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Wang F, Zhang X, Zhang J, Xu Q, Yu X, Xu A, Yi C, Bian X, Shao S. Recent advances in the adjunctive management of diabetic foot ulcer: Focus on noninvasive technologies. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1501-1544. [PMID: 38279968 DOI: 10.1002/med.22020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the most costly and serious complications of diabetes. Treatment of DFU is usually challenging and new approaches are required to improve the therapeutic efficiencies. This review aims to update new and upcoming adjunctive therapies with noninvasive characterization for DFU, focusing on bioactive dressings, bioengineered tissues, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) based therapy, platelet and cytokine-based therapy, topical oxygen therapy, and some repurposed drugs such as hypoglycemic agents, blood pressure medications, phenytoin, vitamins, and magnesium. Although the mentioned therapies may contribute to the improvement of DFU to a certain extent, most of the evidence come from clinical trials with small sample size and inconsistent selections of DFU patients. Further studies with high design quality and adequate sample sizes are necessitated. In addition, no single approach would completely correct the complex pathogenesis of DFU. Reasonable selection and combination of these techniques should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, China
| | - Qinqin Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, China
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, China
| | - Anhui Xu
- Division of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengla Yi
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuna Bian
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, China
| | - Shiying Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, China
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Benjamin KJ, Sauler M, Poonyagariyagorn H, Neptune ER. Cell type-specific expression of angiotensin receptors in the human lung with implications for health, aging, and chronic disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.17.599425. [PMID: 38948835 PMCID: PMC11212981 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.17.599425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is a highly characterized integrative pathway in mammalian homeostasis whose clinical spectrum has been expanded to lung disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-emphysema, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and COVID pathogenesis. Despite this widespread interest, specific localization of this receptor family in the mammalian lung is limited, partially due to the imprecision of available antibody reagents. In this study, we establish the expression pattern of the two predominant angiotensin receptors in the human lung, AGTR1 and AGTR2 , using complementary and comprehensive bulk and single-cell RNA-sequence datasets that are publicly available. We show these two receptors have distinct localization patterns and developmental trajectories in the human lung, pericytes for AGTR1 and a subtype of alveolar epithelial type 2 cells for AGTR2 . In the context of disease, we further pinpoint AGTR2 localization to the COPD-associated subpopulation of alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2 B ) and AGTR1 localization to fibroblasts, where their expression is upregulated in individuals with COPD, but not in individuals with IPF. Finally, we examine the genetic variation of the angiotensin receptors, finding AGTR2 associated with lung phenotype (i.e., cystic fibrosis) via rs1403543. Together, our findings provide a critical foundation for delineating this pathway's role in lung homeostasis and constructing rational approaches for targeting specific lung disorders.
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Chan MJ, Liu KD. Acute Kidney Injury and Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment. Semin Nephrol 2024:151515. [PMID: 38849258 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2024.151515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease poses a significant threat to individuals with kidney disease, including those affected by acute kidney injury (AKI). In the short term, AKI has several physiological consequences that can impact the cardiovascular system. These include fluid and sodium overload, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system, and inflammation along with metabolic complications of AKI (acidosis, electrolyte imbalance, buildup of uremic toxins). Recent studies highlight the role of AKI in elevating long-term risks of hypertension, thromboembolism, stroke, and major adverse cardiovascular events, though some of this increased risk may be due to the impact of AKI on the course of chronic kidney disease. Current management strategies involve avoiding nephrotoxic agents, optimizing hemodynamics and fluid balance, and considering renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition or sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. However, future research is imperative to advance preventive and therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular complications in AKI. This review explores the existing knowledge on the cardiovascular consequences of AKI, delving into epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of various cardiovascular complications following AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jen Chan
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kathleen D Liu
- Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
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Acevedo-Villavicencio LN, López-Luna CE, Castillo-Cruz J, Gutiérrez-Rojas RA, Paredes-González IS, Villafaña S, Huang F, Vargas-De-León C, Romero-Nava R, Aguayo-Cerón KA. Modulator Effect of AT1 Receptor Knockdown on THP-1 Macrophage Proinflammatory Activity. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:382. [PMID: 38927262 PMCID: PMC11200961 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Currently, it is known that angiotensin II (AngII) induces inflammation, and an AT1R blockade has anti-inflammatory effects. The use of an AT1 receptor antagonist promotes the inhibition of the secretion of multiple proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages, as well as a decrease in the concentration of reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of AT1 receptor gene silencing on the modulation of cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10) in THP-1 macrophages and the relation to the gene expression of NF-κB. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the gene expression of PPAR-γ in THP-1 macrophages using PMA (60 ng/mL). For the silencing, cells were incubated with the siRNA for 72 h and telmisartan (10 µM) was added to the medium for 24 h. After that, cells were incubated during 1 and 24 h, respectively, with Ang II (1 µM). The gene expression levels of AT1R, NF-κB, and cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10) were measured by RT-qPCR. RESULTS We observed that silencing of the AT1 receptor causes a decrease in the expression of mRNA of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α), NF-κB, and PPAR-γ. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that AT1R gene silencing is an alternative to modulating the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β via NF-κB in macrophages and having high blood pressure decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Nallely Acevedo-Villavicencio
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (L.N.A.-V.); (C.E.L.-L.); (J.C.-C.); (S.V.); (C.V.-D.-L.)
| | - Carlos Enrique López-Luna
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (L.N.A.-V.); (C.E.L.-L.); (J.C.-C.); (S.V.); (C.V.-D.-L.)
| | - Juan Castillo-Cruz
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (L.N.A.-V.); (C.E.L.-L.); (J.C.-C.); (S.V.); (C.V.-D.-L.)
| | | | - Iris Selene Paredes-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Inmunología, Universidad Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 70228, Mexico;
| | - Santiago Villafaña
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (L.N.A.-V.); (C.E.L.-L.); (J.C.-C.); (S.V.); (C.V.-D.-L.)
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Asma, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico;
| | - Cruz Vargas-De-León
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (L.N.A.-V.); (C.E.L.-L.); (J.C.-C.); (S.V.); (C.V.-D.-L.)
- División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de Mexico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (L.N.A.-V.); (C.E.L.-L.); (J.C.-C.); (S.V.); (C.V.-D.-L.)
| | - Karla Aidee Aguayo-Cerón
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (L.N.A.-V.); (C.E.L.-L.); (J.C.-C.); (S.V.); (C.V.-D.-L.)
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5
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Pedreañez A, Carrero Y, Vargas R, Hernández-Fonseca JP, Mosquera JA. Role of angiotensin II in cellular entry and replication of dengue virus. Arch Virol 2024; 169:121. [PMID: 38753119 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the relevance of several soluble molecules in the pathogenesis of dengue. In this regard, a possible role for angiotensin II (Ang II) in the pathophysiology of dengue has been suggested by the observation of a blockade of Ang II in patients with dengue, increased expression of molecules related to Ang II production in the plasma of dengue patients, increased expression of circulating cytokines and soluble molecules related to the action of Ang II, and an apparent relationship between DENV, Ang II effects, and miRNAs. In addition, in ex vivo experiments, the blockade of Ang II AT1 receptor and ACE-1 (angiotensin converting enzyme 1), both of which are involved in Ang II production and its function, inhibits infection of macrophages by DENV, suggesting a role of Ang II in viral entry or in intracellular viral replication of the virus. Here, we discuss the possible mechanisms of Ang II in the entry and replication of DENV. Ang II has the functions of increasing the expression of DENV entry receptors, creation of clathrin-coated vesicles, and increasing phagocytosis, all of which are involved in DENV entry. This hormone also modulates the expression of the Rab5 and Rab7 proteins, which are important in the endosomal processing of DENV during viral replication. This review summarizes the data related to the possible involvement of Ang II in the entry of DENV into cells and its replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pedreañez
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Bioanálisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Yenddy Carrero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Renata Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Juan P Hernández-Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
- Servicio de Microscopia Electrónica del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB- CSIC), Madrid, España
| | - Jesús Alberto Mosquera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
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Barone M. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and AMPK/mTOR pathway in the treatment of liver fibrosis: Should we consider further implications? World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:2391-2396. [PMID: 38764773 PMCID: PMC11099390 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i18.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This editorial contains comments on the article by Zhao et al in print in the World Journal of Gastroenterology. The mechanisms responsible for hepatic fibrosis are also involved in cancerogenesis. Here, we recapitulated the complexity of the renin-angiotensin system, discussed the role of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) autophagy in liver fibrogenesis, and analyzed the possible implications in the development of hepatocarcinoma (HCC). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers definitively contribute to reducing hepatic fibrogenesis, whereas their involvement in HCC is more evident in experimental conditions than in human studies. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and its product Angiotensin (Ang) 1-7, not only regulate HSC autophagy and liver fibrosis, but they also represent potential targets for unexplored applications in the field of HCC. Finally, ACE2 overexpression inhibits HSC autophagy through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. In this case, Ang 1-7 acts binding to the MasR, and its agonists could modulate this pathway. However, since AMPK utilizes different targets to suppress the mTOR downstream complex mTOR complex 1 effectively, we still need to unravel the entire pathway to identify other potential targets for the therapy of fibrosis and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Barone
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine - Jonian Area- University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
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7
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Zuo HJ, Ren XQ, Shi JS, Shi HL, Guo K, Wang PX, Zhao M, Li JJ. Gastrodin regulates the expression of renin-angiotensin system-SIRT3 and proinflammatory mediators in reactive astrocytes via activated microglia. Eur J Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38711280 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Gastrodin, an anti-inflammatory herbal agent, is known to suppress microglia activation. Here, we investigated whether it would exert a similar effect in reactive astrocytes and whether it might act through the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and sirtuin 3 (SIRT3). Angiotensinogen (ATO), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptor and SIRT3 expression was detected in TNC-1 astrocytes treated with BV-2 microglia conditioned medium (CM) with or without gastrodin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pre-treatment by RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and western blotting analysis. Expression of C3 (A1 astrocyte marker), S100A10 (A2 astrocyte marker), proinflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors was then evaluated. The results showed a significant increase of ATO, ACE, AT1, SIRT3, C3, proinflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors expression in TNC-1 astrocytes incubated in CM + LPS when compared with cells incubated in the CM, but AT2 and S100A10 expression was reduced. TNC-1 astrocytes responded vigorously to BV-2 CM treated with gastrodin + LPS as compared with the control. This was evident by the decreased expression of the abovementioned protein markers, except for AT2 and S100A10. Interestingly, SIRT3, IGF-1 and BDNF expression was enhanced, suggesting that gastrodin inhibited the expression of RAS and proinflammatory mediators but promoted the expression of neurotrophic factors. And gastrodin regulated the phenotypic changes of astrocytes through AT1. Additionally, azilsartan (a specific inhibitor of AT1) inhibited the expression of C3 and S100A10, which remained unaffected in gastrodin and azilsartan combination treatment. These findings provide evidence that gastrodin may have a therapeutic effect via regulating RAS-SIRT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jun Zuo
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xue-Qi Ren
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jin-Sha Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hao-Long Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Kun Guo
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Peng-Xiang Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Juan-Juan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Graczyk P, Dach A, Dyrka K, Pawlik A. Pathophysiology and Advances in the Therapy of Cardiomyopathy in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5027. [PMID: 38732253 PMCID: PMC11084712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25095027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known as the first non-communicable global epidemic. It is estimated that 537 million people have DM, but the condition has been properly diagnosed in less than half of these patients. Despite numerous preventive measures, the number of DM cases is steadily increasing. The state of chronic hyperglycaemia in the body leads to numerous complications, including diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). A number of pathophysiological mechanisms are behind the development and progression of cardiomyopathy, including increased oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, increased synthesis of advanced glycation products and overexpression of the biosynthetic pathway of certain compounds, such as hexosamine. There is extensive research on the treatment of DCM, and there are a number of therapies that can stop the development of this complication. Among the compounds used to treat DCM are antiglycaemic drugs, hypoglycaemic drugs and drugs used to treat myocardial failure. An important element in combating DCM that should be kept in mind is a healthy lifestyle-a well-balanced diet and physical activity. There is also a group of compounds-including coenzyme Q10, antioxidants and modulators of signalling pathways and inflammatory processes, among others-that are being researched continuously, and their introduction into routine therapies is likely to result in greater control and more effective treatment of DM in the future. This paper summarises the latest recommendations for lifestyle and pharmacological treatment of cardiomyopathy in patients with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Graczyk
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.G.); (A.D.)
| | - Aleksandra Dach
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.G.); (A.D.)
| | - Kamil Dyrka
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.G.); (A.D.)
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Mosquera-Sulbaran JA, Pedreañez A, Carrero Y, Hernandez-Fonseca JP. Angiotensin II and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Clin Exp Nephrol 2024; 28:359-374. [PMID: 38170299 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-023-02446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a consequence of the infection by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. During this infection, various immunological processes generated by streptococcal antigens are triggered, such as the induction of antibodies and immune complexes. This activation of the immune system involves both innate and acquired immunity. The immunological events that occur at the renal level lead to kidney damage with chronic renal failure as well as resolution of the pathological process (in most cases). Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a molecule with vasopressor and pro-inflammatory capacities, being an important factor in various inflammatory processes. During PSGN some events are defined that make Ang II conceivable as a molecule involved in the inflammatory processes during the disease. CONCLUSION This review is focused on defining which reported events would be related to the presence of this hormone in PSGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus A Mosquera-Sulbaran
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, MaracaiboZulia, 4001-A, Venezuela.
| | - Adriana Pedreañez
- Facultad de Medicina, Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Bioanálisis, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Yenddy Carrero
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, MaracaiboZulia, 4001-A, Venezuela
| | - Juan Pablo Hernandez-Fonseca
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, MaracaiboZulia, 4001-A, Venezuela
- Servicio de Microscopia Electrónica del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Feng J, Huang X, Xu Q, Tang R, Zhou Y, Qin S, Xing S, Gao Y, Mei S, He Z. Pharmacological inhibition of the ACE/Ang-2/AT1 axis alleviates mechanical ventilation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111855. [PMID: 38493697 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation (MV) is an essential therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary fibrosis. However, it can also induce mechanical ventilation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (MVPF) and the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Based on a mouse model of MVPF, the present study aimed to explore the role of the angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin II/angiotensin type 1 receptor (ACE/Ang-2/AT1R) axis in the process of MVPF. In addition, recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(rACE2), AT1R inhibitor valsartan, AGTR1-directed shRNA and ACE inhibitor perindopril were applied to verify the effect of inhibiting ACE/Ang-2/AT1R axis in the treatment of MVPF. Our study found MV induced an inflammatory reaction and collagen deposition in mouse lung tissue accompanied by the activation of ACE in lung tissue, increased concentration of Ang-2 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and upregulation of AT1R in alveolar epithelial cells. The process of pulmonary fibrosis could be alleviated by the application of the ACE inhibitor perindopril, ATIR inhibitor valsartan and AGTR1-directed shRNA. Meanwhile, rACE2 could also alleviate MVPF through the degradation of Ang-2. Our finding indicated the ACE/Ang-2/AT1R axis played an essential role in the pathogenesis of MVPF. Pharmacological inhibition of the ACE/Ang-2/AT1R axis might be a promising strategy for the treatment of MVPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Qiaoyi Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ri Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Shaojie Qin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Shunpeng Xing
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Shuya Mei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Zhengyu He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
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11
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Lin DW, Yang TM, Ho C, Shih YH, Lin CL, Hsu YC. Targeting Macrophages: Therapeutic Approaches in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4350. [PMID: 38673935 PMCID: PMC11050450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is not solely a metabolic disorder but also involves inflammatory processes. The immune response it incites is a primary contributor to damage in target organs. Research indicates that during the initial phases of diabetic nephropathy, macrophages infiltrate the kidneys alongside lymphocytes, initiating a cascade of inflammatory reactions. The interplay between macrophages and other renal cells is pivotal in the advancement of kidney disease within a hyperglycemic milieu. While M1 macrophages react to the inflammatory stimuli induced by elevated glucose levels early in the disease progression, their subsequent transition to M2 macrophages, which possess anti-inflammatory and tissue repair properties, also contributes to fibrosis in the later stages of nephropathy by transforming into myofibroblasts. Comprehending the diverse functions of macrophages in diabetic kidney disease and regulating their activity could offer therapeutic benefits for managing this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi City 60069, Taiwan;
| | - Tsung-Ming Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng Ho
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsueh Shih
- Departments of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan;
- Departments of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10507, Taiwan
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chien Hsu
- Departments of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
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12
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Thomas H, Yoshimatsu Y, Thompson T, Smithard DG. The Potential Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Beta-Blockers in Reducing Pneumonia Severity in Older Adults. Cureus 2024; 16:e57463. [PMID: 38699106 PMCID: PMC11065118 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the impact of pharmacological therapy on pneumonia severity is crucial for effective clinical management. The impact of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) and beta-blockers (BBs) on pneumonia severity remains unknown, warranting further investigation. Methodology This retrospective study examined the hospital records of inpatients (≥75 years) admitted with community-acquired pneumonia in 2021. Pneumonia severity associated with the use of pre-established ACEi and BB therapy was documented using CURB-65 (confusion, uraemia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, age ≥65 years) and pneumonia severity index (PSI) scores. Descriptive statistics and multivariable linear regression were used to analyse differences across BB therapy, ACEi therapy, their combination, or neither (control group). Results A total of 803 patient records were examined, of whom 382 (47.6%) were male and 421 (52.4%) were female. Sample sizes for each group were as follows: control (n = 492), BB only (n = 185), ACEi only (n = 68), and BB + ACEi (n = 58). Distribution of aspiration pneumonia (AP) versus non-AP for each group, respectively, was control (21.1% vs. 78.9%), BB only (9.7% vs. 90.3%), ACEi only (7.3% vs. 92.7%), and ACEi + BB (12.1% vs. 87.9%). No significant differences in PSI and CURB-65 scores were found between intervention groups even after controlling for patient characteristics and irrespective of AP or non-AP aetiology. Patients with AP had significantly higher CURB-65 (p = 0.026) and PSI scores (p = 0.044) compared to those with non-AP. Conclusions Pre-prescribed ACEi or BB therapy did not appear to be associated with differences in pneumonia severity. There were no differences in pneumonia severity scores with ACEi and BB monotherapy or combined ACEi and BB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heledd Thomas
- Elderly Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, GBR
| | - Yuki Yoshimatsu
- Elderly Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, GBR
| | - Trevor Thompson
- Centre for Chronic Illness and Ageing, University of Greenwich, London, GBR
| | - David G Smithard
- Elderly Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, GBR
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13
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Hamouda HA, Sayed RH, Eid NI, El-Sayeh BM. Azilsartan Attenuates 3-Nitropropinoic Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats: The Role of IĸB/NF-ĸB and KEAP1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathways. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1017-1033. [PMID: 38184805 PMCID: PMC10901959 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, psychiatric and cognitive symptoms. Injection of 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is a widely used experimental model for induction of HD. The current study aimed to inspect the potential neuroprotective properties of azilsartan (Azil), an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ATR1), in 3-NP-induced striatal neurotoxicity in rats. Rats were randomly allocated into five groups and treated for 14 days as follows: group I received normal saline; group II received Azil (10 mg/kg, p.o.); group III received 3-NP (10 mg/kg, i.p); group IV and V received Azil (5 or 10 mg/kg, p.o, respectively) 1 h prior to 3-NP injection. Both doses of Azil markedly attenuated motor and behavioural dysfunction as well as striatal histopathological alterations caused by 3-NP. In addition, Azil balanced striatal neurotransmitters levels as evidenced by the increase of striatal gamma-aminobutyric acid content and the decrease of glutamate content. Azil also amended neuroinflammation and oxidative stress via modulating IĸB/NF-ĸB and KEAP1/Nrf2 downstream signalling pathways, as well as reducing iNOS and COX2 levels. Moreover, Azil demonstrated an anti-apoptotic activity by reducing caspase-3 level and BAX/BCL2 ratio. In conclusion, the present study reveals the neuroprotective potential of Azil in 3-NP-induced behavioural, histopathological and biochemical changes in rats. These findings might be attributed to inhibition of ATR1/NF-κB signalling, modulation of Nrf2/KEAP1 signalling, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend A Hamouda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Rabab H Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
- School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Nihad I Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Bahia M El-Sayeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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14
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He Z, Xu X, Zhao Q, Ding H, Wang DW. Vasospastic angina: Past, present, and future. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 249:108500. [PMID: 37482097 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Vasospastic angina (VSA) is characterized by episodes of rest angina that are responsive to short-acting nitrates and are attributable to coronary artery vasospasm. The condition is underdiagnosed as the provocation test is rarely performed. VSA, the most important component of non-obstructive coronary artery disease, can present with angina, be asymptomatic, or can even present with fatal arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Although most patients with VSA respond well to vasodilating medications, prognosis does not improve as expected in most patients, suggesting the existence elusive prognostic factors and pathogenesis that warrant further exploration. Moreover, patients with either severe or refractory VSA barely respond to conventional treatment and may develop life-threatening arrhythmias or suffer sudden cardiac death during ischemic attacks, which are associated with immune-inflammatory responses and have been shown to achieve remission following glucocorticoid and immunoglobulin treatments. Our recent work revealed that inflammation plays a key role in the initiation and development of coronary spasms, and that inflammatory cytokines have predictive value for diagnosis. In contrast to the existing literature, this review both summarizes the theoretical and clinical aspects of VSA, and also discusses the relationship between inflammation, especially myocarditis and VSA, in order to provide novel insights into the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of VSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuowen He
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qu Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hu Ding
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China.
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15
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Zambom FFF, Albino AH, Tessaro HM, Foresto-Neto O, Malheiros DMAC, Saraiva Camara NO, Zatz R. Chronic environmental hypoxia attenuates innate immunity activation and renal injury in two CKD models. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F283-F298. [PMID: 37439199 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00200.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue hypoxia has been pointed out as a major pathogenic factor in chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, epidemiological and experimental evidence inconsistent with this notion has been described. We have previously reported that chronic exposure to low ambient Po2 promoted no renal injury in normal rats and in rats with 5/6 renal ablation (Nx) unexpectedly attenuated renal injury. In the present study, we investigated whether chronic exposure to low ambient Po2 would also be renoprotective in two additional models of CKD: adenine (ADE) excess and chronic nitric oxide (NO) inhibition. In both models, normobaric ambient hypoxia attenuated the development of renal injury and inflammation. In addition, renal hypoxia limited the activation of NF-κB and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome cascades as well as oxidative stress and intrarenal infiltration by angiotensin II-positive cells. Renal activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α, along with other adaptive mechanisms to hypoxia, may have contributed to these renoprotective effects. The present findings may contribute to unravel the pathogenesis of CKD and to the development of innovative strategies to arrest its progression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypoxia is regarded as a major pathogenic factor in chronic kidney disease (CKD). In disagreement with this view, we show here that sustained exposure to low ambient Po2 lessened kidney injury and inflammation in two CKD models: adenine (ADE) excess and chronic nitric oxide (NO) inhibition. Together with our previous findings in the remnant kidney, these observations indicate that local changes elicited by hypoxia may exert renoprotection in CKD, raising the prospect of novel therapeutic strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Helen Albino
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Mendonça Tessaro
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orestes Foresto-Neto
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Zatz
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Batista JPT, Faria AOVD, Ribeiro TFS, Simões E Silva AC. The Role of Renin-Angiotensin System in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1598. [PMID: 37511973 PMCID: PMC10381689 DOI: 10.3390/life13071598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy refers to myocardial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes, but without the traditional cardiovascular risk factors or overt clinical atherosclerosis and valvular disease. The activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, maladaptive immune responses, imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics, impaired myocyte autophagy, increased myocyte apoptosis, and fibrosis contribute to diabetic cardiomyopathy. This review summarizes the studies that address the link between cardiomyopathy and the RAS in humans and presents proposed pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this association. The RAS plays an important role in the development and progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The over-activation of the classical RAS axis in diabetes leads to the increased production of angiotensin (Ang) II, angiotensin type 1 receptor activation, and aldosterone release, contributing to increased oxidative stress, fibrosis, and cardiac remodeling. In contrast, Ang-(1-7) suppresses oxidative stress, inhibits tissue fibrosis, and prevents extensive cardiac remodeling. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers improve heart functioning and reduce the occurrence of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Experimental studies also show beneficial effects for Ang-(1-7) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 infusion in improving heart functioning and tissue injury. Further research is necessary to fully understand the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy and to translate experimental findings into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Thimotheo Batista
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - André Oliveira Vilela de Faria
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Thomas Felipe Silva Ribeiro
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
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17
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Sansoè G, Aragno M. New Viral Diseases and New Possible Remedies by Means of the Pharmacology of the Renin-Angiotensin System. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2023; 2023:3362391. [PMID: 37476705 PMCID: PMC10356449 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3362391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
All strains of SARS-CoV-2, as well as previously described SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, bind to ACE2, the cell membrane receptor of β-coronaviruses. Monocarboxypeptidase ACE2 activity stops upon viral entry into cells, leading to inadequate tissue production of angiotensin 1-7 (Ang1-7). Acute lung injury due to the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) or avian influenza A H7N9 and H5N1 viruses is also characterized by significant downregulation of lung ACE2 and increased systemic levels of angiotensin II (Ang II). Restoration of Ang1-7 anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, vasodilating, and natriuretic properties was attempted at least in some COVID-19 patients through i.v. infusion of recombinant human ACE2 or intranasal administration of the modified ACE2 protein, with inconsistent clinical results. Conversely, use of ACE inhibitors (ACEis), which increase ACE2 cell expression, seemed to improve the prognosis of hypertensive patients with COVID-19. To restore Ang1-7 tissue levels in all these viral diseases and avoid the untoward effects frequently seen with ACE2 systemic administration, a different strategy may be hypothesized. Experimentally, when metallopeptidase inhibitors block ACE2, neprilysin (NEP), highly expressed in higher and lower airways, starts cleaving angiotensin I (Ang I) into Ang1-7. We suggest a discerning use of ACEis in normohypertensive patients with β-coronavirus disease as well as in atypical pneumonia caused by avian influenza viruses or hRSV to block the main ACE-dependent effects: Ang II synthesis and Ang1-7 degradation into angiotensin 1-5. At the same time, i.v.-infused Ang I, which is not hypertensive provided ACE is inhibited, may become the primary substrate for local Ang1-7 synthesis via ubiquitous NEP; i.e., NEP could replace inadequate ACE2 function if Ang I was freely available. Moreover, inhibitors of chymase, a serine endopeptidase responsible for 80% of Ang II-forming activity in tissues and vessel walls, could protect patients with atypical pneumonia from Ang II-mediated microvascular damage without reducing arterial blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sansoè
- Gastroenterology Unit, Humanitas Institute, Gradenigo Hospital, Corso Regina Margherita 10, 10153 Torino, Italy
| | - Manuela Aragno
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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18
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Mosquera-Sulbaran JA, Pedreañez A, Hernandez-Fonseca JP, Hernandez-Fonseca H. Angiotensin II and dengue. Arch Virol 2023; 168:191. [PMID: 37368044 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is a disease caused by a flavivirus that is transmitted principally by the bite of an Aedes aegypti mosquito and represents a major public-health problem. Many studies have been carried out to identify soluble factors that are involved in the pathogenesis of this infection. Cytokines, soluble factors, and oxidative stress have been reported to be involved in the development of severe disease. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a hormone with the ability to induce the production of cytokines and soluble factors related to the inflammatory processes and coagulation disorders observed in dengue. However, a direct involvement of Ang II in this disease has not been demonstrated. This review primarily summarizes the pathophysiology of dengue, the role of Ang II in various diseases, and reports that are highly suggestive of the involvement of this hormone in dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus A Mosquera-Sulbaran
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, 4001-A, Venezuela.
| | - Adriana Pedreañez
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Bioanálisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Juan Pablo Hernandez-Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, 4001-A, Venezuela
- Servicio de Microscopia Electronica del Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB- CSIC) Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Hugo Hernandez-Fonseca
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint George's University, True Blue, West Indies, Grenada
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19
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Alaa A, Sarhan N, Lotfy El-Ansary MG, Bazan NS, Farouk K, Ismail RS, Schalaan MF, Abd-Allah ARA. Association between genetic polymorphism, severity, and treatment response among COVID-19 infected Egyptian patients. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1209286. [PMID: 37426824 PMCID: PMC10323191 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1209286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The world has been suffering from the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic since the end of 2019. The COVID-19-infected patients differ in the severity of the infection and the treatment response. Several studies have been conducted to explore the factors that affect the severity of COVID-19 infection. One of these factors is the polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and the type 2 transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2) genes since these two proteins have a role in the entry of the virus into the cell. Also, the ACE-1 regulates the ACE-2 expression, so it is speculated to influence the COVID-19 severity. Objective: This study investigates the relationship between the ACE-1, ACE-2, and TMPRSS2 genes single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and the COVID-19 disease severity, treatment response, need for hospitalization, and ICU admission in Egyptian patients. Patients and Methods: The current study is an observational prospective, cohort study, in which 109 total COVID-19 patients and 20 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Of those 109 patients, 51 patients were infected with the non-severe disease and were treated in an outpatient setting, and 58 suffered from severe disease and required hospitalization and were admitted to the ICU. All 109 COVID-19 patients received the treatment according to the Egyptian treatment protocol. Results: Genotypes and allele frequencies among severe and non-severe patients were determined for ACE-1 rs4343, TMPRSS2 rs12329760, and ACE-2 rs908004. The GG genotype and the wild allele of the ACE-2 rs908004 and the mutant allele of the ACE-1 rs4343 were significantly more predominant in severe patients. In contrast, no significant association existed between the TMPRSS2 rs12329760 genotypes or alleles and the disease severity. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the ACE-1 and ACE-2 SNPs can be used as severity predictors for COVID-19 infection since also they have an effect on length of hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Alaa
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neven Sarhan
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Naglaa Samir Bazan
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Kasr Al Ainy Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled Farouk
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Kasr Al Ainy Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Raed Shahat Ismail
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Farag Schalaan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adel R. A. Abd-Allah
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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20
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Nakagawasai O, Takahashi K, Koyama T, Yamagata R, Nemoto W, Tan-No K. Activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 produces an antidepressant-like effect via MAS receptors in mice. Mol Brain 2023; 16:52. [PMID: 37312182 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang)-converting-enzyme (ACE) 2 converts Ang II into Ang (1-7), which in turn acts on MAS receptors (ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MAS receptors pathway). This pathway has neuroprotective properties, making it a potential therapeutic target for psychiatric disorders such as depression. Thus, we examined the effects of diminazene aceturate (DIZE), an ACE2 activator, on depressive-like behavior using behavioral, pharmacological, and biochemical assays. To determine whether DIZE or Ang (1-7) produce antidepressant-like effects, we measured the duration of immobility of mice in the tail suspension test following their intracerebroventricular administration. Next, we measured the levels of ACE2 activation in the cerebral cortex, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala after DIZE injection, and examined which cell types, including neurons, microglia, and astrocytes, express ACE2 in the hippocampus using immunofluorescence. Administration of DIZE or Ang (1-7) significantly shortened the duration of immobility time in the tail suspension test, while this effect was inhibited by the co-administration of the MAS receptor antagonist A779. DIZE activated ACE2 in the hippocampus. ACE2 was localized to neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in the hippocampus. In conclusion, these results suggest that DIZE may act on ACE2-positive cells in the hippocampus where it increases the activity of ACE2, thereby enhancing signaling of the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MAS receptor pathway and resulting in antidepressant-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Nakagawasai
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Kohei Takahashi
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, 324-8501, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Taisei Koyama
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ryota Yamagata
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Wataru Nemoto
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koichi Tan-No
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Miyagi, Japan
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21
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Timaru-Kast R, Coronel-Castello SP, Krämer TJ, Hugonnet AV, Schäfer MKE, Sebastiani A, Thal SC. AT 1 inhibition mediated neuroprotection after experimental traumatic brain injury is dependent on neutrophils in male mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7413. [PMID: 37150755 PMCID: PMC10164737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
After traumatic brain injury (TBI) cerebral inflammation with invasion of neutrophils and lymphocytes is a crucial factor in the process of secondary brain damage. In TBI the intrinsic renin-angiotensin system is an important mediator of cerebral inflammation, as inhibition of the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) reduces secondary brain damage and the invasion of neutrophil granulocytes into injured cerebral tissue. The current study explored the involvement of immune cells in neuroprotection mediated by AT1 inhibition following experimental TBI. Four different cohorts of male mice were examined, investigating the effects of neutropenia (anti-Ly6G antibody mediated neutrophil depletion; C57BL/6), lymphopenia (RAG1 deficiency, RAG1-/-), and their combination with candesartan-mediated AT1 inhibition. The present results showed that reduction of neutrophils and lymphocytes, as well as AT1 inhibition in wild type and RAG1-/- mice, reduced brain damage and neuroinflammation after TBI. However, in neutropenic mice, candesartan did not have an effect. Interestingly, AT1 inhibition was found to be neuroprotective in RAG1-/- mice but not in neutropenic mice. The findings suggest that AT1 inhibition may exert neuroprotection by reducing the inflammation caused by neutrophils, ultimately leading to a decrease in their invasion into cerebral tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Timaru-Kast
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Shila P Coronel-Castello
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias J Krämer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Strasse 50, 58455, Witten, Germany
| | - André V Hugonnet
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Sebastiani
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, University of Witten/Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Serge C Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, University of Witten/Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
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22
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Khan YH, Qasim S, Uttra AM, Alotaibi NH, Alanzi AS, Alzarea AI, Alatawi AD, Hussain T. Enalapril attenuated CFA provoked arthritic manifestation by modulating proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine network. Life Sci 2023; 324:121742. [PMID: 37146938 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Enalapril with documented anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated in current investigation to explore its anti-arthritic efficacy. For anti-arthritic evaluation of enalapril, CFA-instigated arthritic model was employed after which various parameters comprising paw volume, body weight, arthritic index, hematological and biochemical parameters, radiographic analysis and level of various cytokines were estimated. Enalapril demonstrated significant (p˂0.001) anti-arthritic activity by suppressing paw volume, arthritic index while preserved CFA instigated weight loss. Likewise, enalapril also normalized the hematological and biochemical alterations, suppressed the level of proinflammatory cytokines with elevation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Radiographic and histopathological analysis also further validates the anti-arthritic attribute of enalapril where enalapril preserved the normal architecture of arthritis induced joints. Outcomes of the study pointed out a notable anti-arthritic activity of enalapril. However detailed mechanistic studies are still required to point out the exact mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusra Habib Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sumera Qasim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ambreen Malik Uttra
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Nasser H Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdulaziz I Alzarea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad D Alatawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tauqeer Hussain
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Giannotta G, Murrone A, Giannotta N. COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines: The Molecular Basis of Some Adverse Events. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040747. [PMID: 37112659 PMCID: PMC10145134 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Each injection of any known vaccine results in a strong expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This is the result of the innate immune system activation, without which no adaptive response to the injection of vaccines is possible. Unfortunately, the degree of inflammation produced by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines is variable, probably depending on genetic background and previous immune experiences, which through epigenetic modifications could have made the innate immune system of each individual tolerant or reactive to subsequent immune stimulations.We hypothesize that we can move from a limited pro-inflammatory condition to conditions of increasing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can culminate in multisystem hyperinflammatory syndromes following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (MIS-V). We have graphically represented this idea in a hypothetical inflammatory pyramid (IP) and we have correlated the time factor to the degree of inflammation produced after the injection of vaccines. Furthermore, we have placed the clinical manifestations within this hypothetical IP, correlating them to the degree of inflammation produced. Surprisingly, excluding the possible presence of an early MIS-V, the time factor and the complexity of clinical manifestations are correlated to the increasing degree of inflammation: symptoms, heart disease and syndromes (MIS-V).
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24
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Battini V, Rocca S, Guarnieri G, Bombelli A, Gringeri M, Mosini G, Pozzi M, Nobile M, Radice S, Clementi E, Schindler A, Carnovale C, Pizzorni N. On the potential of drug repurposing in dysphagia treatment: New insights from a real-world pharmacovigilance study and a systematic review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1057301. [PMID: 36937893 PMCID: PMC10022593 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1057301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Polypharmacy is common in patients with dysphagia. Routinely used drugs may influence swallowing function either improving or worsening it. We aimed to explore the potential effects of three commonly used drug classes on dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia through a systematic review and a real-world data analysis to probe the possibility of drug repurposing for dysphagia treatment. Material and Methods: Five electronic databases were searched. Studies on adults at risk for dysphagia, treated with Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors (DPP-4i), Adrenergic Beta-Antagonists (beta-blockers), or Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEi), and reporting outcomes on dysphagia or aspiration pneumonia were included. A nested case/non-case study was performed on adverse events recorded in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) on patients >64 years. Cases (dysphagia or aspiration pneumonia) were compared between patients only treated with Levodopa and patients who were concomitantly treated with the drugs of interest. Results: Twenty studies were included in the review (17 on ACEi, 2 on beta-blockers, and 1 on DPP-4i). Contrasting findings on the effects of ACEi were found, with a protective effect mainly reported in Asian studies on neurological patients. Beta-blockers were associated with a reduced dysphagia rate. The study on DPP-4i suggested no effect on dysphagia and an increased risk of aspiration pneumonia. The FAERS analysis showed a reduction of the risk for dysphagia/aspiration pneumonia with ACEi, beta-blockers, and DPP-4i. Conclusion: Our study explores the potential drug repurposing of ACEi, beta-blockers and DPP-4i in neurological patients with dysphagia to improve swallowing function and reduce aspiration pneumonia risk. Future randomized controlled studies should confirm these results and clarify the underlying mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Battini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pharmacovigilance & Clinical Research, International Centre for Pesticides and Health Risk Prevention, “Luigi Sacco” University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Rocca
- Phoniatric Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, “Luigi Sacco” University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Greta Guarnieri
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pharmacovigilance & Clinical Research, International Centre for Pesticides and Health Risk Prevention, “Luigi Sacco” University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Bombelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pharmacovigilance & Clinical Research, International Centre for Pesticides and Health Risk Prevention, “Luigi Sacco” University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Gringeri
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pharmacovigilance & Clinical Research, International Centre for Pesticides and Health Risk Prevention, “Luigi Sacco” University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Mosini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pharmacovigilance & Clinical Research, International Centre for Pesticides and Health Risk Prevention, “Luigi Sacco” University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Pozzi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini(LC), Italy
| | - Maria Nobile
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini(LC), Italy
| | - Sonia Radice
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pharmacovigilance & Clinical Research, International Centre for Pesticides and Health Risk Prevention, “Luigi Sacco” University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pharmacovigilance & Clinical Research, International Centre for Pesticides and Health Risk Prevention, “Luigi Sacco” University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini(LC), Italy
| | - Antonio Schindler
- Phoniatric Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, “Luigi Sacco” University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Carnovale
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pharmacovigilance & Clinical Research, International Centre for Pesticides and Health Risk Prevention, “Luigi Sacco” University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Carla Carnovale,
| | - Nicole Pizzorni
- Phoniatric Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, “Luigi Sacco” University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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25
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Dysregulated ACE/Ang II/Ang1-7 signaling provokes cardiovascular and inflammatory sequelae of endotoxemia in weaning preeclamptic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 936:175344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Fu H, Zhu H. Geniposidic acid protects lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 44:984-992. [PMID: 35770920 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2096465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common respiratory disease and is a serious threat to human health due to the lack of effective treatment. Geniposidic acid (GPA) is an iridoid glucoside extracted from Gardeniae jasminoides Ellis and can treat inflammation-related diseases. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory functions of GPA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI and its potential mechanism, providing effective strategies for the clinical treatment of ALI. METHODS ALI models were constructed by LPS in Sprague-Dawley rats and pulmonary epithelial cells. The function of GPA was investigated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, lung function assessment, Western blot, Masson staining, and Sirius Red staining, quantitative real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cell counting kit-8 assay, apoptosis analysis, and immunofluorescence assays. RESULTS Functionally, GPA increased survival, relieved pulmonary epithelial function in response to LPS, repressed pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation caused by ALI in vivo; GPA also repressed pulmonary epithelial cell injury and inflammation induced by LPS in vitro. Mechanistically, GPA decreased the protein levels of TLR4 and MyD88 and accelerated the nuclear export of p65, suggesting that GPA repressed the activation of p65. CONCLUSION GPA protected LPS-induced ALI through the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, China
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27
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Angiotensin II - A Brief Review and Role in Severe SARS-COV-2 Sepsis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2022; 36:4496-4500. [PMID: 35995637 PMCID: PMC9304073 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), whose major vasopressor effector is angiotensin II (ATII), has multiple activities and regulates sodium-water homeostasis and fluid and blood pressure homeostasis. RAAS plays a crucial role in cardiocirculatory shock because it counteracts hypotension and hypovolemia by activating different physiologic responses. Based on the encouraging results of the ATHOS-3 trial, the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency approved the use of ATII for catecholamine-resistant vasodilatory shock. More recently, ATII was used for the compassionate treatment of critically ill patients with COVID-19. Beyond its vasopressor properties, ATII was hypothesized to have antiviral activity because it induces internalization and degradation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors used by SARS-Cov-2 to infect cells. Overall, the use of ATII in patients with COVID-19 showed promising results because its administration was associated with the achievement and maintenance of target mean arterial pressure, increased PaO2/FIO2 ratio, and decreased FIO2. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the available knowledge on the use of ATII in patients with COVID-19.
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28
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Liu Y, Duan Y, Zhao N, Zhu X, Yu X, Jiao S, Song Y, Shi L, Ma Y, Wang X, Yu B, Qu A. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Attenuates Hypertensive Vascular Remodeling by Protecting Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Angiotensin II-Induced ROS Production. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122378. [PMID: 36552585 PMCID: PMC9774484 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is the fundamental basis for hypertensive disease, in which vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction plays an essential role. Previous studies suggest that the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) by fibrate drugs has cardiovascular benefits independent of the lipid-lowering effects. However, the underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. This study explored the role of PPARα in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced vascular remodeling and hypertension using VSMC-specific Ppara-deficient mice. The PPARα expression was markedly downregulated in the VSMCs upon Ang II treatment. A PPARα deficiency in the VSMC significantly aggravated the Ang II-induced hypertension and vascular stiffness, with little influence on the cardiac function. The morphological analyses demonstrated that VSMC-specific Ppara-deficient mice exhibited an aggravated vascular remodeling and oxidative stress. In vitro, a PPARα deficiency dramatically increased the production of mitochondrial reactive oxidative species (ROS) in Ang II-treated primary VSMCs. Finally, the PPARα activation by Wy14643 improved the Ang II-induced ROS production and vascular remodeling in a VSMC PPARα-dependent manner. Taken together, these data suggest that PPARα plays a critical protective role in Ang II-induced hypertension via attenuating ROS production in VSMCs, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for hypertensive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yan Duan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xinxin Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoting Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shiyu Jiao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanting Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yutao Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Baoqi Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
- Correspondence:
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29
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Rezaei M, Mohammadpour H, Eftekhari M, Pourabdollah M, Nasr Azadani F, Tabarsi P, Marjani M, Ziai SA. The role of angiotensin I converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism in the severity and outcomes of COVID-19 patients. Front Genet 2022; 13:1035796. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1035796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease in 2019 has led to a global crisis. COVID-19 shows distinct clinical manifestations of the severity of symptoms. Numerous patients with no associated risk factors demonstrate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The role of genetic factors in determining the severity and outcome of the disease remains unresolved. The purpose of this study was to see if a correlation exists between Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and the severity of COVID-19 patients’ symptoms. 120 COVID-19 patients admitted to Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran with their consent to participate entered the study. Based on the World Health Organization classification, patients were divided into moderate and severe groups, which were primarily affected by O2 saturation levels. The effects of the patients’ ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism, background disease, Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) drug consumption, and demographic parameters on the severity risk were calculated statistically. The ACE D allele was associated with an increased risk of disease severity (OR = 6.766, p = 0.012), but had no effect on mortality.
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30
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Restrepo Y, Noto N, Speth R. CGP42112: the full AT2 receptor agonist and its role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: no longer misunderstood. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1513-1533. [PMID: 36326719 PMCID: PMC9638965 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
For years, the AT2R-selective ligand CGP42112 has been erroneously characterized as a partial agonist, partly due to its ability to also interact with the AT1R at high concentrations. As late as 2009, it was still being characterized as an antagonist as well. In this perspective/opinion piece, we try to resolve the ambiguity that surrounds the efficacy of this compound by extensively reviewing the literature, tracing its beginnings to 1989, showing that CGP42112 has never been convincingly shown to be a partial agonist or an antagonist at the AT2R. While CGP42112 is now routinely characterized as an AT2R agonist, regrettably, there is a paucity of studies that can validate its efficacy as a full agonist at the AT2R, leaving the door open for continuing speculation regarding the extent of its efficacy. Hopefully, the information presented in this perspective/opinion piece will firmly establish CGP42112 as a full agonist at the AT2R such that it can once again be used as a tool to study the AT2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmin M. Restrepo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, U.S.A
| | - Natalia M. Noto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, U.S.A
| | - Robert C. Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, U.S.A
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, U.S.A
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31
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Mosquera-Sulbarán J, Ryder E, Pedreáñez A, Vargas R. Angiotensin II and human obesity. A narrative review of the pathogenesis. INVESTIGACIÓN CLÍNICA 2022. [DOI: 10.54817/ic.v63n4a09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a hormone and the main effector of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This peptide has crucial pathophysiologi-cal effects on hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, endothelial proliferation, in-flammation and tissue remodelling through G protein-coupled receptors. The pro-inflammatory role of Ang II has been reported in various inflammatory pro-cesses. Obesity is linked to a chronic inflammatory process which in turn is the cause of some of its morbidities. Ang II is related to the comorbidities related to the comorbidities of obesity, which include alterations in the heart, kid-ney, hypertension and coagulation. In this regard, activation of AT1 receptors by Ang II can induce an inflammatory process mediated by the transcription factor NF-kB, triggering inflammation in various systems that are related to the comorbidities observed in obesity. The aim of this review was to highlight the pro-inflammatory effects of Ang II and the alterations induced by this hor-mone in various organs and systems in obesity. The search was done since 1990 through Medline, EMBASE and PubMed, using the keywords: angiotensin II; an-giotensin II, obesity; angiotensin II, kidney, obesity; angiotensin II, coagulation, obesity; angiotensin II, inflammation, obesity; angiotensin II, adipose tissue, obesity; angiotensin II, hypertension, obesity; angiotensin II, insulin resistance, obesity; angiotensin II, adiponectin, leptin, obesity; angiotensin II, COVID-19, obesity. Angiotensin II through its interaction with its AT1 receptor, can induce alterations in diverse systems that are related to the comorbidities observed in obesity. Therapeutic strategies to decrease the production and action of Ang II could improve the clinical conditions in individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mosquera-Sulbarán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas “Dr. Américo Negrette”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Elena Ryder
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas “Dr. Américo Negrette”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Adriana Pedreáñez
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Bioanálisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Renata Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas “Dr. Américo Negrette”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
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Wang H, Tian Y, Zhang Q, Liu W, Meng L, Jiang X, Xin Y. Essential role of Nrf2 in sulforaphane-induced protection against angiotensin II-induced aortic injury. Life Sci 2022; 306:120780. [PMID: 35839861 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Inflammation and oxidative stress are the primary factors underlying angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced aortic damage. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important antioxidative stress factor. Sulforaphane (SFN), which is naturally found in cruciferous vegetables, is an Nrf2 agonist that is safe for oral administration. Here, we aimed to explore the potential of SFN in protecting against Ang II-induced aortic damage by upregulating Nrf2 expression via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β)/Fyn pathway. MAIN METHODS AND KEY FINDINGS Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J and Nrf2-knockout (Nrf2-KO) mice were injected with Ang II to induce aortic inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiac remodeling (increased fibrosis and wall thickness). SFN treatment prevented aortic damage via Nrf2 activation in the WT mice. However, the protective effect of SFN on Ang II-induced aortic damage and upregulation of genes downstream of Nrf2 were not observed in Nrf2-KO mice. SFN induced the upregulation of aortic Nrf2 and inhibited the accumulation of ERK, GSK-3β, and Fyn in the nuclei. SIGNIFICANCE These results revealed that Nrf2 plays a central role in protecting against Ang II-induced aortic injury. Furthermore, SFN prevented Ang II-induced aortic damage by activating Nrf2 through the ERK/GSK-3β/Fyn pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Qihe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Wenyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Lingbin Meng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Xin Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Turk S, Baesmat AS, Yılmaz A, Turk C, Malkan UY, Ucar G, Haznedaroğlu IC. NK-cell dysfunction of acute myeloid leukemia in relation to the renin–angiotensin system and neurotransmitter genes. Open Med (Wars) 2022; 17:1495-1506. [PMID: 36213442 PMCID: PMC9490854 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most heterogeneous hematological disorder and blast cells need to fight against immune system. Natural killer (NK) cells can elicit fast anti-tumor responses in response to surface receptors of tumor cells. NK-cell activity is often impaired in the disease, and there is a risk of insufficient tumor suppression and progression. The aim of this study is to assess the dysfunction of NK cells in AML patients via focusing on two important pathways. We obtained single-cell RNA-sequencing data from NK cells obtained from healthy donors and AML patients. The data were used to perform a wide variety of approaches, including DESeq2 (version 3.9), limma (version 3.26.8) power differential expression analyses, hierarchical clustering, gene set enrichment, and pathway analysis. ATP6AP2, LNPEP, PREP, IGF2R, CTSA, and THOP1 genes were found to be related to the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) family, while DPP3, GLRA3, CRCP, CHRNA5, CHRNE, and CHRNB1 genes were associated with the neurotransmitter pathways. The determined genes are expressed within different patterns in the AML and healthy groups. The relevant molecular pathways and clusters of genes were identified, as well. The cross-talks of NK-cell dysfunction in relation to the RAS and neurotransmitters seem to be important in the genesis of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyhan Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
| | - Ayriana Safari Baesmat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Yılmaz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
| | - Can Turk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
| | - Umit Yavuz Malkan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
| | - Gulberk Ucar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
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Lin K, Luo W, Yang N, Su L, Zhou H, Hu X, Wang Y, Khan ZA, Huang W, Wu G, Liang G. Inhibition of MyD88 attenuates angiotensin II-induced hypertensive kidney disease via regulating renal inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109218. [PMID: 36116148 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney damage is a frequent event in the course of hypertension. Recent researches highlighted a critical role of non-hemodynamic activities of angiotensin II (Ang II) in hypertension-associated kidney fibrosis and inflammation. These activities are mediated through toll-like receptors (TLRs) but the mechanisms by which Ang II links TLRs to downstream inflammatory and fibrogenic responses is not fully known. In this study, we investigated the role of TLR adapter protein called myeloid differentiation primary-response protein-88 (MyD88) as the potential link. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were administered Ang II by micro-osmotic pump infusion for 4 weeks to develop nephropathy. Mice were treated with small-molecule MyD88 inhibitor LM8. In vitro, MyD88 was blocked using siRNA or LM8 in Ang II-challenged renal tubular epithelial cells. RESULTS We show that MyD88 is mainly located in tubular epithelial cells and Ang II increases the interaction between TLR4 and MyD88. This interaction activates MAPKs and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), leading to increased production of inflammatory and fibrogenic factors. Inhibition of MyD88 by siRNA or selective inhibitor LM8 supresses MyD88-TLR4 interaction, NF-κB activation, and elaboration of inflammatory cytokines and fibrosis-associated factors. These protective actions resulted in decreased renal pathological changes and preserved renal function in LM8-treated hypertensive mice, without affecting hypertension. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that Ang II induces inflammation and fibrosis in renal tubular epithelial cells through MyD88 and present MyD88 as a potential point of intervention for hypertension-associated kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lin
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wu Luo
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China; Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Na Yang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lan Su
- Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiang Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
| | - Zia A Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Weijian Huang
- Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Gaojun Wu
- Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China; Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China.
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Ensminger DC, Wheeler ND, Al Makki R, Eads KN, Ashley NT. Contrasting effects of sleep fragmentation and angiotensin-II treatment upon pro-inflammatory responses of mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14763. [PMID: 36042284 PMCID: PMC9427781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Disordered sleep promotes inflammation in brain and peripheral tissues, but the mechanisms that regulate these responses are poorly understood. One hypothesis is that activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) from sleep loss elevates blood pressure to promote vascular sheer stress leading to inflammation. As catecholamines produced from SNS activation can directly regulate inflammation, we pharmacologically altered blood pressure using an alternative approach-manipulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Male C57BL6/J mice were treated with angiotensin or captopril to elevate and reduce blood pressure, respectively and then exposed to 24-h of sleep fragmentation (SF) or allowed to sleep (control). Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and as endothelial adhesion gene expression as well as serum glucocorticoids (corticosterone) were measured. RAS manipulation elevated cytokines and endothelial adhesion expression in heart and aorta while SF increased cytokine expression in peripheral tissues, but not brain. However, there were interactive effects of angiotensin-II and SF upon cytokine gene expression in hippocampus and hypothalamus, but not prefrontal cortex. SF, but not RAS manipulation, elevated serum corticosterone concentration. These findings highlight the contrasting effects of RAS manipulation and SF, implying that inflammation from SF is acting on different pathways that are largely independent of RAS manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Ensminger
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San Jose, CA, USA.
| | - Nicholas D Wheeler
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Reem Al Makki
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Kristen N Eads
- School of Physician Assistant Studies, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Noah T Ashley
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
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The Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Extremely Preterm Neonates Is More than a Hemodynamic Challenge: New Molecular Insights. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091179. [PMID: 36139018 PMCID: PMC9496182 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complications to preterm birth are numerous, including the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The biological understanding of the PDA is sparse and treatment remains controversial. Herein, we speculate whether the PDA is more than a cardiovascular imbalance, and may be a marker in response to immature core molecular and physiological processes driven by biological systems, such as inflammation. To achieve a new biological understanding of the PDA, we performed echocardiography and collected plasma samples on day 3 of life in 53 consecutively born neonates with a gestational age at birth below 28 completed weeks. The proteome of these samples was analyzed by mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) and immunoassay of 17 cytokines and chemokines. We found differences in 21 proteins and 8 cytokines between neonates with a large PDA (>1.5 mm) compared to neonates without a PDA. Amongst others, we found increased levels of angiotensinogen, periostin, pro-inflammatory associations, including interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-8, and anti-inflammatory associations, including IL-1RA and IL-10. Levels of complement factors C8 and carboxypeptidases were decreased. Our findings associate the PDA with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and immune- and complement systems, indicating that PDA goes beyond the persistence of a fetal circulatory connection of the great vessels.
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Timaru-Kast R, Garcia Bardon A, Luh C, Coronel-Castello SP, Songarj P, Griemert EV, Krämer TJ, Sebastiani A, Steckelings UM, Thal SC. AT2 activation does not influence brain damage in the early phase after experimental traumatic brain injury in male mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14280. [PMID: 35995819 PMCID: PMC9395341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonism of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) improves neurological function and reduces brain damage after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), which may be partly a result of enhanced indirect angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2) stimulation. AT2 stimulation was demonstrated to be neuroprotective via anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, and neuroregenerative mechanisms in experimental cerebral pathology models. We recently demonstrated an upregulation of AT2 after TBI suggesting a protective mechanism. The present study investigated the effect of post-traumatic (5 days after TBI) AT2 activation via high and low doses of a selective AT2 agonist, compound 21 (C21), compared to vehicle-treated controls. No differences in the extent of the TBI-induced lesions were found between both doses of C21 and the controls. We then tested AT2-knockdown animals for secondary brain damage after experimental TBI. Lesion volume and neurological outcomes in AT2-deficient mice were similar to those in wild-type control mice at both 24 h and 5 days post-trauma. Thus, in contrast to AT1 antagonism, AT2 modulation does not influence the initial pathophysiological mechanisms of TBI in the first 5 days after the insult, indicating that AT2 plays only a minor role in the early phase following trauma-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Timaru-Kast
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Andreas Garcia Bardon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Clara Luh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shila P Coronel-Castello
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Phuriphong Songarj
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Road Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Eva-Verena Griemert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias J Krämer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Anne Sebastiani
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal University of Witten/Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ulrike Muscha Steckelings
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Serge C Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal University of Witten/Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
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Exploring the Impact of ACE Inhibition in Immunity and Disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2022; 2022:9028969. [PMID: 36016727 PMCID: PMC9371878 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9028969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc-dependent dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase and is crucial in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) but also implicated in immune regulation. Intrinsic ACE has been detected in several immune cell populations, including macrophages and neutrophils, where its overexpression results in enhanced bactericidal and antitumour responses, independent of angiotensin II. With roles in antigen presentation and inflammation, the impact of ACE inhibitors must be explored to understand how ACE inhibition may impact our ability to clear infections or malignancy, particularly in the wake of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) pandemic and as antibiotic resistance grows. Patients using ACE inhibitors may be more at risk of postsurgical complications as ACE inhibition in human neutrophils results in decreased ROS and phagocytosis whilst angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have no effect. In contrast, ACE is also elevated in certain autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, and its inhibition benefits patient outcome where inflammatory immune cells are overactive. Although the ACE autoimmune landscape is changing, some studies have conflicting results and require further input. This review seeks to highlight the need for further research covering ACE inhibitor therapeutics and their potential role in improving autoimmune conditions, cancer, or how they may contribute to immunocompromise during infection and neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding ACE inhibition in immune cells is a developing field that will alter how ACE inhibitors are designed in future and aid in developing therapeutic interventions.
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Elevated Serum Levels of IgG4 in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Prospective Controlled Study. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081168. [PMID: 36009795 PMCID: PMC9404706 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Immunoglobulin gamma subclass 4 (IgG4) is a serum protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It has a central role in certain immune-mediated conditions defined as IgG4-related disease. There is a paucity of data regarding the potential association of IgG4 and cardiovascular diseases. Our aim is to study the serum levels of IgG4 in patients with ischemic and non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). (2) Methods: patients with ischemic and non-ischemic DCM were included in this study. Non-ischemic DCM was defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 40% without coronary artery disease (CAD). Ischemic DCM was defined as a LVEF < 40% and proven CAD. The serum concentrations of IgG4 were measured by turbidimetry. (3) Results: Overall 98 patients with cardiomyopathy had significantly higher levels of IgG4 compared with the control group (77.4 ± 64.0 vs. 50.3 ± 28.8 mg/dL, p < 0.01). Although there was no difference in the total IgG levels in patients with ischemic DCM, the serum concentrations of IgG4 were significantly higher than the corresponding values in the control group (89.8 ± 67.3 vs. 50.3 ± 28.8 mg/dL; interquartile ranges: 40.4−126.5 vs. 31.8−66.8 mg/dL, p < 0.01). This was altered by gender and smoking. (4) Conclusions: The patients with ischemic DCM had increased serum concentrations of IgG4. Future studies are warranted to explore the potential role of an IgG4-mediated process in patients with heart failure with reduced LVEF.
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40
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Moore GJ, Ridgway H, Kelaidonis K, Chasapis CT, Ligielli I, Mavromoustakos T, Bojarska J, Matsoukas JM. Actions of Novel Angiotensin Receptor Blocking Drugs, Bisartans, Relevant for COVID-19 Therapy: Biased Agonism at Angiotensin Receptors and the Beneficial Effects of Neprilysin in the Renin Angiotensin System. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154854. [PMID: 35956801 PMCID: PMC9369639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) used in the treatment of hypertension and potentially in SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit inverse agonist effects at angiotensin AR1 receptors, suggesting the receptor may have evolved to accommodate naturally occurring angiotensin ‘antipeptides’. Screening of the human genome has identified a peptide (EGVYVHPV) encoded by mRNA, complementary to that encoding ANG II itself, which is an inverse agonist. Thus, opposite strands of DNA encode peptides with opposite effects at AR1 receptors. Agonism and inverse agonism at AR1 receptors can be explained by a receptor ‘switching’ between an activated state invoking receptor dimerization/G protein coupling and an inverse agonist state mediated by an alternative/second messenger that is slow to reverse. Both receptor states appear to be driven by the formation of the ANG II charge-relay system involving TyrOH-His/imidazole-Carboxylate (analogous to serine proteases). In this system, tyrosinate species formed are essential for activating AT1 and AT2 receptors. ANGII is also known to bind to the zinc-coordinated metalloprotease angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) used by the COVID-19 virus to enter cells. Here we report in silico results demonstrating the binding of a new class of anionic biphenyl-tetrazole sartans (‘Bisartans’) to the active site zinc atom of the endopeptidase Neprilysin (NEP) involved in regulating hypertension, by modulating humoral levels of beneficial vasoactive peptides in the RAS such as vasodilator angiotensin (1–7). In vivo and modeling evidence further suggest Bisartans can inhibit ANG II-induced pulmonary edema and may be useful in combatting SARS-CoV-2 infection by inhibiting ACE2-mediated viral entry to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Moore
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Pepmetics Inc., 772 Murphy Place, Victoria, BC V8Y 3H4, Canada
- Correspondence: (G.J.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Harry Ridgway
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
- AquaMem Consultants, Rodeo, New Mexico, NM 88056, USA
| | | | - Christos T. Chasapis
- NMR Facility, Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Irene Ligielli
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (I.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (I.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Joanna Bojarska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - John M. Matsoukas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 26504 Patras, Greece;
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Correspondence: (G.J.M.); (J.M.M.)
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Sehnert B, Valero-Esquitino V, Schett G, Unger T, Steckelings UM, Voll RE. Angiotensin AT2 Receptor Stimulation Alleviates Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Upregulation of Regulatory T Cell Numbers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:921488. [PMID: 35874732 PMCID: PMC9304956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) is a main receptor of the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system and exerts for instance anti-inflammatory effects. The impact of AT2R stimulation on autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is not yet known. We investigated the therapeutic potential of AT2R-stimulation with the selective non-peptide AT2R agonist Compound 21 (C21) in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an animal model for inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis was induced by immunization of DBA/1J mice with collagen type II (CII). Prophylactic and therapeutic C21 treatment alleviates arthritis severity and incidence in CIA. Joint histology revealed significantly less infiltrates of IL-1 beta and IL-17A expressing cells and a well-preserved articular cartilage in C21- treated mice. In CIA, the number of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells significantly increased upon C21 treatment compared to vehicle. T cell differentiation experiments demonstrated increased expression of FoxP3 mRNA, whereas IL-17A, STAT3 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression were reduced upon C21 treatment. In accordance with the mRNA data, C21 upregulated the percentage of CD4+FoxP3+ cells in Treg polarizing cultures compared to medium-treated controls, whereas the percentage of CD4+IL-17A+ and CD4+IFN-gamma+ T cells was suppressed. To conclude, C21 exerts beneficial effects on T cell-mediated experimental arthritis. We found that C21-induced AT2R-stimulation promotes the expansion of CD4+ regulatory T cells and suppresses IL-17A production. Thus, AT2R-stimulation may represent an attractive treatment strategy for arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Sehnert
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Bettina Sehnert, ; Reinhard Edmund Voll,
| | | | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Unger
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM) – Department of Cardiovascular & Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Reinhard Edmund Voll
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI) Freiburg, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Bettina Sehnert, ; Reinhard Edmund Voll,
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Lo Y, Tsai TF. Angiotensin II receptor blockers in dermatology: a narrative review. J DERMATOL TREAT 2022; 33:2894-2898. [PMID: 35695256 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2022.2089332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are commonly used for cardiovascular diseases, especially for patients who can't tolerate the side effects of cough and angioedema caused by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). However, the evidence of using ARBs in dermatology is mostly anecdotal and limited to case reports or small case series. Here we present a narrative review focusing on the therapeutic use of ARBs in dermatology and adverse cutaneous reactions due to the administration of ARBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lo
- Department of Dermatology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsen-Fang Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Xie X, Shen TT, Bi HL, Su ZL, Liao ZQ, Zhang Y, Shi L, Xia YL. Melatonin inhibits angiotensin II-induced atrial fibrillation through preventing degradation of Ang II Type I Receptor-Associated Protein (ATRAP). Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115146. [PMID: 35710020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) induced Atrial fibrillation (AF) often accompanied with reduced ATRAP which is a negative modulator of Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R). Melatonin can protect against AF, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, Ang II was used to induce AF, and AF inducibility and duration were documented telemetrically. Ang II-infused mice had a higher AF incidence, which was associated with atrial fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Melatonin partially inhibited these effects, and enforced expression of siRNA-ATRAP in atria counteracted the beneficial role of melatonin. Specifically, melatonin inhibited expression of Ang II-induced proteasome and immunoproteasome subunits β2, β2i, β5, and β5i as well as their corresponding trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like activities and blocked ATRAP degradation. In turn, this inhibited AT1R-mediated NF-κB signaling, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad signaling in the atria, and thereby affected atrial remodeling and AF. Melatonin receptor inhibition by the chemical inhibitor luzindole partially inhibited the inhibitory effects of melatonin on proteasome activity and also Ang II-induced pathological changes in the atria. Overall, our study demonstrates that melatonin protects against Ang II-induced AF by inhibiting proteasome activity and stabilizing ATRAP expression, and these effects are partially dependent on melatonin receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Ting-Ting Shen
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hai-Lian Bi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Zhuo-Lin Su
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Zi-Qi Liao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Yun-Long Xia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China.
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Chaudhari S, Pham GS, Brooks CD, Dinh VQ, Young-Stubbs CM, Shimoura CG, Mathis KW. Should Renal Inflammation Be Targeted While Treating Hypertension? Front Physiol 2022; 13:886779. [PMID: 35770194 PMCID: PMC9236225 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.886779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research and a plethora of therapeutic options, hypertension continues to be a global burden. Understanding of the pathological roles of known and underexplored cellular and molecular pathways in the development and maintenance of hypertension is critical to advance the field. Immune system overactivation and inflammation in the kidneys are proposed alternative mechanisms of hypertension, and resistant hypertension. Consideration of the pathophysiology of hypertension in chronic inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune diseases, in which patients present with autoimmune-mediated kidney inflammation as well as hypertension, may reveal possible contributors and novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we 1) summarize current therapies used to control blood pressure and their known effects on inflammation; 2) provide evidence on the need to target renal inflammation, specifically, and especially when first-line and combinatory treatment efforts fail; and 3) discuss the efficacy of therapies used to treat autoimmune diseases with a hypertension/renal component. We aim to elucidate the potential of targeting renal inflammation in certain subsets of patients resistant to current therapies.
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The Haemodynamic and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061317. [PMID: 35740339 PMCID: PMC9220142 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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An ACE inhibitory peptide from Isochrysis zhanjiangensis exhibits antihypertensive effect via anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis in HUVEC and hypertensive rats. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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47
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Adam RJ, Williams AC, Kriegel AJ. Comparison of the Surgical Resection and Infarct 5/6 Nephrectomy Rat Models of Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F639-F654. [PMID: 35379002 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00398.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5/6 nephrectomy rat remnant kidney model is commonly employed to study chronic kidney disease (CKD). This model requires removal of one whole kidney and two-thirds of the other. The two most common ways of producing the remnant kidney are surgical resection of poles, known as the polectomy (Pol) model, or ligation of upper and lower renal arterial branches, resulting in pole infarction (Inf). These models have much in common, but also major phenotypic differences, and thus respectively model unique aspects of human CKD. The purpose of this review is to summarize phenotypic similarities and differences between these two models and their relation to human CKD, while emphasizing their vascular phenotype. In this article we review studies that have evaluated arterial blood pressure, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS), autoregulation, nitric oxide, single nephron physiology, angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors, and capillary rarefaction in these two models. Phenotypic similarities: both models spontaneously develop hallmarks of human CKD including uremia, fibrosis, capillary rarefaction, and progressive renal function decline. They both undergo whole-organ hypertrophy, hyperfiltration of functional nephrons, reduced renal expression of angiogenic factor VEGF, increased renal expression of the anti-angiogenic thrombospondin-1, impaired renal autoregulation, and abnormal vascular nitric oxide physiology. Key phenotypic differences: the Inf model develops rapid-onset, moderate-to-severe systemic hypertension, and the Pol model early normotension followed by mild-to-moderate hypertension. The Inf rat has a markedly more active renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system. Comparison of these two models facilitates understanding of how they can be utilized for studying CKD pathophysiology (e.g., RAAS dependent or independent pathology).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Adam
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Adaysha C Williams
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Alison J Kriegel
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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48
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Cook JR, Ausiello J. Functional ACE2 deficiency leading to angiotensin imbalance in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:151-170. [PMID: 34195965 PMCID: PMC8245275 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, uses angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its primary cell-surface receptor. ACE2 is a key enzyme in the counter-regulatory pathway of the broader renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that has been implicated in a broad array of human pathology. The RAS is composed of two competing pathways that work in opposition to each other: the "conventional" arm involving angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) generating angiotensin-2 and the more recently identified ACE2 pathway that generates angiotensin (1-7). Following the original SARS pandemic, additional studies suggested that coronaviral binding to ACE2 resulted in downregulation of the membrane-bound enzyme. Given the similarities between the two viruses, many have posited a similar process with SARS-CoV-2. Proponents of this ACE2 deficiency model argue that downregulation of ACE2 limits its enzymatic function, thereby skewing the delicate balance between the two competing arms of the RAS. In this review we critically examine this model. The available data remain incomplete but are consistent with the possibility that the broad multisystem dysfunction of COVID-19 is due in large part to functional ACE2 deficiency leading to angiotensin imbalance with consequent immune dysregulation and endothelial cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Cook
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital and the Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Ausiello
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital and the Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Kuźmiuk-Glembin I, Heleniak Z, Pięta R, Głyda M, Lizakowski S, Renke M, Konopa J, Chamienia A, Biedunkiewicz B, Rutkowski B, Tylicki L, Dębska-Ślizień A. Short-term Effects of Losartan on Cardiovascular Risk and Allograft Injury Biomarkers in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc 2022; 54:981-988. [PMID: 35346485 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a controversy over the renoprotective and cardioprotective effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). The aim of the study was to evaluate the short-term effects of losartan on allograft injury, cardiovascular risk biomarkers and safety of the treatment in KTRs. METHODS An interim analysis of a prospective, open, multicenter, controlled clinical trial CELART (Cardiovascular Effects of Losartan After Renal Transplantation) was performed. KTRs were allocated to losartan (L) 50 to 100 mg or standard hypotensive treatment (ST) group to reach target blood pressure (BP) <140/90 mm Hg. The short-term effects of the therapy were evaluated after 6 months: estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albuminuria, the intrarenal fibrosis biomarkers: urine excretion of transforming growth factor β-1 (TGFβ-1) and procollagen type III amino terminal propeptide (PIIINP), cardiac biomarker: serum concentration of N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), 24-hour ambulatory BP measurement, and hemoglobin and potassium concentrations. RESULTS At baseline the groups did not differ with respect to age, primary nephropathy, comorbidity, immunosuppressive therapy, albuminuria, and graft function. A total of 61 (L group) and 73 (ST group) patients reached the target BP and completed protocol at 6 months. After 6 months of therapy there were no significant differences in changes of eGFR, albuminuria, hemoglobin and potassium concentrations, urine excretion of PIIINP, and TGFβ-1 between groups. There was a trend in the L group to decrease the concentration of serum NT-proBNP. CONCLUSIONS Losartan shows minimal adverse effects and no influence on graft function and biomarkers of graft fibrosis. It may have a positive effect on cardiovascular risk in KTRs. Further interim analyses of the CELART study will be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Kuźmiuk-Glembin
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Heleniak
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Renata Pięta
- Department of Transplantology and Surgery, District Public Hospital, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Głyda
- Department of Transplantology and Surgery, District Public Hospital, Poznań, Poland; Collegium Medicum In Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sławomir Lizakowski
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Renke
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Division of Occupational, Metabolic, and Internal Diseases, National Centre for Maritime Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Joanna Konopa
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Chamienia
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bogdan Biedunkiewicz
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bolesław Rutkowski
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Leszek Tylicki
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Alicja Dębska-Ślizień
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Bartakova J, Deissova T, Slezakova S, Bartova J, Petanova J, Kuklinek P, Fassmann A, Borilova Linhartova P, Dušek L, Izakovicova Holla L. Association of the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms with recurrent aphthous stomatitis in the Czech population: case–control study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:80. [PMID: 35305614 PMCID: PMC8933959 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is multifactorial disease with unclear etiopathogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine distribution of the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms and their influence on RAS susceptibility in Czech population.
Methods The study included 230 subjects (143 healthy controls and 87 patients with RAS) with anamnestic, clinical and laboratory data. Five ACE gene polymorphisms (rs4291/rs4305/rs4311/rs4331/rs1799752 = ACE I/D) were determined by TaqMan technique.
Results The allele and genotype distributions of the studied ACE I/D polymorphisms were not significantly different between subjects with/without RAS (Pcorr > 0.05). However, carriers of II genotype were less frequent in the RAS group (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.21–1.12, P = 0.059). Stratified analysis by sex demonstrated lower frequency of II genotype in women (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.09–1.17, P < 0.035, Pcorr > 0.05, respectively) than in men with RAS (P > 0.05). Moreover, the frequency of AGTGD haplotype was significantly increased in RAS patients (OR = 13.74, 95% CI = 1.70–110.79, P = 0.0012, Pcorr < 0.05). In subanalysis, TGD haplotype was significantly more frequent in RAS patients (P < 0.00001) and CGI haplotype was less frequent in RAS patients (P < 0.01), especially in women (P = 0.016, Pcorr > 0.05). Conclusions Our study indicates that while the AGTGD and TGD haplotypes are associated with increased risk of RAS development, CGI haplotype might be one of protective factors against RAS susceptibility in Czech population.
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