was successfully applied to detection of myrosinase isoenzymes from horseradish, Cruciferous vegetables and endophytic fungi of horseradish as well. The method was shown to be very simple, rapid and efficient. It enables detection and partial characterization of glucosinolate decomposing enzymes without protein purification.
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Zhou S, Richter A, Jander G. Beyond Defense: Multiple Functions of Benzoxazinoids in Maize Metabolism. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1528-1537. [PMID: 29584935 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Benzoxazinoids are a class of indole-derived plant metabolites that function in defense against numerous pests and pathogens. Due to their abundance in maize (Zea mays) and other important cereal crops, benzoxazinoids have been the subject of extensive research for >50 years. Whereas benzoxazinoids can account for 1% or more of the dry weight in young seedlings constitutively, their accumulation in older plants is induced locally by pest and pathogen attack. Although the biosynthetic pathways for most maize benzoxazinoids have been identified, unanswered questions remain about the developmental and defense-induced regulation of benzoxazinoid metabolism. Recent research shows that, in addition to their central role in the maize chemical defense repertoire, benzoxazinoids may have important functions in regulating other defense responses, flowering time, auxin metabolism, iron uptake and perhaps aluminum tolerance. Investigation of natural variation in maize benzoxazinoid accumulation, which is greatly facilitated by recent genomics advances, will have a major impact in this research area by leading to the discovery of previously unknown genes and functions of benzoxazinoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqun Zhou
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Annett Richter
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Burse A, Boland W. Deciphering the route to cyclic monoterpenes in Chrysomelina leaf beetles: source of new biocatalysts for industrial application? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 72:417-427. [PMID: 28593879 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2017-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The drastic growth of the population on our planet requires the efficient and sustainable use of our natural resources. Enzymes are indispensable tools for a wide range of industries producing food, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, or biofuels. Because insects constitute one of the most species-rich classes of organisms colonizing almost every ecological niche on earth, they have developed extraordinary metabolic abilities to survive in various and sometimes extreme habitats. Despite this metabolic diversity, insect enzymes have only recently generated interest in industrial applications because only a few metabolic pathways have been sufficiently characterized. Here, we address the biosynthetic route to iridoids (cyclic monoterpenes), a group of secondary metabolites used by some members of the leaf beetle subtribe Chrysomelina as defensive compounds against their enemies. The ability to produce iridoids de novo has also convergently evolved in plants. From plant sources, numerous pharmacologically relevant structures have already been described. In addition, in plants, iridoids serve as building blocks for monoterpenoid indole alkaloids with broad therapeutic applications. As the commercial synthesis of iridoid-based drugs often relies on a semisynthetic approach involving biocatalysts, the discovery of enzymes from the insect iridoid route can account for a valuable resource and economic alternative to the previously used enzymes from the metabolism of plants. Hence, this review illustrates the recent discoveries made on the steps of the iridoid pathway in Chrysomelina leaf beetles. The findings are also placed in the context of the studied counterparts in plants and are further discussed regarding their use in technological approaches.
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Tian S, Liu X, Lei P, Zhang X, Shan Y. Microbiota: a mediator to transform glucosinolate precursors in cruciferous vegetables to the active isothiocyanates. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:1255-1260. [PMID: 28869285 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs), such as sulforaphane (SFN), exhibit powerful biological functions in fighting cancers, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. They normally exist as glucosinolates (GLSs) in cruciferous vegetables, which are not themselves bioactive until they are degraded by myrosinase to form ITCs. Myrosinase coexists in the same plants but is normally kept apart from GLSs in different apparatus. A key point is that myrosinase is temperature sensitive and can be inactivated upon exposure to temperatures over 60 °, as typically occurs during cooking. However, studies using animal models and population trials have suggested that human gut bacteria might act like an 'organ' in that they can secrete their own myrosinase. In this review, the hydrolysis of GLS by myrosinase is discussed, with an important focus on the gut microflora and their myrosinase-producing roles. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Tian
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Lei
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yujuan Shan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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Robert CA, Zhang X, Machado RA, Schirmer S, Lori M, Mateo P, Erb M, Gershenzon J. Sequestration and activation of plant toxins protect the western corn rootworm from enemies at multiple trophic levels. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29171835 PMCID: PMC5701792 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly adapted herbivores can phenocopy two-component systems by stabilizing, sequestering and reactivating plant toxins. However, whether these traits protect herbivores against their enemies is poorly understood. We demonstrate that the western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, the most damaging maize pest on the planet, specifically accumulates the root-derived benzoxazinoid glucosides HDMBOA-Glc and MBOA-Glc. MBOA-Glc is produced by D. virgifera through stabilization of the benzoxazinoid breakdown product MBOA by N-glycosylation. The larvae can hydrolyze HDMBOA-Glc, but not MBOA-Glc, to produce toxic MBOA upon predator attack. Accumulation of benzoxazinoids renders D. virgifera highly resistant to nematodes which inject and feed on entomopathogenic symbiotic bacteria. While HDMBOA-Glc and MBOA reduce the growth and infectivity of both the nematodes and the bacteria, MBOA-Glc repels infective juvenile nematodes. Our results illustrate how herbivores combine stabilized and reactivated plant toxins to defend themselves against a deadly symbiosis between the third and the fourth trophic level enemies. The western corn rootworm is the most damaging pest of maize plants. Out of sight, the larvae of this beetle feed on maize roots, and cause billions of dollars worth of losses each year. One of the reasons why this pest remains such a problem is it can adapt and resist many crop protection strategies. Biological control refers to combating a pest using its own natural enemies – for example, its predators. Biological control of the western corn rootworm has been attempted using nematode worms. Normally, the nematodes locate and enter an insect larvae, release bacteria that kill it, and then feed and multiply within the dead larvae. Yet, the western corn rootworm seems at least partly able to resist these nematodes, and the success of biological control in the field has been variable. Several insect herbivores are known to accumulate, or sequester, plant toxins in their own body for self-defense. Previously, in 2012, researchers reported that the western corn rootworm is resistant and attracted to the major toxins in maize roots, the benzoxazinoids. The blood-like fluid of the western corn rootworm also repels many predators. Could the western corn rootworm be sequestering maize benzoxazinoids to resist the biological control of nematodes and their bacterial partners? Plants store benzoxazinoids in a non-toxic form. If herbivores damage the plant, these molecules quickly break down into compounds that are toxic to most insects. Now Robert et al. – who include two of the researchers involved in the 2012 study – show that the western corn rootworm uses a similar defense system to protect itself against biological control nematodes and their bacterial partners. First, the larvae convert a benzoxazinoid breakdown product by adding a glucose molecule. They then release large amounts of this modified molecule to repel young nematodes. Second, via an unknown mechanism, the larvae stabilize a second plant-derived benzoxazinoid, sequester its non-toxic form in their bodies, and activate it upon nematode attack. The resulting toxins can kill both nematodes and their bacterial partners. By combining different chemical strategies to stabilize and activate plant toxins, the western corn rootworm is able to resist the nematodes used for biological control. These findings can help to explain why biological control has had limited success against the western corn rootworm. In the long run, they may lead to more effective biological control programs, for instance by stopping the western corn rootworm from sequestering benzoxazinoids or by using natural enemies that are resistant to the insect’s toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Am Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefanie Schirmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Martina Lori
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Mateo
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Luang-In V, Albaser AA, Nueno-Palop C, Bennett MH, Narbad A, Rossiter JT. Glucosinolate and Desulfo-glucosinolate Metabolism by a Selection of Human Gut Bacteria. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:442-451. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Petschenka G, Agrawal AA. How herbivores coopt plant defenses: natural selection, specialization, and sequestration. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 14:17-24. [PMID: 27436642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We review progress in understanding sequestration by herbivorous insects, the use of plant chemical defenses for their own defense. We incorporate sequestration into the framework of plant-insect coevolution by integrating three hierarchical issues: (1) the relationship between dietary specialization and sequestration of plant defenses, (2) the physiological mechanisms involved in sequestration, and (3) how sequestration evolves via interactions between trophic levels. Sequestration is often associated with specialization, but even specialized sequestration is not an evolutionary dead-end. Despite considerable progress in understanding physiological mechanisms, detailed knowledge of how plant toxins cross the insect gut epithelium is still largely lacking. Sequestration is likely a major vehicle for coevolutionary escalation in speciose plant-insect-predator interactions, suggesting that a strictly bitrophic view is untenable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Petschenka
- Institut für Insektenbiotechnologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, E425 Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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Albaser A, Kazana E, Bennett MH, Cebeci F, Luang-In V, Spanu PD, Rossiter JT. Discovery of a Bacterial Glycoside Hydrolase Family 3 (GH3) β-Glucosidase with Myrosinase Activity from a Citrobacter Strain Isolated from Soil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1520-7. [PMID: 26820976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A Citrobacter strain (WYE1) was isolated from a UK soil by enrichment using the glucosinolate sinigrin as sole carbon source. The enzyme myrosinase was purified using a combination of ion exchange and gel filtration to give a pure protein of approximately 66 kDa. The N-terminal amino acid and internal peptide sequence of the purified protein were determined and used to identify the gene, which, based on InterPro sequence analysis, belongs to the family GH3, contains a signal peptide, and is a periplasmic protein with a predicted molecular mass of 71.8 kDa. A preliminary characterization was carried out using protein extracts from cell-free preparations. The apparent KM and Vmax were 0.46 mM and 4.91 mmol dm(-3) min(-1) mg(-1), respectively, with sinigrin as substrate. The optimum temperature and pH for enzyme activity were 25 °C and 6.0, respectively. The enzyme was marginally activated with ascorbate by a factor of 1.67.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhadi Albaser
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanna Kazana
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H Bennett
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Fatma Cebeci
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research , Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Vijitra Luang-In
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro D Spanu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - John T Rossiter
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Aphids Pick Their Poison: Selective Sequestration of Plant Chemicals Affects Host Plant Use in a Specialist Herbivore. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:956-64. [PMID: 26411571 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In some plant-insect interactions, specialist herbivores exploit the chemical defenses of their food plant to their own advantage. Brassica plants produce glucosinolates that are broken down into defensive toxins when tissue is damaged, but the specialist aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, uses these chemicals against its own natural enemies by becoming a "walking mustard-oil bomb". Analysis of glucosinolate concentrations in plant tissue and associated aphid colonies reveals that not only do aphids sequester glucosinolates, but they do so selectively. Aphids specifically accumulate sinigrin to high concentrations while preferentially excreting a structurally similar glucosinolate, progoitrin. Surveys of aphid infestation in wild populations of Brassica oleracea show that this pattern of sequestration and excretion maps onto host plant use. The probability of aphid infestation decreases with increasing concentrations of progoitrin in plants. Brassica brassicae, therefore, appear to select among food plants according to plant secondary metabolite profiles, and selectively store only some compounds that are used against their own enemies. The results demonstrate chemical and behavioral mechanisms that help to explain evidence of geographic patterns and evolutionary dynamics in Brassica-aphid interactions.
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Rahfeld P, Haeger W, Kirsch R, Pauls G, Becker T, Schulze E, Wielsch N, Wang D, Groth M, Brandt W, Boland W, Burse A. Glandular β-glucosidases in juvenile Chrysomelina leaf beetles support the evolution of a host-plant-dependent chemical defense. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 58:28-38. [PMID: 25596091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant-feeding insects are spread across the entire plant kingdom. Because they chew externally on leaves, leaf beetle of the subtribe Chrysomelina sensu stricto are constantly exposed to life-threatening predators and parasitoids. To counter these pressures, the juveniles repel their enemies by displaying glandular secretions that contain defensive compounds. These repellents can be produced either de novo (iridoids) or by using plant-derived precursors. The autonomous production of iridoids pre-dates the evolution of phytochemical-based defense strategies. Both strategies include hydrolysis of the secreted non-toxic glycosides in the defensive exudates. By combining in vitro as well as in vivo experiments, we show that iridoid de novo producing as well as sequestering species rely on secreted β-glucosidases to cleave the pre-toxins. Our phylogenetic analyses support a common origin of chrysomeline β-glucosidases. The kinetic parameters of these β-glucosidases demonstrated substrate selectivity which reflects the adaptation of Chrysomelina sensu stricto to the chemistry of their hosts during the course of evolution. However, the functional studies also showed that the broad substrate selectivity allows building a chemical defense, which is dependent on the host plant, but does not lead to an "evolutionary dead end".
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rahfeld
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Wiebke Haeger
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany; Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard Pauls
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Becker
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Eva Schulze
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ding Wang
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Genome Analysis Group, Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Antje Burse
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
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Development of a generalist predator, Podisus maculiventris, on glucosinolate sequestering and nonsequestering prey. Naturwissenschaften 2014; 101:707-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-014-1207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Phyllotreta striolata flea beetles use host plant defense compounds to create their own glucosinolate-myrosinase system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7349-54. [PMID: 24799680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321781111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of a specialized herbivore to overcome the chemical defense of a particular plant taxon not only makes it accessible as a food source but may also provide metabolites to be exploited for communication or chemical defense. Phyllotreta flea beetles are adapted to crucifer plants (Brassicales) that are defended by the glucosinolate-myrosinase system, the so-called "mustard-oil bomb." Tissue damage caused by insect feeding brings glucosinolates into contact with the plant enzyme myrosinase, which hydrolyzes them to form toxic compounds, such as isothiocyanates. However, we previously observed that Phyllotreta striolata beetles themselves produce volatile glucosinolate hydrolysis products. Here, we show that P. striolata adults selectively accumulate glucosinolates from their food plants to up to 1.75% of their body weight and express their own myrosinase. By combining proteomics and transcriptomics, a gene responsible for myrosinase activity in P. striolata was identified. The major substrates of the heterologously expressed myrosinase were aliphatic glucosinolates, which were hydrolyzed with at least fourfold higher efficiency than aromatic and indolic glucosinolates, and β-O-glucosides. The identified beetle myrosinase belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 1 and has up to 76% sequence similarity to other β-glucosidases. Phylogenetic analyses suggest species-specific diversification of this gene family in insects and an independent evolution of the beetle myrosinase from other insect β-glucosidases.
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Oliviero T, Verkerk R, Vermeulen M, Dekker M. In vivo formation and bioavailability of isothiocyanates from glucosinolates in broccoli as affected by processing conditions. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1447-56. [PMID: 24687744 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE To study the effect of residual myrosinase (MYR) activity in differently processed broccoli on sulforaphane (SR) and iberin (IB) formation, bioavailability, and excretion in human volunteers. METHODS AND RESULTS Five different broccoli products were obtained with similar glucoraphanin (GR) and glucoiberin (GI) content, yet different MYR activity. Excretion of SR and IB conjugates in urine were determined in 15 participants after ingestion of the broccoli products. A reduction of 80% of MYR in the product did not cause differences in the total amount of SR and IB found in urine compared to the product with 100% MYR. Complete inactivation of MYR gave the lowest total amount of SR and IB in urine (10 and 19%). A residual MYR of only 2% in the product gave an intermediate amount (17 and 29%). The excretion half-lives of SR and IB conjugates were comparable for all the products (2.5 h on average), although the maximum excretion peak times were clearly shorter when the residual MYR was higher (2.3-6.1 h). CONCLUSION For the first time, the effect of residual MYR activity on isothiocyanate bioavailability was systematically and quantitatively studied. Processing conditions have a large effect on the kinetics and bioavailability of isothiocyanates from broccoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Oliviero
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kirsch R, Wielsch N, Vogel H, Svatoš A, Heckel DG, Pauchet Y. Combining proteomics and transcriptome sequencing to identify active plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes in a leaf beetle. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:587. [PMID: 23116131 PMCID: PMC3505185 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary plant cell wall is a complex mixture of polysaccharides and proteins encasing living plant cells. Among these polysaccharides, cellulose is the most abundant and useful biopolymer present on earth. These polysaccharides also represent a rich source of energy for organisms which have evolved the ability to degrade them. A growing body of evidence suggests that phytophagous beetles, mainly species from the superfamilies Chrysomeloidea and Curculionoidea, possess endogenous genes encoding complex and diverse families of so-called plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). The presence of these genes in phytophagous beetles may have been a key element in their success as herbivores. Here, we combined a proteomics approach and transcriptome sequencing to identify PCWDEs present in larval gut contents of the mustard leaf beetle, Phaedon cochleariae. Results Using a two-dimensional proteomics approach, we recovered 11 protein bands, isolated using activity assays targeting cellulose-, pectin- and xylan-degrading enzymes. After mass spectrometry analyses, a total of 13 proteins putatively responsible for degrading plant cell wall polysaccharides were identified; these proteins belong to three glycoside hydrolase (GH) families: GH11 (xylanases), GH28 (polygalacturonases or pectinases), and GH45 (β-1,4-glucanases or cellulases). Additionally, highly stable and proteolysis-resistant host plant-derived proteins from various pathogenesis-related protein (PRs) families as well as polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) were also identified from the gut contents proteome. In parallel, transcriptome sequencing revealed the presence of at least 19 putative PCWDE transcripts encoded by the P. cochleariae genome. All of these were specifically expressed in the insect gut rather than the rest of the body, and in adults as well as larvae. The discrepancy observed in the number of putative PCWDEs between transcriptome and proteome analyses could be partially explained by differences in transcriptional level. Conclusions Combining proteome and transcriptome sequencing analyses proved to be a powerful tool for the discovery of active PCWDEs in a non-model species. Our data represent the starting point of an in-depth functional and evolutionary characterization of PCWDE gene families in phytophagous beetles and their contribution to the adaptation of these highly successful herbivores to their host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Kirsch
- Entomology Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Borgen BH, Ahuja I, Thangstad OP, Honne BI, Rohloff J, Rossiter JT, Bones AM. 'Myrosin cells' are not a prerequisite for aphid feeding on oilseed rape (Brassica napus) but affect host plant preferences. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:894-904. [PMID: 22672561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme myrosinase (EC 3.2.3.1.147) is present in specialised myrosin cells and forms part of the glucosinolate-myrosinase system, also known as 'the mustard oil bomb', which has an important role in the defence system of cruciferous plants against insect pests. Transgenic Brassica napus MINELESS have been produced by transgenic ablation of myrosin cells. This prompted us to investigate the importance of myrosin cells in plant-aphid interactions. In order to study this, we challenged transgenic MINELESS and wild-type cultivar Westar seedlings with the aphids Brevicoryne brassicae (a specialist) and Myzus persicae (a generalist). Our study included aphid free-choice and aphid fecundity experiments. Data from these experiments showed that B. brassicae prefers wild-type seedlings and M. persicae prefers MINELESS. B. brassicae and M. persicae showed significant variation in establishment on plants regardless of whether they were wild type or MINELESS and also differed significantly in affecting plant parts. Myrosinase activity in MINELESS control seedlings was 83.6% lower than the wild-type control seedlings. Infestation with either of the two aphid species induced myrosinase levels in both wild-type and MINELESS seedlings. Infestation with M. persicae reduced the concentration of most glucosinolates while B. brassicae had the opposite effect. B. brassicae enhanced the formation of glucosinolate hydrolysis products both in wild-type and MINELESS seedlings. However, M. persicae decreased All ITC but increased 3,4ETBut NIT in wild-type seedlings. Taken together, the investigation shows that the presence of myrosin cells affects the preference of generalist and specialist aphid species for Brassica napus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Borgen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Engineering glucosinolates in plants: current knowledge and potential uses. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1694-717. [PMID: 22983743 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSL) and their derivatives are well known for the characteristic roles they play in plant defense as signaling molecules and as bioactive compounds for human health. More than 130 GSLs have been reported so far, and most of them belong to the Brassicaceae family. Several enzymes and transcription factors involved in the GSL biosynthesis have been studied in the model plant, Arabidopsis, and in a few other Brassica crop species. Recent studies in GSL research have defined the regulation, distribution, and degradation of GSL biosynthetic pathways; however, the underlying mechanism behind transportation of GSLs in plants is still largely unknown. This review highlights the recent advances in the metabolic engineering of GSLs in plants and discusses their potential applications.
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Zhou C, Tokuhisa JG, Bevan DR, Esen A. Properties of β-thioglucoside hydrolases (TGG1 and TGG2) from leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 191-192:82-92. [PMID: 22682567 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Myrosinases (β-thioglucoside glucohydrolase, TGG; EC 3.2.1.147) catalyze the hydrolysis of glucosinolates, a structurally distinct group of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing secondary metabolites, to give a chemically unstable intermediate, glucose and sulfate. This catalysis initiates a chemical defense in crucifer plants as a response to the tissue-damaging activities of herbivores and pathogens. To characterize the individual and collective biochemical properties of the myrosinase enzymes found in the aerial tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana, we purified TGG1 and TGG2, which share 73% amino acid identity, individually from T-DNA insertion lines of Arabidopsis using lectin affinity and anion exchange chromatography. Electrophoresis under denaturing conditions and the mobility of nondenatured TGG1 and TGG2 protein on gel filtration chromatography indicated that the native proteins exist as dimers of 150 and 126 kDa, respectively. Despite their relatively similar kinetic parameters, both enzymes had distinct physicochemical properties such as extractability in low ionic strength buffer and electrophoretic mobility following deglycosylation treatment. Deglycosylation under nondenaturing conditions had limited effects on TGG1 and no effect on TGG2 activity. Both enzymes functioned across a broad range of temperatures (up to 60 °C) and pH values (5-10). These results demonstrate that myrosinases have the ability to function in environments like the digestive tract of insect herbivores that are significantly different from the environment in a damaged plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhe Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Whiteman NK, Gloss AD, Sackton TB, Groen SC, Humphrey PT, Lapoint RT, Sønderby IE, Halkier BA, Kocks C, Ausubel FM, Pierce NE. Genes involved in the evolution of herbivory by a leaf-mining, Drosophilid fly. Genome Biol Evol 2012; 4:900-16. [PMID: 22813779 PMCID: PMC3516228 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evs063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous insects are among the most successful radiations of life. However, we know little about the processes underpinning the evolution of herbivory. We examined the evolution of herbivory in the fly, Scaptomyza flava, whose larvae are leaf miners on species of Brassicaceae, including the widely studied reference plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). Scaptomyza flava is phylogenetically nested within the paraphyletic genus Drosophila, and the whole genome sequences available for 12 species of Drosophila facilitated phylogenetic analysis and assembly of a transcriptome for S. flava. A time-calibrated phylogeny indicated that leaf mining in Scaptomyza evolved between 6 and 16 million years ago. Feeding assays showed that biosynthesis of glucosinolates, the major class of antiherbivore chemical defense compounds in mustard leaves, was upregulated by S. flava larval feeding. The presence of glucosinolates in wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis plants reduced S. flava larval weight gain and increased egg-adult development time relative to flies reared in glucosinolate knockout (GKO) plants. An analysis of gene expression differences in 5-day-old larvae reared on WT versus GKO plants showed a total of 341 transcripts that were differentially regulated by glucosinolate uptake in larval S. flava. Of these, approximately a third corresponded to homologs of Drosophila melanogaster genes associated with starvation, dietary toxin-, heat-, oxidation-, and aging-related stress. The upregulated transcripts exhibited elevated rates of protein evolution compared with unregulated transcripts. The remaining differentially regulated transcripts also contained a higher proportion of novel genes than the unregulated transcripts. Thus, the transition to herbivory in Scaptomyza appears to be coupled with the evolution of novel genes and the co-option of conserved stress-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, AZ, USA.
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Vandermoten S, Mescher MC, Francis F, Haubruge E, Verheggen FJ. Aphid alarm pheromone: an overview of current knowledge on biosynthesis and functions. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:155-63. [PMID: 22178597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are important agricultural and forest pests that exhibit complex behaviors elicited by pheromonal signals. The aphid alarm pheromone--of which (E)-β-farnesene is the key (or only) component in most species--plays important roles in mediating interactions among individuals as well as multitrophic interactions among plants, aphids, and aphid natural enemies. Though many important questions remain to be answered, a large body of research has addressed various aspects of the biology, physiology, and ecology of aphid alarm pheromones. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of (a) the identity and composition of aphid alarm signals; (b) their biosynthesis and production; (c) their effects on conspecifics; (d) their role as cues for other insect species; and (e) their potential application for the management of pest organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vandermoten
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Kos M, Houshyani B, Achhami BB, Wietsma R, Gols R, Weldegergis BT, Kabouw P, Bouwmeester HJ, Vet LEM, Dicke M, van Loon JJA. Herbivore-mediated effects of glucosinolates on different natural enemies of a specialist aphid. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:100-15. [PMID: 22258357 PMCID: PMC3268984 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae is a specialist herbivore that sequesters glucosinolates from its host plant as a defense against its predators. It is unknown to what extent parasitoids are affected by this sequestration. We investigated herbivore-mediated effects of glucosinolates on the parasitoid wasp Diaeretiella rapae and the predator Episyrphus balteatus. We reared B. brassicae on three ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana that differ in glucosinolate content and on one genetically transformed line with modified concentrations of aliphatic glucosinolates. We tested aphid performance and the performance and behavior of both natural enemies. We correlated this with phloem and aphid glucosinolate concentrations and emission of volatiles. Brevicoryne brassicae performance correlated positively with concentrations of both aliphatic and indole glucosinolates in the phloem. Aphids selectively sequestered glucosinolates. Glucosinolate concentration in B. brassicae correlated negatively with performance of the predator, but positively with performance of the parasitoid, possibly because the aphids with the highest glucosinolate concentrations had a higher body weight. Both natural enemies showed a positive performance-preference correlation. The predator preferred the ecotype with the lowest emission of volatile glucosinolate breakdown products in each test combination, whereas the parasitoid wasp preferred the A. thaliana ecotype with the highest emission of these volatiles. The study shows that there are differential herbivore-mediated effects of glucosinolates on a predator and a parasitoid of a specialist aphid that selectively sequesters glucosinolates from its host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Kos
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Björkman M, Klingen I, Birch ANE, Bones AM, Bruce TJA, Johansen TJ, Meadow R, Mølmann J, Seljåsen R, Smart LE, Stewart D. Phytochemicals of Brassicaceae in plant protection and human health--influences of climate, environment and agronomic practice. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:538-56. [PMID: 21315385 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we provide an overview of the role of glucosinolates and other phytochemical compounds present in the Brassicaceae in relation to plant protection and human health. Current knowledge of the factors that influence phytochemical content and profile in the Brassicaceae is also summarized and multi-factorial approaches are briefly discussed. Variation in agronomic conditions (plant species, cultivar, developmental stage, plant organ, plant competition, fertilization, pH), season, climatic factors, water availability, light (intensity, quality, duration) and CO(2) are known to significantly affect content and profile of phytochemicals. Phytochemicals such as the glucosinolates and leaf surface waxes play an important role in interactions with pests and pathogens. Factors that affect production of phytochemicals are important when designing plant protection strategies that exploit these compounds to minimize crop damage caused by plant pests and pathogens. Brassicaceous plants are consumed increasingly for possible health benefits, for example, glucosinolate-derived effects on degenerative diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, factors influencing phytochemical content and profile in the production of brassicaceous plants are worth considering both for plant and human health. Even though it is known that factors that influence phytochemical content and profile may interact, studies of plant compounds were, until recently, restricted by methods allowing only a reductionistic approach. It is now possible to design multi-factorial experiments that simulate their combined effects. This will provide important information to ecologists, plant breeders and agronomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Björkman
- Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Plant Health and Plant Protection Division, Høgskoleveien 7, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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Ketudat Cairns JR, Esen A. β-Glucosidases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3389-405. [PMID: 20490603 PMCID: PMC11115901 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases (3.2.1.21) are found in all domains of living organisms, where they play essential roles in the removal of nonreducing terminal glucosyl residues from saccharides and glycosides. β-Glucosidases function in glycolipid and exogenous glycoside metabolism in animals, defense, cell wall lignification, cell wall β-glucan turnover, phytohormone activation, and release of aromatic compounds in plants, and biomass conversion in microorganisms. These functions lead to many agricultural and industrial applications. β-Glucosidases have been classified into glycoside hydrolase (GH) families GH1, GH3, GH5, GH9, and GH30, based on their amino acid sequences, while other β-glucosidases remain to be classified. The GH1, GH5, and GH30 β-glucosidases fall in GH Clan A, which consists of proteins with (β/α)(8)-barrel structures. In contrast, the active site of GH3 enzymes comprises two domains, while GH9 enzymes have (α/α)(6) barrel structures. The mechanism by which GH1 enzymes recognize and hydrolyze substrates with different specificities remains an area of intense study.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Ketudat Cairns
- Schools of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
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Kissen R, Pope TW, Grant M, Pickett JA, Rossiter JT, Powell G. Modifying the alkylglucosinolate profile in Arabidopsis thaliana alters the tritrophic interaction with the herbivore Brevicoryne brassicae and parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae. J Chem Ecol 2009; 35:958-69. [PMID: 19701726 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-009-9677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana was used as an experimental model plant to investigate a tritrophic interaction between the plant, a specialist aphid herbivore, Brevicoryne brassicae, and its natural enemy, the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae. The A. thaliana ecotype Col-5 was transformed with a functional 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase (BniGSL-ALK) that converts 3-methylsulfinylpropylglucosinolate and 4-methylsulfinylbutylglucosinolate to 2-propenylglucosinolate and 3-butenylglucosinolate, respectively. This transformation results in a change in the glucosinolate hydrolysis profile where 3-butenylisothiocyanate, 2-propenylisothiocyanate and 5-vinyloxazolidine-2-thione are produced in contrast to the wild-type plant where 4-methylsulfinylbutylisothiocyanate is the main product. Performance of B. brassicae was affected negatively by transforming Col-5 with BniGSL-ALK in terms of mean relative growth rates. In a series of behavioral bioassays, naïve D. rapae females were able to discriminate between B. brassicae infested and uninfested Col-5 plants transformed with BniGSL-ALK, with parasitoids showing a preference for B. brassicae infested plants. By contrast, naïve D. rapae females were unable to discriminate between aphid infested and uninfested Col-5 plants. Subsequent air entrainments of B. brassicae infested Col-5 plants transformed with BniGSL-ALK further confirmed the presence of 3-butenylisothiocyanate in the headspace. By contrast, no glucosinolate hydrolysis products were recorded from similarly infested Col-5 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Kissen
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Kissen R, Bones AM. Nitrile-specifier proteins involved in glucosinolate hydrolysis in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:12057-70. [PMID: 19224919 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807500200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites present in Brassicaceae plants such as the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Intact glucosinolates are believed to be biologically inactive, whereas degradation products after hydrolysis have multiple roles in growth regulation and defense. The degradation of glucosinolates is catalyzed by thioglucosidases called myrosinases and leads by default to the formation of isothiocyanates. The interaction of a protein called epithiospecifier protein (ESP) with myrosinase diverts the reaction toward the production of epithionitriles or nitriles depending on the glucosinolate structure. Here we report the identification of a new group of nitrile-specifier proteins (AtNSPs) in A. thaliana able to generate nitriles in conjunction with myrosinase and a more detailed characterization of one member (AtNSP2). Recombinant AtNSP2 expressed in Escherichia coli was used to test its impact on the outcome of glucosinolate hydrolysis using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry approach. AtNSP proteins share 30-45% sequence homology with A. thaliana ESP. Although AtESP and AtNSP proteins can switch myrosinase-catalyzed degradation of 2-propenylglucosinolate from isothiocyanate to nitrile, only AtESP generates the corresponding epithionitrile. Using the aromatic benzylglucosinolate, recombinant AtNSP2 is also able to direct product formation to the nitrile. Analysis of glucosinolate hydrolysis profiles of transgenic A. thaliana plants overexpressing AtNSP2 confirms its nitrile-specifier activity in planta. In silico expression analysis reveals distinctive expression patterns of AtNSPs, which supports a biological role for these proteins. In conclusion, we show that AtNSPs belonging to a new family of A. thaliana proteins structurally related to AtESP divert product formation from myrosinase-catalyzed glucosinolate hydrolysis and, thereby, likely affect the biological consequences of glucosinolate degradation. We discuss similarities and properties of AtNSPs and related proteins and the biological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Kissen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Kuśnierczyk A, Winge P, Jørstad TS, Troczyńska J, Rossiter JT, Bones AM. Towards global understanding of plant defence against aphids--timing and dynamics of early Arabidopsis defence responses to cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) attack. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:1097-115. [PMID: 18433442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Insect feeding on plants causes a complex series of coordinated defence responses. Little is known, however, about the time-dependent aspect of induced changes. Here we present a time series-based investigation of Arabidopsis thaliana Ler subjected to attack by a specialist pest of Brassicaceae species, Brevicoryne brassicae. Transcriptome and metabolome changes were studied at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after infestation to monitor the progress of early induced responses. The use of full-genome oligonucleotide microarrays revealed the initiation of extensive gene expression changes already during the first 6 h of infestation. Data indicated the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium in early signalling, and salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in the regulation of defence responses. Transcripts related to senescence, biosynthesis of anti-insect proteins, indolyl glucosinolates (GS) and camalexin, as well as several uncharacterized to date WRKY transcription factors, were induced. Follow-up studies of defence-involved secondary metabolites revealed depositions of callose at the insects' feeding sites, a decrease in the total level of aliphatic GS, particularly 3-hydroxypropyl glucosinolate, and accumulation of 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate 48 h after the attack. The novel role of camalexin, induced as a part of defence against aphids, was verified in fitness experiments. Fecundity of B. brassicae was reduced on camalexin-accumulating wild-type (WT) plants as compared with camalexin-deficient pad3-1 mutants. Based on experimental data, a model of plant-aphid interactions at the early phase of infestation was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuśnierczyk
- Department of Biology, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Kim JH, Lee BW, Schroeder FC, Jander G. Identification of indole glucosinolate breakdown products with antifeedant effects on Myzus persicae (green peach aphid). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:1015-26. [PMID: 18346197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cleavage of glucosinolates by myrosinase to produce toxic breakdown products is a characteristic insect defense of cruciferous plants. Although green peach aphids (Myzus persicae) are able to avoid most contact with myrosinase when feeding from the phloem of Arabidopsis thaliana, indole glucosinolates are nevertheless degraded during passage through the insects. A defensive role for indole glucosinolates is suggested by the observation that atr1D mutant plants, which overproduce indole glucosinolates, are more resistant to M. persicae, whereas cyp79B2 cyp79B3 double mutants, which lack indole glucosinolates, succumb to M. persicae more rapidly. Indole glucosinolate breakdown products, including conjugates formed with ascorbate, glutathione and amino acids, are elevated in the honeydew of M. persicae feeding from atr1D mutant plants, but are absent when the aphids are feeding on cyp79B2 cyp79B3 double mutants. M. persicae feeding from wild-type plants and myrosinase-deficient tgg1 tgg2 double mutants excrete a similar profile of indole glucosinolate-derived metabolites, indicating that the breakdown is independent of these foliar myrosinases. Artificial diet experiments show that the reaction of indole-3-carbinol, a breakdown product of indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate, with ascorbate, glutathione and cysteine produces diindolylmethylcysteines and other conjugates that have antifeedant effects on M. persicae. Therefore, the post-ingestive breakdown of indole glucosinolates provides a defense against herbivores such as aphids that can avoid glucosinolate activation by plant myrosinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hak Kim
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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50
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Ramsey JS, Wilson ACC, de Vos M, Sun Q, Tamborindeguy C, Winfield A, Malloch G, Smith DM, Fenton B, Gray SM, Jander G. Genomic resources for Myzus persicae: EST sequencing, SNP identification, and microarray design. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:423. [PMID: 18021414 PMCID: PMC2213679 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is a world-wide insect pest capable of infesting more than 40 plant families, including many crop species. However, despite the significant damage inflicted by M. persicae in agricultural systems through direct feeding damage and by its ability to transmit plant viruses, limited genomic information is available for this species. Results Sequencing of 16 M. persicae cDNA libraries generated 26,669 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Aphids for library construction were raised on Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana, Brassica oleracea, B. napus, and Physalis floridana (with and without Potato leafroll virus infection). The M. persicae cDNA libraries include ones made from sexual and asexual whole aphids, guts, heads, and salivary glands. In silico comparison of cDNA libraries identified aphid genes with tissue-specific expression patterns, and gene expression that is induced by feeding on Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, 2423 genes that are novel to science and potentially aphid-specific were identified. Comparison of cDNA data from three aphid lineages identified single nucleotide polymorphisms that can be used as genetic markers and, in some cases, may represent functional differences in the protein products. In particular, non-conservative amino acid substitutions in a highly expressed gut protease may be of adaptive significance for M. persicae feeding on different host plants. The Agilent eArray platform was used to design an M. persicae oligonucleotide microarray representing over 10,000 unique genes. Conclusion New genomic resources have been developed for M. persicae, an agriculturally important insect pest. These include previously unknown sequence data, a collection of expressed genes, molecular markers, and a DNA microarray that can be used to study aphid gene expression. These resources will help elucidate the adaptations that allow M. persicae to develop compatible interactions with its host plants, complementing ongoing work illuminating plant molecular responses to phloem-feeding insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Ramsey
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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