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Bashinskiy IW, Dgebuadze YY, Sushchik NN, Osipov VV, Gladyshev MI. Spadefoot Pelobates vespertinus (Amphibia, Pelobatidae) as a transmitter of fatty acids from water to land in a forest-steppe floodplain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162819. [PMID: 36931523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The transfer of biomass and polyunsaturated fatty acids by the spadefoot P. vespertinus (previously subspecies of P. fuscus) from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems was studied for five years in small floodplain water bodies of a forest-steppe zone. Average emergence of metamorphs from unit of water area, wet mass was 6.7 g m-2 year-1. A ratio of the emergence to biomass was calculated and represented as E/B coefficient (an analog of P/B production/biomass coefficient). The average E/B was found to be 0.038 year-1. The introduced coefficient can be used for a coarse estimation of the emergence on the basis of tadpole biomass measurements. A considerable partitioning of tadpoles and metamorphs in the composition of fatty acids in their biomass was revealed. Tadpoles had significantly higher mean levels (percent of total fatty acids) of 16:0, 16:1n-9, 18:0, 20:5n-3 and 22:5n-3, while metamorphs had significantly higher levels of 14:0, 15:0, 17:0, 17:1n-8, 18:2n-6, 20:2n-6, 20:4n-6 and 22:5n-6, likely due to the shifting to terrestrial food. Metamorphs had significantly higher content of total fatty acids, mg g-1 of wet weight, and, in spite of lower level, they had significantly higher content of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) than tadpoles. Metamorphs also had significantly higher content of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) and sum of EPA + DHA than tadpoles. Average flux of EPA + DHA from unit of water area with metamorphs was 3.27 mg m-2 year-1. The metamorphs appeared to be qualitatively and quantitatively prominent prey for a number of terrestrial consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan W Bashinskiy
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yury Yu Dgebuadze
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda N Sushchik
- Institute of Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center" of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny av. 79, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Vitaly V Osipov
- State Nature Reserve Privolzhskaya, Lesostep, 440031, Penza, Okruzhnaya 12A, Russia; Saratov Branch of Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Chernyshevskogo 152, Saratov 410002, Russia
| | - Michail I Gladyshev
- Institute of Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center" of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny av. 79, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
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Gladyshev MI. Content of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Pectoral Muscles of Birds Correlates with Wing Beat Frequency. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2022; 507:350-352. [PMID: 36787000 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672922340075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) is a structural component of cell membranes and due to a peculiar form of its molecule exerts a high lateral pressure in the membranes enhancing activity of membrane-associated enzymes. A high content of DHA probably provides a high frequency of contraction and a continuous working of skeletal muscles. To estimate the probable physiological and biochemical role of DHA in muscle tissue, a relation of its contents in pectoral muscles of birds with wing beat frequency was evaluated. A high statistically significant correlation between the content of DHA in pectoral muscles of birds and species-specific wing beat frequency was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Gladyshev
- Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Krasnoyarsk, Russia. .,Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
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Craddock JC, Probst YC, Neale EP, Peoples GE. A Cross-Sectional Comparison of the Whole Blood Fatty Acid Profile and Omega-3 Index of Male Vegan and Omnivorous Endurance Athletes. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 41:333-341. [PMID: 34032562 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2021.1886196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: Evaluation of the dietary fat consumption in athletes following vegan diets is scarce. The aim of this study was to explore the intakes, availability, and uptake of physiologically relevant fatty acids into whole blood, and consequently the Omega-3 Index (O3I) of endurance athletes following vegan and omnivorous dietary patterns.Materials: Males aged 18 to 55 years, engaging in ≥ four hours of training/week and following a vegan (>6 months) or omnivorous dietary pattern were eligible to participate. A 7-day food and training diary was collected and an incremental ramp running protocol used to determine peak aerobic capacity. A finger prick blood sample was collected to determine the whole blood fatty acid profile and O3I. Participants were grouped as following a vegan or omnivorous diet matched for age, training volume and peak aerobic capacity.Results: The vegan group (n = 12) consumed significantly less dietary total fat (122.2 g/day vs 84.1 g/day p = 0.007), saturated fat (43.74 g/day vs 18.42 g/day p < 0.0001), monounsaturated fat (49.6 g/day vs 35.64 g/day p = 0.039) and long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) compared to the omnivorous group (n = 8). Between group differences in whole blood fatty acid concentrations were observed including; linoleic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, n-6:n-3 and AA:EPA ratios. O3I in both groups were suboptimal (vegan: 4.13%, omnivorous: 5.40%) in terms of cardiac risk.Conclusion: Male endurance athletes should ensure their dietary LC n-3 PUFA intakes, particularly EPA and DHA fatty acids are sufficient to optimize their O3I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Craddock
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Sydney School of Education and Social Work, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yasmine C Probst
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth P Neale
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory E Peoples
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Pilecky M, Závorka L, Arts MT, Kainz MJ. Omega-3 PUFA profoundly affect neural, physiological, and behavioural competences - implications for systemic changes in trophic interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2127-2145. [PMID: 34018324 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, much conceptual thinking in trophic ecology has been guided by theories of nutrient limitation and the flow of elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, within and among ecosystems. More recently, ecologists have also turned their attention to examining the value of specific dietary nutrients, in particular polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), among which the omega-3 PUFA, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play a central role as essential components of neuronal cell membranes in many organisms. This review focuses on a new neuro-ecological approach stemming from the biochemical (mechanistic) and physiological (functional) role of DHA in neuronal cell membranes, in particular in conjunction with G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). We link the co-evolution of these neurological functions to metabolic dependency on dietary omega-3 PUFA. We outline ways in which deficiencies in dietary DHA supply may affect, cognition, vision, and behaviour, and ultimately, the biological fitness of consumers. We then review emerging evidence that changes in access to dietary omega-3 PUFA may ultimately have profound impacts on trophic interactions leading to potential changes in community structure and ecosystem functioning that, in turn, may affect the supply of DHA within and across ecosystems, including the supply for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pilecky
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-University Center for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Dr. Carl-Kupelwieser Promenade 5, Lunz am See, 3293, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Research, Donau-Universität Krems, Dr. Karl Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, 3500, Austria
| | - Libor Závorka
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-University Center for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Dr. Carl-Kupelwieser Promenade 5, Lunz am See, 3293, Austria
| | - Michael T Arts
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Martin J Kainz
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-University Center for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Dr. Carl-Kupelwieser Promenade 5, Lunz am See, 3293, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Research, Donau-Universität Krems, Dr. Karl Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, 3500, Austria
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Murzina SA, Dgebuadze PY, Pekkoeva SN, Voronin VP, Mekhova ES, Thanh NTH. Lipids and Fatty Acids of the Gonads of Sea Urchin
Diadema setosum
(Echinodermata) From the Coastal Area of the Nha Trang Bay, Central Vietnam. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A. Murzina
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences 11 Pushkinskaya Street Petrozavodsk Karelia 185910 Russia
| | - Polina Yu. Dgebuadze
- Laboratory of Behavior of Lower Vertebrates A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences 33 Leninskiy prospekt Moscow Moscow 119071 Russia
| | - Svetlana N. Pekkoeva
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences 11 Pushkinskaya Street Petrozavodsk Karelia 185910 Russia
| | - Viktor P. Voronin
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences 11 Pushkinskaya Street Petrozavodsk Karelia 185910 Russia
| | - Elena S. Mekhova
- Laboratory of Morphology and Ecology of Marine Invertebrates A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences 33 Leninskiy prospekt Moscow Moscow 119071 Russia
| | - Nguyen T. H. Thanh
- Coastal Branch Russian‐Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technology Center 30 Nguyen Thien Thuat Nha Trang Khánh Hòa 650000 Vietnam
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Macartney MJ, Peoples GE, Treweek TM, McLennan PL. Docosahexaenoic acid varies in rat skeletal muscle membranes according to fibre type and provision of dietary fish oil. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 151:37-44. [PMID: 31756643 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fish oil provides polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and is associated with modified oxygen consumption, contractile fatigue and physiological responses to ischaemia or hypoxia in striated muscle. This study systematically investigated the membrane incorporation of fatty acids, with a focus on DHA, into skeletal muscle in relation to functional/metabolic differences and their responsiveness to fish oil doses. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomised to isoenergetic diets (10% fat by weight). Human Western-style diets were simulated with 5.5% tallow, 2.5% n-6 PUFA sunflower seed oil and 2% olive oil (Control). High-DHA tuna oil exchanged for olive oil provided a Low (0.32%) or moderate (Mod) (1.25%) fish oil diet. Membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition was analysed in samples of five skeletal muscles selected for maximum variation in muscle fibre-type. RESULTS Concentrations of DHA varied according to muscle fibre type, very strongly associated with fast oxidative glycolytic fibre population (r2 = 0.93; P < 0.01). No relationship was evident between DHA and fast glycolytic or slow oxidative fibre populations. Fish oil diets increased membrane incorporation of DHA in all muscles, mainly at the expense of n-6 PUFA linoleic and arachidonic acid. CONCLUSION The exquisite responsiveness of all skeletal muscles to as little fish oil as the equivalent of 1-2 fish meals per week in a human diet and the selective relationship to fatigable muscle fibre-types supports an integral role for DHA in muscle physiology, and particularly in fatigue resistance of fast-twitch muscles. SUMMARY Skeletal muscle fibres vary according to structural, metabolic and neurological characteristics and ultimately influences contractile function. This study sort to determine if the composition of phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), incorporated in their membranes, might also differ according to fibre type and when omega-3 PUFA are made available in the diet. We systematically demonstrated that the omega-3 PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), incorporated into skeletal muscle membranes well above its provision in the diet and without competitive influence of high omega-6 PUFA concentrations, typical to the Western-style human diet. Notably, incorporation preferentially occurred according to metabolic characteristics of each muscle, supporting the notion that DHA plays an integral role in fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Macartney
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Graduate Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - G E Peoples
- Graduate Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - T M Treweek
- Graduate Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - P L McLennan
- Graduate Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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7
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Gladyshev MI, Sushchik NN. Long-chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Natural Ecosystems and the Human Diet: Assumptions and Challenges. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090485. [PMID: 31547473 PMCID: PMC6770104 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, studies of essential biomolecules, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 family (LC-PUFAs), namely eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA), have made considerable progress, resulting in several important assumptions. However, new data, which continue to appear, challenge these assumptions. Based on the current literature, an attempt is made to reconsider the following assumptions: 1. There are algal classes of high and low nutritive quality. 2. EPA and DHA decrease with increasing eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. 3. Animals need EPA and DHA. 4. Fish are the main food source of EPA and DHA for humans. 5. Culinary treatment decreases EPA and DHA in products. As demonstrated, some of the above assumptions need to be substantially specified and changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail I Gladyshev
- Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, 50/50, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodny av. 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia.
| | - Nadezhda N Sushchik
- Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, 50/50, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodny av. 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia.
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8
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Cao Z, Schmitt TC, Varma V, Sloper D, Beger RD, Sun J. Evaluation of the Performance of Lipidyzer Platform and Its Application in the Lipidomics Analysis in Mouse Heart and Liver. J Proteome Res 2019; 19:2742-2749. [PMID: 31310547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipids play important roles in cell signaling, energy storage, and as major structural components of cell membranes. To date, little work has been conducted to show the extent of tissue specificity of lipid compositions. Here, the recently acquired Lipidyzer platform was employed in this pilot study: (i) to assess the performance of the Lipidyzer platform, (ii) to explore lipid profiles in liver and cardiac tissue in mice, (iii) to examine sex-specific differences in lipids in the liver tissue, and (iv) to evaluate biological variances in lipidomes present in animals. In total, 787 lipid species from 13 lipid classes were measured in the liver and heart. Lipidomics data from the Lipidyzer platform were very reproducible with the coefficient of variations of the quality control (QC) samples, ∼10%. The total concentration of the cholesterol esters (CE) lipid class, and specifically CE(16:1) and CE(18:1) species, showed sex differences in the liver. Cardiac tissue had higher levels of phospholipids containing docosahexaenoic acid, which could be related to heart health status and function. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of the Lipidyzer platform in identifying differences in lipid profile at the tissue level and between male and female mice in specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Cao
- Division of System Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Thomas C Schmitt
- Division of System Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Vijayalakshmi Varma
- Division of System Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Daniel Sloper
- Division of System Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Richard D Beger
- Division of System Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Jinchun Sun
- Division of System Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
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Convergent genomic signatures of flight loss in birds suggest a switch of main fuel. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2756. [PMID: 31227702 PMCID: PMC6588704 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Flight loss in birds is as characteristic of the class Aves as flight itself. Although morphological and physiological differences are recognized in flight-degenerate bird species, their contributions to recurrent flight degeneration events across modern birds and underlying genetic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, in an analysis of 295 million nucleotides from 48 bird genomes, we identify two convergent sites causing amino acid changes in ATGLSer321Gly and ACOT7Ala197Val in flight-degenerate birds, which to our knowledge have not previously been implicated in loss of flight. Functional assays suggest that Ser321Gly reduces lipid hydrolytic ability of ATGL, and Ala197Val enhances acyl-CoA hydrolytic activity of ACOT7. Modeling simulations suggest a switch of main energy sources from lipids to carbohydrates in flight-degenerate birds. Our results thus suggest that physiological convergence plays an important role in flight degeneration, and anatomical convergence often invoked may not. Flight loss has occurred numerous times in bird evolution. Here, the authors examine convergent sites in the exonic and intronic sequences of 48 bird genomes, finding amino-acid changes in two genes, ATGL and ACOT7, with potential implications for a change in metabolism rather than anatomy.
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10
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Preliminary estimation of the export of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems in biomes via emergent insects. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Carter WA, Whiteman JP, Cooper-Mullin C, Newsome SD, McWilliams SR. Dynamics of Individual Fatty Acids in Muscle Fat Stores and Membranes of a Songbird and Its Functional and Ecological Importance. Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 92:239-251. [PMID: 30741598 DOI: 10.1086/702667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although tissue fatty acid (FA) composition has been linked to whole-animal performance (e.g., aerobic endurance, metabolic rate, postexercise recovery) in a wide range of animal taxa, we do not adequately understand the pace of changes in FA composition and its implications for the ecology of animals. Therefore, we used a C4 to C3 diet shift experiment and compound-specific δ13C analysis to estimate the turnover rates of FAs in the polar and neutral fractions of flight muscle lipids (corresponding to membranes and lipid droplets) of exercised and sedentary zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Turnover was fastest for linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n6) and palmitic acid (PA; 16:0), with 95% replacement times of 10.8-17.7 d in the polar fraction and 17.2-32.8 d in the neutral fraction, but was unexpectedly slow for the long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC-PUFAs) arachidonic acid (20:4n6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3) in the polar fraction, with 95% replacement in 64.9-136.5 d. Polar fraction LA and PA turnover was significantly faster in exercised birds (95% replacement in 8.5-13.3 d). Our results suggest that FA turnover in intramuscular lipid droplets is related to FA tissue concentrations and that turnover does not change in response to exercise. In contrast, we found that muscle membrane FA turnover is likely driven by a combination of selective LC-PUFA retention and consumption of shorter-chain FAs in energy metabolism. The unexpectedly fast turnover of membrane-associated FAs in muscle suggests that songbirds during migration could substantially remodel their membranes within a single migration stopover, and this may have substantial implications for how the FA composition of diet affects energy metabolism of birds during migration.
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12
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Dick MF, Guglielmo CG. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids influence flight muscle oxidative capacity but not endurance flight performance in a migratory songbird. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R362-R375. [PMID: 30624975 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00206.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The migratory flights of birds are primarily fueled by fat; however, certain fatty acids may also enhance flight performance and the capacity to oxidize fat. The natural doping hypothesis posits that n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increase membrane fluidity and aerobic and fatty acid oxidative enzymes in the flight muscles, which enables prolonged endurance flight. Support for this hypothesis is mixed, and there is no empirical evidence for increased flight performance. We fed yellow-rumped warblers ( Setophaga coronata coronata) diets enriched in either n-3 or n-6 long-chain PUFA or low in long-chain PUFA and evaluated flight muscle metabolism and endurance performance in a wind tunnel flights lasting up to 6 h. Fatty acid profiles of muscle phospholipids confirmed enrichment of the targeted dietary fatty acids, whereas less substantial differences were observed in adipose triacylglycerol. Contrary to the predictions, feeding n-3 PUFA decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-β mRNA abundance and muscle oxidative enzyme activities. However, changes in muscle metabolism were not reflected in whole animal performance. No differences were observed in flight performance among diet treatments in terms of endurance capacity, energy costs, or fuel composition. These measures of flight performance were more strongly influenced by body mass and flight duration. Overall, we found no support for the natural doping hypothesis in a songbird. Furthermore, we caution against extending changes in flight muscle metabolic enzymes or fatty acid composition to changes to migratory performance without empirical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag F Dick
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario , Canada
| | - Christopher G Guglielmo
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario , Canada
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Gladyshev MI, Glushchenko LA, Makhutova ON, Rudchenko AE, Shulepina SP, Dubovskaya OP, Zuev IV, Kolmakov VI, Sushchik NN. Comparative Analysis of Content of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Food and Muscle Tissue of Fish from Aquaculture and Natural Habitats. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s199542551803006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Babirekere-Iriso E, Rytter MJH, Namusoke H, Mupere E, Michaelsen KF, Stark KD, Lauritzen L, Briend A, Friis H, Brage S, Faurholt-Jepsen D. Physical activity level among children recovering from severe acute malnutrition. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:156-163. [PMID: 29236339 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the level and predictors of physical activity at discharge among children recovering from severe acute malnutrition (SAM). METHODS We conducted a prospective study among 69 children 6-59 months of age admitted with SAM for nutritional rehabilitation at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda. Using hip-mounted triaxial accelerometers, we measured physical activity expressed as counts per minute (cpm) during the last three days of hospital treatment. As potential predictors, we assessed clinical and background characteristics, duration to transition phase and duration of hospitalisation, serum C-reactive protein and whole-blood docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify predictors of physical activity. RESULTS The median (IQR) age was 15.5 (12.6; 20.5) months. At discharge, the mean (SD) movement was 285 (126) cpm. Physical activity was 43 (19; 67) cpm higher for each unit increase in weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) and 72 (36; 108) cpm higher for each centimetre increase in MUAC. Whole-blood DHA on admission was also a positive predictor of physical activity, whereas duration to transition phase and duration of hospitalisation were both negative predictors. CONCLUSION The level of physical activity at discharge among children treated for SAM was low. WHZ, MUAC and DHA on admission were positive predictors of physical activity, whereas duration of stabilisation and hospitalisation was negative predictors of physical activity. These results suggest that assessment of physical activity may be used as a marker of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Babirekere-Iriso
- Mwanamugimu Nutrition Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Hanifa Namusoke
- Mwanamugimu Nutrition Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ezekiel Mupere
- Department of Paediatrics, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - André Briend
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Søren Brage
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Price ER, Sirsat TS, Sirsat SKG, Curran T, Venables BJ, Dzialowski EM. The membrane pacemaker hypothesis: novel tests during the ontogeny of endothermy. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.174466. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.174466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ‘membrane pacemaker’ hypothesis proposes a biochemical explanation for among-species variation in resting metabolism, based on the positive correlation between membrane docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and metabolic rate. We tested this hypothesis using a novel model, altricial red-winged blackbird nestlings, predicting that the proportion of DHA in muscle and liver membranes should increase with the increasing metabolic rate of the nestling as it develops endothermy. We also used a dietary manipulation, supplementing the natural diet with fish oil (high DHA) or sunflower oil (high linoleic acid) to alter membrane composition and then assessed metabolic rate. In support of the membrane pacemaker hypothesis, DHA proportions increased in membranes from pectoralis muscle, muscle mitochondria, and liver during post-hatch development. By contrast, elevated dietary DHA had no effect on resting metabolic rate, despite causing significant changes to membrane lipid composition. During cold challenges, higher metabolic rates were achieved by birds that had lower DHA and higher linoleic acid in membrane phospholipids. Given the mixed support for this hypothesis, we conclude that correlations between membrane DHA and metabolic rate are likely spurious, and should be attributed to a still-unidentified confounding variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R. Price
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton TX, 76201, USA
| | - Tushar S. Sirsat
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton TX, 76201, USA
- Current address: Department of Biology, State University of New York Potsdam, Potsdam NY 13676, USA
| | - Sarah K. G. Sirsat
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton TX, 76201, USA
- Current address: Department of Biology, State University of New York Potsdam, Potsdam NY 13676, USA
| | - Thomas Curran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton TX, 76201, USA
| | - Barney J. Venables
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton TX, 76201, USA
| | - Edward M. Dzialowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton TX, 76201, USA
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16
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Popova ON, Haritonov AY, Sushchik NN, Makhutova ON, Kalachova GS, Kolmakova AA, Gladyshev MI. Export of aquatic productivity, including highly unsaturated fatty acids, to terrestrial ecosystems via Odonata. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:40-48. [PMID: 28086131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on 31-year field study of the abundance and biomass of 18 species of odonates in the Barabinsk Forest-Steppe (Western Siberia, Russia), we quantified the contribution of odonates to the export of aquatic productivity to surrounding terrestrial landscape. Emergence varied from 0.8 to 4.9g of wet biomass per m2 of land area per year. Average export of organic carbon was estimated to be 0.30g·m-2·year-1, which is comparable with the average production of herbivorous terrestrial insects in temperate grasslands. Moreover, in contrast to terrestrial insects, emerging odonates contained high quantities of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), namely eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA), which are known to be essential for many terrestrial animals, especially for birds. The export of EPA+DHA by odonates was found to be 1.92-11.76mg·m-2·year-1, which is equal to an average general estimation of the export of HUFA by emerging aquatic insects. Therefore, odonates appeared to be a quantitatively and qualitatively important conduit of aquatic productivity to forest-steppe ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Popova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Anatoly Y Haritonov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Nadezhda N Sushchik
- Institute of Biophysics of Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny av. 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Olesia N Makhutova
- Institute of Biophysics of Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny av. 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Galina S Kalachova
- Institute of Biophysics of Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Anzhelika A Kolmakova
- Institute of Biophysics of Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Michail I Gladyshev
- Institute of Biophysics of Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny av. 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia.
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17
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Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids support aerial insectivore performance more than food quantity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10920-5. [PMID: 27638210 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1603998113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Once-abundant aerial insectivores, such as the Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), have declined steadily in the past several decades, making it imperative to understand all aspects of their ecology. Aerial insectivores forage on a mixture of aquatic and terrestrial insects that differ in fatty acid composition, specifically long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) content. Aquatic insects contain high levels of both LCPUFA and their precursor omega-3 PUFA, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), whereas terrestrial insects contain much lower levels of both. We manipulated both the quantity and quality of food for Tree Swallow chicks in a full factorial design. Diets were either high-LCPUFA or low in LCPUFA but high in ALA, allowing us to separate the effects of direct LCPUFA in diet from the ability of Tree Swallows to convert their precursor, ALA, into LCPUFA. We found that fatty acid composition was more important for Tree Swallow chick performance than food quantity. On high-LCPUFA diets, chicks grew faster, were in better condition, and had greater immunocompetence and lower basal metabolic rates compared with chicks on both low LCPUFA diets. Increasing the quantity of high-LCPUFA diets resulted in improvements to all metrics of performance while increasing the quantity of low-LCPUFA diets only resulted in greater immunocompetence and lower metabolic rates. Chicks preferentially retained LCPUFA in brain and muscle when both food quantity and LCPUFA were limited. Our work suggests that fatty acid composition is an important dimension of aerial insectivore nutritional ecology and reinforces the importance of high-quality aquatic habitat for these declining birds.
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18
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Differential effects of docoosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid on fatty acid composition and myosin heavy chain-related genes of slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscle tissues. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 415:169-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Stawski C, Valencak TG, Ruf T, Sadowska ET, Dheyongera G, Rudolf A, Maiti U, Koteja P. Effect of Selection for High Activity-Related Metabolism on Membrane Phospholipid Fatty Acid Composition in Bank Voles. Physiol Biochem Zool 2015; 88:668-79. [PMID: 26658414 DOI: 10.1086/683039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Endothermy, high basal metabolic rates (BMRs), and high locomotor-related metabolism were important steps in the evolution of mammals. It has been proposed that the composition of membrane phospholipid fatty acids plays an important role in energy metabolism and exercise muscle physiology. In particular, the membrane pacemaker theory of metabolism suggests that an increase in cell membrane fatty acid unsaturation would result in an increase in BMR. We aimed to determine whether membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition of heart, liver, and gastrocnemius muscles differed between lines of bank voles selected for high swim-induced aerobic metabolism-which also evolved an increased BMR-and unselected control lines. Proportions of fatty acids significantly differed among the organs: liver was the least unsaturated, whereas the gastrocnemius muscles were most unsaturated. However, fatty acid proportions of the heart and liver did not differ significantly between selected and control lines. In gastrocnemius muscles, significant differences between selection directions were found: compared to control lines, membranes of selected voles were richer in saturated C18:0 and unsaturated C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3, whereas the pattern was reversed for saturated C16:0 and unsaturated C20:4n-6. Neither unsaturation index nor other combined indexes of fatty acid proportions differed between lines. Thus, our results do not support the membrane pacemaker hypothesis. However, the differences between selected and control lines in gastrocnemius muscles reflect chain lengths rather than number of double bonds and are probably related to differences in locomotor activity per se rather than to differences in the basal or routine metabolic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Stawski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; 2Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria
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20
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Qin X, Park HG, Zhang JY, Lawrence P, Liu G, Subramanian N, Kothapalli KSD, Brenna JT. Brown but not white adipose cells synthesize omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid in culture. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 104:19-24. [PMID: 26802938 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a complex endocrine organ which coordinates several crucial biological functions including fatty acid metabolism, glucose metabolism, energy homeostasis, and immune function. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is most abundant in young infants during the brain growth spurt when demands for omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is greatest for brain structure. Our aim was to characterize relative biosynthesis of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) from precursors in cultured white (WAT) and brown (BAT) cells and study relevant gene expression. Mouse WAT and BAT cells were grown in regular DMEM media to confluence, and differentiation was induced. At days 0 and 8 cells were treated with albumin bound d5-18:3n-3 (d5-ALA) and analyzed 24h later. d5-ALA increased cellular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) in undifferentiated BAT cells, whereas differentiated BAT cells accumulated 20:4n-3, EPA and DPA. DHA as a fraction of total omega-3 LCPUFA was greatest in differentiated BAT cells compared to undifferentiated cells. Undifferentiated WAT cells accumulated EPA, whereas differentiated cells accumulated DPA. WAT accumulated trace newly synthesized DHA. Zic1 a classical brown marker and Prdm16 a key driver of brown fat cell fate are expressed only in BAT cells. Ppargc1a is 15 fold higher in differentiated BAT cells. We conclude that in differentiated adipose cells accumulating fat, BAT cells but not WAT cells synthesize DHA, supporting the hypothesis that BAT is a net producer of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Qin
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ji Yao Zhang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Peter Lawrence
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Guowen Liu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | | | | | - J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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21
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Muscle fatigue resistance in the rat hindlimbin vivofrom low dietary intakes of tuna fish oil that selectively increase phospholipidn-3 docosahexaenoic acid according to muscle fibre type. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:873-84. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515002512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDietary fish oil (FO) modulates muscle O2consumption and contractile function, predictive of effects on muscle fatigue. High doses unattainable through human diet and muscle stimulation parameters used engender uncertainty in their physiological relevance. We tested the hypothesis that nutritionally relevant FO doses can modulate membrane fatty acid composition and muscle fatigue. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomised to control (10 % olive oil (OO) by weight) or low or moderate FO diet (LowFO and ModFO) (HiDHA tuna fish oil) for 15 weeks (LowFO: 0·3 % FO, 9·7 % OO, 0·25 % energy as EPA+DHA; ModFO: 1·25 % FO, 8·75 % OO, 1·0 % energy as EPA+DHA). Hindlimb muscle function was assessed under anaesthesiain vivousing repetitive 5 s burst sciatic nerve stimulation (0·05 ms, 7–12 V, 5 Hz, 10 s duty cycle, 300 s). There were no dietary differences in maximum developed muscle force. Repetitive peak developed force fell to 50 % within 62 (sem10) s in controls and took longer to decline in FO-fed rats (LowFO 110 (sem15) s; ModFO 117 (sem14) s) (P<0·05). Force within bursts was better sustained with FO and maximum rates of force development and relaxation declined more slowly. The FO-fed rats incorporated higher muscle phospholipid DHA-relative percentages than controls (P<0·001). Incorporation of DHA was greater in the fast-twitch gastrocnemius (Control 9·3 (sem0·8) %, LowFO 19·9 (sem0·4), ModFO 24·3 (sem1·0)) than in the slow-twitch soleus muscle (Control 5·1 (sem0·2), LowFO 14·3 (sem0·7), ModFO 18·0 (sem1·4)) (P<0·001), which was comparable with the myocardium, in line with muscle fibre characteristics. The LowFO and ModFO diets, emulating human dietary and therapeutic supplement intake, respectively, both elicited muscle membrane DHA enrichment and fatigue resistance, providing a foundation for translating these physiological effects to humans.
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22
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Villalba JM, López-Domínguez JA, Chen Y, Khraiwesh H, González-Reyes JA, Del Río LF, Gutiérrez-Casado E, Del Río M, Calvo-Rubio M, Ariza J, de Cabo R, López-Lluch G, Navas P, Hagopian K, Burón MI, Ramsey JJ. The influence of dietary fat source on liver and skeletal muscle mitochondrial modifications and lifespan changes in calorie-restricted mice. Biogerontology 2015; 16:655-70. [PMID: 25860863 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Membrane Theory of Aging proposes that lifespan is inversely related to the level of unsaturation in membrane phospholipids. Calorie restriction (CR) without malnutrition extends lifespan in many model organisms, which may be related to alterations in membrane phospholipids fatty acids. During the last few years our research focused on studying how altering the predominant fat source affects the outcome of CR in mice. We have established four dietary groups: one control group fed 95 % of a pre-determined ad libitum intake (in order to prevent obesity), and three CR groups fed 40 % less than ad libitum intake. Lipid source for the control and one of the CR groups was soybean oil (high in n-6 PUFA) whereas the two remaining CR groups were fed diets containing fish oil (high in n-3 PUFA), or lard (high in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids). Dietary intervention periods ranged from 1 to 18 months. We performed a longitudinal lifespan study and a cross-sectional study set up to evaluate several mitochondrial parameters which included fatty acid composition, H(+) leak, activities of electron transport chain enzymes, ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial ultrastructure, and mitochondrial apoptotic signaling in liver and skeletal muscle. These approaches applied to different cohorts of mice have independently indicated that lard as a fat source often maximizes the effects of 40 % CR on mice. These effects could be due to significant increases of monounsaturated fatty acids levels, in accordance with the Membrane Theory of Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Villalba
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, 3ª planta, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, 14014, Córdoba, Spain,
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23
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Inoue T, Hashimoto M, Katakura M, Tanabe Y, Al Mamun A, Matsuzaki K, Otani H, Shido O. Effects of chronic administration of arachidonic acid on lipid profiles and morphology in the skeletal muscles of aged rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:119-27. [PMID: 25128088 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, ARA) is a major component of the cell membrane, whereas ARA-derived eicosanoids are formed when cells are damaged. Aging is associated with an accretion of oxidative stress in skeletal muscles. In this study, we examined the effects of chronic administration (13 weeks) of ARA (240 mg/kg/day) on fatty acid composition, antioxidative status, and morphology of slow (soleus muscles) and fast (extensor digitorum longus muscles; EDL)-twitch muscles in aged rats (21 months old). The level of reactive oxygen species was higher in the EDL of ARA-administered rats than in that of control rats. ARA administration decreased the muscle cell volumes and increased the number of slow myosin heavy chain (MHC)-positive cells in the EDL. The relative content of MHC2X was increased whereas the relative content of MHC2B was decreased in the EDL of ARA-administered rats. These results suggest that ARA deposition in the fast-twitch muscle of aged rats reduced cell volume with an increase in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Inoue
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Michio Hashimoto
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Masanori Katakura
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanabe
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsuzaki
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otani
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Shido
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
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Pierce BJ, McWilliams SR. The Fat of the Matter: How Dietary Fatty Acids Can Affect Exercise Performance. Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:903-12. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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25
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Jain M, Ngoy S, Sheth SA, Swanson RA, Rhee EP, Liao R, Clish CB, Mootha VK, Nilsson R. A systematic survey of lipids across mouse tissues. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E854-68. [PMID: 24518676 PMCID: PMC3989739 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00371.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are a diverse collection of macromolecules essential for normal physiology, but the tissue distribution and function for many individual lipid species remain unclear. Here, we report a mass spectrometry survey of lipid abundance across 18 mouse tissues, detecting ~1,000 mass spectrometry features, of which we identify 179 lipids from the glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, lysophospholipids, acylcarnitines, sphingolipids, and cholesteryl ester classes. Our data reveal tissue-specific organization of lipids and can be used to generate testable hypotheses. For example, our data indicate that circulating triglycerides positively and negatively associated with future diabetes in humans are enriched in mouse adipose tissue and liver, respectively, raising hypotheses regarding the tissue origins of these diabetes-associated lipids. We also integrate our tissue lipid data with gene expression profiles to predict a number of substrates of lipid-metabolizing enzymes, highlighting choline phosphotransferases and sterol O-acyltransferases. Finally, we identify several tissue-specific lipids not present in plasma under normal conditions that may be of interest as biomarkers of tissue injury, and we show that two of these lipids are released into blood following ischemic brain injury in mice. This resource complements existing compendia of tissue gene expression and may be useful for integrative physiology and lipid biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Jain
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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26
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Trumble SJ, Kanatous SB. Fatty Acid use in Diving Mammals: More than Merely Fuel. Front Physiol 2012; 3:184. [PMID: 22707938 PMCID: PMC3374346 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diving mammals, are under extreme pressure to conserve oxygen as well as produce adequate energy through aerobic pathways during breath-hold diving. Typically a major source of energy, lipids participate in structural and regulatory roles and have an important influence on the physiological functions of an organism. At the stoichiometric level, the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) utilizes less oxygen than metabolizing either monounsaturated fatty acids or saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and yields fewer ATP per same length fatty acid. However, there is evidence that indicates the cellular metabolic rate is directly correlated to the lipid composition of the membranes such that the greater the PUFA concentration in the membranes the greater the metabolic rate. These findings appear to be incompatible with diving mammals that ingest and metabolize high levels of unsaturated fatty acids while relying on stored oxygen. Growing evidence from birds to mammals including recent evidence in Weddell seals also indicates that at the whole animal level the utilization of PUFAs to fuel their metabolism actually conserves oxygen. In this paper, we make an initial attempt to ascertain the beneficial adaptations or limitations of lipids constituents and potential trade-offs in diving mammals. We discuss how changes in Antarctic climate are predicted to have numerous different environmental effects; such potential shifts in the availability of certain prey species or even changes in the lipid composition (increased SFA) of numerous fish species with increasing water temperatures and how this may impact the diving ability of Weddell seals.
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27
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Montgomery MK, Hulbert AJ, Buttemer WA. Metabolic rate and membrane fatty acid composition in birds: a comparison between long-living parrots and short-living fowl. J Comp Physiol B 2011; 182:127-37. [PMID: 21766191 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-011-0603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Both basal metabolic rate (BMR) and maximum lifespan potential (MLSP) vary with body size in mammals and birds and it has been suggested that these are mediated through size-related variation in membrane fatty acid composition. Whereas the physical properties of membrane fatty acids affect the activity of membrane proteins and, indirectly, an animal's BMR, it is the susceptibility of those fatty acids to peroxidation which influence MLSP. Although there is a correlation between body size and MLSP, there is considerable MLSP variation independent of body size. For example, among bird families, Galliformes (fowl) are relatively short-living and Psittaciformes (parrots) are unusually long-living, with some parrot species reaching maximum lifespans of more than 100 years. We determined BMR and tissue phospholipid fatty acid composition in seven tissues from three species of parrots with an average MLSP of 27 years and from two species of quails with an average MLSP of 5.5 years. We also characterised mitochondrial phospholipids in two of these tissues. Neither BMR nor membrane susceptibility to peroxidation corresponded with differences in MLSP among the birds we measured. We did find that (1) all birds had lower n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in mitochondrial membranes compared to those of the corresponding tissue, and that (2) irrespective of reliance on flight for locomotion, both pectoral and leg muscle had an almost identical membrane fatty acid composition in all birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene K Montgomery
- Diabetes & Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
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Bronnikov GE, Kulagina TP, Aripovsky AV. Dietary supplementation of old rats with hydrogenated peanut oil restores activities of mitochondrial respiratory complexes in skeletal muscles. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:1491-7. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910120102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Price ER. Dietary lipid composition and avian migratory flight performance: Development of a theoretical framework for avian fat storage. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 157:297-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rodríguez-Turienzo L, Díaz O, Sanmartín B, Cobos A. Characterization of meat from two game birds: thrush (Turdus philomelos) and turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur) Caracterización de la carne de dos aves de caza: zorzal (Turdus philomelos) y tórtola (Streptopelia turtur). CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/19476330903420731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Guglielmo CG. Move That Fatty Acid: Fuel Selection and Transport in Migratory Birds and Bats. Integr Comp Biol 2010; 50:336-45. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Trumble SJ, Noren SR, Cornick LA, Hawke TJ, Kanatous SB. Age-related differences in skeletal muscle lipid profiles of Weddell seals: clues to developmental changes. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:1676-84. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Our objective was to elucidate age-related changes in lipids associated with skeletal muscle of Weddell seals and to suggest possible physiological implications. Muscle biopsies were collected from pups, juveniles and adults in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica and analyzed for intramuscular lipid (IML) and triacylglyceride (IMTG) amounts, fatty acid groups, as well as individual fatty acid profiles. The results from this study suggest a switch from primarily saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the skeletal muscle of young pups to increases in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as the percentage of blubber increases, resulting in possible thermoregulatory benefits. As Weddell pups continue to develop into juveniles, fatty acids associated with the skeletal muscle changes such that MUFA levels are relatively higher, which may be in response to energy depletion associated with their restricted diving ability and rapid growth. As juveniles transform into adults, a reduction in n-3 PUFA levels in the muscle as the percentage of blubber increases may be indicative of a trigger to prepare for deep diving or could be a mechanism for oxygen conservation during long-duration dives. We speculate that the observed change in lipids associated with the skeletal muscle of Weddell seals is related to ontogenetic differences in thermoregulation and locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Trumble
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, One Bear Place No. 97388, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Shawn R. Noren
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95118
| | - Leslie A. Cornick
- Department of Environmental Science, Alaska Pacific University, 4101 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Thomas J. Hawke
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Shane B. Kanatous
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Price E, McFarlan J, Guglielmo C. Preparing for Migration? The Effects of Photoperiod and Exercise on Muscle Oxidative Enzymes, Lipid Transporters, and Phospholipids in White‐Crowned Sparrows. Physiol Biochem Zool 2010; 83:252-62. [DOI: 10.1086/605394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Allometric scaling of fatty acyl chains in fowl liver, lung and kidney, but not in brain phospholipids. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 155:301-8. [PMID: 19961949 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipid (PL) fatty acyl chain (FA) composition (mol%) was determined in the kidney, liver, lung and brain of 8 avian species ranging in body mass from 150g (Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica) to 19kg (turkey, Meleagris gallopavo). In all organs except the brain, docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n3, DHA) was found to show a negative allometric scaling (allometric exponent: B=-0.18; -0.20 and -0.24, for kidney, liver and lung, respectively). With minor inter-organ differences, smaller birds had more n3 FAs and longer FA chains in the renal, hepatic and pulmonary PLs. Comparing our results with literature data on avian skeletal muscle, liver mitochondria and kidney microsomes and divergent mammalian tissues, the present findings in the kidney, liver and lung PLs seem to be a part of a general relationship termed "membranes as metabolic pacemakers". Marked negative allometric scaling was found furthermore for the tissue malondialdehyde concentrations in all organs except the brain (B=-0.17; -0.13 and -0.05, respectively). In the liver and kidney a strong correlation was found between the tissue MDA and DHA levels, expressing the role of DHA in shaping the allometric properties of membrane lipids.
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Klaiman JM, Price ER, Guglielmo CG. Fatty acid composition of pectoralis muscle membrane, intramuscular fat stores and adipose tissue of migrant and wintering white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis). J Exp Biol 2009; 212:3865-72. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.034967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The fatty acid composition of muscle membrane phospholipids and fat stores may affect migration performance in birds. The purpose of this study was to investigate seasonal changes in the fatty acid composition of (1) pectoralis muscle phospholipids, (2) intramuscular triglyceride stores and (3) adipose tissue triglycerides in free-living white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis). During migratory seasons there was an increase in the n-6:n-3 ratio of muscle membrane phospholipid fatty acids without a change in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. This change was driven mainly by an increase in the proportion of 18:2n-6 and a decrease in the proportion of 22:6n-3. An increase in the proportion of 18:2n-6 was also observed in the intramuscular and adipose tissue triglyceride stores during the migratory seasons. These increases in 18:2n-6 were offset by a decrease in 16:0; resulting in an elevated proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and elevated double bond index in both fat stores of migrants. The elevated levels of 18:2n-6 in migrant fat stores indicates a high dietary component of this fatty acid, as white-throated sparrows feed mainly on tree seeds and some insects during migration and may not have access to a diet high in n-3 fatty acids. We suspect that elevated dietary levels of 18:2n-6 also caused the observed increases in the proportion of this fatty acid in muscle phospholipids. Overall, we conclude that seasonal changes in adipose and muscle fatty acid composition are likely attributable to diet more than other factors such as migratory exercise or mitochondrial density.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Klaiman
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - E. R. Price
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - C. G. Guglielmo
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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Artificial rearing of infant mice leads to n-3 fatty acid deficiency in cardiac, neural and peripheral tissues. Lipids 2009; 44:685-702. [PMID: 19588181 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the fatty acid content of the diet during early development is a crucial requirement for a one-generation model of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n3) deficiency. A hand feeding method using artificial rearing (AR) together with sterile, artificial milk was employed for feeding mice from postnatal day 2-15. The pups were fed an n-3 fatty acid adequate (3% alpha-linolenic acid (LNA; 18:3n3) + 1% 22:6n3) or a deficient diet (0.06% 18:3n3) with linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n6) as the only dietary source of essential fatty acids by AR along with a dam-reared control group (3.1% 18:3n3). The results indicate that restriction of n-3 fatty acid intake during postnatal development leads to markedly lower levels of brain, retinal, liver, plasma and heart 22:6n3 at 20 weeks of age with replacement by docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn6; 22:5n6), arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n6) and docosatetraenoic acid (DTA; 22:4n6). A detailed analysis of phospholipid classes of heart tissue indicated that phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin were the major repositories of 22:6n3, reaching 40, 29 and 15%, respectively. A novel heart cardiolipin species containing four 22:6n3 moieties is described. This is the first report of the application of artificially rearing to mouse pup nutrition; this technique will facilitate dietary studies of knockout animals as well as the study of essential fatty acid (EFA) functions in the cardiovascular, neural and other organ systems.
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Price ER, Guglielmo CG. The effect of muscle phospholipid fatty acid composition on exercise performance: a direct test in the migratory white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R775-82. [PMID: 19587112 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00150.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can have various effects on animal physiology through their roles as energy, structural, regulatory, and signaling molecules. Of recent interest has been the incorporation of dietary PUFA into muscle membranes as phospholipids, thereby potentially affecting exercise performance by mechanisms such as altered mitochondrial proton leak and membrane-bound protein activity. We first studied the effects of a high-omega6 PUFA diet vs. a high-omega3 PUFA diet on peak metabolic rate (PMR) in white-throated sparrows, and additionally measured mRNA expression of fatty acid transporters and the activity of major oxidative enzymes. Our experiment, thus, allowed a test of the "natural doping" hypothesis. With a simple diet manipulation, the two groups of sparrows diverged significantly in both muscle phospholipid composition and adipose triacylglycerol composition. The high-omega6 sparrows achieved higher PMR without a change in enzyme activity or transporter expression. We then fed sparrows the 2 diets, followed by a food restriction (H omega3RI and H omega6RI treatments). When their adipose stores were exhausted, we fed both groups a common diet of intermediate fatty acid composition. This protocol resulted in the H omega6RI and H omega3RI groups diverging significantly in muscle phospholipid composition, but they had substantially similar adipose stores. PMR did not differ between the H omega6RI and H omega3RI groups. We conclude that muscle phospholipids do not play a major role in affecting exercise performance. The fatty acid composition of stored triacylglycerol may instead affect exercise via the preferential use of particular fatty acids by muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Price
- Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. North, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada.
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Stark KD, Lim SY, Salem N. Docosahexaenoic acid and n-6 docosapentaenoic acid supplementation alter rat skeletal muscle fatty acid composition. Lipids Health Dis 2007; 6:13. [PMID: 17459159 PMCID: PMC1865542 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-6-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) and n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6, DPAn-6) are highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA, ≥ 20 carbons, ≥ 3 double bonds) that differ by a single carbon-carbon double bond at the Δ19 position. Membrane 22:6n-3 may support skeletal muscle function through optimal ion pump activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum and electron transport in the mitochondria. Typically n-3 fatty acid deficient feeding trials utilize linoleic acid (18:2n-6, LA) as a comparison group, possibly introducing a lower level of HUFA in addition to n-3 fatty acid deficiency. The use of 22:5n-6 as a dietary control is ideal for determining specific requirements for 22:6n-3 in various physiological processes. The incorporation of dietary 22:5n-6 into rat skeletal muscles has not been demonstrated previously. A one generation, artificial rearing model was utilized to supply 22:6n-3 and/or 22:5n-6 to rats from d2 after birth to adulthood. An n-3 fatty acid deficient, artificial milk with 18:2n-6 was supplemented with 22:6n-3 and/or 22:5n-6 resulting in four artificially reared (AR) dietary groups; AR-LA, AR-DHA, AR-DPAn-6, AR-DHA+DPAn-6. A dam reared group (DAM) was included as an additional control. Animals were sacrificed at 15 wks and soleus, white gastrocnemius and red gastrocnemius muscles were collected for fatty acid analyses. Results In all muscles of the DAM group, the concentration of 22:5n-6 was significantly lower than 22:6n-3 concentrations. While 22:5n-6 was elevated in the AR-LA group and the AR-DPAn-6 group, 20:4n-6 tended to be higher in the AR-LA muscles and not in the AR-DPAn-6 muscles. The AR-DHA+DPAn-6 had a slight, but non-significant increase in 22:5n-6 content. In the red gastrocnemius of the AR-DPAn-6 group, 22:5n-6 levels (8.1 ± 2.8 wt. %) did not reciprocally replace the 22:6n-3 levels observed in AR-DHA reared rats (12.2 ± 2.3 wt. %) suggesting a specific preference/requirement for 22:6n-3 in red gastrocnemius. Conclusion Dietary 22:5n-6 is incorporated into skeletal muscles and appears to largely compete with 22:6n-3 for incorporation into lipids. In contrast, 18:2n-6 feeding tends to result in elevations of 20:4n-6 and restrained increases of 22:5n-6. As such, 22:5n-6 dietary comparison groups may be useful in elucidating specific requirements for 22:6n-3 to support optimal health and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken D Stark
- Laboratory of Nutritional and Nutraceutical Research, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sun-Young Lim
- Division of Marine Environment & Bioscience, Korea Maritime University, Busan 606-791, Korea
| | - Norman Salem
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Maillet D, Weber JM. Relationship between n-3 PUFA content and energy metabolism in the flight muscles of a migrating shorebird: evidence for natural doping. J Exp Biol 2007; 210:413-20. [PMID: 17234610 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYDuring their fall migration from the Arctic to South America, semipalmated sandpipers Calidris pusilla stop in the Bay of Fundy (east coast of Canada) before flying non-stop for ∼4500 km across the ocean. Refueling birds double their body mass by feeding on Corophium volutator, an amphipod containing high amounts of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), particularly eicosapentaenoic (20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6). In mammals, high dietary intake of n-3 PUFA is known to increase capacity for oxidative metabolism. Therefore, we hypothesized that tissue incorporation of n-3 PUFA would be associated with increases in the activity of key muscle enzymes to upregulate energy metabolism for prolonged exercise.Birds were collected at various stages of fat loading to monitor changes in lipid composition and flight muscle enzymes simultaneously. Enzymes were measured to assess oxidative capacity [citrate synthase (CS)],β-oxidation [carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) and 3-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase (HOAD)] and glycolytic capacity [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)]. Changes in the fatty acid composition of muscle membranes (phospholipids) and fuel reserves (neutral lipids) were measured separately to distinguish between membrane-related and systemic effects of n-3 PUFA. Results show that muscle CS and HOAD are stimulated during refueling and that their activities are correlated with n-3 PUFA content in phospholipids (22:6 for CS, 20:5 for HOAD)and in neutral lipids (20:5 for CS). This suggests that 20:5 and 22:6 have different effects on energy metabolism and that they act via changes in membrane structure and systemic mechanisms. CPT and LDH did not change during refueling, but LDH activity was significantly related to the n-3 PUFA content of fuel reserves. This study shows that oxidative capacity increases rapidly during refueling and supports the idea that dietary n-3 PUFA are used as molecular signals to prime flight muscles of some long-distance migrants for extreme exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Maillet
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
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Ruf T, Valencak T, Tataruch F, Arnold W. Running speed in mammals increases with muscle n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid content. PLoS One 2006; 1:e65. [PMID: 17183696 PMCID: PMC1762323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important dietary components that mammals cannot synthesize de novo. Beneficial effects of PUFAs, in particular of the n-3 class, for certain aspects of animal and human health (e.g., cardiovascular function) are well known. Several observations suggest, however, that PUFAs may also affect the performance of skeletal muscles in vertebrates. For instance, it has been shown that experimentally n-6 PUFA-enriched diets increase the maximum swimming speed in salmon. Also, we recently found that the proportion of PUFAs in the muscle phospholipids of an extremely fast runner, the brown hare (Lepus europaeus), are very high compared to other mammals. Therefore, we predicted that locomotor performance, namely running speed, should be associated with differences in muscle fatty acid profiles. To test this hypothesis, we determined phospholipid fatty acid profiles in skeletal muscles of 36 mammalian species ranging from shrews to elephants. We found that there is indeed a general positive, surprisingly strong relation between the n-6 PUFAs content in muscle phospholipids and maximum running speed of mammals. This finding suggests that muscle fatty acid composition directly affects a highly fitness-relevant trait, which may be decisive for the ability of animals to escape from predators or catch prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ruf
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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Maillet D, Weber JM. Performance-enhancing role of dietary fatty acids in a long-distance migrant shorebird: the semipalmated sandpiper. J Exp Biol 2006; 209:2686-95. [PMID: 16809459 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
At the end of summer, semipalmated sandpipers (Calidris pusilla)traveling from the Arctic stop in the Bay of Fundy (east coast of Canada) to build large fat reserves before a non-stop flight to South America. During a 2-week stopover, the body mass of this small shorebird is doubled (∼20 g to 40 g) by feeding on a burrowing amphipod, Corophium volutator,that contains unusually high levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In mammals, high n-3 PUFA content of membrane phospholipids (PL) is linked to improved exercise performance due to increased membrane fluidity that accelerates transmembrane lipid transport. We hypothesized that dietary n-3 PUFA could be used as a natural `performance-enhancing substance' by semipalmated sandpipers to prepare their flight muscles for migration. Also,PUFA stored as fuel in neutral lipids (NL) can be mobilized more quickly than saturated fatty acids, but they contain less energy per unit mass. It is therefore unclear whether dietary fatty acids are modified before storage. Birds were collected at various stages of fat loading to examine changes in the composition of tissue PL (membranes) and NL (fuel stores). Results show that dietary n-3 PUFA are incorporated in tissue lipids in less than 2 weeks. During the stopover, the double bond index of muscle PL increases by 25% and the fatty acid profiles of both muscle PL and adipose NL converge with that of the diet. However, >50% of dietary n-3 PUFA are converted to other fatty acids before storage, mainly to oleate (18:1), possibly because monounsaturates offer a compromise between high energy density and ease of mobilization. This study shows that long-distance migrant birds can (1) use natural diets rich in specific lipids to prime flight muscles for endurance exercise, and (2) modify dietary fatty acids before storing them as fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Maillet
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
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Szabó A, Fébel H, Mézes M, Balogh K, Horn P, Romvári R. Body size related adaptations of the avian myocardial phospholipid fatty acyl chain composition. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 144:496-502. [PMID: 16765623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The myocardial phospholipid fatty acid (FA) composition (mol %) of 7 avian species was determined, in a body mass range from 150 g (Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica) to 19 kg (turkey, Meleagris gallopavo). Significant allometric increases were found for C16:1 n7 (allometric exponent: B=0.15), C18:1 n7 (B=0.08), C18:1 n9 (B=0.24), C20:1 n9 (B=0.22) and C20:3 n3 (B=0.12); moreover, total monounsaturates (B=0.20) and the sum of n9 FAs (B=0.24) was also positively related to body mass. The total n3 FAs (B=-0.36), and within them C22:5 n3 (B=-0.41) and C22:6 n3 (B=-0.60) showed allometric declines, such as total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; B=-0.01), unsaturation index (B=-0.03) and mean FA chain length (B=-0.003). Comparing our results with earlier published data on avian skeletal muscle and divergent mammalian tissues, the allometric scaling of the above membrane forming fatty acids seems to be part of a general relationship postulated as the theory "membranes as metabolic pacemakers". In addition, the cardiac muscle malondialdehyde concentration was negatively related to body mass (B=-0.16), referring to a lower level of lipid peroxidation in larger birds, and vice versa, indicating a progressive myocardial lipid peroxidation in smaller-bodied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szabó
- University of Kaposvár, Faculty of Animal Science, H-7400, Kaposvár, Guba S. u. 40., Hungary.
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Turner N, Haga KL, Else PL, Hulbert AJ. Scaling of Na+,K+‐ATPase Molecular Activity and Membrane Fatty Acid Composition in Mammalian and Avian Hearts. Physiol Biochem Zool 2006; 79:522-33. [PMID: 16691518 DOI: 10.1086/502815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have examined Na(+),K(+)-ATPase molecular activity and membrane fatty acid composition in the heart of six mammalian and eight avian species ranging in size from 30 g in mice to 280 kg in cattle and 13 g in zebra finches to 35 kg in emus, respectively. Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity scaled negatively with body mass in both mammals and birds. In small mammals, the elevated enzyme activity was related to allometric changes in both the concentration and molecular activity (turnover rate) of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase enzymes, while in small birds, higher Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity appeared to result primarily from an increased molecular activity of individual enzymes. The unsaturation index of cardiac phospholipids scaled negatively with body mass in both groups, while a significant allometric increase in monounsaturate content was observed in the larger mammals and birds. In particular, the relative content of the highly polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) displayed the greatest variation, scaling negatively with body mass and varying greater than 40-fold in both mammals and birds. Membrane fatty acid profile was correlated with Na(+),K(+)-ATPase molecular activity in both mammals and birds, suggesting a potential association between membrane lipid composition and the activity of membrane-bound enzymes in the hearts of endotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Turner
- Department of Biomedical Science, Metabolic Research Centre, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
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Speake BK, Wood NAR. Timing of incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid into brain and muscle phospholipids during precocial and altricial modes of avian development. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 141:147-58. [PMID: 15939318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the possibilities that the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in phospholipids of brain and skeletal muscle at hatch, and the ontogenetic timing of the DHA accretion spurt in these tissues, might serve as indices of neonatal functional maturity that discriminate between precocial and altricial avian developmental modes. Comparison of the fatty acid profiles of the initial and residual yolks of two free-living altricial species, the swallow (Hirundo rustica) and the sparrow (Passer domesticus), reveals that, in contrast to precocial birds, there is no preferential uptake of DHA from the yolk during embryonic development. At hatch, the proportions of DHA in brain phospholipid (wt.% of fatty acids) of the swallow and sparrow, at 8.1% and 5.0%, respectively, are far lower than the values (16.9-19.6%) reported for non-altricial species. This reflects a marked difference in the timing of the brain DHA accretion spurt, which occurs during the first half of the embryonic period of precocial birds, but is largely delayed until after hatching in the altricial species. By the time of fledging, the proportion of DHA in the swallow brain phospholipid has increased to 14.3%. For non-altricial birds, the brain DHA concentration at hatch shows little interspecies variation, despite major differences in yolk DHA content. The proportions of DHA in leg muscle phospholipid of the newly hatched swallow and sparrow, at 2.9% and 2.5%, respectively, are far lower than the value (6.7%) for the precocial chicken. Again, this relates to differences in developmental timing, with muscle DHA accretion occurring in the first half of the chicken's embryonic period, whereas, in the swallow, this increase is delayed until after hatching. By the time of fledging in the swallow, DHA forms 9.3% of muscle phospholipid fatty acids, equivalent to the level attained in chicken muscle at the mid-embryo stage. The results indicate a clear distinction between altricial and non-altricial avian species in the timing of tissue DHA accretion during development, presumably reflecting differences in neonatal functional maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Speake
- Animal Health Group, SAC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK.
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Hulbert AJ, Turner N, Storlien LH, Else PL. Dietary fats and membrane function: implications for metabolism and disease. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2005; 80:155-69. [PMID: 15727042 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793104006578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lipids play varied and critical roles in metabolism, with function dramatically modulated by the individual fatty acid moities in complex lipid entities. In particular, the fatty acid composition of membrane lipids greatly influences membrane function. Here we consider the role of dietary fatty acid profile on membrane composition and, in turn, its impact on prevalent disease clusters of the metabolic syndrome and mental illness. Applying the classical physiological conformer-regulator paradigm to quantify the influence of dietary fats on membrane lipid composition (i.e. where the membrane variable is plotted against the same variable in the environment--in this case dietary fats), membrane lipid composition appears as a predominantly regulated parameter. Membranes remain relatively constant in their saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acid levels over a wide range of dietary variation for these fatty acids. Membrane composition was found to be more responsive to n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels in the diet and most sensitive to n-3 PUFA and to the n-3/n-6 ratio. These differential responses are probably due to the fact that both n-6 and n-3 PUFA classes cannot be synthesised de novo by higher animals. Diet-induced modifications in membrane lipid composition are associated with changes in the rates of membrane-linked cellular processes that are major contributors to energy metabolism. For example, in the intrinsic activity of fundamental processes such as the Na+/K+ pump and proton pump-leak cycle. Equally, dietary lipid profile impacts substantially on diseases of the metabolic syndrome with evidence accruing for changes in metabolic rate and neuropeptide regulation (thus influencing both sides of the energy balance equation), in second messenger generation and in gene expression influencing a range of glucose and lipid handling pathways. Finally, there is a growing literature relating changes in dietary fatty acid profile to many aspects of mental health. The understanding of dietary lipid profile and its influence on membrane function in relation to metabolic dysregulation has exciting potential for the prevention and treatment of a range of prevalent disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hulbert
- Metabolic Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Valentine RC, Valentine DL. Omega-3 fatty acids in cellular membranes: a unified concept. Prog Lipid Res 2005; 43:383-402. [PMID: 15458813 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Omega-3 fatty acid DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6) and its sister molecule EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5) are highlighted here. These highly unsaturated fatty acids are widespread in nature, especially in the marine environment, and are essential in membranes ranging from deep sea bacteria to human neurons. Studies of DHA/EPA in bacteria have led to a working model on the structural roles of these molecules and are described in this review. The main points are: (a) genomic analysis shows that genes encoding the DHA/EPA pathways are similar, supporting the idea that structural roles in bacteria might be similar, (b) biochemical analysis shows that DHA and EPA are produced in bacteria by a polyketide process distinct from the pathway of plants and animals; this allows DHA and EPA to be produced in anaerobic or oxygen-limited environments, (c) regulatory systems triggered by temperature and pressure have been identified and studied, and add to the understanding of the roles of these molecules, (d) DHA/EPA bacteria are located almost exclusively in the marine environment, raising the prospect of an important linkage between membrane processes and marine conditions, (e) physiological studies of an EPA recombinant of E. coli show that EPA phospholipids contribute essential fluidity to the bilayer and that an EPA-enriched membrane supports a respiratory lifestyle dependent on proton bioenergetics; the EPA recombinant displays other physiological properties likely attributed to high levels of EPA in the bilayer, and (f) chemical studies such as chemical dynamic modeling support the idea that DHA and presumably EPA contribute hyperfluidizing properties to the membrane. We hypothesize that DHA/EPA phospholipids contribute fluidity and other properties to the bilayer which distinguish these highly unsaturated chains from monounsaturates and polyunsaturates such as 18:2 and 18:3. We further hypothesize that the structural properties of DHA/EPA functioning in bacteria are also harnessed by higher organisms for enhancing crucial membrane processes including photosynthesis and energy transduction.
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Speake BK, Herbert JF, Thompson MB. Evidence for placental transfer of lipids during gestation in the viviparous lizard, Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004; 139:213-20. [PMID: 15528170 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Revised: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During gestation in the viviparous lizard Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii, the fetus obtains nutrients from two sources: uptake of yolk components from the retained egg (lecithotrophy) and transfer of nutrients from the maternal circulation via the placenta (placentotrophy). Although net placentotrophy in this species is indicated by the observation that the neonate contains 1.7 times more dry matter than the egg, the placental transfer of lipid has not been previously demonstrated. Lipid analysis was performed on newly ovulated eggs and on neonates. The weight of total lipid per neonate (8.2+/-0.5 mg) is significantly (P=0.049) greater than that in the egg (6.8+/-0.4 mg), indicating that the placenta must contribute some lipid to the fetus. On the assumption that 50% of the lipid delivered to the fetus from either source is oxidized for energy, it is calculated that the placenta accounts for 58.5% of the fetal lipid requirements, with the remaining 41.5% being derived from the egg. The fatty acid compositions of the triacylglycerol and phospholipid recovered in the neonatal tissue differ substantially from those of the egg. In particular, the proportions of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 are far lower in the neonatal lipids compared with the egg lipids. On the other hand, the proportion of 22:6n-3 in the phospholipid of the neonate is six times higher than in the phospholipid of the egg. The absolute amount (mg) of 22:6n-3 recovered in the total lipid of the neonate is 3.8 times greater than the amount initially present in the egg. By comparison, the amount of total fatty acid in neonatal lipid is 1.2 times greater than the amount in the egg. Thus, there is a preferential use of 22:6n-3 for tissue phospholipid synthesis during development. We conclude that there is net transfer of fatty acids across the placenta to the fetus of P. entrecasteauxii and a high degree of selectivity in the use of the various fatty acids for fetal tissue lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Speake
- Animal Health Group, SAC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
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Abstract
Membrane bilayers are essential elements of life, and the synthesis of the hydrocarbons that make up membrane bilayers may have preceded the appearance of life on Earth. Membrane-associated processes are significant components of metabolism, and the acyl composition of membrane bilayers is associated with metabolic activity in a predictable manner. This has resulted in the "membrane pacemaker" theory of metabolism, which proposes that the relative balance between monounsaturated and long-chain polyunsaturated acyl chains in membrane bilayers is a fundamental determinant of metabolic rate of a species. The omega-3 polyunsaturated docosahexaenoate is an especially important component of membranes in this regard. Whilst it is suggested that the physical properties of membrane polyunsaturates are important with respect to their influence on metabolic rate, it is their chemistry that is important in aging. Membrane acyl composition is related to maximum lifespan in mammals and birds, probably via their role in lipid peroxidation. Calorie restriction modifies acyl composition of membrane bilayers and is associated with decreased membrane lipid peroxidation and lifespan extension. The membrane pacemaker theory of metabolism has given birth to the membrane pacemaker hypothesis of aging, which will require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hulbert
- Metabolic Research Centre and Department of Biological Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Thil MA, Speake BK, Groscolas R. Changes in tissue fatty acid composition during the first month of growth of the king penguin chick. J Comp Physiol B 2003; 173:199-206. [PMID: 12743722 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-002-0320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2002] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The switch from yolk to food (myctophid fishes) as the nutrient source for the newly hatched chick of the king penguin ( Aptenodytes patagonicus) results in a profound change in the pattern of fatty acid provision. This is characterized by major increases in the proportionate intake of n-3 polyunsaturates (20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) and long chain (C(20-24)) monounsaturates, accompanied by relatively lower levels of n-6 polyunsaturates (18:2n-6 and 20:4n-6). The effects of this change on the fatty acid composition of tissue lipids during the first month of growth, a period of tissue maturation leading to thermal emancipation, were determined. The composition of adipose tissue triacylglycerol responded rapidly to the switch in nutrient source, the proportion of long chain monounsaturates (mainly 20:1n-9 and 22:1n-11) increasing five-fold between hatch and emancipation while the relative levels of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 also increased significantly, by 3- and 1.2-fold, respectively. At emancipation, the fatty acid profile of adipose tissue triacylglycerol was essentially identical to that of the diet. At hatch, the main polyunsaturates of muscle phospholipid were 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3, respectively, forming (w/w of fatty acids) 13.2%, 5.0%, and 12.0%. By emancipation, 20:4n-6 had decreased to 4.8%, 20:5n-3 increased to 10.9%, and 22:6n-3 at 11.4% showed little change. The main polyunsaturate in brain phospholipid at hatch was 22:6n-3 (19.3%): this remained almost constant until day 15 but then increased significantly to 23.6% by emancipation. Significant but minor changes in the proportions of 20:4n-6 (from 5.2% at hatch to 3.5% at emancipation) and 20:5n-3 (from 3.0% to 3.9%) were also observed in brain phospholipid. The data do not allow us to completely distinguish changes that are solely diet driven from those which are a consequence of tissue differentiation. Nevertheless, it is evident that, whereas the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue responds faithfully to the change in nutrient source, the phospholipids of muscle and, especially, of brain are much more refractory to the effects of diet during this period of tissue maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-A Thil
- Centre d'Ecologie et Physiologie Energétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Associé à l'Université Louis Pasteur, 23 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
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Hulbert AJ, Faulks S, Buttemer WA, Else PL. Acyl composition of muscle membranes varies with body size in birds. J Exp Biol 2002; 205:3561-9. [PMID: 12364409 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205.22.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe acyl composition of phospholipids from pectoral muscle of eight species of birds, ranging in size from the 13 g zebra finch to the 34 kg emu, were measured and combined with recent published results for a 3 g hummingbird. This represents an approximately 11000-fold range in body mass. Muscle phospholipids, and thus muscle membrane bilayers, from birds had a relatively constant unsaturated acyl chain content of 62% but exhibited a significant allometric decline in unsaturation index (number of double bonds per 100 acyl chains) with increasing body mass. There was a significant allometric increase in the percentage of mono-unsaturates and a significant allometric decline in the percentage of n-3 polyunsaturates with increasing body mass,whilst there were no significant allometric trends in either percentage of n-6 or percentage of total polyunsaturates in bird muscle. The relative content of the highly polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) showed the greatest scaling with body mass, having an allometric exponent of -0.28. The contribution of this n-3 polyunsaturate to the unsaturation index varied with body size, ranging from less than a 6%contribution in the emu to approximately 70% in the hummingbird. Such allometric variation in the acyl composition of bird muscle phospholipids is similar to that observed in mammals, although birds have fewer n-3 polyunsaturates and more n-6 polyunsaturates than do mammalian phospholipids. This allometric variation in phospholipid acyl composition is discussed with respect to both the metabolic intensity and lifespan of different sized bird species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hulbert
- Metabolic Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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