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Brown KL, Krekhno JMC, Xing S, Huan T, Eltis LD. Cholesterol-Mediated Coenzyme A Depletion in Catabolic Mutants of Mycobacteria Leads to Toxicity. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:107-119. [PMID: 38054469 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a critical growth substrate for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) during infection, and the cholesterol catabolic pathway has been targeted for the development of new antimycobacterial agents. A key metabolite in cholesterol catabolism is 3aα-H-4α(3'-propanoate)-7aβ-methylhexahydro-1,5-indanedione (HIP). Many of the HIP metabolites are acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters, whose accumulation in deletion mutants can cause cholesterol-mediated toxicity. We used LC-MS/MS analysis to demonstrate that deletion of genes involved in HIP catabolism leads to acyl-CoA accumulation with concomitant depletion of free CoASH, leading to dysregulation of central metabolic pathways. CoASH and acyl-CoAs inhibited PanK, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the transformation of pantothenate to CoASH. Inhibition was competitive with respect to ATP with Kic values ranging from 9 μM for CoASH to 57 μM for small acyl-CoAs and 180 ± 30 μM for cholesterol-derived acyl-CoA. These findings link two critical metabolic pathways and suggest that therapeutics targeting cholesterol catabolic enzymes could both prevent the utilization of an important growth substrate and simultaneously sequester CoA from essential cellular processes, leading to bacterial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin L Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jessica M C Krekhno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shipei Xing
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Tao Huan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Lindsay D Eltis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
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2
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Sharma D, Gautam S, Srivastava N, Bisht D. In silico Screening of Food and Drug Administration-approved Compounds against Trehalose 2-sulfotransferase (Rv0295c) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Insights from Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulations. Int J Mycobacteriol 2024; 13:73-82. [PMID: 38771283 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_20_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) remains a prominent global health challenge, distinguished by substantial occurrences of infection and death. The upsurge of drug-resistant TB strains underscores the urgency to identify novel therapeutic targets and repurpose existing compounds. Rv0295c is a potentially druggable enzyme involved in cell wall biosynthesis and virulence. We evaluated the inhibitory activity of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds against Rv0295c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, employing molecular docking, ADME evaluation, and dynamics simulations. METHODS The study screened 1800 FDA-approved compounds and selected the top five compounds with the highest docking scores. Following this, we subjected the initially screened ligands to ADME analysis based on their dock scores. In addition, the compound exhibited the highest binding affinity chosen for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to investigate the dynamic behavior of the ligand-receptor complex. RESULTS Dihydroergotamine (CHEMBL1732) exhibited the highest binding affinity (-12.8 kcal/mol) for Rv0295c within this set of compounds. We evaluated the stability and binding modes of the complex over extended simulation trajectories. CONCLUSION Our in silico analysis demonstrates that FDA-approved drugs can serve as potential Rv0295c inhibitors through repurposing. The combination of molecular docking and MD simulation offers a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between ligands and the protein target, providing valuable guidance for further experimental validation. Identifying Rv0295c inhibitors may contribute to new anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
- School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sakshi Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nalini Srivastava
- School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Deepa Bisht
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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de Souza FG, da Silva MB, de Araújo GS, Silva CS, Pinheiro AHG, Cáceres-Durán MÁ, Santana-da-Silva MN, Pinto P, Gobbo AR, da Costa PF, Salgado CG, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos Â, Cavalcante GC. Whole mitogenome sequencing uncovers a relation between mitochondrial heteroplasmy and leprosy severity. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:110. [PMID: 38062538 PMCID: PMC10704783 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the mitochondria/immune system interaction has been proposed, so that variants of mitochondrial genome and levels of heteroplasmy might deregulate important metabolic processes in fighting infections, such as leprosy. METHODS We sequenced the whole mitochondrial genome to investigate variants and heteroplasmy levels, considering patients with different clinical forms of leprosy and household contacts. After sequencing, a specific pipeline was used for preparation and bioinformatics analysis to select heteroplasmic variants. RESULTS We found 116 variants in at least two of the subtypes of the case group (Borderline Tuberculoid, Borderline Lepromatous, Lepromatous), suggesting a possible clinical significance to these variants. Notably, 15 variants were exclusively found in these three clinical forms, of which five variants stand out for being missense (m.3791T > C in MT-ND1, m.5317C > A in MT-ND2, m.8545G > A in MT-ATP8, m.9044T > C in MT-ATP6 and m.15837T > C in MT-CYB). In addition, we found 26 variants shared only by leprosy poles, of which two are characterized as missense (m.4248T > C in MT-ND1 and m.8027G > A in MT-CO2). CONCLUSION We found a significant number of variants and heteroplasmy levels in the leprosy patients from our cohort, as well as six genes that may influence leprosy susceptibility, suggesting for the first time that the mitogenome might be involved with the leprosy process, distinction of clinical forms and severity. Thus, future studies are needed to help understand the genetic consequences of these variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Gouvea de Souza
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Moisés Batista da Silva
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Marituba, PA, 67105-290, Brazil
| | - Gilderlanio S de Araújo
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Caio S Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Andrey Henrique Gama Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Miguel Ángel Cáceres-Durán
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Mayara Natália Santana-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Pablo Pinto
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Angélica Rita Gobbo
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Marituba, PA, 67105-290, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Fagundes da Costa
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Marituba, PA, 67105-290, Brazil
| | - Claudio Guedes Salgado
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Marituba, PA, 67105-290, Brazil
| | - Ândrea Ribeiro-Dos-Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Giovanna C Cavalcante
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
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4
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Zhang L, Rao Z. Structural biology and inhibition of the Mtb cell wall glycoconjugates biosynthesis on the membrane. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 82:102670. [PMID: 37542906 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are the dominant components of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall. These glycoconjugates are essential for the viability of Mtb and attribute to drug resistance and virulence during infection. The assembly and maturation of the cell wall largely relies on the Mtb plasma membrane. A significant number of membrane-bound glycosyltransferases (GTs) and transporters play pivotal roles in forming the complex glycoconjugates and are targeted by the first-line anti-TB drug and potent drug candidates. Here we summarize the latest structural biology of mycobacterial GTs and transporters, and describe the modes of action of drug and drug candidates that are of substantial clinical value in anti-TB chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Zihe Rao
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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5
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Kawka M, Płocińska R, Płociński P, Pawełczyk J, Słomka M, Gatkowska J, Dzitko K, Dziadek B, Dziadek J. The functional response of human monocyte-derived macrophages to serum amyloid A and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238132. [PMID: 37781389 PMCID: PMC10540855 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the course of tuberculosis (TB), the level of major acute phase protein, namely serum amyloid A (hSAA-1), increases up to a hundredfold in the pleural fluids of infected individuals. Tubercle bacilli infecting the human host can be opsonized by hSAA-1, which affects bacterial entry into human macrophages and their intracellular multiplication. Methods We applied global RNA sequencing to evaluate the functional response of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), isolated from healthy blood donors, under elevated hSAA-1 conditions and during infection with nonopsonized and hSAA-1-opsonized Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In the same infection model, we also examined the functional response of mycobacteria to the intracellular environment of macrophages in the presence and absence of hSAA-1. The RNASeq analysis was validated using qPCR. The functional response of MDMs to hSAA-1 and/or tubercle bacilli was also evaluated for selected cytokines at the protein level by applying the Milliplex system. Findings Transcriptomes of MDMs cultured in the presence of hSAA-1 or infected with Mtb showed a high degree of similarity for both upregulated and downregulated genes involved mainly in processes related to cell division and immune response, respectively. Among the most induced genes, across both hSAA-1 and Mtb infection conditions, CXCL8, CCL15, CCL5, IL-1β, and receptors for IL-7 and IL-2 were identified. We also observed the same pattern of upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, IL-23, and IL-1) and downregulated anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGFβ, and antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin) in the hSAA-1 treated-MDMs or the phagocytes infected with tubercle bacilli. At this early stage of infection, Mtb genes affected by the inside microenvironment of MDMs are strictly involved in iron scavenging, adaptation to hypoxia, low pH, and increasing levels of CO2. The genes for the synthesis and transport of virulence lipids, but not cholesterol/fatty acid degradation, were also upregulated. Conclusion Elevated serum hSAA-1 levels in tuberculosis enhance the response of host phagocytes to infection, including macrophages that have not yet been in contact with mycobacteria. SAA induces antigen processing and presentation processes by professional phagocytes reversing the inhibition caused by Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Kawka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Renata Płocińska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Pawełczyk
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Słomka
- Biobank Lab, Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Gatkowska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dzitko
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bożena Dziadek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Dziadek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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6
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Corleis B, Bastian M, Hoffmann D, Beer M, Dorhoi A. Animal models for COVID-19 and tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1223260. [PMID: 37638020 PMCID: PMC10451089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1223260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections cause tremendous morbidity and mortality worldwide. Amongst these diseases, tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial illness caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which often affects the lung, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), stand out as major drivers of epidemics of global concern. Despite their unrelated etiology and distinct pathology, these infections affect the same vital organ and share immunopathogenesis traits and an imperative demand to model the diseases at their various progression stages and localizations. Due to the clinical spectrum and heterogeneity of both diseases experimental infections were pursued in a variety of animal models. We summarize mammalian models employed in TB and COVID-19 experimental investigations, highlighting the diversity of rodent models and species peculiarities for each infection. We discuss the utility of non-human primates for translational research and emphasize on the benefits of non-conventional experimental models such as livestock. We epitomize advances facilitated by animal models with regard to understanding disease pathophysiology and immune responses. Finally, we highlight research areas necessitating optimized models and advocate that research of pulmonary infectious diseases could benefit from cross-fertilization between studies of apparently unrelated diseases, such as TB and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Corleis
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Max Bastian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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7
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Renau-Mínguez C, Herrero-Abadía P, Ruiz-Rodriguez P, Sentandreu V, Torrents E, Chiner-Oms Á, Torres-Puente M, Comas I, Julián E, Coscolla M. Genomic analysis of Mycobacterium brumae sustains its nonpathogenic and immunogenic phenotype. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:982679. [PMID: 36687580 PMCID: PMC9850167 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.982679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium brumae is a rapid-growing, non-pathogenic Mycobacterium species, originally isolated from environmental and human samples in Barcelona, Spain. Mycobacterium brumae is not pathogenic and it's in vitro phenotype and immunogenic properties have been well characterized. However, the knowledge of its underlying genetic composition is still incomplete. In this study, we first describe the 4 Mb genome of the M. brumae type strain ATCC 51384T assembling PacBio reads, and second, we assess the low intraspecies variability by comparing the type strain with Illumina reads from three additional strains. Mycobacterium brumae genome is composed of a circular chromosome with a high GC content of 69.2% and containing 3,791 CDSs, 97 pseudogenes, one prophage and no CRISPR loci. Mycobacterium brumae has shown no pathogenic potential in in vivo experiments, and our genomic analysis confirms its phylogenetic position with other non-pathogenic and rapid growing mycobacteria. Accordingly, we determined the absence of virulence-related genes, such as ESX-1 locus and most PE/PPE genes, among others. Although the immunogenic potential of M. brumae was proved to be as high as Mycobacterium bovis BCG, the only mycobacteria licensed to treat cancer, the genomic content of M. tuberculosis T cell and B cell antigens in M. brumae genome is considerably lower than those antigens present in M. bovis BCG genome. Overall, this work provides relevant genomic data on one of the species of the mycobacterial genus with high therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Herrero-Abadía
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Sentandreu
- Genomics Unit, Central Service for Experimental Research (SCSIE), University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Eduard Torrents
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain,Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Biology Faculty, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Iñaki Comas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV), CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Julián
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Esther Julián, ✉
| | - Mireia Coscolla
- I2SysBio, University of Valencia-FISABIO Joint Unit, Paterna, Spain,*Correspondence: Mireia Coscolla, ✉
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8
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Mondal S, Tseng CJ, Tan JJY, Lin DY, Lin HY, Weng JH, Lin CH, Mong KKT. Tunable Strategy for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Sulfoglycolipids from Mycobacterium tuberculosis To Elucidate the Structure and Immunomodulatory Property Relationships. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212514. [PMID: 36349422 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We developed a versatile asymmetric strategy to synthesize different classes of sulfoglycolipids (SGLs) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The strategy features the use of asymmetrically protected trehaloses, which were acquired from the glycosylation of TMS α-glucosyl acceptors with benzylidene-protected thioglucosyl donors. The positions of the protecting groups at the donors and acceptors can be fine-tuned to obtain different protecting-group patterns, which is crucial for regioselective acylation and sulfation. In addition, a chemoenzymatic strategy was established to prepare the polymethylated fatty acid building blocks. The strategy employs inexpensive lipase as a desymmetrization agent in the preparation of the starting substrate and readily available chiral oxazolidinone as a chirality-controlling agent in the construction of the polymethylated fatty acids. A subsequent investigation on the immunomodulatory properties of each class of SGLs showed how the structures of SGLs impact the host innate immunity response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Mondal
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (Previously National Chiao Tung University), 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Chieh-Jen Tseng
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (Previously National Chiao Tung University), 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Janet Jia-Yin Tan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128, Academia Road Section2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Yuan Lin
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (Previously National Chiao Tung University), 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Hsien-Ya Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128, Academia Road Section2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsia Weng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128, Academia Road Section2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128, Academia Road Section2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biotechnology and Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kwok-Kong Tony Mong
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (Previously National Chiao Tung University), 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, R. O. C
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9
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Sakallioglu IT, Maroli AS, Leite ADL, Marshall DD, Evans BW, Zinniel DK, Dussault PH, Barletta RG, Powers R. Multi-omics Investigation into the Mechanism of Action of an Anti-tubercular Fatty Acid Analogue. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21157-21173. [PMID: 36367461 PMCID: PMC10948109 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of action (MoA) of a clickable fatty acid analogue 8-(2-cyclobuten-1-yl)octanoic acid (DA-CB) has been investigated for the first time. Proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics were combined with a network analysis to investigate the MoA of DA-CB against Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm). The metabolomics results showed that DA-CB has a general MoA related to that of ethionamide (ETH), a mycolic acid inhibitor that targets enoyl-ACP reductase (InhA), but DA-CB likely inhibits a step downstream from InhA. Our combined multi-omics approach showed that DA-CB appears to disrupt the pathway leading to the biosynthesis of mycolic acids, an essential mycobacterial fatty acid for both Msm and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). DA-CB decreased keto-meromycolic acid biosynthesis. This intermediate is essential in the formation of mature mycolic acid, which is a key component of the mycobacterial cell wall in a process that is catalyzed by the essential polyketide synthase Pks13 and the associated ligase FadD32. The multi-omics analysis revealed further collateral alterations in bacterial metabolism, including the overproduction of shorter carbon chain hydroxy fatty acids and branched chain fatty acids, alterations in pyrimidine metabolism, and a predominate downregulation of proteins involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. Overall, the results with DA-CB suggest the exploration of this and related compounds as a new class of tuberculosis (TB) therapeutics. Furthermore, the clickable nature of DA-CB may be leveraged to trace the cellular fate of the modified fatty acid or any derived metabolite or biosynthetic intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isin T. Sakallioglu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
| | - Amith S. Maroli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
| | - Aline De Lima Leite
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
| | - Darrell D. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
- Total Analysis LLC, Detroit, MI 48204-3268, United States
| | - Boone W. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
| | - Denise K. Zinniel
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0905, United States
| | - Patrick H. Dussault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
| | - Raúl G. Barletta
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0905, United States
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0664, United States
| | - Robert Powers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0664, United States
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10
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Identification of covalent inhibitors that disrupt M. tuberculosis growth by targeting multiple serine hydrolases involved in lipid metabolism. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:897-909.e7. [PMID: 34599874 PMCID: PMC9252067 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections is a global health threat necessitating the development of new antibiotics. Serine hydrolases (SHs) are a promising class of targets because of their importance for the synthesis of the mycobacterial cell envelope. We screen a library of small molecules containing serine-reactive electrophiles and identify narrow-spectrum inhibitors of M. tuberculosis growth. Using these lead molecules, we perform competitive activity-based protein profiling and identify multiple SH targets, including enzymes with uncharacterized functions. Lipidomic analyses of compound-treated cultures reveal an accumulation of free lipids and a substantial decrease in lipooligosaccharides, linking SH inhibition to defects in cell envelope biogenesis. Mutant analysis reveals a path to resistance via the synthesis of mycocerates, but not through mutations to SH targets. Our results suggest that simultaneous inhibition of multiple SH enzymes is likely to be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of M. tuberculosis infections.
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11
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Santamaria G, Ruiz-Rodriguez P, Renau-Mínguez C, Pinto FR, Coscollá M. In Silico Exploration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Metabolic Networks Shows Host-Associated Convergent Fluxomic Phenotypes. Biomolecules 2022; 12:376. [PMID: 35327567 PMCID: PMC8945471 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is composed of several lineages characterized by a genome identity higher than 99%. Although the majority of the lineages are associated with humans, at least four lineages are adapted to other mammals, including different M. tuberculosis ecotypes. Host specificity is associated with higher virulence in its preferred host in ecotypes such as M. bovis. Deciphering what determines the preference of the host can reveal host-specific virulence patterns. However, it is not clear which genomic determinants might be influencing host specificity. In this study, we apply a combination of unsupervised and supervised classification methods on genomic data of ~27,000 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates to decipher host-specific genomic determinants. Host-specific genomic signatures are scarce beyond known lineage-specific mutations. Therefore, we integrated lineage-specific mutations into the iEK1011 2.0 genome-scale metabolic model to obtain lineage-specific versions of it. Flux distributions sampled from the solution spaces of these models can be accurately separated according to host association. This separation correlated with differences in cell wall processes, lipid, amino acid and carbon metabolic subsystems. These differences were observable when more than 95% of the samples had a specific growth rate significantly lower than the maximum achievable by the models. This suggests that these differences might manifest at low growth rate settings, such as the restrictive conditions M. tuberculosis suffers during macrophage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Santamaria
- ISysBio, University of Valencia-FISABIO Joint Unit, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (G.S.); (P.R.-R.); (C.R.-M.)
- BioISI—Biosciences & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Ruiz-Rodriguez
- ISysBio, University of Valencia-FISABIO Joint Unit, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (G.S.); (P.R.-R.); (C.R.-M.)
| | - Chantal Renau-Mínguez
- ISysBio, University of Valencia-FISABIO Joint Unit, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (G.S.); (P.R.-R.); (C.R.-M.)
| | - Francisco R. Pinto
- BioISI—Biosciences & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mireia Coscollá
- ISysBio, University of Valencia-FISABIO Joint Unit, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (G.S.); (P.R.-R.); (C.R.-M.)
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12
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Molloy A, Harrison J, McGrath JS, Owen Z, Smith C, Liu X, Li X, Cox JAG. Microfluidics as a Novel Technique for Tuberculosis: From Diagnostics to Drug Discovery. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112330. [PMID: 34835455 PMCID: PMC8618277 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global healthcare crisis, with an estimated 5.8 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths in 2020. TB is caused by infection with the major human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is difficult to rapidly diagnose and treat. There is an urgent need for new methods of diagnosis, sufficient in vitro models that capably mimic all physiological conditions of the infection, and high-throughput drug screening platforms. Microfluidic-based techniques provide single-cell analysis which reduces experimental time and the cost of reagents, and have been extremely useful for gaining insight into monitoring microorganisms. This review outlines the field of microfluidics and discusses the use of this novel technique so far in M. tuberculosis diagnostics, research methods, and drug discovery platforms. The practices of microfluidics have promising future applications for diagnosing and treating TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Molloy
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (A.M.); (J.H.)
| | - James Harrison
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (A.M.); (J.H.)
| | - John S. McGrath
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Zachary Owen
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Clive Smith
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Liu
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Li
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Jonathan A. G. Cox
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (A.M.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-121-204-5011
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13
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Wang H, Wan L, Shi J, Zhang T, Zhu H, Jiang S, Meng S, Wu S, Sun J, Chang L, Zhang L, Wan K, Yang J, Zhao X, Liu H, Zhang Y, Dai E, Xu P. Quantitative proteomics reveals that dormancy-related proteins mediate the attenuation in mycobacterium strains. Virulence 2021; 12:2228-2246. [PMID: 34634997 PMCID: PMC8923072 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1965703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) exhibit high similarity, they are characterized by differences with respect to virulence, immune response, and transmissibility. To understand the virulence of these bacteria and identify potential novel therapeutic targets, we systemically investigated the total cell protein contents of virulent H37Rv, attenuated H37Ra, and avirulent M. bovis BCG vaccine strains at the log and stationary phases, based on tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics. Data analysis revealed that we obtained deep-coverage protein identification and high quantification. Although 272 genetic variations were reported in H37Ra and H37Rv, they showed very little expression difference in log and stationary phase. Quantitative comparison revealed H37Ra and H37Rv had significantly dysregulation in log phase (227) compared with stationary phase (61). While BCG and H37Rv, and BCG and H37Ra showed notable differences in stationary phase (1171 and 1124) with respect to log phase (381 and 414). In the log phase, similar patterns of protein abundance were observed between H37Ra and BCG, whereas a more similar expression pattern was observed between H37Rv and H37Ra in the stationary phase. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the upregulated proteins detected for H37Rv and H37Ra in log phase were virulence-related factors. In both log and stationary phases, the dysregulated proteins detected for BCG, which have also been identified as M. tuberculosis response proteins under dormancy conditions. We accordingly describe the proteomic profiles of H37Rv, H37Ra, and BCG, which we believe will potentially provide a better understanding of H37Rv pathogenesis, H37Ra attenuation, and BCG immuno protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.,The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Hebei, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Huiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.,Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Songhao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Hebei, China
| | - Shuhong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Hebei, China
| | - Shujia Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinshuai Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Capital Medical University, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kanglin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.,The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haican Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Erhei Dai
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.,The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Hebei, China.,Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Díaz-Storani L, Clary AA, Moreno DM, Ballari MS, Porta EOJ, Bracca ABJ, Johnston JB, Labadie GR. Synthesis and interaction of terminal unsaturated chemical probes with Mycobacterium tuberculosis CYP124A1. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 44:116304. [PMID: 34289431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of C15-C20 isoprenyl derivatives bearing terminal alkenyl and alkynyl groups were synthesized as possible substrates of the methyl-branched lipid ω-hydroxylase CYP124A1 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The interactions of each compound with the enzyme active site were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy. We found that C10 and C15 analogs bind with similar affinity to the corresponding parent C10 and C15 substrates geraniol and farnesol, respectively. Three analogs (C10-ω-ene, C10-ω-yne, C15-ω-yne) interact with the proximal side of the heme iron by coordinating to the oxygen atom of the ferric heme, as judged by the appearance of typical Type-IA binding spectra. On the other hand, the C15-ω-ene analog interacts with the ferric heme by displacing the bound water that generates a typical Type I binding spectrum. We were unable to detect P450-mediated oxidation of these probes following extended incubations with CYP124A1 in our reconstituted assay system, whereas a control reaction containing farnesol was converted to ω-hydroxy farnesol under the same conditions. To understand the lack of detectable oxidation, we explored the possibility that the analogs were acting as mechanism-based inhibitors, but we were unable to detect time-dependent loss of enzymatic activity. In order to gain insight into the lack of detectable turnover or time-dependent inhibition, we examined the interaction of each compound with the CYP124A1 active site using molecular docking simulations. The docking studies revealed a binding mode where the terminal unsaturated functional groups were sequestered within the methyl-binding pocket, rather than positioned close to the heme iron for oxidation. These results aid in the design of specific inhibitors of Mtb-CYP124A1, an interesting enzyme that is implicated in the oxidation of methyl-branched lipids, including cholesterol, within a deadly human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Díaz-Storani
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Anaelle A Clary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, United States
| | - Diego M Moreno
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Sol Ballari
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Exequiel O J Porta
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Andrea B J Bracca
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Jonathan B Johnston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, United States.
| | - Guillermo R Labadie
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina.
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15
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Lipid and Lipoarabinomannan Isolation and Characterization. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34235650 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1460-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The very high content of structurally diverse and biologically active lipids of exotic structures is the hallmark of Mycobacteria. As such the lipid composition is commonly used to characterize mycobacterial strains at the species and type-species levels. The present chapter describes the methods that allow the purification of the most commonly isolated biologically active lipids and those used for analyzing extractable lipids and their constituents, cell wall-linked mycolic acids (MA), and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). These involve various chromatographic techniques and analytical procedures necessary for structural and metabolic studies of mycobacterial lipids. In addition, as the use of physical methods has brought important overhang on chemical structures of the very-long-chain MA, which typify mycobacteria, NMR and mass spectrometry data of these specific fatty acids are included.
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16
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Rosa TLSA, Marques MAM, DeBoard Z, Hutchins K, Silva CAA, Montague CR, Yuan T, Amaral JJ, Atella GC, Rosa PS, Mattos KA, VanderVen BC, Lahiri R, Sampson NS, Brennan PJ, Belisle JT, Pessolani MCV, Berrêdo-Pinho M. Reductive Power Generated by Mycobacterium leprae Through Cholesterol Oxidation Contributes to Lipid and ATP Synthesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:709972. [PMID: 34395315 PMCID: PMC8355898 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.709972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon infection, Mycobacterium leprae, an obligate intracellular bacillus, induces accumulation of cholesterol-enriched lipid droplets (LDs) in Schwann cells (SCs). LDs are promptly recruited to M. leprae-containing phagosomes, and inhibition of this process decreases bacterial survival, suggesting that LD recruitment constitutes a mechanism by which host-derived lipids are delivered to intracellular M. leprae. We previously demonstrated that M. leprae has preserved only the capacity to oxidize cholesterol to cholestenone, the first step of the normal cholesterol catabolic pathway. In this study we investigated the biochemical relevance of cholesterol oxidation on bacterial pathogenesis in SCs. Firstly, we showed that M. leprae increases the uptake of LDL-cholesterol by infected SCs. Moreover, fluorescence microscopy analysis revealed a close association between M. leprae and the internalized LDL-cholesterol within the host cell. By using Mycobacterium smegmatis mutant strains complemented with M. leprae genes, we demonstrated that ml1942 coding for 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), but not ml0389 originally annotated as cholesterol oxidase (ChoD), was responsible for the cholesterol oxidation activity detected in M. leprae. The 3β-HSD activity generates the electron donors NADH and NADPH that, respectively, fuel the M. leprae respiratory chain and provide reductive power for the biosynthesis of the dominant bacterial cell wall lipids phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) and phenolic glycolipid (PGL)-I. Inhibition of M. leprae 3β-HSD activity with the 17β-[N-(2,5-di-t-butylphenyl)carbamoyl]-6-azaandrost-4-en-3one (compound 1), decreased bacterial intracellular survival in SCs. In conclusion, our findings confirm the accumulation of cholesterol in infected SCs and its potential delivery to the intracellular bacterium. Furthermore, we provide strong evidence that cholesterol oxidation is an essential catabolic pathway for M. leprae pathogenicity and point to 3β-HSD as a prime drug target that may be used in combination with current multidrug regimens to shorten leprosy treatment and ameliorate nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabatta L S A Rosa
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Angela M Marques
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Zachary DeBoard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kelly Hutchins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Carlos Adriano A Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christine R Montague
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Tianao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Julio J Amaral
- Laboratório de Química Biológica, Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Georgia C Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Rosa
- Divisão de Pesquisa e Ensino, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Katherine A Mattos
- Departmento de Controle de Qualidade, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ramanuj Lahiri
- Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Programs, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Nicole S Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Patrick J Brennan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - John T Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Maria Cristina V Pessolani
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Berrêdo-Pinho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Holzheimer M, Buter J, Minnaard AJ. Chemical Synthesis of Cell Wall Constituents of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9554-9643. [PMID: 34190544 PMCID: PMC8361437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), causing
tuberculosis disease, features an extraordinary
thick cell envelope, rich in Mtb-specific lipids,
glycolipids, and glycans. These cell wall components are often directly
involved in host–pathogen interaction and recognition, intracellular
survival, and virulence. For decades, these mycobacterial natural
products have been of great interest for immunology and synthetic
chemistry alike, due to their complex molecular structure and the
biological functions arising from it. The synthesis of many of these
constituents has been achieved and aided the elucidation of their
function by utilizing the synthetic material to study Mtb immunology. This review summarizes the synthetic efforts of a quarter
century of total synthesis and highlights how the synthesis layed
the foundation for immunological studies as well as drove the field
of organic synthesis and catalysis to efficiently access these complex
natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Mallick I, Santucci P, Poncin I, Point V, Kremer L, Cavalier JF, Canaan S. Intrabacterial lipid inclusions in mycobacteria: unexpected key players in survival and pathogenesis? FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6283747. [PMID: 34036305 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rely on lipids to survive and chronically persist within their hosts. Upon infection, opportunistic and strict pathogenic mycobacteria exploit metabolic pathways to import and process host-derived free fatty acids, subsequently stored as triacylglycerols under the form of intrabacterial lipid inclusions (ILI). Under nutrient-limiting conditions, ILI constitute a critical source of energy that fuels the carbon requirements and maintain redox homeostasis, promoting bacterial survival for extensive periods of time. In addition to their basic metabolic functions, these organelles display multiple other biological properties, emphasizing their central role in the mycobacterial lifecycle. However, despite of their importance, the dynamics of ILI metabolism and their contribution to mycobacterial adaptation/survival in the context of infection has not been thoroughly documented. Herein, we provide an overview of the historical ILI discoveries, their characterization, and current knowledge regarding the micro-environmental stimuli conveying ILI formation, storage and degradation. We also review new biological systems to monitor the dynamics of ILI metabolism in extra- and intracellular mycobacteria and describe major molecular actors in triacylglycerol biosynthesis, maintenance and breakdown. Finally, emerging concepts regarding to the role of ILI in mycobacterial survival, persistence, reactivation, antibiotic susceptibility and inter-individual transmission are also discuss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Mallick
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Santucci
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Poncin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Vanessa Point
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IRIM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
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19
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Chang DPS, Guan XL. Metabolic Versatility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during Infection and Dormancy. Metabolites 2021; 11:88. [PMID: 33540752 PMCID: PMC7913082 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a highly successful intracellular pathogen with the ability to withstand harsh conditions and reside long-term within its host. In the dormant and persistent states, the bacterium tunes its metabolism and is able to resist the actions of antibiotics. One of the main strategies Mtb adopts is through its metabolic versatility-it is able to cometabolize a variety of essential nutrients and direct these nutrients simultaneously to multiple metabolic pathways to facilitate the infection of the host. Mtb further undergo extensive remodeling of its metabolic pathways in response to stress and dormancy. In recent years, advancement in systems biology and its applications have contributed substantially to a more coherent view on the intricate metabolic networks of Mtb. With a more refined appreciation of the roles of metabolism in mycobacterial infection and drug resistance, and the success of drugs targeting metabolism, there is growing interest in further development of anti-TB therapies that target metabolism, including lipid metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Here, we will review current knowledge revolving around the versatility of Mtb in remodeling its metabolism during infection and dormancy, with a focus on central carbon metabolism and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xue Li Guan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore;
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20
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Purdy GE, Hsu FF. Complete Characterization of Polyacyltrehaloses from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv Biofilm Cultures by Multiple-Stage Linear Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometry Reveals a New Tetraacyltrehalose Family. Biochemistry 2021; 60:381-397. [PMID: 33491458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyacylated trehaloses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis play important roles in pathogenesis and structural roles in the cell envelope, promoting the intracellular survival of the bacterium, and are potential targets for drug development. Herein, we describe a linear ion-trap multiple-stage mass spectrometric approach (LIT MSn) with high-resolution mass spectrometry to the structural characterization of a glycolipid family that includes a 2,3-diacyltrehalose, 2,3,6-triacyltrehalose, 2,3,6,2',4'-petaacyltrehalose, and a novel 2,3,6,2'-tetraacyltrehalose (TetraAT) subfamily isolated from biofilm cultures of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The LIT MSn spectra (n = 2, 3, or 4) provide structural information to unveil the location of the palmitoyl/stearoyl and one to four multiple methyl-branched fatty acyl substituents attached to the trehalose backbone, leading to the identification of hundreds of glycolipid species with many isomeric structures. We identified a new TetraAT subfamily whose structure has not been previously defined. We also developed a strategy for defining the structures of the multiple methyl-branched fatty acid substituents, leading to the identification of mycosanoic acid, mycolipenic acid, mycolipodienoic acid, mycolipanolic acid, and a new cyclopropyl-containing acid. The observation of the new TetraAT family, and the realization of the structural similarity between the various subfamilies, may have significant implications in the biosynthetic pathways of this glycolipid family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana E Purdy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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21
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Animal models for human group 1 CD1 protein function. Mol Immunol 2020; 130:159-163. [PMID: 33384157 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The CD1 antigen presenting system is evolutionary conserved and found in mammals, birds and reptiles. Humans express five isoforms, of which CD1a, CD1b and CD1c represent the group 1 CD1-molecules. They are recognized by T cells that express diverse αβ-T cell receptors. Investigation of the role of group 1 CD1 function has been hampered by the fact that CD1a, CD1b and CD1c are not expressed by mice. However, other animals, such as guinea pigs or cattle, serve as alternative models and have established basic aspects of CD1-dependent, antimicrobial immune functions. Group 1 CD1 transgenic mouse models became available about ten years ago. In a series of seminal studies these mouse models coined the mechanistical understanding of the role of the corresponding CD1 restricted T cell responses. This review gives a short overview of available animal studies and the lessons that have been and still can be learned.
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22
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The thick waxy coat of mycobacteria, a protective layer against antibiotics and the host's immune system. Biochem J 2020; 477:1983-2006. [PMID: 32470138 PMCID: PMC7261415 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is the leading cause of death from an infectious disease, with a mortality rate of over a million people per year. This pathogen's remarkable resilience and infectivity is largely due to its unique waxy cell envelope, 40% of which comprises complex lipids. Therefore, an understanding of the structure and function of the cell wall lipids is of huge indirect clinical significance. This review provides a synopsis of the cell envelope and the major lipids contained within, including structure, biosynthesis and roles in pathogenesis.
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23
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Arora G, Bothra A, Prosser G, Arora K, Sajid A. Role of post-translational modifications in the acquisition of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEBS J 2020; 288:3375-3393. [PMID: 33021056 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the primary causes of deaths due to infectious diseases. The current TB regimen is long and complex, failing of which leads to relapse and/or the emergence of drug resistance. There is a critical need to understand the mechanisms of resistance development. With increasing drug pressure, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) activates various pathways to counter drug-related toxicity. Signaling modules steer the evolution of Mtb to a variant that can survive, persist, adapt, and emerge as a form that is resistant to one or more drugs. Recent studies reveal that about 1/3rd of the annotated Mtb proteome is modified post-translationally, with a large number of these proteins being essential for mycobacterial survival. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and pupylation play a salient role in mycobacterial virulence, pathogenesis, and metabolism. The role of many other PTMs is still emerging. Understanding the signaling pathways and PTMs may assist clinical strategies and drug development for Mtb. In this review, we explore the contribution of PTMs to mycobacterial physiology, describe the related cellular processes, and discuss how these processes are linked to drug resistance. A significant number of drug targets, InhA, RpoB, EmbR, and KatG, are modified at multiple residues via PTMs. A better understanding of drug-resistance regulons and associated PTMs will aid in developing effective drugs against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Arora
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ankur Bothra
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gareth Prosser
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Kriti Arora
- Proteus Digital Health, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Andaleeb Sajid
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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24
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Blevins MS, James VK, Herrera CM, Purcell AB, Trent MS, Brodbelt JS. Unsaturation Elements and Other Modifications of Phospholipids in Bacteria: New Insight from Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9146-9155. [PMID: 32479092 PMCID: PMC7384744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids (GPLs), one of the main components of bacterial cell membranes, exhibit high levels of structural complexity that are directly correlated with biophysical membrane properties such as permeability and fluidity. This structural complexity arises from the substantial variability in the individual GPL structural components such as the acyl chain length and headgroup type and is further amplified by the presence of modifications such as double bonds and cyclopropane rings. Here we use liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution and high-mass-accuracy ultraviolet photodissociation mass spectrometry for the most in-depth study of bacterial GPL modifications to date. In doing so, we unravel a diverse array of unexplored GPL modifications, ranging from acyl chain hydroxyl groups to novel headgroup structures. Along with characterizing these modifications, we elucidate general trends in bacterial GPL unsaturation elements and thus aim to decipher some of the biochemical pathways of unsaturation incorporation in bacterial GPLs. Finally, we discover aminoacyl-PGs not only in Gram-positive bacteria but also in Gram-negative C. jejuni, advancing our knowledge of the methods of surface charge modulation that Gram-negative organisms may adopt for antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Blevins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Virginia K James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Carmen M Herrera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Alexandria B Purcell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - M Stephen Trent
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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25
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Dunlap MD, Prince OA, Rangel-Moreno J, Thomas KA, Scordo JM, Torrelles JB, Cox J, Steyn AJC, Zúñiga J, Kaushal D, Khader SA. Formation of Lung Inducible Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue Is Regulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Expressed Determinants. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1325. [PMID: 32695111 PMCID: PMC7338767 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of the infectious disease tuberculosis (TB), which is a leading cause of death worldwide. Approximately one fourth of the world's population is infected with Mtb. A major unresolved question is delineating the inducers of protective long-lasting immune response without inducing overt, lung inflammation. Previous studies have shown that the presence of inducible Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (iBALT) correlate with protection from Mtb infection. In this study, we hypothesized that specific Mtb factors could influence the formation of iBALT, thus skewing the outcome of TB disease. We infected non-human primates (NHPs) with a transposon mutant library of Mtb, and identified specific Mtb mutants that were over-represented within iBALT-containing granulomas. A major pathway reflected in these mutants was Mtb cell wall lipid transport and metabolism. We mechanistically addressed the function of one such Mtb mutant lacking mycobacteria membrane protein large 7 (MmpL7), which transports phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) to the mycobacterial outer membrane (MOM). Accordingly, murine aerosol infection with the Mtb mutant Δmmpl7 correlated with increased iBALT-containing granulomas. Our studies showed that the Δmmpl7 mutant lacking PDIMs on the surface overexpressed diacyl trehaloses (DATs) in the cell wall, which altered the cytokine/chemokine production of epithelial and myeloid cells, thus leading to a dampened inflammatory response. Thus, this study describes an Mtb specific factor that participates in the induction of iBALT formation during TB by directly modulating cytokine and chemokine production in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah D Dunlap
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Oliver A Prince
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Kimberly A Thomas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Julia M Scordo
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Jeffery Cox
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States.,African Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Joaquín Zúñiga
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Division of Bacteriology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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26
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Ruhl CR, Pasko BL, Khan HS, Kindt LM, Stamm CE, Franco LH, Hsia CC, Zhou M, Davis CR, Qin T, Gautron L, Burton MD, Mejia GL, Naik DK, Dussor G, Price TJ, Shiloh MU. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Sulfolipid-1 Activates Nociceptive Neurons and Induces Cough. Cell 2020; 181:293-305.e11. [PMID: 32142653 PMCID: PMC7102531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis, a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), manifests with a persistent cough as both a primary symptom and mechanism of transmission. The cough reflex can be triggered by nociceptive neurons innervating the lungs, and some bacteria produce neuron-targeting molecules. However, how pulmonary Mtb infection causes cough remains undefined, and whether Mtb produces a neuron-activating, cough-inducing molecule is unknown. Here, we show that an Mtb organic extract activates nociceptive neurons in vitro and identify the Mtb glycolipid sulfolipid-1 (SL-1) as the nociceptive molecule. Mtb organic extracts from mutants lacking SL-1 synthesis cannot activate neurons in vitro or induce cough in a guinea pig model. Finally, Mtb-infected guinea pigs cough in a manner dependent on SL-1 synthesis. Thus, we demonstrate a heretofore unknown molecular mechanism for cough induction by a virulent human pathogen via its production of a complex lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody R Ruhl
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Breanna L Pasko
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Haaris S Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lexy M Kindt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chelsea E Stamm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luis H Franco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Connie C Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Colton R Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael D Burton
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Galo L Mejia
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Dhananjay K Naik
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Gregory Dussor
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Theodore J Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Michael U Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Chemical synthesis of trehalose glycolipids such as DAT, TDM, SL-1, SL-3, and Ac2SGL from MTb, emmyguyacins from fungi, succinoyl trehalose from rhodococcus, and maradolipids from worms, as well as mycobacterial oligosaccharides is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Jana
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
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28
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Opportunities for Overcoming Mycobacterium tuberculosis Drug Resistance: Emerging Mycobacterial Targets and Host-Directed Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122868. [PMID: 31212777 PMCID: PMC6627145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ever-increasing incidence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections has invigorated the focus on the discovery and development of novel treatment options. The discovery and investigation of essential mycobacterial targets is of utmost importance. In addition to the discovery of novel targets, focusing on non-lethal pathways and the use of host-directed therapies has gained interest. These adjunctive treatment options could not only lead to increased antibiotic susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but also have the potential to avoid the emergence of drug resistance. Host-directed therapies, on the other hand, can also reduce the associated lung pathology and improve disease outcome. This review will provide an outline of recent opportunities.
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29
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Saelens JW, Viswanathan G, Tobin DM. Mycobacterial Evolution Intersects With Host Tolerance. Front Immunol 2019; 10:528. [PMID: 30967867 PMCID: PMC6438904 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 200 years, tuberculosis (TB) has caused more deaths than any other infectious disease, likely infecting more people than it has at any other time in human history. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiologic agent of TB, is an obligate human pathogen that has evolved through the millennia to become an archetypal human-adapted pathogen. This review focuses on the evolutionary framework by which Mtb emerged as a specialized human pathogen and applies this perspective to the emergence of specific lineages that drive global TB burden. We consider how evolutionary pressures, including transmission dynamics, host tolerance, and human population patterns, may have shaped the evolution of diverse mycobacterial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Saelens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gopinath Viswanathan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David M. Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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30
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Groenewald W, Parra-Cruz RA, Jäger CM, Croft AK. Revealing solvent-dependent folding behavior of mycolic acids from Mycobacterium tuberculosis by advanced simulation analysis. J Mol Model 2019; 25:68. [PMID: 30762132 PMCID: PMC7019640 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-3943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a persistent pathogen, partly due to its lipid rich cell wall, of which mycolic acids (MAs) are a major component. The fluidity and conformational flexibilities of different MAs in the bacterial cell wall significantly influence its properties, function, and observed pathogenicity; thus, a proper conformational description of different MAs in different environments (e.g., in vacuum, in solution, in monolayers) can inform about their potential role in the complex setup of the bacterial cell wall. Previously, we have shown that molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of MA folding in vacuo can be used to characterize MA conformers in seven groupings relating to bending at the functional groups (W, U and Z-conformations). Providing a new OPLS-based forcefield parameterization for the critical cyclopropyl group of MAs and extensive simulations in explicit solvents (TIP4P water, hexane), we now present a more complete picture of MA folding properties together with improved simulation analysis techniques. We show that the 'WUZ' distance-based analysis can be used to pinpoint conformers with hairpin bends at the functional groups, with these conformers constituting only a fraction of accessible conformations. Applying principle component analysis (PCA) and refinement using free energy landscapes (FELs), we are able to discriminate a complete and unique set of conformational preferences for representative alpha-, methoxy- and keto-MAs, with overall preference for folded conformations. A control backbone-MA without any mero-chain functional groups showed significantly less folding in the mero-chain, confirming the role of functionalization in directing folding. Keto-MA showed the highest percentage of WUZ-type conformations and, in particular, a tendency to fold at its alpha-methyl trans-cyclopropane group, in agreement with results from Villeneuve et al. MAs demonstrate similar folding in vacuum and water, with a majority of folded conformations around the W-conformation, although the molecules are more flexible in vacuum than in water. Exchange between conformations, with a disperse distribution that includes unfolded conformers, is common in hexane for all MAs, although with more organization for Keto-MA. Globular, folded conformations are newly defined and may be specifically relevant in biofilms. Graphical abstract Through advanced simulation analysis, including principle component analysis and free energy landscapes, we reveal detailed physical insights into the solvent-dependant folding behavior of mycolic acids from M. tb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Groenewald
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Ricardo A Parra-Cruz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Christof M Jäger
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Anna K Croft
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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31
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De Majumdar S, Sikri K, Ghosh P, Jaisinghani N, Nandi M, Gandotra S, Mande S, Tyagi JS. Genome analysis identifies a spontaneous nonsense mutation in ppsD leading to attenuation of virulence in laboratory-manipulated Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:129. [PMID: 30755157 PMCID: PMC6373159 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A previous laboratory study involving wild type, mutant and devR/dosR complemented strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reported the attenuation phenotype of complemented strain, Comp1. This phenotype was intriguing since the parental strain H37Rv, devR mutant (Mut1) and additional complemented strains, Comp9 and Comp11, were virulent in the guinea pig model. Results Towards deciphering the mechanism underlying the attenuation of Comp1, a whole genome sequencing approach was undertaken. Eight Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) unique to the Comp1 strain were identified. Of these, 5 SNPs were non-synonymous and included a G➞A mutation resulting in a W1591Stop mutation in ppsD gene of the phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) biosynthetic cluster. Targeted sequence analysis confirmed this mutation in only Comp1 strain and not in wild type (H37Rv), devR knockout (Mut1) or other complemented (Comp9 and Comp11) bacteria. Differential expression of the PDIM locus in Comp1 bacteria was observed which was associated with a partial deficiency of PDIM, an increased sensitivity to detergent and a compromised ability to infect human THP-1 cells. Conclusions It is proposed that a spontaneous mutation in the ppsD gene of Comp1 underlies down-modulation of the PDIM locus which is associated with defects in permeability and infectivity as well as virulence attenuation in guinea pigs. Our study demonstrates the value of whole genome sequencing for resolving unexplainable bacterial phenotypes and recommends the assessment of PDIM status while assessing virulence properties of laboratory-manipulated strains of M. tuberculosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5482-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamasree De Majumdar
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.,Present affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Kriti Sikri
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Payel Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Center, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neetika Jaisinghani
- Cardiorespiratory Disease Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Malobi Nandi
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.,Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Haryana, India
| | - Sheetal Gandotra
- Cardiorespiratory Disease Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shekhar Mande
- National Center for Cell Science, University of Pune Campus, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jaya Sivaswami Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India. .,Centre for Bio-design and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
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32
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Diastereoselective synthesis of functionally substituted alkene dimers and oligomers, catalysed by chiral zirconocenes. CATAL COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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33
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Che W, Wen DC, Zhu SF, Zhou QL. Iterative Synthesis of Polydeoxypropionates Based on Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α-Substituted Acrylic Acids. Org Lett 2018; 20:3305-3309. [PMID: 29781268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel iterative protocol for the synthesis of polydeoxypropionates was developed based on iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of α-substituted acrylic acids. The catalyst loading can be as low as 0.01 mol %, and the overall yield for one iterative cycle is >76%. The reaction conditions are mild, and no organometallic reagents or chromatography steps are required. Using this protocol, (+)-phthioceranic acid and the polydeoxypropionate motifs of ionomycin and borrelidin were synthesized in high yield.
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34
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α-pyrones and their hydroxylated analogs as promising scaffolds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:2053-2067. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis ranks as the leading cause of global human mortality from a single infectious agent. To address the uprising issues of drug resistance, intense research efforts have been directed towards drug discovery. However, it is a long and economically challenging process that is often associated with high failure rates. Therefore, it seems prudent to take forward the core scaffolds that have already acclaimed clinical relevance. In this direction, hydroxylated α-pyrone scaffold has received US FDA approval for human use against HIV. Interestingly, literature review reveals the potential applicability of α-pyrones in TB drug discovery. On one hand, α-pyrones play a vital role in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and on the other hand natural α-pyrones display appreciable anti-TB activity. This review aims to rekindle the interest of researchers toward α-pyrone as a new anti-TB drug that may possibly tackle drug resistance and open a dual frontier in TB and HIV drug discovery.
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35
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DeJesus MA, Nambi S, Smith CM, Baker RE, Sassetti CM, Ioerger TR. Statistical analysis of genetic interactions in Tn-Seq data. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:e93. [PMID: 28334803 PMCID: PMC5499643 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tn-Seq is an experimental method for probing the functions of genes through construction of complex random transposon insertion libraries and quantification of each mutant's abundance using next-generation sequencing. An important emerging application of Tn-Seq is for identifying genetic interactions, which involves comparing Tn mutant libraries generated in different genetic backgrounds (e.g. wild-type strain versus knockout strain). Several analytical methods have been proposed for analyzing Tn-Seq data to identify genetic interactions, including estimating relative fitness ratios and fitting a generalized linear model. However, these have limitations which necessitate an improved approach. We present a hierarchical Bayesian method for identifying genetic interactions through quantifying the statistical significance of changes in enrichment. The analysis involves a four-way comparison of insertion counts across datasets to identify transposon mutants that differentially affect bacterial fitness depending on genetic background. Our approach was applied to Tn-Seq libraries made in isogenic strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lacking three different genes of unknown function previously shown to be necessary for optimal fitness during infection. By analyzing the libraries subjected to selection in mice, we were able to distinguish several distinct classes of genetic interactions for each target gene that shed light on their functions and roles during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A DeJesus
- Department of Computer Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Subhalaxmi Nambi
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue N., Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Clare M Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue N., Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Richard E Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue N., Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Christopher M Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue N., Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Thomas R Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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36
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Xu Y, Wu J, Liao S, Sun Z. Treating tuberculosis with high doses of anti-TB drugs: mechanisms and outcomes. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16:67. [PMID: 28974222 PMCID: PMC5627446 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-017-0239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is considered as one of the most serious threats to public health in many parts of the world. The threat is even more severe in the developing countries where there is a lack of advanced medical amenities and contemporary anti-TB drugs. In such situations, dosage optimization of existing medication regimens seems to be the only viable option. Therapeutic drug monitoring study results suggest that high-dose treatment regimens can compensate the low serum concentration of anti-TB drugs and shorten the therapy duration. The article presents a critical review on the possible changes that occur in the host and the pathogen upon the administration of standard and high-dose regimens. Some of the most common factors that are responsible for low anti-TB drug concentrations in the serum are differences in hosts' body weight, metabolic processing of the drug, malabsorption and/or drug-drug interaction. Furthermore, failure to reach the cavitary pulmonary and extrapulmonary tissues also contributes to the therapeutic inefficiency of the drugs. In such conditions, administration of higher doses can help in compensating the pathogenic outcomes of enhancement of the pathogen's physical barriers, efflux pumps and genetic mutations. The present article also presents a summary of the recorded treatment outcomes of clinical trials that were conducted to test the efficacy of administration of high dose of anti-tuberculosis drugs. This review will help physicians across the globe to understand the underlying pathophysiological changes (including side effects) that dictate the clinical outcomes in patients administered with standard and/or high dose anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jianan Wu
- National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, 9 Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis & Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Sha Liao
- National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, 9 Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis & Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Zhaogang Sun
- National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, 9 Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis & Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, China.
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37
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Bhat ZS, Rather MA, Maqbool M, Lah HU, Yousuf SK, Ahmad Z. Cell wall: A versatile fountain of drug targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1520-1534. [PMID: 28946393 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the leading infectious disease responsible for an estimated one and a half million human deaths each year around the globe. HIV-TB coinfection and rapid increase in the emergence of drug resistant forms of TB is a dangerous scenario. This underlines the urgent need for new drugs with novel mechanism of action. A plethora of literature exist that highlight the importance of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of mycobacterial cell wall responsible for its survival, growth, permeability, virulence and resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, assembly of cell wall components is an attractive target for the development of chemotherapeutics against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aim of this review is to highlight novel sets of enzyme inhibitors that disrupt its cell wall biosynthetic pathway. These include the currently approved first and second line drugs, candidates in clinical trials and current structure activity guided endeavors of scientific community to identify new potent inhibitors with least cytotoxicity and better efficacy against emergence of drug resistance till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Shanib Bhat
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India.
| | - Muzafar Ahmad Rather
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Mubashir Maqbool
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Hafiz Ul Lah
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India
| | - Syed Khalid Yousuf
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India.
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38
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Swarbrick CMD, Bythrow GV, Aragao D, Germain GA, Quadri LEN, Forwood JK. Mycobacteria Encode Active and Inactive Classes of TesB Fatty-Acyl CoA Thioesterases Revealed through Structural and Functional Analysis. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1460-1472. [PMID: 28156101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria contain a large number of highly divergent species and exhibit unusual lipid metabolism profiles, believed to play important roles in immune invasion. Thioesterases modulate lipid metabolism through the hydrolysis of activated fatty-acyl CoAs; multiple copies are present in mycobacteria, yet many remain uncharacterized. Here, we undertake a comprehensive structural and functional analysis of a TesB thioesterase from Mycobacterium avium (MaTesB). Structural superposition with other TesB thioesterases reveals that the Asp active site residue, highly conserved across a wide range of TesB thioesterases, is mutated to Ala. Consistent with these structural data, the wild-type enzyme failed to hydrolyze an extensive range of acyl-CoA substrates. Mutation of this residue to an active Asp residue restored activity against a range of medium-chain length fatty-acyl CoA substrates. Interestingly, this Ala mutation is highly conserved across a wide range of Mycobacterium species but not found in any other bacteria or organism. Our structural homology analysis revealed that at least one other TesB acyl-CoA thioesterase also contains an Ala residue at the active site, while two other Mycobacterium TesB thioesterases harbor an Asp residue at the active site. The inactive TesBs display a common quaternary structure that is distinct from that of the active TesB thioesterases. Investigation of the effect of expression of either the catalytically active or inactive MaTesB in Mycobacterium smegmatis exposed, to the best of our knowledge, the first genotype-phenotype association implicating a mycobacterial tesB gene. This is the first report that mycobacteria encode active and inactive forms of thioesterases, the latter of which appear to be unique to mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystall M D Swarbrick
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Glennon V Bythrow
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York , 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States.,Biology Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York , 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - David Aragao
- Australian Synchrotron , 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Gabrielle A Germain
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York , 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States.,Biology Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York , 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Luis E N Quadri
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York , 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States.,Biology and Biochemistry Programs, Graduate Center, City University of New York , 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
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39
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Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae must adopt a metabolic strategy and undergo various metabolic alterations upon infection to survive inside the human body for years in a dormant state. A change in lipid homeostasis upon infection is highly pronounced in Mycobacterium leprae. Lipids play an essential role in the survival and pathogenesis of mycobacteria. Lipids are present in several forms and serve multiple roles from being a source of nutrition, providing rigidity, evading the host immune response to serving as virulence factors, etc. The synthesis and degradation of lipids is a highly regulated process and is the key to future drug designing and diagnosis for mycobacteria. In the current review, an account of the distinct roles served by lipids, the mechanism of their synthesis and degradation has been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurkamaljit Kaur
- Research Scholar, Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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40
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Pawelczyk J, Viljoen A, Kremer L, Dziadek J. The influence of AccD5 on AccD6 carboxyltransferase essentiality in pathogenic and non-pathogenic Mycobacterium. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42692. [PMID: 28205597 PMCID: PMC5311964 DOI: 10.1038/srep42692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Malonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) is a crucial extender unit for the synthesis of mycolic and other fatty acids in mycobacteria, generated in a reaction catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. We previously reported on the essentiality of accD6Mtb encoding the functional acetyl-CoA carboxylase subunit in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Strikingly, the homologous gene in the fast-growing, non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis - (accD6Msm) appeared to be dispensable, and its deletion did not influence the cell lipid content. Herein, we demonstrate that, despite the difference in essentiality, accD6Msm and accD6Mtb encode proteins of convergent catalytic activity in vivo. To identify an alternative, AccD6-independent, malonyl-CoA synthesis pathway in M. smegmatis, a complex genetic approach combined with lipid analysis was applied to screen all five remaining carboxyltransferase genes (accD1-accD5) with respect to their involvement in mycolic acid biosynthesis and ability to utilize acetyl-CoA as the substrate for carboxylation. This approach revealed that AccD1Msm, AccD2Msm and AccD3Msm are not essential for mycolic acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, we confirmed in vivo the function of AccD4Msm as an essential, long-chain acyl-CoA carboxyltransferase, unable to carboxylate short-chain substrate. Finally, our comparative studies unambiguously demonstrated between-species difference in in vivo ability of AccD5 carboxyltransferase to utilize acetyl-CoA that influences AccD6 essentiality in pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Pawelczyk
- Institute for Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Albertus Viljoen
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FRE 3689, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FRE 3689, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, CPBS, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Jaroslaw Dziadek
- Institute for Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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41
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Hosokawa S. Remote Asymmetric Induction Reactions and Wide Range Stereocontrol Strategy for Synthesis of Polypropionates. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2017. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.75.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Mohammed MO, Al Dulayymi JR, Baird MS. Preparation of the tri-arabino di-mycolate fragment of mycobacterial arabinogalactan from defined synthetic mycolic acids. Carbohydr Res 2017; 437:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Tima HG, Al Dulayymi JR, Denis O, Lehebel P, Baols KS, Mohammed MO, L'Homme L, Sahb MM, Potemberg G, Legrand S, Lang R, Beyaert R, Piette J, Baird MS, Huygen K, Romano M. Inflammatory Properties and Adjuvant Potential of Synthetic Glycolipids Homologous to Mycolate Esters of the Cell Wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Innate Immun 2016; 9:162-180. [PMID: 27855374 DOI: 10.1159/000450955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall of mycobacteria is characterised by glycolipids composed of different classes of mycolic acids (MAs; alpha-, keto-, and methoxy-) and sugars (trehalose, glucose, and arabinose). Studies using mutant Mtb strains have shown that the structure of MAs influences the inflammatory potential of these glycolipids. As mutant Mtb strains possess a complex mixture of glycolipids, we analysed the inflammatory potential of single classes of mycolate esters of the Mtb cell wall using 38 different synthetic analogues. Our results show that synthetic trehalose dimycolate (TDM) and trehalose, glucose, and arabinose monomycolates (TMM, GMM, and AraMM) activate bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in terms of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and reactive oxygen species, upregulation of costimulatory molecules, and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by a mechanism dependent on Mincle. These findings demonstrate that Mincle receptor can also recognise pentose esters and seem to contradict the hypothesis that production of GMM is an escape mechanism used by pathogenic mycobacteria to avoid recognition by the innate immune system. Finally, our experiments indicate that TMM and GMM, as well as TDM, can promote Th1 and Th17 responses in mice in an OVA immunisation model, and that further analysis of their potential as novel adjuvants for subunit vaccines is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Giresse Tima
- Scientific Service Immunology, O.D. Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
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44
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Loots DT, Swanepoel CC, Newton-Foot M, Gey van Pittius NC. A metabolomics investigation of the function of the ESX-1 gene cluster in mycobacteria. Microb Pathog 2016; 100:268-275. [PMID: 27744102 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ESX-1 gene cluster, encoding the Type-VII secretion (T7S) system and its virulence associated proteins, ESAT-6 and CFP-10, is thought to be responsible for the transport of extracellular proteins across the hydrophobic and highly impermeable, cell envelope of Mycobacterium, and is involved in virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. Using a GCxGC-TOFMS metabolomics approach, a M. smegmatis ESX-1 knock-out strain (ΔESX-1ms) was compared to that of the M. smegmatis wild-type parent strain, and the metabolite markers due to the presence or absence of the ESX-1 gene cluster were identified. A general increase in specific metabolites in the ΔESX-1ms, confirmed the roles previously described for ESX-1 in mycolic acid biosynthesis and cell wall integrity. However, a number of other metabolite markers identified indicates ESX-1 has an additional role the in cell envelope structure, altering the levels of antioxidants and energy metabolism. Furthermore, the metabolome profiles correlated with the metabolomic variation observed when comparing a hyper- and hypo-virulent Beijing strain of M. tuberculosis, suggesting that the pathways which modulate virulence in M. tuberculosis are also influenced by ESX-1, reaffirming the previously described association of ESX-1 with virulence and cell envelope biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, 2531, South Africa.
| | - Conrad C Swanepoel
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, 2531, South Africa
| | - Mae Newton-Foot
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Nicolaas C Gey van Pittius
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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45
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Boot M, Sparrius M, Jim KK, Commandeur S, Speer A, van de Weerd R, Bitter W. iniBAC induction Is Vitamin B12- and MutAB-dependent in Mycobacterium marinum. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19800-19812. [PMID: 27474746 PMCID: PMC5025670 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.724088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis can be treated with a 6-month regimen of antibiotics. Although the targets of most of the first-line antibiotics have been identified, less research has focused on the intrabacterial stress responses that follow upon treatment with antibiotics. Studying the roles of these stress genes may lead to the identification of crucial stress-coping mechanisms that can provide additional drug targets to increase treatment efficacy. A three-gene operon with unknown function that is strongly up-regulated upon treatment with isoniazid and ethambutol is the iniBAC operon. We have reproduced these findings and show that iniBAC genes are also induced in infected host cells, although with higher variability. Next, we set out to elucidate the genetic network that results in iniBAC induction in Mycobacterium marinum By transposon mutagenesis, we identified that the operon is highly induced by mutations in genes encoding enzymes of the vitamin B12 biosynthesis pathway and the vitamin B12-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA-mutase MutAB. Lipid analysis showed that a mutA::tn mutant has decreased phthiocerol dimycocerosates levels, suggesting a link between iniBAC induction and the production of methyl-branched lipids. Moreover, a similar screen in Mycobacterium bovis BCG identified that phthiocerol dimycocerosate biosynthesis mutants cause the up-regulation of iniBAC genes. Based on these data, we propose that iniBAC is induced in response to mutations that cause defects in the biosynthesis of methyl-branched lipids. The resulting metabolic stress caused by these mutations or caused by ethambutol or isoniazid treatment may be relieved by iniBAC to increase the chance of bacterial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel Boot
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Sparrius
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kin Ki Jim
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanna Commandeur
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Speer
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert van de Weerd
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Taher SG, Al Dulayymi JR, Tima HG, Ali HM, Romano M, Baird MS. Synthesis of wax esters and related trehalose esters from Mycobacterium avium and other mycobacteria. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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47
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Lahiri N, Shah RR, Layre E, Young D, Ford C, Murray MB, Fortune SM, Moody DB. Rifampin Resistance Mutations Are Associated with Broad Chemical Remodeling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14248-14256. [PMID: 27226566 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.716704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Global control of tuberculosis has become increasingly complicated with the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis First-line treatments are anchored by two antibiotics, rifampin and isoniazid. Most rifampin resistance occurs through the acquisition of missense mutations in the rifampin resistance-determining region, an 81-base pair region encoding the rifampin binding site on the β subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB). Although these mutations confer a survival advantage in the presence of rifampin, they may alter the normal process of transcription, thereby imposing significant fitness costs. Because the downstream biochemical consequences of the rpoB mutations are unknown, we used an organism-wide screen to identify the number and types of lipids changed after rpoB mutation. A new mass spectrometry-based profiling platform systematically compared ∼10,000 cell wall lipids in a panel of rifampin-resistant mutants within two genetically distinct strains, CDC1551and W-Beijing. This unbiased lipidomic survey detected quantitative alterations (>2-fold, p < 0.05) in more than 100 lipids in each mutant. By focusing on molecular events that change among most mutants and in both genetic backgrounds, we found that rifampin resistance mutations lead to altered concentrations of mycobactin siderophores and acylated sulfoglycolipids. These findings validate a new organism-wide lipidomic analysis platform for drug-resistant mycobacteria and provide direct evidence for characteristic remodeling of cell wall lipids in rifampin-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis The specific links between rifampin resistance and named lipid factors provide diagnostic and therapeutic targets that may be exploited to address the problem of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Lahiri
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Rupal R Shah
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Emilie Layre
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - David Young
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Chris Ford
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Megan B Murray
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Sarah M Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
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48
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The Role of Biotin in Bacterial Physiology and Virulence: a Novel Antibiotic Target for
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4. [DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.vmbf-0008-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Biotin is an essential cofactor for enzymes present in key metabolic pathways such as fatty acid biosynthesis, replenishment of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and amino acid metabolism. Biotin is synthesized
de novo
in microorganisms, plants, and fungi, but this metabolic activity is absent in mammals, making biotin biosynthesis an attractive target for antibiotic discovery. In particular, biotin biosynthesis plays important metabolic roles as the sole source of biotin in all stages of the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
life cycle due to the lack of a transporter for scavenging exogenous biotin. Biotin is intimately associated with lipid synthesis where the products form key components of the mycobacterial cell membrane that are critical for bacterial survival and pathogenesis. In this review we discuss the central role of biotin in bacterial physiology and highlight studies that demonstrate the importance of its biosynthesis for virulence. The structural biology of the known biotin synthetic enzymes is described alongside studies using structure-guided design, phenotypic screening, and fragment-based approaches to drug discovery as routes to new antituberculosis agents.
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Mourão MP, Denekamp I, Kuijper S, Kolk AH, Janssen HG. Hyphenated and comprehensive liquid chromatography ÿ gas chromatographymass spectrometry for the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1439:152-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Flentie KN, Stallings CL, Turk J, Minnaard AJ, Hsu FF. Characterization of phthiocerol and phthiodiolone dimycocerosate esters of M. tuberculosis by multiple-stage linear ion-trap MS. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:142-55. [PMID: 26574042 PMCID: PMC4689332 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d063735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both phthiocerol/phthiodiolone dimycocerosate (PDIM) and phenolic glycolipids are abundant virulent lipids in the cell wall of various pathogenic mycobacteria, which can synthesize a wide range of complex high-molecular-mass lipids. In this article, we describe linear ion-trap MS(n) mass spectrometric approach for structural study of PDIMs, which were desorbed as the [M + Li](+) and [M + NH(4)](+) ions by ESI. We also applied charge-switch strategy to convert the mycocerosic acid substituents to their N-(4-aminomethylphenyl) pyridinium (AMPP) derivatives and analyzed them as M (+) ions, following alkaline hydrolysis of the PDIM to release mycocerosic acids. The structural information from MS(n) on the [M + Li](+) and [M + NH(4)](+) molecular species and on the M (+) ions of the mycocerosic acid-AMPP derivative affords realization of the complex structures of PDIMs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis biofilm, differentiation of phthiocerol and phthiodiolone lipid families and complete structure identification, including the phthiocerol and phthiodiolone backbones, and the mycocerosic acid substituents, including the locations of their multiple methyl side chains, can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly N Flentie
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - John Turk
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Internal Medicine,
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